The transactor vol7 iss6 by chris synt

May 1987: Volume 7, Issue 06.

(

n't Stand Still...

Why Should Yo r Pictur

Full Screen Animation On Your Commodore 64! Besides bang t\.n n Itself. Moving Plct\.les lets you eosly

It used to be even the experts couldn't dolt. Now. onvone con

odd onimotlon sequences to you own BASIC programs.

honll

• allows spit screen operatoo port graphics. port text even while a rnov18 lsrunning • repeat. stop at OfT>/ frame. change positiOn. and colous. vary dsploy speed and more • hold sevefol rnoYI8S in memory and SWitch instontty tram one movie to the other • instont on-h he� avolab6e at the touch or a key • no copv protectiOI'I vsed on the clsk • ondhere'sthebestport thepnc:els�t$2t.t51

MovtrQ Pictures by AHA! II more thonjUSt onothef onmahon package it's a whole new bfeokttvough in IOtfwore tech nology Moving Plctlses is rast. smooth. u-screen orwnotoo that Is tototv under you control '1'ou use you rovcurte graphics tool' to dtow the frames or you mov1e. then show tt at U otWnatoo speed With a sn.gll commondl Wnte movie •sc:rpts• II'\ BASIC. using the powertU Moviro Plct\.les command set tOf complete control or you aeo Whether you·re a prograrrvner Of a noviCe. you1be able to

put together and display intncote scenes or you own Invention. You con even eclt you �ts Of execute a BASIC program whle a movie Is being displayed Mewing Plct\.les Is a mUitltatldng ayateml -

..Mt a rew or the many Mewing Plct\.les teatlses; -

•

Graphics program not Included MovtrQ Plct\.les vses a standard ti-les bitmap, ao many gophlcs programs ore •

Uy c:ompotl:lks. lnc:iJdrO Aexidtaw'". Ooocll Gold Disk M Pockoge•. Pmt Shop Screen Mogle• Peftpectives•. ...

Mall Orders: Transactor Publishing Inc.. 500 Steeles Avenue, Mitton. ON, Canada, L9T 3P7 (416) 178usa (or use order card at center). Canadian and International Dealer lnqulrlet To: Norland Software Produeta, 251Nlplsslng Road, Unit 3, Mitton, ON, Canada, L9T 425. (416) 176-4774.

�------------� ---

USA Dealer Inquiries To: American Software Distributors Inc., lox 290, Urbana IL. USA 611011.f00.225-7941.

...................... _ ...

...............

CoMPUSERVE. You DON'T WE 1b KNOW HOW IT WORKS 1b APPRECIATE ALL IT CAN 0JmpuServc I I!I� inbnWjoo rille to il In rmun )VU tlll\-e sen'lre. ¥au ace klan amount d inbma!J(fl, entertainmmt. <Xlm1TIUnicallcm and str\'1Cl5. Here a � d the hundn;-ds� lllTWIIlg )Wando. co��tU�ICAn: CBSiMiakw -ith other subs( Boudslet )00 posl �t:t5

-.te lhou·

sandswUI

tbnn Friends. rtlatM:S and business a\W'L'I rnn stay Ill loUCh through EuyPkx"' FM<tronk MaU. More than 100 Com�rw Fonuu ...,:lcc llllC p.vlietp:lhllll tn thsot 110m on all sorts of IUJliG. Software fonatU help -.oth

online solutlOOS kl sofl'\ll'ilfC � S.ppot1 foriUilt01 r 10 computers There's a'm free &(A I'\\re .

�

and oolme cdillOO$ of compu1cr �riodials

•

HAVEflJN

•

LW5)UU oo a ro.l$1·10-<�

lc<r.mg lmle.

INVEST WI ELY

Get cornpli:tt ' ' 111,to011 u.� 10000 1\ 'YSE. A\lEX and 0TC 5M1nllt'S. HisDK trildmg stai�ICS oo (7>r 90,lXX) locks. bond• funds. ISSUt'S and (If� f"l\'eyt'm� � commodily quotes. Upd.lles m bttndrcds ul urich� �• ide. Stan «Wd & Poor's. \'alue Une. (}.\'!'a dozen lll\'\!5liilm klOI$_

---=�·�

So much for so little. AD )VU pay IS a kM:. me-time cost fora retail priCe Subsaiptim Nt{ SJ9.95 ). mes b standard online lime {•ilm

Compu._'iefve IS most

actN are juSIIOC a minulf.ln mam map mdrqlOiitaD areas )VU "'"' a local an

HOP nif: ELE.CI�IC MAll""

� sprte of natimall) • tm-n merchants, •ithout C\'n

SAVE ON TRIPS 'A"Ilh • �1. r� 's tr.r.• "'�'· · you Olll a�-'3!tatwlitteS.. find airbre scan Plus. and am book wm O&n d eMf I.XXl � &."C axnplete OOids v.urtm.ide. BE I�FORMEO Coolpu..'im pub of the lmt nev. at your � including theAP new "' the I� All� lhcSI Louis All�· OiJpol:'h, specialized� and lrade putAicatiOilS and more. Our exeoM'e nev. stf\'ICe •iD dedrooirally Ind. "dip" and 6le nev.'Sb)')U . .�"d,.t'" 'fmd

phone c1

I 1 •JU11 receiVe

a 125.00 t.S.IMroductOf) • Crfdit �111 the purctwe � • r 11 ( '�� SubscripbJn Nt •

So easy the whole family can go online. CompuSm IS"menuodrhm" so beP nm an simply read the mmus (lists ci �)thai appw 00 lhcir saeftlS. then type m their scltctiom H )W l'\'ef get lost orconfwd.type H lor help. Rc!nmlbet )00 ah\IS quesIIOIIS cxiline thro� (JUJ lecdback $ef• \'ICe or

phone our

Cus1oolef mce lX-,mtmenl Bebe)OO Cllll lot'C CompuSerw., )Ul nred a compur a modern (10 rannec:I )OOf com pur 10)'OUt pb:Jne) and,ln some ca5e5, some sunple coK�Unumc:at�Jfl\ �re. NO\\ )00 rt read) 1o ordt'f firr ww k¥; one-IJllle sulr sa1p11011lee, )VU1 �m • I romplclr. casy--10-undentand Ji(}.page sp�ral-bound IJ5crs Guide • )WfmiUSM'!

•

prl'liminan passv.ud

�mkl CompuSen 's DlCf1lhh Online TOday

• a 52500 US

credit! To buya CornpuSen Subscription Nt. see)001 noe3rcsl com e7 dealer To recm� our lnbmati\ brochure or 1o order diil'ct. 11111 Of 614 5i � \bu doo lila\ 10 tloi 00. •ub 1o appreoa it can lb-b you.

Volume 7 Issue 06 Circulation at Large 72,000

Simulations .and Modelling Start Address

•

Editorial

Bits and Pieces

•

.. . 6

•

. .. 3

Angling for weird parts Nefarious plots

Yet another request for Urdu software

C-64 Numerics Remote line feeds Kernal revision revision

Eavesdropping on modems IEEE for C-128 Amiga marketing No niche for Amiga

News BRK

•

Submitting NEWS BRK Press Releases

Border Animation! Verifizer and Fast-Load Cartridges

TransactorCurrency Standard Decreed Subscription Intersection Set Disk Subscription Notes

Amiga Bits The Vanishing Workbench Beating The Low Memory Blues Modifying The Epson Pr inter Driver To Work With Other Printers

Toronto CompuServe Node Free Transactor T's Subscriber Mail Orders Customs/Duty on Hardware Products Sold Out! Transactor Mail Order

. . 15

EPROM Burns Hi·res Trace Utility SYS Address Uncontrolled Sprite Bits Tape Verifizzle Slashing and Pounding

•

Letters . . . . . . . . . 12

Using the WAIT Function For Screen Changes • Last File used • update Easy C-128 Un-New Printer output from an ML monitor Quick Directory Hider Editing in the C-Power Shell • High-Res 128 • Vicleo Fix Little-Known Features of DOS The Amazing 1660 Modem Bit Correction: DOS Wedge Correction: Formal Track 36 Assembler Start-up Code C128 RS-232 Bugs Using The C-128 System Vector Moving The Cassette Buller Reset and Run

TransBloopers

•

Transactor Disks, Back Issues, and Microfiche New Books from Abacus Eye-Scan forC-64/128 Spartan now with Apple II disk Peek A Byte 128

a short TeleColumn followed by RLE files revealed

Smile! You're on RLE

Beyond Bulletin Board Systems

. . . 16 . . . 19

a comparison of online services •

•

. . .. 21

•

. . .. 24

Machine Language Random Number Generation

. . . 27

Commodore in Europe Provoking Thought

with acomparisonofequipment prices

recursion

C64 N-Body Simulator A Two Button Mouse

described, and applied in two games

a CP/M

•

That Guru Does Have A Message

Amiga Dispatches Compu-toons

•

. . . . . . 31 . ... . 36

•

another look at disk data format

... 48

•

. . . . .... 43 .

•

. . . . . . . 52

. . . . . . . . 55 59

•

.... . . . . 71

•

. . . . .. . . 72

with a special WorldofCommodore '86 report .

•

decipher those meditation numbers

a handy tool for Amiga explorers

Amiga File Structure

•

copy double sided disks in one gulp

source file browser

Structure Browser

•

corrections, modifications, and more

a transparent instant help utility

15 71 RAM Disk Copier Textscan

•

modifications and software for the 13so mouse

EPROM Programmer Update Help! Help!

•

solar systems in action!

•

74 76

Note: Before entering programs, see "Verifizer" on page 4 The Traneoc:lor

May 1987: VOlume 7, ..... 06

Program U.tinp In The li'anaactor

AU.O. Editor Karl J. H Htldon

AU prosrAmSIIsled In The Transac.tor will appear ulhey w'OUid on your screen in l'pper/l..ower case mode. To cW\Iy two pocmlal clwlc:ttr mit-upa. t.eroes wUI �� u'0' and the lettet "o� will ol counc � m lower case. Secondly, the lolo-er case L (T) b 1 straight hne u qlpQSed 1o the numbef 1 which lw 1n lllg1c.ld top.

rwu-Edleor RlctwdE� AA•J.EdMcw' Oms Zamar1

MAny Pf08Cim5 will coruin r� video dwicters th� represenl cursor �. colours, or function kr)� These wlllllbo �shown exact!) u they w'OUid appe.-r on )'OUt screen, bultt.y're list!d hero for reference. Also rernernixor CTRJ.,q wiltun qtJQCei illdentlcal to 1 Cursor Down, e1 II

D'�Edlliw Nick Sullrnn

Arll>lredor John MOSilled

Ottasionilly pagr�m> wiU coruln lines lhll iOOw consecuti��e llpk'D. Often the number ol5pil(t5

Aci-JnJ.traUon a Subecript�o�a• Anne Richard ICAihryn Hollolo'B)' CoalrfbWinl Wr lltra James £. Laforte 1m Adam James A ll5owskl Jrm Blrbarello A�yBenram Richard l.uw Tun Bolbiich Scoct Maclean Olvld Mlltln RM!j&ll &o,e Anthony Bryant Sl� M<(;ry'lllal J1m &.terfleld Stacy Me: Innis SlCYe Michcl BcuyOay CJuls Miller Joseph Callrey Gatyedlb

1bm K. Collopy

Robe-rt V. Dlvb Ehzabeih ON! Roll A Deinul£ef Frank £. DrGioia Oms Dunn MIChael J. Erskine Jack Farrah Wll1lam !Uselt Jrm Frosa M•klos Gar.umzrghy M1r1ln Goebel R Jams de Cnlff

1im Grudwn Adam Herst John Holnum O.vld Hook TOINI Hrbek Robert Ht.Jehn

O.vid hnltow'lki BobJonkman Brian Junker Oilton K.1mes Lome Kl'K5en .lese Knight Grepyt<nox

you lnsen will not be criical toC:Orlt<t opmiiOn cithe ptOI!Illl When II il,the required number ol space wUI be shown. fU eumple: - would be ilxJwn a-

flush right •

print •

c..,._. Cbancten For PET ICBM I VJC 114 Iaiii I

-�

Dew•

lAft Jl\.'S

CIMrXnl .....

-1

Colour Cbandtn For VIC 114

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Go•• -.

U.Goe• U.-

lhtk W1IJIIt lted

a.-n

U.lted C.., I C..,2

- tc,.) r.;h- ll'llr)

Kevm O'Connor Ricbird 1\:rrt Donald PI\n Terry Pridham Rlymond Qulrling Cary Ro)'ll John W. Ro5s Olvld Shiloh Fred Slrt10n P. A Silly lllolke r Edward Smedl Darren J Spnlyt Aulny Slanley

ey..

-· ¥� -[Yell -

C..,S

fiiDctioo KepFor VIC I 14

Fl n

F2-

F7-

Fl F4-

,..._

R.ichird Slnnirr Anton Treuenlels IWtl Vllldef l.ugl Audrys Vllku

JICk Weaver EVIn Wrlliama

Please Note: The Transactor's phone number is: (416) 878-8438

Chris Wq

Maclun Huntrr Prilllina

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�

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U.SA liSUS A Gllw:rUIUS Air IWtowuW»� MOUS 1$4 IS pooc.,.liooufl

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""' - ... Tbr ,.,__ !ubor:rtp.oa Dtpmtneu. 5(10- ,. ...,. ,.. Mihl. 416 111 64 Noloo � · .. ... - . ... iddl - O. U' Sotol: - �..tlbe b .....SO. ID ....... HO "" - ...... i� - ·fJOftr paid... . """ ......,.nn. ,_. ..

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Tho'niNo:IOIIIpoA:iliolwl to

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Trrry M0111g0nlefy Ralph Morrill Rick Morns M�ehaft Mossman Gerald Neufeld Noel N)'INII

Prlntinl Pnnled in C4rlldi by

Tloo 'lbM«1!!r II In m llrC1 poo lllt4. Omrlubt

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llp ....

Productloe Attrc �'Jll"!!llllJI Lid

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print "110 space$Jush nghl •

Olcoro. � UlT Jl'7,

... .. &

Commodore\ mot recent worst kept st'Cret i� the Amiga 500 and Amiga 2500. So far I've heard about the new models from no�� than 8 diff'rent people from as man)' different cities since the January CES in Vegas, and I've read about them in a couple of club new.,letters publio;hed before the show even opened. Word i:> that several dealer:. who attended CES were off"r ed a demonstration, but the machines were not "officially an·

away will have acres of .imilar homes for only $60,000. \\OUidn't you wait and see? I know I would. Now granted, the less expen�\'e models might not appeal to me. But if they came along first, and had everything! wanted, I'd probably bite even if I could afford the luxury model.

nounced".

into the Amiga 2500, and most won't need the added power. Perhaps Commcxlore wants this to make the I 000 more attrac tive at point of purchase. But the 500 is not much of secret, and 11 would seem to me that less people would wait for the more expensive machine to arrive, as opposed to those who will wait for the less expen.o;;ive Amiga. Introduce the 2500 first. and I believe sales will slow for both of the avai�ble models. Bring out the 500 first, and there will be popularity for 11 that includes those who couldn't afford the 1000. The small market rato i of potential 2500 u�rs will have to wait, but not for long if Commodore gets moving on it.

The 500 sounds cunously similar to the Atari HMO ST. A �--u. contained umt, except for tht> external power upply, wtth a 3112 inch drive (probably at one end), I Meg of RAM, and Ki.skstart 10 R0\1. Apparently the Rmt K ick.tart will have enough "hooks" so that updates can be osmosed into the system. Price is supposed to open around $600 U.S.. the same tag the Commo

dore 64 carried when tt arm·cd. The 2500 b bemg aimed at the business mark('t, especially in the computer aided design field. The word ''IBM compaltbility"

� �rdless , most won't have the extra 1400 or .so dollar:. to sink

is getting to:..scd around again. with unconfirmed reports of IBM card slots and an onboard 8088. The case can be fitted with 3 di sk dnve:. in any combination of 3'12. 51/•, and hard di.sk, Price i� supposed to be around the $2000 U.S. mark, but it's rumoured that Europe and Canada will get test market shipments before it's rclea'ied in the States.

Commodore shouldn't fear for the 1000 for other reasons. The price difference between the I 000 and 500 will not be that big. and unlike the 500. the 1000 will have the separate keyboard and the expandability to maintain its posture. Once all three modeb are out I believe none of them will be ignored at the counter.

Back"hen the I 000 hti the market, Commodore said the Amiga would be a new line of machines, not just another sibling to be shoved out the door. Commodore should be proud to be keeping thi:. promise. The Amiga b a fine product, and exploiting a good thing is good business. For this I tip my hat toward West Chester, because business is what Commodore needs to stay alive, and I, for one want them to. Ho\\-ever, it's the execution of this exploit that has me scratching my head.

Commodore has probably considered this o;Jtuation very care fully, and their d<'Cision is one that undoubtedly spans much more than just one page or details. One report state. that both machines should be ready by early 1987. If that happens. Commodore should fare pretty well w hichever way they do it.

Commodore wanted to keep ne\\s of the 500 and 2500 as quiet as po'siblc, particularly the 500. They're afraid that too much early publicity would hurt .sales of the 1000. But I don't think that �hould be their large'>! concern. (Even if I did, the publicity they'll get here probably won't affect a -;i ngle sale most computer hobbyists don't read The T. until well after they buy) Commodore intends to build the 2500 first, followed by the 500, and I think that's the wrong order. -

If a whole neighbourhood of $200.000 dollar homes were goi ng up. but 2 month!> letter you know another neighbourhood not far

One thing to remember, all of the above is rumour. If Commo dore shelves any or all of it. disappointment will be unjustifiable. On the other hand, when the new Amigas do arri'lle, Commo dore should be looking forward to subsequent profitable quar· ters. and thoc;e share:. I didn't buy back in '78 jut might be \\Orth looking into right now. Tommorrow, in fact. Remember. there's nothinR as constant as change. I remain

. • •

Karl J.H. Hildon, Editor in Chief

WI7: W'rne 7tr••e» I

Using ''VERIFIZER" The Transactor's Foolproof Program EntryMethod \ERIFIZER Should be run bdore typmgln any long program from the pages of The Transactor II ¥.ill let you check )'OUr y.'Ofk hoe by line as )'OU enter the program and catch lrustratmgtyping errors The VERJFJ. ZER concept works by displaying a t¥.'0-lctter code lor each program

ll HC

l the corresponding code In the line "hich you can check 89ilnsl program bsung

There are rl\-e �rsions of VF.RIFIZER here; one !of PETICBMs. V1C or C64, Plus 4, Cl28, and 8128 Enter the applicable prosram and RUN II.

PETI'GIU YEfiFIZER (BAIIC 2.0 or 4.0) 10 rem•dataloader lor • verii!Zef 4 0 • • 15 rem pet verSIOn 20cs•O 30 for I• 634 to 754 read a poke 1.a 40CS•CS+8 next I

50.

OG 60 11 cs<>15580 then pnnt • •••••dataerror ••• • • • . end 70 rem sys 634 80end 100 • ON 1000data 76, 138, 2. 120.173, 163, 2.133.144 IB 1010 data 173, 164, 2. 133,145, 88, 96,120,165 CK 1020 data 145,201, 2, 240, 16, 141, 164, 2. 165 EB 1030data 144,141,163, 2.169,165,133,144,169 HE 1040data 2,133,1 .. 5. 88, 96, 85,228, 165,217 01 1050 data 201. 13,208, 62,165,167,208, 58, 173 JB 1060data254, 1,133,251,162. 0,13<t,253,189 PA 1070 data 0, 2,168,201, 32,240, 15,230,253 HE 1080data165,253, 41, 3,133,254, 32,236, 2 EL 1090data198,254. 16,249,232,152,208,229,165 LA HOOdata251, •1. 15, 2•.105,193,1•1. 0,128 Kl 1110data165,251, 7 ... 7•. 7... 7.., 2•. 105,193 EB 1120data141, 1,128,108,163. 2,152, 2•.101 OM 1130data251,133,251, 96 JO AF IN

II you get a data or checksum error, re-check the program and keep trying untO all goes well You should SAVE the prosram. Since you'll want to usc It C\'cry time you enter one of our programs Once you\-e RUN the loader, remember to enter NF.W to purge BASIC text space. Then turn VERIFIZER on Yoilh: SYS634 to enable the PETICBM verSIOn (on SYS637) SYS828 to enable theC64NIC versJOn (on SYS831) SYS4096 to enable the Plus • verSIOn (oH SYS4099) SYS3072 1 10 enable the C128 verSIOn (oH SYS3072,0) BANK 15 SYS10241or 8128 (off BANK 15 SYS 1027)

Once VERIFIZER is on, e\'Cry time you press Rmt R� on a program

line a '""lt:lter report code ..-.ill appear on the top left of the saun ln re\rse reeld. ate that these letters are In uppercase and "ill appear as graphics characters unless you are n i uppcr/lo¥.rcase mode (press shift/Commodore on C64/VIC). Note: If

a report code missing (or M-1 b means ¥.-e\-e edited that line at the last mlnule ..-.hlch changes the report code. H�'e\"er, thi$ ¥.ill onl)• happen occasionalI) and usually only on REM statel'l'leru

KE JF

Ll BE

\\tth VERIFIZER on, just enter the program lrom the fna8UJne nor mall)•, checkmg each report code alter you press RETURS on a line. II the code doesn't match up ¥.ith the letters prinll'd in the box beside the listing. you can re-check and correct the line, then try a&len If you ..-.ish, you can UST a range of lines, then type RETURN 0\'et e.l<:h n i succession Yohlle checking the rt'pOrt codes as they appear Orxe the program has been properly enteretl, be sure to tum Vf.RIFIZER orr with the SYS mdicated abO\ before you do anythmg else.

KP AF IN EC EP

Vf.RIFIZF.R will catch transposition error• like POKF. 52381.0 instead

of POKE 53281,0. H�-ever. VERIFIZER uses a "weighted checksum

MN MG

technique" that can be looled U }'OU try hard enough. transposmgtwo sets of 4 characters ¥.ill produce the same report code but this should lle\'Cr happen short of deliberately(\r\faer could ha\'C been de.lgned tobe more complex. but the report codes Yo'OUid need to be longt"r. and using 1 Yo'OUid be more trouble than checkmg code rnarually). VERIFI· ZER lgoorts spaces, so you may add or omb spaces from the listed (IIOIIam at will (providing )'OU don't spht up ke)'Yo'Ofds'). Standard � abbmiauons (hke nE Instead of next) will not affect the VERIFlZER report code

OM CA NG OK AN GH

JC EP

MH BH

..r b 'r.a 'z'o: VIC/C64 VERIFIZER resides In the cassette buffer, so if you're using a dataseue be a¥.-are that tape operations can be

VICICI4 VUIFIZER

10 rem• dataloader tor • verifll8r• • 15 rem vicl6" verSIOn 20cs•O 30 for ••828 to 958 read apoke •.a 40CS•CS+ anext •

50:

60 if cs<>1,.755 then pr.nt " •••••data8fror ••••• ·:end 70 rem sys 828 80end 100: 1000data 76, 74, 3,165,251,141, 2. 3,165 1010data252,141, 3, 3, 96,173, 3, 3,201 1020data 3, 240, 17,133,252.173, 2, 3, 133 1030data251,169, 99,141, 2. 3,169, 3,141 1040data 3, 3, 96,173,25.-, 1,133, 89,162 1050data 0,160, 0,189, 0, 2.240, 22,201 1060data 32,240, 15,133, 91,200,152, 41, 3 1070data133, 90, 32,183, 3,198, 90, 16,249 1080data232.208, 229, 56, 32.2•0. 255, 169, 19 1090data 32,210,255. 169, 18, 32,210,255,165 1100data 89, 41, 15, 2•.10S, 97, 32,210,255 1110data165, 89. 7... 7... 7... 74, 24, 105, 97 1120data 32,210,255,169,146, 32,210,255, 24 1130data 32,240,255,108.251, 0,165, 91, 2• 1140data101, 89,133, 89, 96

VIC/14 Das•le

*"IUOUI k) II health As far as compatibility With other utilities goes, YERlFIZER shouldn't cause any problems since it works through the lA� wum-swt link and jumps to the onginal desunation of the hnlt lit r II 1 finWw.d When dl58bled it restores the link to b original

!leeftll w.oe,, 5

syuud, CA

When using 'VERIFIZER

with some TVs, the �r left comer of the screen is cut off, hidmg the \'erifazer-displ.ayed codei DOUBLE VERI FIZER solves that problem by showing the two-letter �IZef code on

eaMuu.

both the first and second raw olthe TV screen. Just run the below program once the regular Verlflzf.'r Is actlvated. ""' ' /t , •

BC 01

GO rN EN KG

KO FM LP

100 lor od • 679 to 720 read dapoke od.da next ad 110 sys 679 print print 120 print· double verif1zet activated· new 130data120,169. 180. 1�1. 20. 3 140data169, 2. 141, 21. 3. 88 150data96, 162, 0, 189, 0, 216 160da1a157, 40, 216, 232,224, 2 170data208,245, 162, 0, 189, 0 180data 4, 157. 40, 4, 232,224 190data 2, 208, 245, 76, 49, 234

VERJRZER For Tape Ueen

1140da!a 20, 133, 208, 162, o. 160, o. 189 LK 1150da!a 0, 2,201, 48, 144, 7, 201, 58 GJ 1160da!a176, 3. 232, 208. 242. 189, o. 2 ON 1170da!a240, 22,201, 32, 240, 15,133,210 GJ 1180da!a200 , 1 52. 41, 3,133.209. 32,113 CB 1190data 16. 198, 209. 16, 249, 232, 208, 229 CB 1200da1a165,208, 41, 15, 24,105.193,141 PE 1210data 0. 12, 165,208. 74, 74, 74, 74 DO 1220da1a 24, 105, 193, 141, 1, 12. 108,211 BA 1230data 0. 165, 210, 24, 101,208, 133,208 BG 1240data 96

Tom Potu, Rowley, MA

C121 VERIFIZER (40 column mode)

The folbwing modifications to the Verffizer loader v.ill allow VJC and 64 0\\-netS v.ith Datasettes to use the Vcrifaer dtrCCtly (v.ithout the loader). After running the new loader, you11 ha\'e a special copy ofthe Verlfaer program which can be loaded from tape without disrupting the pro gram In memory. Make the follov.ing additions and changes 10 the vr;;J 64 VERIAZER loader: NB 30

AL 60 IB 70

AK JK NH

OG JP MP

lor •· 850 to 980 read a: poke l.a d cs<>14821 then prant • dataerror ••• ·:end rem sys850 on, sys853 off .....

10 GF

-- 80 delete ltne - 100 delete hne oc 1000data 76, 96, 3, 165, 251, 141, 2, 3, 165 MO 1030data251, 169, 121, 141, 2, 3, 169, 3, 141 EG 1070data133, 90, 32.205. 3, 198, 90, 16,249 BD 2000 aS • ·ver,hzer.sysSSO(space]" KH 20101or &•850to980 Gl 2020 aS • aS + chr$(peek(i):) next DC 2030 open 1. 1,1,8$. close 1 IP �Oend

MG HE

LM JA El

KJ OH

JM KG EF

Now RUN, pressing PLAY and RECORD when prompted to do so (use a rewound UlpC lor eM)' future acceu) To use the special Vtriflzcr that

CG EC

has just been created, first load the program you v.ish 10 \VUy or revfev.· lnto your computer from either c.ape or disk. Next Insert the tape created abo\-e and be sure tha.l It is rewound. Then enter in direct mode: OPENI:Cl.OSF.I. Press PLAY when prompted by the computer, and v.'alt whlle the special VerlfiZt'f loads Into the tape butler Once loaded, the screen will show FOU�D VERIFIZER.SYS850. To acti\"ate, enter SYS 850 (not the 828 as In the original program). To de-acli\'ate, useSYS853.

AC JA

cc BO PO

1000 rem •dataloader for • verif&zcr c128 • 1010 rem • commodore c128 verSion 1020 rem • usc m 40 column modo only! 1030cs-o 1040 tor t•3072 to 3214. read x. pokoJ,x: ch•ch+x. next 1050ifch<>17860lhenprm1" chccksum error ·:stop 1060 pr1nt • sys 3072,1: rem to enable· 1070 pnnt sys 3072,0. rem to disable· 1080end 1090data206, 11, 165, 253,141, 2, 3. 165 1100data254, 141, 3, 3, 96, 173, 3, 3 1110data201, 12. 240, 17,133,254, 173, 2 1120data 3,133. 253,169, 38,141, 2, 3 1130data169, 12. 141, 3, 3, 96,165, 22 1140data133, 250,162, 0, 160, 0,189. 0 1150data 2.201. 48,144, 7,201, 58. 176 1160data 3, 232, 208, 242, 189, 0, 2, 240 1170data 22. 201. 32, 240, 15. 133, 252. 200 1180data152, 41, 3, 133, 251, 32, 135, 12 1190data198. 251, 16,249,232.208, 229, 56 1200data 32, 240, 255. 169, 19. 32, 210.255 1210data169, 18, 32,210, 255, 165,250. 41 1220data 15, 24, 105,193, 32 , 2 10,255, 165 1230data250, 74, 74, 74, 74, 24, 105, '193 1240data 32 , 210, 255 , 169, 146, 32,210,255 1250data 24, 32,240, 255 , 108. 253, 0,165 1260data252, 24,101,250,133, 250. 96 •

8128 VERIRZER

Ellubetb Deal, Mahoern, PA

If you are going to use tApe to SAVE a program, you must de-acll\"'o�tt (SVS 853) since VERIFIZER move� �me ofthe internal pointers u�

1 rem save · 00 verlfrzorb128 • .8 10 rem•dataloader for • venhzer b128 • • during a SAVE operation. Allemptmg a SAVE without turning off 20cs•O VERIFIZER r�rst will usually resub In a crash. If you wish to usc 30 bank 15.1or •· 1024 to 1163. read 8 poke I.a VERIFIZER in after using the tape, you'll have 10 reload it wllh the 40cs•cs+ ancx11 OPEN I :CLOSEI commands. 50 if cs<>16828 then print· •• dataerror •• • end 60 rem bank 15 sys 1024 70end Plus 4 VERIFIZER 1000data 76, 14, 4, 165, 251,141, 130, 2. 165,252 1010data141,131, 2. 96, 173, 130. 2,201, 39,240 Nl 1000 rem·dataloader for • verifller + 4 • 1020data 17, 133,251, 173,131, 2,133, 252. 169, 39 PM 1010 rem • commodore plus/4 verSion 1030da1at4t, 130, 2, 169, 4,141, 131, 2. 96, 165 EE 1020 graphic 1: scnclr. graphiC 0. rem make room for code 1040data 1, 72. 162, 1.134, 1. 202, 165. 27. 133 NH 1030cs-o 1050data233, 32, 118, 4, 234, 177. 136, 240, 22. 201 Jl 1040 foq• 4096 to 4216 read x. poke j,x ch • ch u. neJ;:t 1060data 32, 240, 15,133,235,232, 138, 41, 3 , 133 AP 1 050 If ch<>13146 then print ·checksum error • : stop 1070data234, 32, 110, 4,198. 234, 16, 249, 200 , 208 NP 1060 print • sys 4096: rem to enable· 1080data230, 165, 233. 41, 15, 24,105,193, 1 41, 0 JC t 070 print • sys 4099. rem to dlS8ble• 1090 data208. 165, 233. 74, 74, 74, 74, 24, 105, 193 10 1080end 1100 data141, 1. 208. 24. 104, 133. 1, 108, 251, 0 PL 1090data 76, 14, 16,165 211, 141, 2. 3 1110data165, 235, 24, 101, 233, 133,233, 96,165,136 CA 1100data 165.212. 141, 3. 3, 96. 173, 3 1120data 164,137.133, 133. 132, 134, 32, 38,186, 24 00 1110data 3 , 201, 16. 240, 17,133,212,173 1130da1a 32. 78, 141, 165, 133, 56.229.136, 168. 96 LP 1120data 2, 3,133,211,169, 39,141, 2 1140data170. 170, 170, 170 EK t130data 3,169, 16, 141, 3, 3, 96, 165 .

•

''� I

•

Gol an mterl5ling programming 11/), fhort roullne, cx an unknown bit of Commodore tnuia?Send 11m -11 we me 11m the &t5 column. we'llcrcd1t you m the column and send you a free one-ycar:S subscripl10n to T11e Transactor

Ualoc the WAIT Function For Screen Cbancu

Franda 0. SalfeU

••

$BOO

; cassette buffer

LOA •sot LOY •$00 STA (S2D),) ; pointer to start basic JSR $4F4F ; routine to rechain lines

Eugene, OR

If you've worked \liilh graphics on the C-&4 you know that

changes in prite values, screen colour and bank selection can often look jittery. Thi is because you caught the raster beam off gurd with your chan For nice clean transitions you can ak the computer to wait till the raster is out of sight before making the change:

JMP S4F82 ; routine to reset to end of basic

•

Thi hould work regard!

Printer output from an ML monitor

WAIT 53265, 128 •

It seems that the folk:. who \\tote the ex�lent ML monitor progra� for the C-64 forgot that a printer would be handy for many uses wathin the monitor. This omi ion bugged me for quite a while before I gave in and worked out a 50lution.

will stop )'OUr program until the beam �out of ight.

Dan Schein West Lawn, PA

The followang b1t of machine code will allow you to toggle printer output on and off :

In the B1t:. cction of Volume 7. Isue 04 (Jan 1987), Dave Newberry ubmittt>d a SYS .tatcrncnt to print the last filename u<.ed on a 64. Here ar• equ1valent SYS commands for other Commodore rnodcb.

PRINTER LOA 1$04 TXA LOY 1$FF JSR SFFBA

VIC 20 SYS 63065 C-&4

SYS 62913 Plu/ 4 SYS 61810 C-128 SYS 62753

Euy C-128 Un-New

1M. ! •II!a:

;logiCal file number

;deviCe number

,no secondary command ,set tae parameters

LOA 1$00

:no me name

LOX 1$04

;logiCal tae number

JSR SFFBO :set name JSR SFFCO :open channel

JSR SFFC9 ;aSSign defautt output device BRK ,return to monrtor SCREEN JSR SFFCC ,clear channel BRK ,return to morutor

MJc:hael D. Paul Manafteld, Ohio

Evef)'One can a!\\ a) u a pogram to restore and accidentally EW'd BASIC program. tl re' one for the C-12 that u� only 12 b)1es and can be located almost anywhere. I store it on di<.k and use it by typing BOOT" UN NEW".

David 0. RoweD Marietta, NY

• Lut Ale u.ec:�· update

of where the start of BASIC is

This httle routine has t'A'O entry poinh PRISTER to turn the printer on (as in OPEN 4,4: CMD 4) so that everything that would have printed on the screen now goes to the printer, and

•

SCREEN to r eturn output to the CRT Oecid wher you want It mblr functiOn of the momtor to In memory and use th put lithre - It's complt ly rclocatab!e so t can go anywhere. Remember the add of th two ntry po nts so that )'OU can use the G option of the monitor to jump to th fu nction )'OU need You may wantto "e It on tape or d for th next time. maybe along \\1th th momtor 1 II.

"Klab-Rea 128"

To:

Doug R

Box 7711

LOA 1$87 Gavin BeD Princeton, NJ

• rccn • ·blue·. ·frog· any files \\ith th rec-dUllact r nam • and an) Iii Yoith nam starting

...Yo111 scratch th fil

•

wtth th letter "t". Similarly.

-00592 will load a directory containing all falcnames begi nning Yoith etthcr ·a· or • b •• The nu mber of arguments is limi ted only by th 40-charactcr command I ngth hmit, and any kind of . • .

0 rem d rectory hider - doug resenbeck 1 open15,8,15 open2,8.2. ·I" pnntl15,"u1";2,0,18,0 pnntl15, •b·p • ;2,165 2 pr nt"1) hide 2) recover· . watt198, 1 .gcta poko198,0 ·a • a-1 :lfa<Oora>1then2 3 II a • 1 then a • 50 4 pnntN2,chr$(a),:pnntl15, •u2",2,0, 18,0 close2 closetS

Her

OOBC9 A9 87

open t 5,8,15,·sO green,blue,frog,m,t• •. close 15

Centraha, IL 62 1

Edltln1lo the C-Power beD

LOA 1$80

Commodore DOS has some nllty features that Commodore doesn't tell anybody about. For example, both the directory command (S) and the rt ch command can take multiple argument, separated by commas For exampl:

print my compl e addr • •

OOBC9 A9 80

Uttle-Known Feature. of DOS

tory. Ha" fun'

0 K, Here titS

Rockford, IL

12 H�Res Graphics· , i a wonderful utiluy for 12 users who wish to gain an extra 16K of stor or lor th who want to exploit the 12 's extra sa n r lution (Volume 7, lssu 2, page 72� Readcrs �nth newer model 12• may ha'lre not1ced a flashing column d1�lay when vrticat lin on th far riht of th usmg thi program Th oa:urs because of a minor dtip modification at Commodore. Th r Is a simp fix however. Just change;

yet anoth r trick that can bcdonctoth BAM on diSk. Th1s routmcof mme makes good u of hi fmd Wh n run, you nrc giVen the option to 'hide' a directory from loadmg and listing to the saecn or 'recover' a cvlouly hidd n. One thmg to keep in directory that has been pr mind i that once a dmxtory has been hidden or rccovt>red, the changed dirt..'Cl ory unless you reset you won't be able to the dnve or remove and re-insert the diSkette. This b because the drive k ps a copy of th d�rcelory in its bufl r. Anyway, the program \\111 hide any of your dirCClOI)' from being LOADed and lbled,but willnotpn.>�� nt anyofthe progra�orfileion disk from being acttS.SCd I there any way to "iew a directory without recon-ring It first? Y, th r IS. Just load In the hidden directOI)', POKE 2076.50 and SYS 42291. ow list the dire<:· P.S. P!

ErikJ. Palm

Paul T. Durrant' program, "Commodor

Qu1ck Directory Hider A friend of mine, 8111 Ku, cam

VIdeo Flx

pattern-matchmg and dri,re specification will peeled. For exampl

y,ork

as ex·

·sO test,1 tester· a£

a d1k command will '!Cratch "test • on dnve zero and • tester· on drive on of a dual driv .

HerbHuler GueJpb, OnL

1be Amnto1l660 ModeiD

a httl mformauon that miht be of Interest to people Yo'ho are usm th C-powcr package for the 64 from PRO-U�E softwar On complaint about th shell is that )'OU have to re lype commands that llll\ been miS-typed. This, h�C\er, is not th If you mak a typmg error you can cursor up and com� it, but don't hit REllJRN JU yet tovc to the line abo'lr·e and hu RETURN to rom th cursor to th corrected line. then h1t RETURN m Th corrected hn will th n be executed. This maysa"c som rcadcr a bit off rustration. ts

KevlD KJeca

CODoeU.vtlle, PA 15·425

On piec of Commodore hardwar Is th 1660 modm . One of the uniqu f tu r of th modm Is tht )'OU can make it do

tone dialing by genr t1ng the ton wtth th SID chip the way you would normally produce sound throuh your 1V or moni tor. Many people don't rallZC that any sounds produced by the 64 \\hil th modem i 'off-hook' will be sent over the p hone hne. This operiS up some Inter in possi bliti . With a 1660 h synth izer hke S.A.M., you modem and som sort of

I') lly turn your Com modor 64 Into an answering machin Just u the hort program below wath your speech pa age and your 64 will artS\\ r awayllt can easily be changed to take the ttme of the call, or do whatever clsc you wish. taybe If you'r good with electroni , you could connect a voice recognition � m to th mod m and have It answer or digatzc i the caller H!Spon l When using th program, make sure your modem i set on ANS\\ER. not ORIGINATF�

can

Aatembler Start-up Code

Andrew Wakluck OrtUJa, Ont.

mblr cod in PAL-compatible format, that I use as the start of many of my programs. It makes a p rogram thai can be I.OADed and RUN like any BASIC program, and the user doesn't ha\'e to remember a SYS command to set ti going. When the program i loaded, it will appear as the BASIC line • 0 SYS 2062 ·, and when run, control "ill be passed to the machine code that follows. Here i some

90 oh - 56577 ht• 32. lo - 255-32; c - 0 0 100 print prmt• wattng for can 1 1 0 If (peek(oh) and 8) then 1 10 1 20 poke(oh + 2),(peck(oh + 2) or hQ : poke oh,(peek(oh) and to) 130 pnnt 0 phone nnQ ng. now answcnng . . • 140 rem Insert commands for your speech program here 1 50 rem wt th the speech that you want the caller to hear 160 poke oh,(peck(oh) or h1): c •C+ 1 170 pnnt" calls answered • c 180goto 100

. •

Bit Corr�dlon: DOS Wed1e

100 open 15,8,15, • sO·program name ·: close 1 5 1 10 open 3,8.3, •0 program name,p,w· ;start up pal 1 20 sys 700 ;OU1put object to disk 130 .opt o3 140 • .. $0801 ;put program at start Of basic ;hnk address 1 50 .wor $080c ;hne number zero 160 .wor $0000 170 .by1 S9c ,token lor 'sys' :ascu htcra! for sys address 180 .asc • 2062 • ;end of basic hne token 1 90 .by1 $00 200 .wor $0000 ;end of basic program 210: 280 ;your source code should start here

Robert C. Kodadek

Aaton, PA

In the Btts column, Volum 7, lssu 4, reader Joel Pickett wrote in to say that the DOS wed program supports only one 1541 drive. Actually. th DOS �cd (\erslon 5.1) has a command for changing the device nu mber -th .... Th proper ·ntax for the little-kno\'n command Is·

upon exiting th routin .

example,

to change from device 8 to device 9. the command is: �9. Th u of thL command i certain!)' easl r than going to the troubl to change the loader program and having to remember to POKE ddr 52343 with the current device numi)er.

C oneoc:Uon: format 'Track 36

Glenoldea, PA 19036

There nrc rwo bugs In the Co mmodore 12 In the RS-232 routines that interfrc with RS-232 operation. Both bugs have to do Y.ith the carry flag in the 8502 being set to the "rong state

l(devtce number) For

Albert J. McCann, Jr.

Cl28 RS-232 Bqs

The first bug i in th

code is as foliO\\

•

RASIS • code for RS-232 input. The

EF65 CLC EF66 RTS EF67 JSR SEEFO ;got rs-232 byte EF6A BCS SEF65 ;eXIt il carry set, branch to wrong loc. EF6C CMP 100 ;null EF6E BNE SEF66 ;If valid char, oxrt. carry set as a result ;of compare. branch goes to wrong locatiOn EF70 REST OF CODE

Thomas E. Calbe Brick, NJ

I have found an error in Mr. D.A. tlook's program (format track 3G) that was p ub lihed in the September '86 Transactor. Aft�r running th program and checking the extra formatted track for errors uing the 1541 SuperKst Super Scan. I continuously cam up \\ith a "20 read rror for sector "16. Upon Inpection of the code pr ntcd In his article. I realized that the wrong number was being stored in location $43. Instead of a 10 it should be a S11. To correct the tuatlon, change line I020 In the program to·

Tise changes needed to make this work ar

EF6A BO FA BCS SEF66 EF6E DO F 5 BNE SEF65 The 5l'COnd bug is even nastier. It is in the RS-232 OPEN

1 020 data 141,34, 6, 169. 17, 133, 67,32

routin and pJe\·ents opening an RS-232 ·X-U:'tiE· hand· shake channcl. The follo"ing open stat emnr "ill work on a 64 but not on a 12 because the 64 Ignores the carry flag.

After the change was made, all sectors checked out property.

•

... a111 1

•

Aaaembler Stut-up Code

ly tum your Commodore 64 Into an allS\n \CJi g can � ry machm Just u th hort program belO\\ With )'OUr speech pac "Md)our64will answcr a� ytltcan I) be changed to tak th ttme of th call, or do �ht �er el you "ish. taybc 1f )"'U'r good wtth clcctromcs )"'U could connect a I BllS\\r or em to th modem nd hB\ t muon \'OtC:C r dtgillze th IIr respon ' Wh n using th pr ram, make sur your mod m is on A \\F .R. not ORICINATE.

Hre is some assembler cod , In PAL-c:ompatlbl format, thil l usc th art of man) of mv prograrrtS It mak a program that can be LOADed nd RUN hk ny BASIC program. and the user doesn't ha�e to remember SYS command to get it going. When th progrm loaded, 11 \\ill appear as lh BASIC line • 0 SYS 2062 · , nd when run, control "ill be passed 10 the machine cod that foliO\\

90 oh - 56577 hl• 32 lo . 255-32 c- 0 • n g for ca 100 pnnt pnnt• wau 1 1 0 1f (pcek(oh) and 8) then 110

100 open 15 8,15, · sO program name · close 1 5 1 1 0 open 3.8.3. · o program name p,w· ,start up pal 1 20 sys 700 130 opt o3 ,output ObjeCt tO disk 140 • • $0801 ,put program at start of basic ,hnk address 150 wcx $080c �•ne number zero 160 wor $0000 170 byt S9e ,token for 'sys' a sc1 lteral lor sys address 1 80 .asc • 2062 • end of basiC Ine token 190 byt SOO 200 wor $0000 end of base program 210 . 280 ,your sourc code should start here

120 po oh + 2) (peek(oh + 2) Of hij poke oh (pcck(oh) and lo) • 130 pnnt • phone nng ng now answenng 140 rem rnser1 command for your speech program here 150 rem With tho speech that you want tho caner to hear 160 poke oh.(pook(oh) or h0 C • C + 1 170 pnnt • ca answered • c 180 goto 100

Robert C. ICodtde1t Aaton, PA

Bit Conectlon: DOS Wed,e

4, r !f .Joel P"ackctt wrot In the Bt column Volume 7,1 m to th t th DOS wed p rnm support onl} one 1541 dm Aduall th DOS � (\ rt on 5 I ) h a command for dmngm th d C\i number - th ·• n1 proper max for th httle-known command '

Ct28 RS-232 au,.

•

There arc t\\"0 bu

m th Commodore 12 In the RS-232 routln tht inter!r "tlh RS-232 operauon Both bugs hav IOdo\\ithth U) flaglnth 8502bcfn l tOih YffOn stat upon «!XIlln th rouun

I(device number) For example, to ch n

from d

to d 'Ia! 9, th com· • Th u of thl command Is cert nl) sier thn mand I going to th troubl to d1 n th loadr program and havm to rmember to POKF. ddr 52343 with the current d tee number

The fir bug 1 In th • BASI • cod for RS-232 mput. The cod I foliO\\ EF65 CLC EF66 RTS EF67 JSA SEEF D ,got rs 232 byte EF6A BCS SEF65 .ox t If carry set branch to wrong Joe EF6C CMP 100 , null EF6E BNE SEF66 ,H vald char, ex t carry set as a result .of compare branch goes to wrong

Thomu E. Calhle

Conf'dlon: Format Track 36

Brick, NJ

I ha\c found an error m ,, 0 A Hook's program (format tr k 3G) th t " pubhsl1cd m th September • Transactor After running th pr ram nd ch kmg th extra f o r mttcd track lor erro usln th 1541 upcrKII per Sam, I continuouS!) me up With a •20 read error for tor • tG Upon mspecttan of lh cod pr ntcd In h rt I I rillizcd that th wrong number � In ored in location $43 In ad of a $10 1t should be a $11 To oorr 1 the tuttOn, chan ltn I020 In th p ramto

locatiOn

EF 70 REST OF CODE Th dut

•

EF6A 80 FA BCS SEF66 EF6E 00 F5 BNE EF65 nd bu 1 n n r It 1 In th RS-232 OPEN nd prevents open ng an RS-232 • X-U E • handh ke chann I Th followln open t ment "ttl work on 64 but not on a 12 beaiU th 64 lgnor th carry n

Th routtn

1020 datn 141 34 6 169 17, 133 67,32 After th ch n

\\ m

nJI

Albert J. McCann, Jr. Glenolden, PA 19036

or ch k� out properi)

•

•••t .. • * ! ' .

•

1 0 rem reset-controller

OPEN 2,2,0,CHR$(6) +CHR$(1) :REM 300 BAUD,

20 bank 1

FULL DUPLEX, X-LINE HANDSHAKE

30 poke dec( " fff8 " ) .0 40 poke dec( " fff9 " ) , 1 9 50 for i = dec( " 1300 " ) to dec(" 1 305 " ) 60 read a: poke i,a: next i

When this executes, you will get random errors and it will stop a BASIC program. The code is as follows:

F094 LDA $0A1 1 ;rs-232 command reg ; bit 0 to carry F097 LSR A F098 BCC $FOA3 ;branch if 3-line rs-232

70 data 32, 132. 255: rem jsr $ff84 80 data 76, 0, 176: rem jmp $b000

F09A LDA $DD01 ;check if dsr missing F09D ASL A ; bit 7 to carry F09E BCS $FOA3 ;if input pin is not connected, or else is

The first thing the program does is restore 1/0 by calling lOIN IT

· high • then carry = 1 , dsr is " true h igh · at this point FOAO JSR $E755 ;set status variable to indicate dsr is missing, input pin is " low" . this routine clears carry so if you ground the dsr input pin then the above open will work

un-new routine to restore any basic program in memory.

at $FF84. Then it jumps to the monitor. This vector has many uses, for example making a 'reset-proof program, or with an

Note to David Mora: we can 1 find your complete address! Please give us a call so that we can send you your free

subscription. -CZ

FOA3 REST OF CODE Moving The Cassette Buffer

John Tellefson

FOAF RTS

Salina, KS

There is not enough room at this point to include a CLC

The following tip applies to VIC 20 and 64 users who use tape

instruction so I jump to a patch. The code to fix this is:

for storage. It may apply to other Commodore computers.

FOAC 4CF3 FEJMP $FEF3 ;jump to patch

Many small utilities such as "Verifizer" are written to run in the tape buffer, and any tape operation clobbers the utility. This

FEF3 8D1AOASTA $0A1A ;original code ;this is added CLC FEF6 1 8 ;exit RTS FEF7 60

can be avoided by moving the tape buffer- in the VIC and 64, the buffer is located by addresses 178-179, and the system doesn't mind if you move it. It is 192 bytes long, and you can put it anywhere in free RAM as long as it doesn't overwrite your

These changes were put into a 27128 eprom to replace the

program, variables or ROM. If you only SAVE and LOAD from

KERNAL rom in the 128. I use Promenade which works nicely

direct mode, it doesn't matter if you overwrite variables, since

in 64 mode. While you're poking around the KERNAL making

they will be cleared the next time you RUN anyway. Here is a

fixes, here is one that is unrelated to RS-232 but bugs many

sample code fragment that moves the tape buffer to 192 bytes

people:

below the bottom of string storage space:

FC22 D1 This fixes Caps-Lock

a = peek(51 ) + 256*peek(52)- 192: poke 1 79,a/256 : poke 1 78,a-256*peek(1 79)

Q. Also, to replace the KERNAL rom in

the 128, you will need two computers: a 128 and a 64 or second 128. The reason being that there is 4K of invisible rom (Z-80

(if memory is tight, you may want to check 'if fre(O)> 192' before

code). This is not accessible from 128 mode. The KERNAL rom

doing the above allocation).

is chip U35. You must remove this chip and read it into the second computer through the eprom programmer. Then you

An extra advantage: With the tape buffer moved, you can put

can modify the code and send it to an eprom.

code in the tape buffer's normal place and save it to tape with a monitor. You can then load the program in and use it at its

Using The C-128 System Vector

intended location. David Mora San Jose, CA Reset and Run

The C-128 has a very nice feature for programmers. In $FFF8

Noel Nyman Seattle WA

and $FFF9 of RAM bank 1 is a useful vector called the 'system vector'. After the reset button is pressed, control is passed to the

Here's a way to have your favorite BASIC program availa ble at the push of a button without building the hardware

routine lying at the address in this vector. For example, to automatically enter the monitor after a reset, run the following

described in "C64 RAM Cartridge" (Volume 7, Issue 4). Make the following changes to l ist ing #1 on page 52

program.

May 1987: Volume 7, Issue 06

Change the f e name m hne 1090 to •0 nocart" . Change the end of loop m lne 1 1 10 to 33008 (from 32999) Chang the checksum n Ine 1 1 20 to 29267 (lrom 28345) Change lme 1290 to read

pp CN PG GA HN EO GC GJ 10 AE EN PN GO IC GG MF

1290 DATA 198, 76, 232, 128, 56. 165, 46. 229

Add hne 1291:

1291 DATA

0, 169, 128, 133, 56, 108, 2, 3

Run th mo<hhcd loader to create "nocart" on di k. 1lten u "nocatt• and follow th instruction In th artid to store )'OUr fa\onte BASIC program in RAM above $8000. Then enter the command

POKE 56,128 CLR This protect th RAM rca abo\c $8000 from BASIC stnng \ariabl . The code you added to th loader v.11l perform this functton aln vthencvcr your stored aASIC progr m is RUN. Using SYS 64738 or hutlng a r 1 r;watch will RUN the stored UASIC progr m. just ns if it were in a RAM cartridge. 1lte only dtff r nee Is that th program Is v.ipcd out wh�n thc computer Is turned off.

Border Animation!

Terry Montgomery Walla, MS

Ever If) to d tpi a) an)tlung m the screen border? Other than chansms the rolour, u:S pretty hard to get the border to do an)thmg ca11ng This marhinc /angucJgc program from Tcny tp i a ) In yom Muntgomef), hmLVCT, Will pe�t a r.olomful d screen botdt>TS that you netr tltougllt possiblc' ,\01 Oil/) that, but the program rs mtcmqJI-dmrctJ. meamng tltat )'OU can edtt ule tlte drsp/0) conam:( evert nm mosJ BASIC program ul tmu

u KG OH GK EC El

AF IN Kl MJ DB OA GC KN IK KJ AA OE ON HM NJ CK MO

A great add111on to )'OUr "Gcto-Whiz"collection 10 rem• data loader for ·colour bars· • 20 cs - o 30for 1 • 49152 to49394.rcad apoke l,a

1 1 50 data 1 91, 192. 200, 1 92, 12,208. 245, 96 1 160 data 1 73, 178. 192,201, 30, 1 76, 14, 160 1 1 70 data 0, 185. 217, 192. 153, 191, 192, 200 1 1 80 data 192, 12,208, 245, 96, 1 73, 1 78, 192 1 190data201, 45, 1 76, 14, 160, 0, 185,230 1 200 data 192, 153, 191, 192, 200, 192. 12,208 1210 data 245, 96, 169, 0, 141, 178, 192, 96 1220data 2. 12. 33. 6, 9. s. 1. 12 6, 50 1230data 8, 4, 2. 7, o. 14, 1240 data 55, 60. 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90 1250 data 95, 100, 105, 40, 50, 70. 90. 1 10 1260 data 130, 150, 170, 190, 210, 230, 250, 14 1270 data 40. 50. 60. 70, 80. 90, 100. 1 10 1280 data 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 50, 55 1290 data 60, 65, 70, 75, 80. 85, 90, 95 1300 data 100, 105, 110

Verifiz.er and Fut-t.o.d Cartrldae•

Mike Iafrate Parkenbura. WV 26101

I was ha�ing troubl using the VeriflZCf for the 12: when I ran the program, somctunes it would work, and sometimes the momtor would break in After som Houbl hooting, I found that the M ch 12 fast load cartridge was causmg the problem. I ha\ con to depend on it so much that I oft n forget that It Is th rc and usually ha\e no problem v.ith most of the software that I u tier' is the problem as far as I can determin When I usc the cartridge to load a program, there arc two symbol that are ubshtutcd for the LOA() com mand. a slash, and the up-arrow. These use son type of an Interrupt that set the Z-llag and the n too much \Hillen 8-flas In the status register. I ha" n't about the 8-0 (break Oag). Anyway, "hen I remo\'e the cartrid I find thatthestatus regist r returns to zero. and then I can load and usc the �enfJZCr normally. 1!'5 n o bg deal to fix the probl m: I JUSl add this hnc to the program •

1080 poko 05,0 end

40 CS • CS + O next l

50 · 60 If cs<>29666 then pnnt " Idata error! " : end 70 rem sys 49152 80 end 1 00 1000 data 120, 169. 127, 141, 13, 220. 169. 1 1010data 141, 26,208, 1 73, 17,208. 41, 127 1020data 141, 1 7, 208. 169. 36. 141, 20. 3 1 030 data 169, 192, 1 4 1 , 21. 3, 169 0, 141 1040 data 18 208, 88, 96, 1 73, 25, 208. 41 1 1 050 data 1 , 208, 3. 76, 101, 192, 169. 1060data 141, 25, 208, 172, 1 76, 192, 185, 179 1070data 192, 141, 32.208, 238. 1 76 192, 174 1080data 176, 192, 236, 1 77, 192,208, 8, 32 1090 data 104, 192, 162, 0, 142, 1 76, 192, 173 1 100 data 17, 208. 4 1 , 127. 141, 17, 208. 185 1 1 10data 191, 192. 141, 18.208, 173, 176, 192 3, 76, 49,234, 76, 188, 254 1 1 20 data 208 1 1 30 data 238 178, 192, 1 73, 1 78, 192.201, 15 1 140data 1 76 14, 160, 0, 185, 204, 192, 153

If nn}hody el is having probl ms u lng Vcrihzcr 128, nta)i>c thi wall fu: the problem. I am ure there arc a lot of IICOPIC using the tach 12 cartndgc.

Amlaa Blta The Vanlabln1 Workbench

D1d )o u C\er sltd down the screen of som applicallon.

expecting to rind the Wor1tbench screen patiently nwatlmg your return, only to rind that it hall vnmshcd7 This happens v.hen an pph tion closes the Workbench screen In an effort to '*c memory. Examples of prograrru; that do thls nrc ABaslc . and Deluxe tuslc gs) (the ougmal BASIC happed Yilth Aml from 1-:tcctronic Arl5 This may be a fin way to SCI\e memory, but hf can be difficult v.ith no Workbench screen it makes it impossibl to run an)1hing else until you exit your program• the Workbench fortunately, th S) m won'tlet nyon d •

•

recn

af thcr ar any ¥.1ndows open on 11 So. af )'OU want to rnak sur )'OU don't I wr reen. bring up a w1ndow bcfre )'OU launch )'OUr WOJkbcnc:h-dosm apph tOn A good cand1date to ha" up l a CU wmdow, m )OU11 probably wa· for doing disk operation from tim "ant on around any to 11m

lhn mvoked to mak th correction Because som of th hn "in th til "cr v long, 11" n f) to pcdf) th unusually long hnc to f.d1t, or lhe hn would be truncnted nd th fi corrupted The Edit command used '' o n " found "edt! ar opt p65w550 Th OOA co m b inu In hn 12 and 13. Une 1 2 cont n 0000, but onl th 00 hm\ 1f th I F.d1t command i used Une 1 3 contain only OA (you can't It, since it' hncfeed, but 11' th r) Un 12 was dlcted and replaced usmg th control-:? and control•j kl') Her are all th echt commands requued FA11"'

...

If )OU can't bnn a program up u )ou'r runmn low on mmory. tr) dosmg m ny window on th Workbeoch as posslbl You can dose every window on th recn. C\ien th one amtnmng th pr ram you'r tf)1ng to nm. by d ng the window onto th Workbench the pr ram' 1con ou sa (actual!). backdrop window) atself. Once )'OU c:l up C\OCI)1hmg )OU can, )OU can Iunc:h th progr m b) doubt dac:kin the Icon usual t k sure )'OU C\ientually drag th icon k into th drwr II c:nm from, or 11'11 d1sappear from th diSk forever.

113 CTRL-2 Cffil-J

z The Instructions lor umg Ed1t c:nn be found m th AmgaDOS

manual m the control-2 and control-j kl') combinations are non-printing. you will not anything being added, but )'OU r pullm th two c:h rnct OOOA into th fi

If you wnnt to keep som wtndows round )'OU am muumize the memory consumed b) rna In sure th · don't overlap If you r total!) dcsperat nd absolutef) need a ff!\\ more K, )'OU can alw ys unplug your second dme (if you have on). and re boot If )OU don't ha\ th Internal 256K RAM expansion modul , get 11 If you am afford to, get more - It's amazing ¥.'hat a lew extra 1cgabyt can do for Amiga1 todll)ln a The Epeon Print r Driver To Work With Other Prlntcn

Une 13 "' deleted, bec:nu th OA at $0437 '' rall) the bug lor the Star I 0-X Tiu left the fil hort on char ctcr. so 00 w added at the beginning of hne 14 to put OOOA 1 $0436 To d th charact r to th begmnm of th l mt', before th OA, a ubst1tute null nng command w used

P t r In keep Lon1 Vally, NJ

AI/CmL-21

I use th Scrillblcl word processor, vcrs�on 2 0. nd Gcmmi Star I 0-X printer. If Epson 1 lectt.>d as th pnnter through Prd r n many of the printer commands wcllk properly on th Strt 10-X On command that does not work the par rnph return, would be th when putting two pa bctw ragrp h lm r bly, th print r will ip not on but two hn , bcfor 5trtin th next par rph Scnbbl I Isnot "ar of this extra hn" kip, so It does not dd th extra lm \\h n c:nlrulatm "'her the end of th pag r ell ys i n. moro• blank hn bet" n par r aph• the mor the program out of hn at th end of th JID8C-

Aft r F.d1t "'

¥.'0Und up, th nC¥.ly ed1ted fil ''Str" "' checked for lzc ¥.1th th hst command to make sur i t "' the lf the me lze "f.pson" '1)1 st r opt h' was used to had been mad m th right place. Th corrected file chan

•

Creating a c:u om prlntcr-cfri� r I a fOJrrudabl

read

$0430 OOOOFFOO OAOOOAOO OOOOFFOO

'Star" was then copied to th Scribble d1k (COP) star to nhbl /dcvslpnntm) Prdcten would recognize the new printer hi but for m r n ScribblI d red no pnnter" ed To keep Sc "'hn th pnnt menu w nbbl' h )J)). I renamed "Epson" to '1'ru Epson", and uar to Epson.. After th t, there "' no problem •

But. U th

Epson pr m is be mod1fied onl slightly 11 can be made to work Yoel l wtth lh ar 10-X I used th FAtt" p r month WorkBench d ·to mak th modtflcatlon ducaly to lh F..pson pnnt r driver.

Althou h I hav not don it, I assume that many of the pnntcr dnver could be inularl mocbhed It took pati n to figure out how to use F.d1t, Ially with non-pnntin dwractcr I put the whol mess in the rm disk f'ram 1 whl! I expcn mented, wh1ch mad rul the trial and error go mu fllSl r

Th Epson pnnt r dnv r I located with I th othrs m th de\:/pnnter" d1red0f) Using the command, "typed dC\0sl printcr/cpson opt h" from CU todtSpla) a h dump of th fil I located th chnract rs that controlled th hn eed for th pnntcr Tht was at location $0430 (hex}, "'h r th char cr •

By lh wa). I am reall) nJ0)1ng Scribble!. hero-S ems sent th Scrlllbl�! 2.0 upgrad \\ith th pelhng diction ry. soon as 11 w11 va1lable, nd nhaoced Scribble' t the m tin It Y.as a real bargain, because th r� was no charge for th •

follow.

$0430 OOOOFFOO OAOOOOOAOOOOFFOO

upgrade.

...,1!17 vnmtJ ,j? s•-"'

Letters l\ a 101 ofmail/rom rrodm u:Jro have tre1) sped/It: qut'SitonS about thrir Commodore and thrrd-part} equtpTMnt lanj oltlwsc arc lnJeifaan probkms of one kind or another which softu�re u:il/ u:orll ut h m) modem?/lou can I t m)prinlet andm) UXJrd proct!SSOr10 wmk togdher? Hou come m) system uvn l lood hom drit 13 now that /'tit.' tnslalled a Magtc Shmoo(tm) E.tpnmler bol· on m) game TKJrt?

Yet another request for Urdu IOitware: I ha \• been a regular subscn"ber to 111e Transactor for th last two) r l have owned a faithful C-64 for the las! four )an' I h8'1: recently n an Arabic \mon of a \\Ord processor that i on a canrid that comerts th {',.64 to n Arabic langu compuu.•r.

cd to know if tt re Is any udl softwar for th Urdu langu " a\allable? I would be grateful to M} Tnm tor readers I am mt

"ho could pro\'lde me \\1th lnformntlon on such product. M Shant Butt, lakkah, Saud1 Arabia

Th kmds ofques/10/tS are often fmpossibl<" to answer utd you ro ho spt!Cific t!Xpmmce ullh the partiCular equiJ)ITrent conli.u tiOtJ mvolved Since we don l hot CIN!1) unagmab# p1 e of equtpmmt on the market, we're often ldt.saatchmg our heads lor a ITp/y )au, on the other hand, ma) hat recently d&OtTCrcd the IJC'Ces SOT) mcantatiOIJS to make the Mag Slmtoo{tm) box uvr1l ul h )'OU' disk dri and rrouldjiiSt love to slum! )VUt dlSOOI.1CT) Wtlh the rest of the uvrtd 'That's what thiS tJt>Xt bunch ol lt'lters are all about Readthl'!m overifyou can help \h!'d/ot'l(! to hear from )VU, and .so would the authors ofthese questiOns

What num n calculation soflvtare emironmcnts ex modore G4' Any publiC d o rnan �uff?

for Com

'"lntcracti\'C S1mulatlon Lnn (lntetlldh tml S) ems Inc.) ·wuh the "1Sl.MP3" complier is available for Con\modore 64 It o n -hna r d1H rcntial equations mdud modul lor sol\·mg n "

•

I bought 50methlng from Oynnromp \\flllt:n 111 BASIC \\lth no error trapping and dumS) plotter routmes for CO-t. Runs, but n<ll �hat I'd hot)Cd to find. Edward Connors, Frcdcnct, lacyland

I tried to locate n 7-pin DIN mnle by female right angle atlapter � I could lead my pwr cnb!e out the rear of the board 1111 Idea carried O'l:er to lso tf)mg to source an angle adapter for the ra r I printer (the cabl lnte ml r cptnde on m) rfres "1th the so flex paper feed). ly mtentlon " to fast n th to th c loads \\OUld be taken by the easil) rcpaued cord

Remote Une feeds: I ha\c enJO)!!d The Transactor for man) issu , pccially Networking and Communi t1on . 111 program I would hke to refer to b Remote 6_..

I could not fmd a suppher 111 th1 area (250 km out of VnnCOU\'er) Could }OU w a suppher ol the following Item I would Ilk to purch • nght angle DIN mlf adapter: lon r rlaJ cords or mlf rlal cord ext nd • n simp mexpensive modm Doug Hurd, Pent1cton, B nhh Columbia

Aft:rchanglng l6to0tn llnc IOOO toghefulldupl transmission, thi brou t my non-Commodor terminal to hfe and I can lnterilld

\\ith my 64 renlOtcly

The only problem s i that my rmote terminal e.xpc<1 a linefeed (du$(10)). null unl m) programs ar modified to give one. the terminal v.IU just wn! O\ r the sam line. Program and d1redof)

Ndariout ploU: I nm wond nng 1f M)One has not1ced an} bugs ter \\hn ntt mpting to plot 111 rclat1ve coordmat . Inth I 520 plot

h� seem unpossibl

is at certan x (horizontal) It ms that \\hen th pen carr posmon th fir� 1 sub-command aft ran '1' nru th pen off to rv to imert th the absolute ongm mSiead To cure th , li as n apparcntl) redundant subcommand PRINT"I , • R • ,0,0, aft r

I the n simple method to 5Cild a hnefced nft r a carriage return b) mod•f)in Remot G4?

PRINT" I , " I "

Th1 proWcm has been gt\'lng me many slct'pl nights and an an�" r vtould be appr ulled Tim Rayworth, Kcnt-.111 N0\11 Scotta

The 1520 seems to be a rather unpopular pcnph rat nd I ha\en I come across another umt to t whether all ha'l: tht fault or jmt mlne IIChael man, South Perth, \\' m Australta .. . III

pedally

Th "Appl" 'umer1c.s manual (ISBN 17741-2 AddiSOn-Wesley) descnlJCS SA�E. th Standard Awl Num ri En\•ironmcnt, "hidl runs on the 6502 microprocessor In asemhly language. lias som h ng like this been �rillen for a Commodore �'fitcm?

An1lin1 for weird part1: Becau" of a stiff cord on nt) (rep! "" ment') flO\\cr pack. and a lot of m o \ e m ent of th keyboard by our four user• th powet r :ptael brok ts I solder jomts to the PC board A Simple remo\'al of th PC assembly, lifting off the RF 5lm�ld nd aueful r l dnngha'l: curedtheprob!cm Howaer,it could ha\ been wor nnd that I d5 me to the foliO\\ing subject

C-64 u�Mrb: I enjoyed the 'extra' languagcs issue, th benchmarks.

•

Pttt au�> those sleepmg pills. Tim. and add tlw. lollouirls lines 10 the Remote 64 sourer fiJ, 11

1075 1085 1086 1087 1088 1089 KemaJ rm on rm Ton� Issue I

�

I u 8 Pocket todcm and a tl.!fmmal program called D rk Term on m) C64 8oth the m odm nnd the t tnnal p rm ha\ odial capahil but th unab to a bus) rln phon or an aJlS\\red " nat Th meant th I had 1 ephone to rtl) ar ian) are the to mon or the call by hold caused b) a det ed cam r I h ' 0\ er co m thas hea.dac 10 problem with two terns found In a local Rlld10 an llO} store Th first called a Pho Pickup Coil part number 44-533 1.!1 part nu� 2ii th nd ls called an Au do Amp l

pha pia

cmpl13 bne • + 7 lcb 110 JSf normOU1

n: ll almost brou t tears to m� to :Auto Oefau1 f01 th 064 n \Olume 6

cu ouh • th two fi he of n th two of th most ra� tm f tur of th C64 I have been � own EPROM Kcmal r 1on fOf two a n� runn inoorporatt not on� t r 1on but a number of hers Hal\ r at th hl;o poinrs of comment on Ton) s I nlcl

Th phone pkup coI

normal connect to a tape recorder and then to the 1 phone handset \'Ia a rubber suctJOfl r when cup to allow phonecon\er liOns to be recorded H connected to th Audto Amp Speaker, th phon con\ersataon can be h rd "' thout listn ng to tt I c:,>hone handsel ow. f1 th pickup coI placed on th from r comer of the Pocket er " I and the modem turned online. t todem broadcast th dial tone Of the 1 lephon COO\ rsatton Ju h II d1d \\1th th telephone. Th mans that I can now usc m} modem nd t rm p rm"' thou! ha\1D8 IO h od m t ephon tom} r

numberoccurs not onl aUEIOAbutalsoat E228 th latter 1 the Kcrnal OPEN I m not r of th l, but to be wr I cha ed implntlons of lea\ ng th I Thedefau t d

M)'\\}

red RU /STOP) lea\ th text in the Input buff A nonna1 BASIC p ram "' h a GET or INPtrr from 1 eyboard bclr any other l/0 \\111 find th text unl

2 U of th R

(i e.

cla r ed b) a POKE I

the abol setup C!\f) Ume I use mv modern \\tth it I can I check for f oliO\lng \ I) A dial ton \\'hen I first turn on � modem 2) Uen to how rm modern d the pho number 3) U n for the phone to n on th other end or kno\\ lmmedJ atJy U the hn I bu� 4) I can h r the other computer send irs carrier lgnal and tell U rtl) computer has IUlS\\ it 5) 1f I don t t an an r th nn I han up and the number 6) If I should dtal a vote number I "ill h ar thm on th ker and can then pick up th phon and expfan or apo1 I \e th spc<ilker on 7) \\'hen I nm uploading or down and I en to the data bcln tr ansfrr cd I 1m found on 8 number of occasions, "'hn m) comput r m no locked up whll uploadmg, that th problem was caused b) the BBS hangi up on me. \\1thout th piC._-up coI and spckcr up Of holdmg the phone to m-. ear I nmer \\'OUld ha\e fi red out th cau

Takln Tom 0\er

polntondefau t �iceonc epfunhcr I found that per nt of local 064 owners. nd C\en mor amon non

amers do not 1 ru all! As on of that large m rlty, some I • of Kernal \\ hbcr ted b} d rln �lc I illegal, nd lnterreptt all temptS to f nee It Th perm ued th

modlfi ion mdudto carry out some r h r ext n lnt rtwn th DOS ta r In th Kemal thercb) \"'ldme lncompallblhl} problem nd � VJ08 th hassi of at each power-up

flexbI

n to \\'h on the subject the DOS manager t as lnt consJd th 1mpact of the C HR GET o\\ 1 hnlqu In eflca. all Input mdudmg from d Is scanned by adcflllonal rod d ned to intrcept DOS command The resulll degradat1on of an 1/().

bound p rm i masshc. As a quick solut100 alwa� d the '> DOS manager (Q) befor runn n )'OUr pr ams lithe\ ar h'" on d k input It can �Wnys be rcsu lUlled with a SYS call, although th an lntrmcrted procedure th CHRGET rod ted when the SVSed cod changng the CHRGET n code' Th correal) nsw th \\ed but Jt a!so rcsul SYNTAX ERROR althou h th b of no imponaooc unl you intended to COt-.Tinu the pr ram the error blocks contmuan Such "' t hnq ar 'quick nd dn)' Th cl t approach is to Intercept th ror hancfl ,,., the \'CClOr, and check fonalad DO commands befor 1 10 u n ar01 • a th me approach used for � BASIC ext non P r lora n , Lesmurd West m Australta

I ha\ lllSUII ed the p1ckup coil m permnnerlll ) on m\ Pocket todcm " h a dab of hot u (CrBZ) Glu or EpGX) \\ I work) The H Glu can be off nd l ' no mat 1f I should to I f11} modem Also lost of rcm0\108 th rubber d suction cup I turned the coI upsde dO\\n the c oI "' II rll \\Ork and one d.n I ma fagur out a for th suction cup behind the computer

•

The coil and ermould work on n} type of mod m Conned th coI to the mp/spe er turn on th modem and th ooU until th cfial tnc heard It wUJ be 0\r the modem nro�ry to experiment to fmd the I and thn JUSl ue the con In that spot The beaut) to th up as that no permanent modficn!JOns are n ry to th comput r, modem the or phon hn Also thre I no "} you can computer Of modem or m up )'OUr phon senice. The on!) dlsachan to th • em that th coI " pick up a hum If plllccd too do to th monitor Of TV

Ea\esdroppln

on mod'cms nty to thank )'OU for a truJ lnformath m

prOJ

• programs nnd mOSJ of my

the artidcs � have published

expcrlcn

liac th

opponu nc. tan� of m• ls dnectly related to

lnspued b} a coup of anlc conccml n rt'ttnt lssues of th Transactor

modems

Note. If you are curious about v.hy people have trouble v.ith disk drh:cs and Datasctt when placed on the lefl sid of the monitor, just pass the roil by the Jell 1d" of your monitor and listen I v.ould )'OU keep th volume turned down! su Perhaps the nearest thing about this project is the price. The pickup co1l cost $2.19 and the Amprpeakcr i worth Sl5.95 at i a lot like my Radio Shack This pcaker and L'Oil modification s Fastload Cartridge: nov. tlult I ha\e used 11, I v.on't leave home without it. I hope that this project v.ill p rO\ e � u.•>eful to you ns it has to me. KC\in l.cmon. 1 Catharin :., Ontario IEEE for C-128: In r ponsc to your query in tht• March '87 ssu 1

bout''hcther there Is an lEE£ interlace lor the C-128: th re Is .•• the Quicksll,·cr 128 from Sk)ies f.lectric. I have been uing one of these for about two months on a C-1:! C\JUipped v.irh a Packard llunkjct printer and 7470A two pen plotter. Tite dC\'ICe plugs into the ex pa ni on port and rcqum�s replacement of a ROM and attaching a jumper cliJI inside the computer. An Important feature s i that this unit also works with the C-128 running in C-64 mod

llcwlell·

Unllkt! the older BusCard II for the C-64, this mterfacc does not haH� a built-in momtor or enhanced DO!'i commands. Although not needed for 128 mod thC)' arc really missed in C-64 mode. II also does not ha\e a parallel printer output. ,

As ad\criiSt.�. the Quic.ksrl\er !iCCills to be fully transparent. HowC\er, one lrug exists If It is to be used 111 C-64 mod" ll you turn on the C-128 and 'GO 64' immL•<hatcly, you \\Ill not be abl' to atteSS the IF.EF. hus in C-64 mode. The solution is to open and dose any lf.F.F. device while passing through C-128 rn<ld Thi could be handled With an autoboot dik rout in In final versions of applkation programs. John A. Spencer, Edwards\11lc, llllno1s

Amlta marketlna: Thank you

lor Vol i, Issue 5, first lor the hlCiusion of articles on the Amiga; aud second for the exc.:cllenr Start Addr .

Although the Amlga anid are 0\e r my head, at least they are a recognition that )o u plan to support the modcl I am one of those who are still trapped in an 8-bit oril'ntation In a 32-bit cm·iron· menr.J still want to Load and Run \\ith a simple Shift/Run and to call up a dul'dol) with a �aTdO or 1. I yebm to be able to 11n111 a ducctOI)' or program listing with an open4,4:cmd4:(caT or llat):print•4:cloM4. That was so automat! Now lam beginning to master cd dfl: dlr opt a but I cannot get It to prim even if I type dlr opt a to prt: And l am 50 tired of getting �mcthing about n command lacking a return code and I cannot find an)1hing in th manuals on "return codes"! And the manuals "ere not v.rinen for such as I. tfov.· about 50m artie:! for the nnalphabcl in th Amiga nud1encc? On the second point, I agree Y.1th your eduonal wholehe.ntcdly. But another way that Commodore has r£11Catcdly hot Itself in the

1M.!£!!!!!•

foot Is in the poor support they have given their distributor Two local outh.'l lulve said thnt thC)' "'ill nC\er deal \\ith Commodore again I realize thai this i a holdo�er from the Tramiel era, but the curr er ll superstructure nt Commodore does not seem to have addressed this problem adequately. Also, Commodore secmingl)' does nOl know how to v.m the pre55. The PC caught on only becau� of the familiar three inhiab The computer press followed a familiar trail and it established a "standard" \\1th a poorl)' designed machine. But success breeds sum..."iS nd the press seems intent on bul)ing the nnniC Commodore. Granted that the rumoured 150,000 Installed systems may not exc1tc software d C\ ·e loper, som good and t 4 f ecthe f>R ellort on the part of Commodore dC\otcd to the seemingly hostile pan of the computer press could effect a drastic change. It would nor be easy but 11 could be vital. One footnote to my fii'SI point: the recent rumour that Commodore \'OUr has abandoned th Amlga 1000 as of the first of the year In Ia of the "2000" and a "500" does nothing to inspire confidence in those of us v.ith the I000 This tactic scentS to h a\ e been taken our of IBM's manual of desertmg the loyal customers. Rev. Fr J. Paul M or ri, Long Beach, California I lat11ng e>.JX!rimccd1t omscl11es, we S ) m pa t h t ::ewtth anyonegoing through the t'Ctttgo you get when )'OU mm.N! up to the Amzga from the 8-btl machmes But as 11 110/lfJCIIS sendmg u dirfXtuf) to the pnnll't IS ros) and natural on the Aml8U t)'pmg d1r >prt: opt • should do 11 7't) 1t- )TW won� nuss the old Commodore 5)11ta-c lor

long

As Wt' go to press, there's sttll oo oflictal word on the new Anuga models )UU menl/()/1, so 11 s too roriJ to SU) wllcthcr to C-\pcct

compattbilit) pmblem 1/ouJCV('r, you can take heart from the fad that the Amtgas Of�etating system software s i df'Slgncd lmm the ground up utth He.\lbi/uy and f'.xpandabi11t) m mmd - 11 is light )'COtS ahead ofall other Commodore computers , ; this n>srect In the old days at Cummudure, 'compallbr1uy' and 'analphabdes' were catdlu/Ords ofabout cquu/ CUI1'('11C).

No nkhe for Amlaa: Why arc Amigas not selling1 TI•e Short un:.v.cr

is thai IB�tiMS DOS i the busmcss standard and the

cbea11Cr 8 bit computer arc more than adequate lor most home u . Am1ga would be grent for desktop pubhshing. but the Mac already 0\\11 thatterrltOI)'. Expandabiliry? You're sellmg a I Meg RAM box for $1035, nearly the price of a two dnvc clone. Anyone nL'l.'<ilflg this much mcmor) s i probahly running business programs and would be better off v.ith I>O:i hardware, kludgy though It i. Dina for Sldccar. To pul lt nnother v.oay, wh\' speak Esperanto then translat ev rythlng into F.ngli<.h'�

Multilll$king might be a slr."Cper. but a lot of us have trouble enough concentrating on one task at a 11mc. Gramcd, the de i a of having a .JifCnWhcct churning a\\a} \\hUe )OU \\rite a letter to )OUr MP !iOund good on paper. But seriously folk • ''hen's the last time you li the star.; and p la n e t? Most real had to recalculate the orbits of a world ,,rcadsheet applications run In a few seconds, C\'Cn on the lov.ly PC.

At the risk of sounding like a curmudgeon, I must confess to a

Hi-res Trace Utility SYS Address:

loathing of mice. This unfashionable prejudice may simply reflect my upbringing on IBMs and Commodore 8 bits, but I'm not so

If you've had any slight difficulties with the trace utility on page 69

sure. Most tools that are easy to Jearn are less satisfactory for the

of Volume 7, Issue 4 - such as the program failing to work - you may

experienced user. To draw what may be an unfair analogy, are you

wish to change the SYS address in line I 060 from 52096 to 52723.

guys doing a whole Jot of programming in BASIC?

And always be on your guard for sophisticated DATAfiers that cavalierly assume that a program's start address is going to be the

So who's left? Technofreaks and artists. Business empires on this

same as its entry point.

Amiga as a wizard machine, but right now it's a solution looking

The trace utility also has a problem with version 2 C64 ROMs - the

for a problem.

version that fills colour RAM with the background colour when

market are not built. Don't get me wrong. I acknowledge the

Jim O'Hare, Victoria, British Columbia

you clear the screen. To make the program work properly on these machines, make the following changes:

It's a bit ironic that the Amigo, which s i arguably the most powerful micro on the market today, should

be widely seen as having no

line 1860: delete the last data item (162)

i even more ironic that its most radical innovation naturalplace. It s

line 1890: delete the last data item (169)

- multitasking - should be so badly undervalued. I think it's a

line 1900: delete the entries 1 4 7, 32, 210, 255

msconception i to suppose - as your spreadsheet example implies

Finally, create a new line:

1 865 data 169, 147, 32,210. 255, 162

you do - that there s i no benefit to multitasking unless all tasks are continuously running full bore.

In the assembler source code, the only change required is to Perhaps in your letter to your MP you would like to include some

reposition lines 4890 and 4900 to fall between lines 4690 and

juicy numbers about government waste. No problem - just save

4700.

your document file from your word processor, exit the program, load your spreadsheet, make your calculation, write down the

Uncontrolled Sprite Bits:

the document file, and you're ready to go. Easy! Or, you can click

David Johnson of Gander, Newfoundland, reports an error in the

the word processor out of the way, do your spreadsheet calcula

third example of the article 'Bit Addressing of Sprite Controls', from

tion, then go back into the word processor with another mouse

Volume 7, Issue 2. He suggests the following changes:

numbers, exit the spreadsheet, reload the word processor, reload

click. Easier! Change line 1 to ldx #5, instead of Ida #5 But that's just scratching the surface. The real value of the multi

Change line 5 to beq dabble, instead of beq maskor

tasking environment might not become apparent to you until after

you've worked on the machine for a month or two. And that's

Tape Verifizzle:

when for some reason you have to go back to a single-tasking

computer for a while. You 'II find it frustrating and confining. By this

Apparently not too many of you are making use of the Verifizer for

time you've become used to slipping fluidly from one program to

cassette users that we've been publishing for the last while,

another and back again, with almost the same ease as your

because we've just now found out from a single letter that up until

thoughts shift between topics, or your hands between tools. And

this issue it had a fatal error in the data statement in line I 070. The

you won'l want to go back to a machine with a narrow-minded,

last number in that line should be 247 instead of 249. Thanks for

serially-oriented operating system.

spotting the error goes to Phil Hoff of Chico, California.

Part of Commodore's marketing problem s i that multitasking is

Slashing and Pounding:

hard to promote. Reading about it sn i 'l enough - you have to live with it to appreciate its true power. But time will take care of that,

In his book, The Home Computer Wars, Michael Tomczyk re

and a few years from now single-tasking machines may be just

ported that one of his biggest triumphs as a one-time Commodore

Mesozoic curiosities. That may or may not help the Amigo, since

marketing executive was the replacement of the standard Ascii

being too early can be just as bad as being too late, but it's not

backslash (code 92) with the English pound sign. This astounding

inconceivable that it could eventually be more successful than

innovation was first seen on the VIC 20, and was inherited by

anyone now imagines.

Commodore's subsequent 8-bit machines. Well, maybe Tomczyk had a point and maybe he didn't, but a side effect of the switch is that we have to be extra careful when we print an article with the

TransBloopors

pound sign in it. The typesetting machine doesn't know Commo dore from coconuts, and code 92 comes out as a backslash every

EPROM Burns:

time; to get the pound sign we have to manually substitute a character from a special font. All of which explains why the

Our thanks to everyone who sent in error reports for the Universal

'Commodore 64 23K RAM Disk' article in Volume 7, Issue 5, used

EPROM Programmer article in Volume 7, Issue 05. A follow up

an incorrect backslash both in the text of the article and in line 180

article appears in this issue.

of the program, instead of the correct British pound sign. Thanks to Jack R. Farrah of Cincinnati, Ohio, and James C. Sanders of Knoxville, Tennessee for pointing out the error.

May 1987: Volume'···- 06

Smile! You're on RI.E!

Christopher Dunn Chicago, Dllnola

RLE was first implemented on Compuseroe to handle display

of the National Weather Service radar weather maps. . .

But Flnt, A Word Froaa Our Spouor. . .

Our regular TeleColumn d not appear thl Issue as usual Instead, Y.C ha\ just a few not� her (sorry for the Interruption Cllrls) TclcColurnn "'Ill be back In the next Transactor. but part of what we lnt nded for the TeleCotumn that lsn't here was the command sequence for conf1gunng the DataPac network to allow sucteSSful upldoYtnload on CompuSene HOYte<.-er. Ran,an Bose thoughtfull� included th1 81 th end of h1s onhne next artld ) sef\ t c companson ( The Commodore tag.�et is the tentall\e name for the online magazlne lion of the Commodore et w o rk on Co mpoSe r\ e. So far ther been mixed response 0\er the cho of name rangmg from terrfie market ng Idea", to ..cat h) and on through too cut So beng th democratiC blok that wear the floor as current!) open to sussestton If) ou ha\ e one, or 1f you hke t ct pi let u know You can call, Ytnte. or eo.en m us on CompuSef\ (enter GO CBMI'\ET and ch005e CBMCOM or CBMPRG) Bu11dmg It onhn magazm scct1on for CBMNET 1 hke lcarntng a neYt language - and th fir prQgram )OU y,rite 1 a database! However. progr Is bei ng made and articles from thl5 1ssue will be among the firS! to appear! We"re also consider· lng a sub-section of ..Online F .x clu1\es". We often recehe artlcl containing programs that ar JuS! too big to publish In the magazme Th Ytould be l da t m an Online Exclusi\CS sect1on mcc cnterlns the prQgram by hand • IS no longer cntcrla for d mlng 811 art1cle unactCptable We took out our box off unused slUff and found sae ra! we could already put to use for thl Idea Th re on!) one problem - our author payments budget can't hand! the load of thiS extra material, but If a free T-sh rt or m other g1f1 would suffice. Y.eII be happ) to obasc ..

Authors who MJbm ned mat rial that Y.OUnd up In the unused box probabt) knov. Yt'ho >ou ar and � II be getting In touch ou short!� to how the Idea mtght appeal to you. wth ) aturall) you can feel free to dedme and )'OUr material "'111 be returned Further Yt'e \e alread) returned man) articles that might also ha"e fit nto tht cattg<>ry. and there are undoubl· edl) others "'th articles that "'ould merit a plaoe In this "'telespotlight So f "oud hke to re-MJbmlt them, the}11 be considered for Onhne Exclusives • • • • •

Ok wtw Is Rl.F.? h stands for Run Length Encoding. and Is a system

de\eiQPCd at Compuset'\e to enabl them to transmit high resolutaon graphiC Images to different brands of computers

most of us knOYt, that can be set A hir image made up of pixel to d1ff rent colors to form the pc tureon our screen The image can be gmerated In urlou ways. most often with a drawmg program of some sort, or wuh a digttlzcr when con\crtlng a real Yt'Orld Image. This •mage can then Lie stored to d1 k for recall later. Different computers use dtfferent formats for this storage. and men d1fferent programs on the same computer use Incompatible formats for stonna Images Just about the onl) common Item was that all computers used plxeis to form th screen Image RU: is a Yt'a) of encoding the screen image so that the ortgmal pacture rna) be 'leYt'ed on mo5l different types of computer Ia The Be ..DDIDI. . . RLE "' first Implemented on Compus<.'f\ to handle displa) of the National Weather Senice radar weather maps If you were lucky ears to ha\-e a terminal program that had the enough, back a fey, ) RLF. data decoder buUt In then you could dlrealy \"ieYt these hires maps on your sc:raon If you did not ha\'C RLE capabthl) all you saw "' g 1 bber lh As the format of RLE filtered down to nrious prosram mers, prograrras "'re wnttcn to decode th data Some were buUt Into terminal programs, some Y.cre meant to be u5ed off hne to decode captured data

lor RLE I tlons" e dt.--d to Com � e. Users Pidur •

of dark p iXIs the first ella! r of the pair )OU would r t char er 127 For th light character tha! foliO\\ )"OU ) At the d odmg ""'OUid gen rat char tr 32 (ASCII lor you 95 dark p lxIs and 0 I ht pax end, th 127 \\"OUid nee 32 32 • 0 You then on counun the dark pixel " re needed Th )'OU I 1 off nd gcncrat a new pau of char cr " me \\ould hold tru If the first pixel ncount red In nn 1 I ht. The fttst character of th data pair. th on Ir the dark count, would be an ASCII 32, meanin 0 dark pix to an "th "

of of th F8J 10 I \\anted and more recentl), im 11 ng Chlldren ffO\\ r, all of th I " ben ted at Compusen; users th msel�cs YOnnted to translate thcu m, and soon 0\\'tl wOJks of rt Into RLE. ep In th wizards on )"OUr comput r p ams popped up to tran r hi I Into RL£ fil Th Iii could then be uploaded to n database for mmg they had an RLE decoder of cou ) It o \'IC\\ (

•

peclltlca loM

of Run Length Encodmg You run ; down the In h of th 1 countin p i xIs nd n cr1 n the axI found Th Rll: data d 11 from th count of dark and hght p ored In a t t fil nd t 1 fl "nre ) to transm1 ,;a modems. '!r'ou can now

The format of RLE rall) quI 1mpl It had to be 1mpl becau It had to be understandabl by a wide rnngc of computers r In monochrom I \\'Ont • black nd Fir off, 'I RLE lm you could dtSPla� a RLE Image in blu and �llo\\ "hit or an) 2 color U )'OU h but the RL£ data only 1 lis you if a p xel on )'OUr n is on or off, not "hat colorlt is The' andard In RLE ound (PixI off) and a wh Ir round ( px el fi a Black on).

meann

•

At th dtspla)lng end, e\'Cl)1hlng runs In mcr the first pair of data I taken and decoded mto th number of dark and h t pxe on until , then the n 1 pair is taken and to dfa\\ on th th bottom I r hed •

n StZe lor n RLE lmag 15 256 p Is acr and 192 down Th " ch n beeu It "" th resolution of th een on th onu u s l Rad�n ..,h k Color Comput r. "hldl 1111 widl y In nd e-.eloped On th C64, the een size Is u v.hen RLE" 320 by 200, an RLE "iU not qutc fill the sa A border I left on th lf t, r ht and bottom

Th on!) adciltion to nn RLE fl I \\iU mntlon th It has a 3 byt header, th char ets <ESC>GH. The <ESC> 15 ASCII 27 And th CH stllflds for Graphic fftr Th code used to S\\1tch termnaJ p ams Into Rl£ decoda mode utomat 'I) The end of a RLE fil is marked wth <ESC>GN for Graphic ormal (Normal t rmlnal mod )

If you look on )'OUt , and startln in th hn I upper left oornr, counted the number of pixels that \\ re of one color. thn \\hen )'OU h1 a pixel of a ne\\ oolor, start ON count, ) ou \\'OUld ha-.: an Idea of "hat Run Length Encodng RLE Is th count of dark and I ht piXels acr a hne on th scr n RLE nt In pars of ASCII chr oc t ers The first tranSlating mto data th num r of dark pix and 1 nd trnslat lng Into th number of It ht ptXcls 19 foliO\\

Commodore RL£

The

\\ft ng abO\ n I genr aJ terms bcca II appl) to all into comput not onl) Commodore cqu1pment ov. I \\111 me spedfi pr ra1115 for the 064 th I creal and d1spln} RLE fit I v.

As RLE ""

meant to display plctur

RLE decodlns softYOUC "

"hU ronnecrcd on hnc, th

added to terminal programs You can a! d0\\1lload or RAM bufier capture the RLE dala and daspla off lm Presentl) I knov. of 2 t rmln programs that \\ill displa) RLE images on lm• Compuset'\' 's Vidtex 4 2 nd my 0\\'tl fi )'OU ma) CBtermiC64 If )'OU capture th RLE data to dlspla� lt oll lln �i�ilth programs ltk RL£2HR. You may rat

Say that the f1rst hnc of an 1mage had 3 dark pixels then a hght one f!l o w ed b) 3 dark on and nothr h ht on The RLE mcodmg that the next on pr ram would count th first 3 dark plx , 1111 It ht, 50 �rat a 3 for th first dark \'lllu. Th n the program mes th light counts the hght pixel find on!) on and I � u \\ flO\\ ha� our first pair, a 3 and a I . Th could be u the RI.E data, but a charact r \\ilh n ASCII \1llue of 3 happen to be the Controi-C char cr Trying to nd th1 out on most an of 32 is netWrks \\'OUid au ha\'OC1 So to the raw \'lll

•

your own RLE til from )'Our hir I \llo1lh the program HR2Rl£. C8trrnlc64. Rl£2HR, and HR2RLE rna� • be found for dO\\nload n from th dnt of 1 Compusen; CBIG t Vidtex 4 2 i a\"allabl for purcha from Compu r-.: CBterm will also prmt th hir image If )'OU ha..: a ar or Epson type print r th h i Both CBtenn and Vid! mav to • be mad to d1k In a Doodl or Koala compatlbl fil Yoith th u of an O\erlay of broutln lor ad1 program also 8\' !able ln the

n ASCI SPACE, 50 II Rl£ data i t lease a �::c chr ad r or higher Th maximum char t r useable In ASCII Is dcd 32

127, th De t charncter 127-32 • 95 So the Ia \1llue for a rng of px is 95 Ck-ttln baCk )'OU our cxampl the raw p lxI count is JUSled to produc th ASCII charad r -' nd 'I' (chr$(35) nd chr$(33)) The n t piXels v."OUid thn be counted from th I and the process continued

CBIG Sig

•

Note to Vidtex u rs Before RLE pidurcs n he d p )cd )OU must enable lfues !mOl). Enter leta..() and lcct Option HIRES tF.M Ent r E for Enable and h t Return twice to exu (Opeion defaults to o· for L>lsabled)

\ lj he n the end of a hn Is r ed, )'OU mply wrap round on th ni!Xt I If the pixel don't chan from th end of one lin to the begmmn of th next, )'OU Ju� k p countmg If )'OU hit 95 pixel In a row though )OU ha\'C to op 1ncc th maximum ASCII character usah as 127 and that m ns 95 pixIs in a row, \llohat happen whn thr ar mo than 95? lithe p1xcls count

RL£ lmaae Sources 0\\ that )'OU ha\ read Uus article, )'OU rna) be w on de rin v.haJ lnds of images arc 'aDable to loo 1 onhn? A I mentioned in th tx-ginnlng, }OU may v1cw the " her radar maps updated 17

...,...,, \At:tru•7,trsn01

hourly(OO WEAniER), or th FBI s 10 most wanted list{OOTF.N) or pictures of mi ing children (GO US.'W\G). Other areas on all the time. But that Is onl) Compu rvc arc adding RLE hn the hall of at. ThCJe are hundreds of pictures that lutve been gcn rated by users and uploaded to various Forums on Compu· scrv Database 3 of CBIG contains over 100 Rl.£ images alone. by some \ ranging from very fine detailed dra... ings . 'I)' kalled artists to some equally interesting computer room " udes".

(The vertical ....hlte lines in dark aras are du to the printer, not the Rl.E image file.

Tit Florida Forum uses Rlf. hies to display maps and imag of attractions from that state. TI1en there Is the Picture Support Forum (00 PIClol that was fomlCd for the purpose of helping people with d ip l a y ing and generdtmg Rl.E m . It hdS a vast database of user rontribulcd I�

lnDLI2 ofTiaeCommodoreArtsand Gnm Forurn(OOCBMAR1) you'll find a program called CAD30.BIN Also in DLI:? are some -40 Rl.E Figure files that go with this CAD package. Since this is In fact the UArts" forum for Commodore users, their Dl.s will contain other inter�ing RLEs, and prob11bly many more to come. An Rl£ file s i highlighted in a forum's database by the addition of "ITYPE:Rlf." printed after the filename. If you Read that hie and are running a tCJmlnnl program that will do RLE, tit n the image will d�Jayon )'our sc:rt.'CII. When }OU go to upload )OUr own RLE file to a database, you hould also lldd "rt)'PE:Rl.E" to the upload comm;lnd so C o m pu sef\e y,iiJ mark the hie as an RLE image. New files are being added to the forums all the tim Ao;k the i a spcdal place for RLE images. Since RLE forum's SYSOP if thCJe s i a Unt\'Crsal format, )'OUr Commodore generated image can be displa\'ed on lo�1y IBM and Apples. Its about lime those folks can what a real computer can do •

If you have any questions I might be ahle to help with, lea\t� them to me at the CBIG sig (GO CBIG, leave a 111CSSllge to SYSOP) or Eazyplex me at 76703,717. I will hell' Il l can. TI1crc arc Also a number ol qraphics utihtaes for com·crsion bety,ccn various hires formats a\'llJiable in CBIG's databases 2 and 5. The RLE image., are in database 3. EdJtor'a Note: A5 a bonus, the programs "RLE2HR" and

"HR·

2Rl.E" will be on The Transactor D ik that goes with this issue (Disk •t7)

�innot�e. Rau Cr•oss. Jr·. " 4-1 &ona 11 rg. 11.1942 Se.n Freta., CA .He. h 6' U.:: 1'.� 175 lJ -. Bu1ld Slu:.-t:ed. Hi.:.el P.aoe Wlnte H 1!1r !.1c ttl.! Cor.vleX'tic.n Ftn lht1cna ht:·.nlll,et:' T� too ot rnl!l'e

'E··u

CtwrstOPhet• E.noc Abe4-.Jta

I'U� JtJld 1'3,'86 � 7 lt;Ot'l'th� r'Ot.! Colorado

�.pJ�!.s, Colorado eontns Eon'.: HC)I• 2&,t9SS • B�te E�s: Hea�t: 2 'Z' l-Jeli"'•t: 22 lb£ H!r: Bbnje 1-f!".rle ..ale

t rOEe. UIper rt. ar� Sut\J·e �r.tl

anth•r. urp�t·

It. �r11. au!culu �oru t. foreara.t.

fnHD FBI Ten Moat Wanted SectJoo GO FB

From The Mwln Children• Section GO MlSSIN

O'he vertkal white lines in dark areas are due to the prmrcr, nor the RU: •masc file.

hourly (00 WEATHER}. or the FBh I 0 m05t wanted I..a t (GO TEN) or ptcton:-s uf mao;sang childn'fl (CO MI.S.';l!\G) Othtr area:, on Comp use ne are 4ddang RI.E images all the time But that � only the half ol t i . There are hundre<b of ptctur� that have been aenerat('(i � users and uploa<kod lo ¥anou� Forums on Compu· <;cne. O.u� 3 of CB!G rontaans o\·er 100 RI.E tm� alone, ranqing from ¥Ct')' fine dt'tailed drawin by SOITlf' \'ery skilled anbt$ to wme equally mteresttng computer I'QOm '"Nu4es" The Flor)da Forum

RU: fil� to di<;play maps and images of attr�ioni from th.'\1 �t.tte. Then th rc � i the PICture Support Forunt (GO PICS) thhl wao; lormt"d for tbt• pu� of hPiptng people wath dt'>playmg and �nerating Rl..E Ides. It has a vt\St d.ltab.l!oe of u�r contributed images. U)CS

ln OLI2 of The Commodore Arts and Game. Forum (C'tO C'BMART) )'OU'IJ lind i.l program ralll'Q CAD30 Bit-. Also an DL12 are some 40 RLE Figure m� that go with lht<i CAD padt.t'Je Stnce thi:. s i In fact the "Am forum for Commodore user5o. tht-tr 01..!. will contain other mtere:.tmg RLE.s, and prub.lbly man\ more to come. I

An Rl.£ fil· l£ highlight� in a forum's datdba� bv th� addttion of 'TYPERLE" printed after lhtt filt>namc. U )Otl Read that file and are runnmg a tc>rmin<tl program that will do RLE. then the nmgt.' i v.ilJ dj.,pJav on your s w .:·n \\'ru:n you go to uplood }OUr own RLE f1le to a da t a bal.e, )ou :Jlould also add " TYPE.Rt.E to t he upload command .so Compuserve will mark the hie as an RLE image "

New fil� are being addl:'d to t� forums all the 11me A\k thtt forum's SYSOP tf there b a '>p«iaJ place for Rl..E m� Sine� RLE

lS a univt:rs..tl form.rt. vour Commodore �J�:nerated imdg(' can be dt5played on lowly 18\t ,nd Apples. lb tiliout tun tho.se folks can see what a real <"Omputer can do . . •

If you han• an) qul>'iltons I might be able ro hclp with, le a \ e Ihem to me at the CBIG 5ig (GO CBIG. lecwe a message to SYSOP) <» Eazyptex me at 76703.717. I wtll help If I ca11. There are also a number of Rtaphic.' uh l itit>s for conversMl tx.>tween \'ariou) tures fonnal'o a\ailable in CBIG s d<uaba."£.><t 2 and S The RU: images artt n i d.tlabase 3. £41tor•• Note1 As a bonus. the progrums "RWHR" and "HR· 2RL£" will be on The Tlans.tetor Obk that � wtth this i»ue

{D!!>k '17)

FiUHCM�f!' Ray Cross, Jt·.

Cht'15tOPt -.et .. £noc Abeyta

4-4 �:l!'h ttttz_ 11.1342 3!n Ft "'"·• C:t H�. •h• •. J�:�t.t r � th:. Buucl Slu!.-t:d. r- tJ:. •ifio) ""· . _ , o ....... 1-.t;=- �lhltE Ha:: tl C1'1. C;..l!t•le:o;tl:r. F!n lh tr..n.;.btn naet� THt<. Ot tlt3h" � I'OTe. U}Nr rt. �l Zt. ;1tc-le ��d 1 aontl•e• 't.fn''"'• tt. ra. JfiTJ!Cttlt<t na.r l font•rM.

tt=P"I9! Jo.11\d rs, eo:. •t � 7 tiOC'It'-1!' F Corn-Gdv ��r"t'l �t, (.ol:;,r a.:tv Me; � : ·;: ..�,ths t.'� � -, -#' :'....,. .. l t;r' -'i · •r• .. 'l . · E�9i:: 8v. �- ...• 2 .... � r. _r I• · � ?') f' ..,'1" V -·'-' •• W. ;.a H!,,. : e :or 1·:··.., . ' te

w�

roi.:

.. ...

•

fra• FBI Tea MOlt Wanted Secdon GO F8 : :

. : _

e : e

•

From 1'be MlMJn ChDctn!nl Section GO MlSSlNC

Beyond Bulletin Board Systems RanJan

Bose, Wtnnipeg, Man1toba

. . . The real fun and power of telecommunicating extends

beyond reading E-mail or messages. . .

the I tter. F'or most pcopl laving outsid the COnlin ntal U.S.A th r ar addlllona1tcJccommunicatlon char Since one may be pa)1ng from 1 7 to 75 Canadmn dollar pet hour, of lim and 'on ah one reall) h to plan n onhn lamlllaril) \\ith th em h ps

Telecommunication is f natlngand extrcmly u ful appli Fe\\ of th "ho have tried it C\'r get cation of comput �cr th h r mag1c of th ab1h� to 'talk' \\1th rcmot comput r th 1 are usual!} so much bi and powrfulthan orally then OYtn Com modor cqu1pmcnt owners hav

•

u CBM hns l\\11) o actl't:ely Involved In promotmg thl brandt of computmg among th 1r patron They ha\ introduced four mod rns so tar, h a step bell r th n th last Tit r rirt modem, popu· tarly dubbed th 'Vacmodcm', vthlch " introduced with th 1 VIC-20, " a \:ery IC pi of hard\\1r ext came th I 650 utomodem, soon to be fol!O\\"Cd by th I 660 "' th toudt tone diahng, then finally, th 1670, whidt not onl mad 1200 a\'allabl but lso m ny other conv nlnt f turcs bps d. Th mod m com indudmg ffll)l hke mart' comman pack cd \\lth cral telcrommunlcatlon programs of high qunltty, nd all this \\ithout on having to trad in that uckct to been fOJtun tc in th1 respect

Thr of th man) t\l vthich support th 1ntcr of Cornmodor" uset ar Compu n (CIS), Delphi (DEl.) and 1 200 up to t l Quantum Unk (QL) Allthr permit bps, \\ilh Compusene ha\img d1 ffr ntial rt for 300, SO Quantumlinkcater exdusi\icly and 1200 bps Ofth to 0\\'0r of th C-64 ar1d C-128. Softwlll'e R�ulrementa

•

Quantum hnk requir special tclccommuni tions tware \\hlch is d1 rlbutcd fr \\1th ra1 fVh rd\\"Bre paclfta; ( GEOS, 1670, etc.) A monthly mimmum scni ch,....,.. S9 95 (US) i I ied, which lracludcs on fr hour of speda! rv1 (aim anythang of lot r lndudlng F.mall!) costm $3 60/hour (US) Compu rv• rocomrnnds Its 'V1dtcx' ft. war tern"hich supports Its propraetary error-checking B" protocol. a protocol tht is mor cfficint and faster than Xmodcm, h h r lution gmphi displa] (RLE). nd other spedI nd standard f tur SC\cral pubh-d o ma m prorams also support m or nll of th fa tur In add1t1on to the 'B' nd Xmodem p rotoco l• CIS also support fil trnsf rs uSJng Xon/Xoff, and spect I softwar i not absolut ly n· lint. Delphi permit Xmodm tr n sfrs nd 1 compahbl wtth most tvt11r" Thcr ar no minimum month!) char for r ular member of OS and DEL

Havt1111

Be)ond B� A typcal telec:ommunlcntlon neoph)1e usually 1 thes on bulletin board systems \\hlch oftcrt vary a lot In features and capabaht The real fun nd 1)0\\Cf of t teoommunk:ating. O\\� r, t nds be)"Ond r dm E-maal or m h or C\c o of lnfomanla , one cx cha nIn pr rams In th pr ot to lmO\\ a lot of urled blS and pi of information. n Th billions and b1lhon of charact r can be handed effl· eral of them dently only by a mainfrnm comput r, in fact, Y."'rklng togther. Several such huge Information dtai:)A54es

exist, provldmg th follO\\ing au

ri of scrvlc .

a) Pur infonnataon - Enq'Cioped • research ltbran • nt.'\\ items, ock pn • etc. b) Pubhc-domain tware, free\\ r and sh rt.'\\ar c) Elcaronic ma1l (E- tali) d) lnt Utdl\ gam invol�l ng single or more playrs. e) Special Interest groups (SIGs} or dubs catcrmg to a wid o.: net) of int from Astronomy to Zen. l tim interactive confernang ( lectronlc CB) I) Ra Rankin• ock iO\ rncnts, boo • g) Commercial set\:1 fl\\ r trno.:cl arrangcmnts, etc.

Ac:c:e��

QL 1 the eai es& lo

beCilu It pec1al soft\\'ar automatically dml and connect with theS) m. The soft\\ r upport practically II popular mod ns Ace n CIS or DF.L is a bit mor" in\'OI�ed dependmg on \IOhether )"'U ar conncdmg dared)), or through a tclccommumcation ncmork such as 'I}mnct, Telcnct or Oat Some t rminal pr rams support u r-d cfinb l key and aut art fatures which, once pro grammed, make the log-on procedure easy. CIS and DEL idn11f) a u r ccount by a u r 1d and pas5\\"'rd, the latter hould be changed periodically to protect on account from unauthorized QL hndl account d l nttfi ion uto-

•

Some of these ser\'ioes rc provided through 'galevt'll) to it surchar•!S=· other mainfr mes and often incur addional '

bet\\ n bulltin boards and Information

h:n as charged try th minute "

ng "

matically

arc logical and co n .i stent between !iimilar sections In addition, CIS transfers information appreciably faster than the other two. which arc prone to delay even during non-rush hours. QL can be painfully "low at 300 bp) and has a very slow SEARCH operation. This almost wipe.<. out the differences in fee struc ture. and CIS comes out ahead of the other two. \fo\·ing files between your personal di.k area and public areas. or sending them as E-mail is much more advanced yet easy on CIS. which pro\'ides a choice of two different editors with distmctl\'e features (actually a third kind of editor b also available for pecial use). Two pecial commands on CIS, namely GO and FIND. are reall)' helpful in mo,·ing around the sytem effi ciently. All three provide feedback serv� i for answering c;pedfic questions and Jlroblems. as· feedback 'f\'ice s i more human, and reads least like a computer-generated form letter!

featuru

Although all three services provide all of the basic features. the range of services on CIS s i the largest. QL will be of greater interest to bcginnt>rs because evcr)1hing 1s menu-driven, and the menu-screens nrc colourful. The � . howe\·cr. s i not •stem flexible. and advanced u�rs cannot but help feel caged and slowed down. CIS and DEL perm1t menus for beginners, and short prompt:o. or command mode for advanced u�rs. These save a lot of time (SS) in the long run. The quality of games on QL s i much better, bccnusc of the mteractive, colourful high-resolution graphic di .plays, when compo1red with the primarily text-oriented games available on the other 'tWO �f\'ICCS On the olhcr hand, both CIS and DEL provide accc.-.s to research databases such as DIALOG. MEDUNE. etc. Both of these services also offer searche made on one's behalf by experienced librarians($$). Electronic mail s i easier and more flexible on CIS than on DEL. which. however, provid �rv1ccs such as Telex, Globalink,

etc. Both permit forwarding of man to other information . 1ces.

serv-

QL b entirely Commodore-:.pedfic and is currently supportt.'<l by CBM. There b a GEOS SIG, Commodore hotline, product review), AHOY and RUN forum and a unique program pre view section from wherl! one can download good quality demo verI ons of commercial software and their abridged documcn· tation. Sc\·eral public domain program libraries are spread all O\'er the system. The Commodore SIGs on ClS, wh1ch previ ously were upported b} CBM, still continues to support pro grammers, telecommunlcationc;, graphic and sound artists, and provides technical information. II s i now managed by the staff from The Transactor and others. Several data libraries choc full of public-domain programs exist on the system. CIS SIGs also uppon m� other computer::. and electronic editions of �era! popular magarinel> DF.L IS the poorest in this respect. ll has a 'Flagship Commodore' forum manned by ex-SYSOPs from ClS, and has limited fare for Commodore enthusiasts.

In ummar)', for Commodore equipment owners. both CIS and QL offer a lot of useful services and information. QL is some what limited in features but extremely easy to u •, with some unique and interesting reatures such as commercial software demos, GEOS forum, educational resource center and fantastic pu sc f\c . on the other hand, has a huge. dynamic games Com pectrum of features. easy. nex1blc and fast na\'igation. and a lot more to offer, especially after one gains !;Ome familiarity. Delphi, in my opinion. hnrdly offers anything uniqucly altra� live to patrons or Commodore equipment at this time.

Special note for CIS uten ac:ceNlnt via DATAPAC:

All three sef\•ices have sections for placinQ and reading CJa.,,t. lied ads, which are free on CIS and QL CIS and DEL a... s ign personal disk space to users for storing the1r flies and other information.

NavtaaUna as s i by far the

� flexible !?rem. with the easiest and

faslesl navigating commands, ()('rmitting one to jump around the system. One can C\Cn custom-design the first menu to include only arc.' of prfmary interest. Excellent manuals, charts and the famous book by Bo\\cn and Peyton, "How to Get The Most Out of Compuscrvc" (8ant11m) are recommended reading. One should IF)' to gain familiarity quickly and S\\itch to Command mode as soon as poss1ble lor increased speed, thereby saving time and money. Na\igating commands on CIS

... 0II I I I !

si g CIS via DATAPAC. ser• accesn For years now, Canadian u were not able to tran.sfer programs or other files using 'B' or Xmodcm protocols The problem s i due to DATAPAC's aggres sive interference which blocks transmission and hangs up the o;ystems in\'olvcd. The following procl'dure can, hoWI..'\'CJ, soothe DATAPAC Into Jelling such a tramfer (8 or Xmodem) proceed. Thio; routine wa' worked out by some uo.er and was pro\idl'd to me by Compusef\·c. I have used it frequently \\1th

100% succes:s.

I . After dialing DATAPAC and entering one or two periods (300

or 1200 bps) and n.>cciving the DATAPAC node addrcs� message, ttnter P 29400138 <Return>

2. AI the Compuserve user d i prompt, enter: tPPAR <RE· TIJR�> Controi-PPAR You \\ill next see a large list of numbers following "PAR". 3. F.ntcr: PROF I <Return> This causes a global change and you will lose echo from DATA P AC. Type the follo\\ing blindly. or use predefintd macro keys. or switch into half-duplex if your modem has a sw1tch to do so. 4. Enter: Sl:.,. 126:004,003:000.004:004,001:000 <Return>

5. Exit DATAPAC by entering a <Carriage Return> follo\\cd by: GOODBYE <Return> G. The Compuserve

u'ual.

user

d i prompt reappears Type on as

Commodore in Europe: An International Comparison of Price and Availability Mtkos Garamszeghy, Toronto, Ontano

m 1 th 12 D Thl a two thm O\"CJ, Th f110SI mt p!(.'lce C-12 compatibl unit "tth a detru:hab k board, a built in 1571 diSk dri\i and, \\hat � ry Commodor owner dr ms about, a built In fan cooed power suppl) The main computer and disk drt.. urut 15 )led much hk th Am and th me c:olor a r tar C-12 Th d habl k board I \iCI} n f ur It h th me num r o1 k and Ia'OUt th conventional C-12 board \\1th perhaps a hghtly better tactil feed · The k eyboard cable i about 112 1ndl in dlamet r nd t rmtnat at th m n computer un t m RS232 or IEEE type D" plu Althou the cab! ma) be a bit ort nd sttfi for me peopl who like k boards on the lap, I found II quit comfortabl to work "'uh Judgjn b) the dtam ter of the able nd the number of pin In the plug, I would say that It upportcd II of lhe conn Ions used on th Internal plu of a normal C-12 kcy'hoard cab Therefor it hould be 1�oslbl to connect th1 del habl keyboard to a orth Amert· an st)le C-12 (U )'OU could your hand on one of these rds) Th main computer/disk dmc unit 1 bout 430 keyboa mm ( 17 m) wtd x 405 mm (16 m) d� x 100 mm (4 In) h1h fold d O\\n and "Ihs about 9.3 kg (20 5 lb) II also h not ha" a carrytng hand! on th left d Although 11 d bullt-ln monitor ltk th SX-64 It m ht stall be co dered to be a m -transportabl

(VI A Austria Tr dor lnt rnat1onal r.ice) \1enn 1 one of m fa'Oount au home of muc. art, cat . pastrl chocolat nd Commodore comput Commodore computer? On a r nt bu n trip to VtenM I had a chance to do some "'1ndow shopplna for computer equlpmnt Th artid relat som of fT1) perienccs 10 \acnna and other Eur open countri

Commodor mathln arc qUit popular in most parts of Europe �en m crtn n Eastern Bloc count uch Hunf) (A Hu tan coil "ho wor 10 a e 10eenna and entiflc r arch Institute tells m that most of their \\Ord proc mg and 1 nufic computln done "lth C-64 and C12 comput ) Computer equipm nt 1 gcncrall) II\ailable In mass rMrket retaI hops uch as departm nt or (eo.en nd hr famll) hops Harrod In London, whre th Qu h equipment) and special!) or 1 Commod photo clectromcs ores and c.omput r stores 1ost nou market software ts sold at th pedal!) tor \\hll th n or ncr lly onl) I g m program Technical documen. 1 taon I p1ntdul In th German pek1ng c:ountn (most of trnsta•cd from th ori nal German th Abacus book 1 ' n for u In orth Am nca) Ther are also m 'fer) sood technical magazln Tit German \ rs1on o1 RU maga· zln m I TRA SACTOR for tl5 no-nonsen tcchmcal conraJ magaz10 re also Th European C-12 nd 128-0s ha\C two charact r t m I nt ( II In German of cou ) mn a m CAPS LOCK 8\al bl 10 En ish and Fr nch d tng "th ncrnl and ROM They ar ccted b) the orth A Commodor spectfic computing Sad!), I he r th Frnc h k whtch becom th ASCI/DIN k Th first set (ASCII) IS nd DIN \ p ub lia tl on at th nd of 1986, tdntt 1 to th orth American The n of RUN to I \ing that countf) \\tthout natt\ Commodor specific (abbreviation of the German Mtlonal andard board), in· magazine P rhaps Tr n ctor hould filhh gap \\1th a French clud fe\\ extra characters and occcnl5 not found In th ' En g hh langu " In appearance th DIN rcscmbl th n' char ers used In th older Commodor PET n nd has a iuch of th hard\\ r famUtar to orth Americans \alabl much aaspcr p� arance. Th It In the charact r of the in most European countr The C-12 C-64 (both old and andrd C-12 ar h\O pixels \\ld h The DIN characters tp Image on a n � versions) and AMIGA ar g nerall) &\111labl along "1th ha\e one pixel wid hn Tha gt" It th a thctr usual penph raJ In adduton the IBM done PC-10 nd sood quaht) monitor lt ts also uitable for European 1V 'aitabl Se\ernl andards "htdl h \ a h her r lution than orth American PC-20 and C\ nan AT donc (PC-40) r machm that ha'f Jon been dropped In orth Amn , such rrsc. th Plus/4 and C-1 G ( v.II an enhanced model, th C IIG) ar all popul r 11 ms Thard party hnrdwar and software The 128-D upports all thr of the C-12 �r t1ng mod support for th Plus/4 - C-16 t)pe rnachln ts fairly rong and had no troubl running an) of 01) C-12 nd CP/ 1 1 mol} expanston cartndg and RS-232 ports ar e,;crt fl\\ r (But th n n I ''ould be surprised U there \\er 8\atable for th C-1 G an) mcompattbll111 becau 11 nttall) the m rna dune In a diff nt box) Th 12 D is 8\allabl in Austna m stor on thiS ide German). England nd most other European countri I v. �eral ltems that I Y."OUld hk to It Is m to \\ nt to bring also ava1labl In Au r Ita of the pond, but Commodore does not

ftw'hcawlw

TI1 F.urot»earts also Ita\

a i!OOnd C-12 compattble dtsk dme to ch� from th 1570 nu dme resembles n 1541 in outward appe ranee but IS nctuII� n sm le ded �emon of the u• burst mod as "II as stngl" J 571 It support th fast nal b tded tFM l)pc CP/ t format Th pnc:e is about mid wa) bcf\, n a 1541 and a 1571 Tite spectal 1551 parallI drhc forthe Plus/4 and C-IG (a \CI)' hard to come b) Item 10 orth Amcnca) IS rei 11"ely e y to find in most parts of Europe.. Seo.crnl third party manufacturers offer 1541 compatibl dnvcs and other mass orag dC\iccs, such as a 200k " f r tape dme th1 works on th" aassctte port. Speakang of cassetes, t roost uI F.uropcan u ·r seem to pr cr tape unit 0\ r diSk dri\' Judmg by tht• rclall\'ely high cost of the equlpm nt. I am not urpriscd1 There vtcre \'CJal fairl) popular 111 North America" items that I dad not sec 10 all my wandcnngs llround l�uropc. Perhaps the most noticeable was the 1 700 and J 7511 RAM C)."pansion cartridges, although SC\eral third party RAM expanders \\CfC ll\'ailablc for the C-G4. Modms '' rc nlso \ ry scarce and CXJ)CilSl\ "

Tab! I I a summary of som of the more common computer pn m leered countn All praccs are hown 111 Canadmn

dollar•

from th ppropnate nataoi'Ull currency at the prC\ailing exchange rat . It hould be noted that most of th f.u rupcan ,,ri include all tax (up to 30W. or mor vthich an most arc rclundabl to non-r idcnt purchasers upon lea'mg the countl)1 wtul orth Amencan prlc gener al!)' do not. EuropcafiS also tend to sell computers as part of a package "'ath a monitor and a tape or dak dm-e. sometimes eo.e n Yttth a pnnter, usuII) Yt1th bundled software. The prices in the taW ha\e been separated to the ext nt posstblc Into the component Item Some it ms in the Ust rrta) not be familiar to 'orth Amncan cc r d·rs uch as th Sandnar and Arnstrad ar both quit popular In most pam of comput r Th Europe and rue aamed at a similar type of market They arc included to gl\e an indication of the price of Commodore equipment relall\e to similar equipment. In adrhtion, a few of the Commodore product numbers mean dafferent things in different countri For example, In North America a 1901 monuor is n monochrome monuor ''hll in Austria and Gcr· man) it i a color momtor cqui,•nl nt to the orth American 1902. con\ertcd

Commodore 128 0

.. 1&11111

M7: VI tIMJ r tI•<»

Table 1: lnt

matlonal

Canada

Commod-

(Computtra)

Compariaon Of Selected Computer Prices (Nov, 19 6) U .S �

C-16 +4 C-G4 (old)

99 199 249

C-12 12 D

450

�=-

1995 I

1500

299

C-64 (new)

Amlga

PC-10 II PC-20 II

Austria

161

209

120 199 249 5 II

2300

2500

(Dlak drl\ea)

I530 Data�a-u 1541 1551 15i0 1571 SFD- 1001

(Moaltora) 1702 I I 1901 1902

(Printen )

IPS 1000 1525 IPS803 1520 IPS802/1526 DPS 1101

W. Germany

210

..25

350 399

399

279 295

549

399

4�

350

79 399 -459 499 599

499

599 799

321 349 475 979 2250

2300 3200

GS 360 400

4f25

499 399

Hu'!!@!t

France

735

3-'>9

150

250 390 5

1911

425 5

2800

I SO

2785 42 65 3

509 400

450 51 500

390 650

sss

699

199

U. K.

225

882

75 440 650

51 :!79 279 175

399 4�

-0

175

700 550

Atari:

800 XL 130XE 520 sr (mono} I040 ST (color)

lnclaJr. QL

159 249 1099 1699

99 I� 910 1599

199 399 1499 2399

140 210

320 1290 2580

1 1 90 1800 300

s�

Spectrum Spectrum+ Spectrum 128k Spectrum 12 + 2

169

220

Aaatrad: 464 monochro tape GG4 color.3.5 d

649

1199 1399

612 color,3.S d

320

429

400

579 12

'ot

I) All pn

ar" quoted In Canadtan Dollars based on the o flio\\ing han" rat

$l.OOUS • $1 40COS, I AS • SO lOCO:-\, I OM • $0.70 <DN, l UK• S2 00 CON, I fonnt• S0029 CON, I FF• $0.21SCON 2) Pn h_ !AII e tc:

based on a \ er agc of . era! typical rcuulcrs inc h country: Europen pt'�� lnclud

apphabl \'AT (sal tax)

Provoking Thought

The thing that keeps me plugging away at this ke)'boarcJ. besid n profound li\erslon to real work, Is the deep-seated belief that what Ji before me Is not a tangle of Inanimate

drcuitry, but a new order of life cvol\ing, and that some day it Y.ill thank me for the faith I had in it and the hclp I gave It way back In It lnfanq• as a pedes.

I had a conv rsatlon \\ith a woman at n �· once who appeared to believe the same, but ns it turned out 111:as only trying to hed herself of nn lnacdable nerd \\ithout getti ng into an argument. Still. It' the closest I\e come to finding someone Y.ith my "rehgion." • . •

lJfe

The tired phrase ''user frleradly" turns my stomach as quickly

as the next: still, It does Illustrate the significance of the living clement in software. Good programs do not gh·e users the feeling that they· are dealing Y.ith something inanimat And Recursion I would like to dlSCU

a glorious technique for breathing life Into your program. It Is standard fare in many languages, unfortunately, Baste Is not one of them. Therefore, man)' Commodore hacker quite po lbly remain oblivious to its poy.er and even its existence. I refer to recuri on. likened b)• some to a snake swallo\\ing its tail.

What b Recuralon? on Is "R ecura recur on as recur on. •

(recurSJ\ defimtion of a recursion)" Actuall), If )'OU look up "recursion" In the diCtionary, you \\ill see It dfined ns, "

Chris Miller Kitchener, Ontario

Recursion invoh·es either n subroutine calling ilself, or two or more routin calling ch other. To dllrify, Imagi ne THIS routine calls 1lfAT routine. and then 1lfAT routine ca11s THIS routine, and then THIS routine calls TI:IAT routine again before TIUS routine hns rturned from its original call to THAT routine in the first place, and so on, and so on but not indefinitely, of course. That would be recursion. The opposite of recursion is someone at a party. Iteration, In case you m·er need to lmpr

Where Can I Get Some? Langung like C and PASCAL support recursive acdvuy \'el)' nicely. Langu hke BASIC and COBOl. (ick) and RPG (dou ble ick) do not. Ase mbler supports e\'crythlng: it just takes a little more Y.Ork. For a language to recurse properly It must suppon local varia bles, which means that e\'ery fundlon, procedure, subrouine t or whatm·er, must set up Its own personal \'Diiable space each time It Is called. These \'ariables cannot be chewed on by the rest of the program or C\'en by other calls to the same routine unless you, the progrnmmer, expr ly say so. MJd -Term Teat What would happen if )'OU ran the following Basic program. then typed "12345q'' 7 80gosub 1 00 90 end 100 get k$ rf kS • • • then 100 110 11 k$ <> • q • then gosub 100 120 pnnt kS; 130 return (A) "RE11JRN WlniOlff GOSUB?" error message (B) The system would crash

(D) "qqqq"qq Y.'OUld be printed (E) "q54321" would be printed

. •

common codmg mistake of nO\cc i nnd student pro grammers when the u of GOTO has been forbidden. Sec stack overflow "

The correct answer i D. not only because pr!'.'ious \'alues for KS arc lost c h time you press a kC)' nnd Basic would RE'IlJRN

a key. but h lim you p throuh th PRINT on for because th correct nswr is almost alw'Dys D on multipl cho qu aon ( m my mark). too many key th Q. you would blow up If you pr b) n in GOSUBs too deeply. th

If a similar program wer wntt n In Pascal thn E would be the correct n er. That again would be reeu on.

lllC level

jsr setpolnters )Sf JSt •

befor choosing th best.

Th two Commodor &t progr m included with thi rtide

th board ames R E V ER!I nd mpery own personal " rsion of this FENCE. The follow1ng short routm provides th brnm for Clldl or th m, and andecd could be used In any atunllon In whidt on wanted a program to ''too down a dcdslon tr "

Don't both r !)ping It in and tt}ing to run 11 unl you'r in VtBOL error mes lo\i with rour assembler' UNDEFINED S sage. 5ec lf )'OU can follow in nral "'aY "hat is happening, so that when th need ar· you'll be ready. find best'move • •

,en:ttallzo level to present position ,to variable arrays for current level

•

,curreot depth of analysiS ,how deep togo

cpx dfflculty beQ return

' eQual dont go any deeper

•

Ida 110 sta movecountx ,I of moves testd on thiS lev

JS1

,returns il of mov

fndm oves

moves

nd array of

•

chook'next move • •

ldx level ;to acooss table values for thiS tevel Ida movenum,x number or moves to look at .

anp movecount x .see if a moves are accounted for ,H so return beq r eurn •

inc

JSf

movecount

makemove

t l l -=ll

othmWtSe bump countm ,change the board array ,

,for new level data ,turns the board round , recursive call to rout ne executmg

,•••now have analyzed to requrod depth

JSt

SWitch

dec level JSf scpointe r s

jSt evaluate reset

Recursaon I usefu l for 101 of thin bcsd pnntlng mput bae:t·wnrds, nested p on cvaluatlo� binary ch rts, Just to name a fC\\. On or th most 1r ational and qu appla uons or recursJV algorithms as In analyzing board game posit ion, wh r a (IJOgram must check t!\>ery possabl hnc I ding from a giVen posttion lor a spcdfied number or �

checldevel • • ldx level

checklevel

•

So What'a It Good For?

Ida #JO sta level JSl sctpolnters

SWitCh

.next

,sides g an

,to data for last IA�e� .attach numeriC ratUlg to fl081

posston

.reset the positiOn.

take back

move

check next'move :rccurslVo call to next move and

JSt • •

.choose the best line

return • • rts

admittedly smacks mor or pseud<KOd than or a u ful subroutln thai on can plug in, bl k box "nner may want faShion, to a program. It is nOI something a to cut t th on. It d d1splay a fairly powrf ul nd cond and, hopefully, machin language method for traverslng tr �ill provid food for thouht for progrnmmr �ho\e never considered the poss�blllti of controlled recursion in their Th abo\ pas

programs.

Notice how .X is used to access non-array " riabl rlat ina to up the tab! data for th le\lel of recursion. SETPOINTERS

IC\icl so that recursion 1 completely supported.

<her-the-board posslbihti are structured like a decision tree. F.adt node represents a position with the root being the current posillon The branch off each node repr nt possibl mO\ies. Th abov al rlthm zips to th bottom of th 1r then works its way back up, exploring every possable co m b ml i o n of

mov Only the final (laf) positions ar actually C\'aluated wuh results compared and passed back up the tree v1a th PICK routin routme finally ex1t the outcom of C\"ery possibl line to the �ified depth has been t!\alunted. Th computer thn stmpl)" chooses the best (or I worst) alt mative. If computers wrc fast enough or lf the unh;ersc was gomg to be around longer every game could be analyzed right to the end: the machin "'OUld rt e\'r 1� When thi

•

The Fun Ide Of AU Tb1a: Re\utl Ret.ersJ

a sood am except that lt' a pain to play over the board. A nglc mo\t! can ent11U OiPIJing 20 or 30 pieces ovtr, and klutz like me tend to knock th m all over th place, losing th position.

RC\

democr tac m All p1iro� ar equal. Rcve i is �cry positional nd r tegic ' • but n terribly tactiatl unO t l&t

in the gam

lutaat Replay When the game i ovr, you will be ed U you "-'lint to replay, start over or qu t. Gam re r f\ded n i memory. R�y alJO\\ 'OU lO ng1e step, UStng the bar through a gam

The rules re mpl . Ia down a man so that you out-fla.nk your oppo nnt along rln\, columns or dU!gOtlals If there are just completed. By pr ng P you can re-enter the game at any tuation .UO. The point and play through those "If only I hadda no out-flankin 1110\ thn your opponent mO\ gam is over when no one can mov The winner controls the FuU reen colour gr hies are used for the bolld most SQU ' " """' · •

If )'OU don 1 qute understand yet don t worry. Just LOAD "REVERS!", and RUN it. Hclp Is �w labl '

If you want to play f-1tp (the computl'l') ect I player. S«!lectu\g 2 pia)rs tells th pr ram to monator and rfr a game between two human

5<-lect a low level of diffaculty when prompted, say I or 2, unl you really want to set creamed. INF1NITE IC\t.-1 wall analyze

(you wont ll\'c long enough to �er deeper unttl a key I pr a h th st k) AnythangoH�r IC\1 4 may takea few minut , especially In th middl m If )OU choose to play lcvcl 9 )'OUT gnmdchaldrcn may ha,; to finish th game for you.

...

The Game Of Fen�

you Yt1ll lov fENCE. Even al }W don't hke R eo\er you may off on il. Fence is hke Re-.rsi except that anstead of bemg played on an 8 by 8 square checker type boar, at Is pla)cd on a largea I I by I I board, and only on the dlllgOnals.

If you hk R •

•

LOAD "FENCE",8 then RUN I prefer FENCE:

farther ahead Into a position becau there I mov - unfortunately, th me is true for the

It Is posstb! to

A heart beats In th upper-r ht cornr of the reen "hn the re f er I computer thinks so tht you don�t hav to "-'Onder if at tw computer (Gnash� passed � or mcthi Flap "'ill make a 1"-eedling noise )'OU fII cep or wre doing something 1ltc me Is hortcr and much mor tactical than Re\cf'5i. It is ter mo \ 'ln• m posst'bl (thouh not n lly ach I) for the player mov· lng first to force a posltton on h her/tts opponent after )Wr colour, keep in mind that in REVERS!, only a few mov Th !-powerful comer squares no longer Whn )'OU ch exist, but re replaced by 22 lrreverstb!e d squares which bl k 1110\ fir • com into play arty In most mes It is not unusual for a game of FESCE to end long befor th board Is rdled Get Help Score board, f tur , commands. graphics, Ythistles, bells and "'1th th � rsl game. The only If )'OU arn 1 sure what }OUT mO\es ar , p11 H for help nd buzzers are th me i that If you bea t th• computer you £Cl • • • Ytcll, they \\ill be �n to )'OU. U the CRSR keyi (or joystick in differenc s port 2)to positaon th big X over th csqureyou want, and press for yourself REn!RN (Of fire) The pprUJ>nat plcc wall be turned and Where a number of mov huv equal v lu , the computer will then th computer wall play 111 move. randomly scloo one, so memorwng a wannmg line (when you for stuck get lucky) i probably noc going to help }'OU the next ttm 11ter are buzzer and horns and poignant m posltioJtS and au mptS at ll al mov If you beat the com· Unl you hnd extrem tedium therapeutic, it is unhkely that puler, wII, for yourself you "-'OUid Ytnt to type in the thou nds of data lm that these programs would generat even if Transactor Ytre to fit to pnnt them. If )'OU re lnt rested In dtccking F"Er'CE and REVERS! out thi might be a good time to go forth Transactor t her colour d' . Ther ar ey for rmo vin nd addmg pi of ei and for tracbng d (B. W,E.T) Th are for problem composi taon and special opening posuioJtS only - not for cheating. No Ch

ing"l

'!.IIh. I ,;:

Random NtJIJlber Generation In Machine I.anguage

Gregory D. Knox Wurtsmith AFB, Michigan

. . . some applications are more critical than others, but the i point here s that you sometimes need sequences of random numbers that are well behaved(in a random sort of way). . .

A varety of appl

aons requ r eencrat1

unee of

random numbers 1an) games lor amp! u a randoml}

nrated number to mulat lh rolhng of dl or to dtan some f atur-• of lhe program's oper !ton In an unprcthdabl way. If you r don an)' kind of tmulatton with a compul r, you are almost sure to n th num rs tn on .-.-ay or another. taybc you need to mul te som kind of input to a modeled m but only hav statistical d iptlon of the Input nat". or perh ps you'r working wath th mutation tcdtniqu called Monte Carlo anal} . These pph lions nd mo can II mak stringent demands on 1h nre of random numbers }'OU u Of course some plicatlons are mor cnt1 I than others, but th pomt her is that )'Ou metlm need un of rndom numbers that ar II beha\·ed (ln n random sort of wnv) This art1cle d rlbcs a tcdtn qu to produc long u nces of random numbers "

I'" been USing th term Hrandom" here Y.ithout much regard for Its rl ous m nm

In reahty, th sequn�

can

enerate" th a computer ar properly called pseudo-random sequ nc Th computer is a dterrntnistic device and th ,... fr produ d rmlnistt result Truly r ndom numbers would h' to be ted u n me kind of nondetermln ic t pr • for mpl mphn th eledri noise \ "O i t. ...,-... I1CrOSS a diode or rCSlstor. 01 COUrse )'OU could USC SUCh number� m )o ur compu1er, and lh re are inst nc .-.here you m ht need to. but In general th r re good r ns for nol dolo so First of all, It' lncomntcnt, but bcy"Ond thAt you metunes " nt random-ltk data but need to u th same sequence mor than once. If t' a very long scqucnc.'t!, oring it could be a pr ty b waste of m mol)'. Anoth r reason is tht )OU can exer a degr of control O\er th stlilisticru proper· of sequenc:cs )'OU nrat in determmiSiic fa._ � to n

h1gh-l el langu hv m type of in ruct1on tht of pseudo-random (h reaft r lets you r r t sequ called rnndom) number. Dcpendmg on th p rtlcular lao· guage and Its tmplernenlalwn. lh random number rna} or

w. •=•••

may not be "cry Hgood ones" Ther ar raJ r or • need 10 consid Ythn talking about ..goodn w. Two of th more importnt on are� Any sequence Yt nrate Ytith an algonlhm will eventually repeat ttself. nus an unavoidable property and or me lmportaooe. Secondly, th relah\C frequency of occurr nee for each nu mber is not nerally lh same.

almost all

•

w would hke the number of elemnt

conlaincd 10 a random sequence 10 be very Jar before the uence begm to repeat 1 f. Thr methods of produc· ing random numbers th rcsull In th r 1tton of th quence after only a Vt'f)' few numbers ha\0 been nernted At th othr end of th spectrum, th r are methods that yield 5equcnccs that ar non-repeating for lenth of truly astro nomical magnitud The random number gen ling faciliti provided 'Aith ITIOS1 hgh-t eJ langu not ;a rltng in this ard you m ht expect, though me a quit good Usually wh n you rate a sequnee of r ndom numbers, you want th m to be um f o r ml• diStributed That I to say that ther hould be th m frequency of octurrc for I numbers Thc.r ar lots of applt ttons that requ re som other d1sln'botion, but the starting point for th peraiiOO Of lh non-uniform sequ lK'CS I often th uniform distrtbution. A number of other rnor lnliolved constderatior iso ex whre m th evaluation of rndo u ar concerned, but ,. don't real!) n to deal Y.1th thm h

Rolllnc Your Own

Whn

you often don't progrmmlng In ha\"C to n routme th1 you gcner r ndom number �rthcl as Yt't!'v n, such a need may "II nrlsc. You rMy be bl to use the Basic machine langu subroutme contained in ROM. but this isn't aJy. } possibl and might not •

be just � h1 )'OU need an)'\\y. Thre l a way to produce, in madun cod random uen th 1 r non-r(1)Cating for rononncally long n l t n ls In addttlon, th sequences ar unformJ) diStributed is posstb! to obtain Althouh " haven't examtned other fi r of merit for random scqunccs, It turns out thai th particular uen possess many of � II. The random seth oth r d lrable propertl qu nc � 'II look at here arc called Unear Maximal l.mgth Shift R tster Sequences This sound prCit)• lntimldatmg. but um g th sequenc:es ls dually qu1t asy.

flcure 2 h1ft Reciater Coonectlooa

For Maximal lenath Sequeoc:a

Cells / 11 2 3 4 5 6

nd talk Befor � tak a look at th technlqu I 's dtgr about little hardware for a mlnut As th name u , on

•

of th earher lmplemntatton of these thmgs lmolved dtgllal hUt ers Th shift r iSiers \\CJ connected so as to tak th �atu of the output and on or mor oth r hifl r IStcr cII, add th m together 100 2. and feed the result back to th input or first hift reg�t r cell, thn lnttlt another htft

opcratton

� 1

'4 ••

.J 5 ••

I "" + ' ..I Rture l I sh� �hat this look5 llk� for a shlh r ISler �llh fi\e cells Not th bit positions, or cells. ''her th taps must be applied to obl n th "-alu that fed back to the Input cell. Th connecttons '4-eren t Chosen randomJy. This particular er gt� us the arran ment of taps for a fh: Clcll hlft r maximum len h sequnee w r looking for. some other nrate an output fetd k arrangement ""'Uld rtanly sequence, but it could be a \: ry hort on Consequently, )'OU rally don't want to coni dr any but th panlcullr connc<.1ton of taps that produces the maximum length sequence. U mg such a connection, you would get an output stream of 1send Os that appeared very random Indeed. If )'OUr shift register had, say, 30 cells, the sequenc '4"0Uid contain (2t30}-l numbel'5 before II arted to repeat. If )'OU �eJe nerating these numbers at th rate of a thousand per • to do, th nd, "cry sequcncc would not repeal for almost 300 hours

Aur

9 10

II 12

13 14 15 16 17

13,4,3,1 1 ... 10.6, 1 15,1 16.12,3,1 17.3

24 25 26 27 2

]

I ,7

29 :!92

19 19.�.2. 1 20 20,3 21 21,2 -- 22,1 ?? 23 23.5

24,72.1 25.3 26,6,2,1 27,5.2,1

28.3

30 30,23,2, 1 31 31.3 32 32 22 2,1 33 33,13 34 34,27.2.1

It turn out th 1 all the theory applicable to the banary version of a Uncar taxlmal Length Shift R r lso pph to th non4unary \:etslOns As al"a>• thcr is a ptD\iso. "ith the binary hlft register, we dad our addttion 100 2; \\ith any other base (B) " must do our addttton tOO 8 For example, If )'OUr htft r iSicr w orks�lth th lnt from 0 to 9 (that's base 1 0), then )'OUr d<lttion must be don tOO 10. One other thins. the base you select must be maller than the number of cell m )our hth register or the scqucntt that r ults won't !Jc one of maximum l nsth. For examp! If )'OU have an eisht cell haft i5t r, you ha'< to opera! it base 7 (int rs from 0 to 6) or

Ootoa lt In Software ow that " 've looked a littl at thl hardwnr stuff what can � do \\lth at?

equally possible. Each h� som confisuration of �� that makes It a Unear Maximal length Shth R eg itcr. How do )'OU know what tapS to U: ? Th r an imolved mathematical technqu that "ill si�e them to you but th t's pr ty messy. I look up th required connection in a tb l that h th tap positions requred for a hfl reglst r of � n Insth. Flgure 2 is such a table for hlft register lengths up to 34 eel •

Remember how long the 30 cell binary 5hlft register produced Is and Os befor repeatmg If you take thi me 30 cell hlft r cr, but operate it base 10, say, Instead of base 2, theoutput str m '4ill consist of lnt In the ran of 0 to 9. If )'OU ncrt th sequence at th same rate th binary sequence we \\'Ored \\ith ea i \\'On't rpea r hr, t t for 36,533,Si7 yeztl'5 That's r ht. millions of ) ears .

1M!•Jl!!s

2, I 3.1 4,1 5,1 6.1 7,1 ,4,3,2 9,4 10,3 1 1,2 12,6,4,1

Cell

Shah reglst r sequences of tht son ha' many and vaned u In th communlcatton electronics field as �ell as an ocher areas. We n u the basic thOOT)' ourselv to gen rate random numbers u ng machin ln u " Th hard\\'81 technlqu descnbed bo\e used binar)' haft register to or the I nd Each cell of uch a shift reg r could contain but ngl n th hlft r iSicr output bit nd, of course. that is th r consist of a rial bit stream on!) on bit "ide. The theory that ppl to th binary shift reglst • howe\er, can be more nerally stated. Althouh at ms to have been S•"en bttl ttention, you don't ha\ to r rict )Ourself to using banary \ ith cells that hih r 1 r You could desi n a hill r ISler \ can take on any of a number of dt rete vnlu , for inst11nce, an)' lnt r between 0 and 9.

The p rob lm of how to select lh proper tapS still needs to be addressed. You can build a htft r i � with any number of cell )'OU want, eg r ster with two cells or a thousand are

Cell / 11

Of cou v. 'r much mor mter cd m produang random numbers v.1th ftv. r It i " I) top rm th comput r to mlmtc th opcr Iton of a hlft r ister Enc:h of th cells of the h hilt regl5t r t rpr ntcd b a memo!) locatton Stn h II of lh h ft memory location n c ht b b)t r er could hold an) of 256 \'a!U a number far lar r than ht )'OU do i d td on th you need for tht tcdmiqu W number of clis you v.ant to use th n t up that man m mory r }OU ha\ locations in RAM Befor you can u the h ft r h of th cell With number. Rcmcm r that this to fill number has to be I than th modulus 8 you c d dcd on (from 0 to 9, for example. tf tt' tOO I 0). Any combtnatton can used except all th cells can t be zero or no output v.ill result ext, consult Fi ur 2 to det rmtne what taps ar rcqutrcd

ftv. shift r ster actually hlft, you perform an dlion tOO 8 on th 'alu m th cell location mdtcaled taps m Rgur 2 Sa'<e thl result sornev.1tcr temporanl).

To mak th

ext, load th hi h numt red cell (mmory location) v.ith numbered cell' \alU and so on dov.n to cell th next h h r is Yt11l lul\ th \'lllue th r pred 2 At thiS point, 11 cl had v. th th• ception of Clcll I ov. t th orcd result of sh t the dtlon and load 11 mto cell I. Tht comph!t a opcratton and ult In the sn alion of on number of th random sequence. You can usc th '<alu contained in any cell your source of output but alwa) u the m ccll

About the Proaram mbl) langu hsting of a Pr r m I (RNDGEN I) Is an 21 U h ft register oper ed tOO program that Imp! men that befor you can usc th routln )OU hve to ffil 10 than 10. h of th 21 cell tth m mt r valu 1

Pr ram 2 l a BASIC program th t loads th obJect cod for RNDGEN l and th n I )OU work v.hh it from BASIC It will )'OU to type in a 21 dtgit number (the seed) Or you do th th machln langu routt \\ill art produdns random number Th v.ill be pnnted on th r n the) ar nerated You m 1 o ne th fct of d t firent values on th output "alu Th madtin lan routine could beth for a random number erator in l of appl 10ns. but is pr ted here

control to the c.alhng program from here on )OU cnt r lh routine at Hlf·T (location $234Al c h ttm )'OU want to r!!lrime a random number. Program 4 d th sam thin to demonstrate R DGEN2 as program 2 does for RNDGEN I except lhat )'OU only enter a fi\ dttt number. All of th pr ogrms \\ill operate in both C-64 and C-128 mode (40 or 80 column diSplay In C-12 mode) output a mbl) language programs produ Ingle integer from 0 to 9 for ch sluft operatiOn Of course. , say four )'OU rna) \\'ant a random num r of m other Both of th

In v.t dlh. You can do this easll) by taking mbhng them accordtnI). The exact succ .ve \'alu and details would depend on hcrw )OU v. re u n th random number ner or, whether from machine langu or BASIC. etc. As )'OU can 11 as -.ery 10 produce rooomacally ber, {th 21 ccll lon sequnc of pseud�random num Imp! m ntation n rates 1021 numbers befor 11 rl.'peats). The technaque I relati\ ty straihtforward to pr ram 1 th 1 'cl, �en so, 11 is a pov.rful method for assembly lan productng random numbers. or ft\

PROGRAM 1: Source Code For RNDG base

cell21 ce!l2 cel11 Imp • · S234 1

S232b 2340

S232d

S232c S232a

•

shft

clc

Ida

ccll21

adc cell2

entry poin1 :add these cells

anp 110 bee temp sbc 110 temp sta Imp ldx 120

loop

ly th concept I programmed II might mamty to hov. how ery tim )'OU needed be ln cono,;cnint to load 21 number thiS routan o pment of th Pr ram 3 (R DGEN2) is a mor ext nslve de\1cl valu prc ide This routln airady has I6 of th postloned In th hlft r lster cell nd )'OU only need to supply fi\ others They go in the fir fhc cells of th hilt register (lOc:allons S232C through $2330) Th n, befor any numbers sh ed 2560 times re produced output. the shift Th ensu has long tncc disappeared th the or mal Once thas is don shtfttn ocxurs normally. tee tha the first ttme )'OU enter thl program )'OU do It at IN IT (locntlon $234 1). Th program th n performs the 2560 htft operation descnbed aim When th compl ed an RTS is ecuted retumln

digtt

,acc <10 •eady mocl 10 ,if not. make result mod 1 0 ,store unta shi1t tS dono f tmos to shrft ,I o ,sh!ft from here Ida base,x st8 base + 1,x ;to here dex .next lower ce!l

cpx 0 bne loop

Ida

Imp

sta cell 1 rts

,done yet? no thn loop ,

,get mod 1 0 addt10n result ,and put an the first c back to rnan prgm

•

end

PROGRAM 2: Baale Demo/Loader For ll"DGEN I CE OM IM NE HO

1 00 rem 1 10 rem

e · o pgm2 · 8 --

program 2 --

1 20 rcm �dsand runsrndgcn1 130 rem to demo random I generator output 140 rem -- baSIC loadr l!!!yM7 ' li tr d ,l •06

lA EH BJ IL Jl GO IK HO KH IJ IM IE

CB CM LF EO

EF OK CF

NG LH

AF GF

150 for a-o to35 160 read b 170 poke 9025 + a.b 1 80 neJCI 190 rem -- rndgen 1 demo from basiC -200 rem 210 ptant • • • • typo any 21 dtg1t number • • - • 220for a-Oto20 230 get kS rf kS • • • then 230 240 JS • f$ + k$ 250 poke 9004 +n.va�k$). rem cells 1 lhru 21 get

sta cell 1

Ida flag cmpiSH bno loop2 rts loop2 any cpy 10

35, 201 42, 35 44, 35 42, 35

EE GN JM NE HO GA EH HJ IL Ml GO IH NH KH

...

base $232b cel121 $2340 $232d ccll2 cel11 - S232c - $232a tmp - $2329 flag hiCnt - $2328 parhal seed--: • •$2331 .�e3.5,9,4,7,1,4,6,3,2,0.5,7,4,9.8 • -$2341

IJ PN IE

sta hicnt sta flag shaft

tay clc

Ida cell21

sbc 110

temp sta tmp ldx 120 loop

:entry pomt to retnlt18hze

;zero counter most S1Q byte ,clear flag :zero counter least sag byte

dex

cpx 10 bne loop Ida tmp

111e hI I I L II N

260 pMt chr$(147):j$

:entry alter re10ill81izauon

;acc <10 already mod 10 ;af not,make result mod 10 ;store untU shift s i done .I of titTleS to shaft

Ida baso,x e. ;shaft from her sta base + 1,x .to here

270 next CM 280 sys 9025 rem • $2341 LO 290 sys 9034: rem · S234a FG 300 prant peek(9004).: rem • S232c CP 310 goto 290 OF 320rem NK 330 rem load data 4, 7, 1 , 4, 6 HH 340data 3, 5, 9, IH 350 data 3. 2, o. 7, 4, 9, 8 5. EH 360data 169, 0. 141, 40, 35, 141, 41, 35 BJ 370 data 168, 24, 1 73, 64. 35, 109, 45, 35 DE 380 data 201. 10, 1 44, 2. 233, 10, 141, 42 GJ 390 data 35, 162, 20. 189, 43, 35, 157, 44 OK 400 data 35, 202, 224, o. 208, 245, 173, 42 Ll 410 data 35, 141, 44, 35. 173, 41, 35. 201 1 , 96, 200, 192, o. 208 EH 420 data 255. 208, JK 430 data 208, 238. 40, 35, 173. 40. 35. 201 OK 440data 10,208. 198, 169, 255. 141, 4 1 , 35 IM 450 data 76, 74, 35

adc cen2 cmp 110 bee temp

100 rem save · 0 pgm4 • ,8 110 rem -- program 4 1 20 rem loads and runs rndgen2 130 rem to demo random II generatoc output 140 rem - basiC loader 1 50 for a • 0 to 90 160 read b 1 70 poko 9009 + a,b 180next 190 rom - rndgen2 demo from baSIC - 200 rem 210 pnnt • • • 5 dtg1t seed • • • • 220 tor a•O to 4 230 get k.S. rf kS • • • then 230 240 ,S• j$ + k$ 250 poke 9004 + a va�k$) rem cells 1 thru 5 get

•

Ida 110

;done runnup, shift normal now

seed loaded

----

inat

J(TlP shift

,yes. set flag

PROGRAM 4: BuJc Demo/Loader For RNDGEN2

PROGRAM 3: Source Code For RNDGEN2

•

bne sh1ft

:runnup done yet? :no. continue

Ida 1$11

end

;aOilaal runnup done? :no. then conlinue ;yes, back to man prgm ,ancrement least S1Q byte :nolO conhnue .0: ancrement most sag byte

sta flag

270 next 280 sys 9025 rem - $2341 290 pflnt peek (9004);· rem • S232c 300 goto 280 3 1 0 rem 320 rem - load data -330 data 24, 1 73, 64. 35, 109, 45, 340data 10, 144, 2, 233, 10, 141, 350 data 162, 20. 189, 43, 35, 157, 360 data 202, 224, 0, 208, 245, 173, 370 data 141, 44, 35, 96

,get flag

bne sh1ft anc hiCnt

Ida hiCnt cmp N10

seed loaded 260 ptant chr$(147);,S

.and put in the f1rst cell

. •

:next lower cell

;done yet?

:no, then loop

,get mod 10 add1t100 result.

• •

N-Body Sia11ulator For The CoiDJJlodore 64

Richard Lucas

W. Los Angeles, CA

The solar system s i an example of a multiple-body system. Each

planet s i affected by the gravitational attractions of the other planets and, mostly, the sun. . .

Introduction Th motion of mulllpl astronom' I boda , fleeted only b) the gr VII taon I pull tlll'y c.xtrt upon one anothc:r, tr c com

paths that usual! defy as) anal)tical solution Findang th motaon of an rbllrnry group of ' boda 1 called th ' l)tic solution Body ProW m, ''hich, in gen raJ, h no ana an amp! of a mull pte-body stem F..acll p lant t aff ted l)y th gra\llatlonal ttradions of th other planet nd, mostly, th sun Jup11er nd t 1 man� t lht r anoth r mulllpl body.) em Man} tar 10 th" galaxy com In clumps of two, thr . or mor sun orbttlng around one nother.

The solar

st m

If one \\1lnts to compute th tra)cctora in nn n-body 'Stem,

two basic optiOns r avalab! an nal)t1cal pprmomation, whtdt usu lly rcqUJr som expert nee "'ith mathemtics nd eel tal m hni • or numericnl tnt ration on n d1 tal com· put r. umencal mtcgration i COmJtlcteJy gen ral, and rcquir a modest effort to up and stud) a • L'fll. '-Bod· Stmularor ( BS) i ta progr m for the Comrnodor" 64 that sol>oes the :"\-Body Problem by nu�ncal integr tlon. You

can speofy Btl) 1St m up to forty bodt nd "' tc:h theu motion) they nr plotted in th Cmnmodor 61' high resolution b t map m Bcsid ha\ing vatu a dtsplay tool o d y namct s t, th progr m is educational sine 11 aJIO\\ for r you to r h In and manJpullllc celestial y ems (Th rcen displaysar also'fery tlr 'f i c, bu1 thls ls not th main point of the pr ram)

n attnbut . lhe Th motiOn of each body ls d nbcd by bod" Jocar•on In xyz ooorc.hnat ; th body' \Clocll)' m X)Z coordmat (wh1ch ar rferrcd to as u, ", and w), and the mass

x-axJS n.hiwodcw

Body position and velodti are stored in t rOb of "pixel and "pax ls per uOII tlmc". The diStance each pixel rcprescnb depends upon the scale ected 11u scales ar vatlable in NBS "

I . I pixel • 10t7 kilomct rs 1 mass • 1000 k1logran ! lime • I day

2 t pixt>f • 1 a.�ronomcal unat (on AU equal th mean distance from the earth to th sun) I m • 1 rth mass (5 9i42xl0f24 kd rams) ! time • 1 da) 3 I pixel • IOto meters 1 rn • 1 ktlogram I time "" 1 second Seal I h. appropriate lor dtSJIIa lng the mnr solar

out em to fit on th to I rs. � lc :! alia\\ th entu solar sa n (though the orb11 of th mncr planet v.'On 1 be v I)' drstlnu is hb l c) Sen! 3 is intended for diSplays of near-Earth m

lmulatJon Operation

lmulator tatbmatlc:a

is horizontal and posttive going to th right, the )-axis i I and posl11\ downw d, and th z-axis. "'hk:h really "rt can 1 be n In the dist>lay, goes dm:�ctly into the t n. Th upper Ieit-h nd comr of th recn ls th ooordinat (O.O,z). dmte (319, 199,z) and th IO\\cr right-hand oornr is th ooor

of one bod) from the }st m cun ntl) In memory and a mnu of com mand The OOd) attrtbut ar dis cd 10 a window. You can pl a) determine ¥<htch body IS d1spla)ed m thls \\indow by pr n th Fl or F7 k(') . All commands can be cxecured from the mam menu 1mpl) press the htghlightcd Ittcr correspondm to lh d red command The SBS command scr n shov. the attnbut

Commands

Pr lng any ke} stops th simulation, but not lht the ament positions are I "'h n th dtpia) Is Interrupted in thi manner. Pr ing the Fl kl')' inter· rupt lhe mulat10n nd stores lhe cur· rnt pottton so that )OU can choose to pick up ¥oh r )OU left off.

- End lh progr m - art the 1mulli o n

ExtI PI

- Input th pa ramters for one or rnor boch Th progrm prompts for lhc number of bod1es m lhe system 'BS doesn 1 r n) ' lu p ntly stored. so preso;fng RETUR at any prompt \\1thout cnt nng anything simply retains the prC\'lOU \nlu - Ch n Ihe I used - Change from prite mod to high resolut1on mode. or "ire versa In h1h resolution mod lhe points repr ntin th bod ar not rased, eaCh body gradually leaves a traang of 1ts path ross lh sa n Spnl mod can display a maximum of eight bodt - Load an n-bod) �'st m from di k. BS \e the n-bod)' )'Stem presently In memoJ)' 10 di k. Sa\C automaucall) dd the uffix nb" to lhe file name. Pr!V i o us Body - O&spla)' I he parnmeters of th pte\iou body in lhe system list. 'ext Body - Olspht) the next body. X. Y, Z Po lion - Ent r a new \' lu for Ihe body o.mcnrly m the data window. U, V, W \'clodty - Chang the \elodty of Ihe body cuncntly in the data window. Mass - Chang th m of lhe body c ur rntly dt pla}cd. nmc - Chang the tim step intef\•al. Renam - Chnng" lh name of lh body in the data window.

ewS)'Stem

lmulatlon trategies

Accur C)' depend on lh size of the int rauon tim step. Accuracy t thiC\-ed b)• u ng a mall time step. On th other hand, a small tim step makes th lmulation proceed mor lo¥oly. Th best compromise Is the largest time step that gtves cceptable accuracy.

For new ituations trial and error wtll r\cal the best ttme ttp. Start \\tth a Iars tim tcp (¥ohicll takes less compu· UJ.tlon ttm), th n d rease the time .tep until good r ull arc achieved

Some Situations To Try Inner tolar •yatem:

in h lioc:entric coordtnat

(ForJun I, 19

Bod).. I 2

3 4

arne

un lcrcury \ nus Earth

Mars

Mass e27 1 5 97e20 4 7e21 S 97e21 6.42e20

seal - )

150 141. 1-40.6:! 144.14 147.84

based on th

echptlc of 1950) v

z u 0 100 0 1042S .54159 -.4605 .6143 -.1482 105 21 85.171 1.22c-3 2372 .2165 7 .184 -.4083

w 0 .027607 4.75e-3 SSc-6 -5 33c-3

0 -.1720 - 266 - 09

-2.76e-3

Outer aolar •yatem: (For Jun I, 19 in hcltuccntn.: coordinat based on the echptic of 1950.) scale a 2 v w Body- 'am Mass X y z u 0 I 332931.6 ISO 100 0 0 0 Sun 15-4 63 98 144 - 09663 2.719e-3 7.36�3 -9 020c-5 2 Jupiter 317 867 I .31 20 -4.7 9c-3 -2.2Gc-3 -1 .53c-4 9S.243 -145.96 90. ? 3 Saturn 4 Uranu 14.54S9 149.61 80.722 -.0684 3 903e-3 -2 477e-4 -5. 143e-5 S Neptun 17 2408 ISI.71 69.756 .Si' 9 3.10 3 1.942e-4 -7.629c-5 2 044c-3 -2.85 3 -3.062e-4 6 Pluto 2.176e-3 126.77 S3 627 .443 Trlnary star •yatem: I • 1 am M X Y Z U V \\ Bod)'"' un •t 3e27 ISO 90 0 -.15 0 0 1 2 Sun •2 3e27 1SO ISS 0 .15 0 0 3 Sun •3 1e27 50 100 0 0 .Oi 0

Bodyt' l

.,. .. . .I

Binary atar ayatem: seal • I

arne

Sun •t Sun•2

3e27 3e27

Kemplerer'a Roaett�

scale • 1

Bod)'"' Name 1 un •1 2 Sun •2 3 Sun •3 4 un •4

29 29 29 I 6e29

I I I

120 ISO 180 120

i'O 70 130 130

0 I -1 0 I I 0 -1 1 0 -l -l

w 0 0 0 0

Simple Syetem U

V W

ISO 100 0 -.IS 0 0 ISO 12S 0 .15 0 0

�am Heavy Ught

•

3 Y

V W

le30 lSO 100 0 leiO ISO ISO 0

0 0 0 0

·Body lmulator

Gl MC

550 polr.e 56578 56578lor3 rem SWitch to VIC bank 1 (16 -32 560 poke 56576 (po 56576)and252)or2

570 poke 53272 {pock(S3272)and15)or128 rem char screen In 9th k MP 580 po 53265 peek(53265)or32 rem turn on

h1tes screen

59D poke 820,0 poke 821 64 poke 822,0 poke 823,96 poke 251 0 sys49152 AL 600 poke 820,0 poke 821,96 po 822.231 poke823.99 po 251,16sys49152 FN 61 0 spthenfon • vttotu pokei, next MN 620 ifspthen a1 •0 lor • 1t o8 a1 •at or (-(t<•n b)•2(e- 1}) nextpoke vt + 21,a1 AK 630 pthenpoke 53281,0 prmtoh 147) OP 6401•0 HC

650

660 rem move start parame:ers 10 wor1dng arrays OK 670 fori• Honb OH 680 x(i) • xO(� Nl 69n y(•) • yO(i)

MJ 700 Z(i) zO(t) -

MJ LK 10

NM AB GC DE

ND EC AO AP AA

MK HK FD FE FF CJ

AK OL

GM KL AN

710u(i)•uO(i) 720 v(i) vO(i) 730 w(i) • v.()(ij 740 next 750 rem compute accel at rne t dt before atl 760 for•• 1tonb 770 oO(i) • bO(i) • cO(ij • • 780next 790 lon• 1 tonb 800 • �· az • 81 0 forJ • l tonb 820 •·�h8n910 830 dx • x(j)-x(i) 840 dy • y(j}-y(Q 850 dz • z(j)-Z(ij 860 r • sqr(dx•dx + dy•dy + dz•dz) 870 r3 • r•r•r/gm(j) 880 ax • 8K + dxlr3 890 sy • rt + dylr3 900 az • az ... dz/r3 910next 920 x1(i)•x(i)-u(i)•d +ax•d2 930 y1 (i) • y(i)-v(i)•dt + ey•d2 940 Z1(i) •z{i)-w(i)•d!Hl.Z•d2 -

•

950 next

960 ton • 1tonb NO 970 ax • . rt•. BZ• .

980 forJ • 1tonb 990 ••f.hen1080 1000 dx • x1(j)-x1(i) 1010dy•y1(j)-y1(i) 1020dz• Z1(j)-z1(i) 1030 r•aqr(dK•dx+dy•dy+dz•dz) BF 1040 r3•r•r•r/gm(j) PN 1050 ax • ax+ dxlr3 PO 1060 sy • ay + dytr3 PP 1070 az • aZ + dz/r3 MD 1080 next BA 1090 ao(i) • ax

HO KB KB LC MD GF

,.. .... u•

LB EG

ON BP

AD FK PN IE

EB PA KN 10

GP KP IP

GB NO CF

HG PE 01 OM ON DO Ol

Jl Jl

HJ FK

DE CF BG OK

GL JM

EB KC MC BE

GF KL KM KN EE OL

EG lO

GF FG 10

1 100 bO(i)• 1 1 10cO(i)•az 1 1 20ncxt 1 1 30 1140 rem calcula' n 1150 ron • 1tonb 1 1 60 1 • bl • C1 • o2 • b2• c2 • 1 1 70 forJ• 1tonb 1180 •jthcn1270 1 1 dx • x(j)1200 dy • y(j)-y(i) 1210dz•z(j)-Z(i) 1 220 t • t(dx•dX + dy•dy + dz•dz) 1230 r3 • r•r•r m(J) 1240 1 • 01 +dxlr3 1250 b1 •b1 +dy/r3 1260ct •CI +d1Jr3 1270next 1280 jO • (a1 -oO(i})/dt 1290kO•(bt-bO{i))/dl 1300 10•(c1-cO(i})/dl 1310x2•x(i)+uro·d +at •d2+iO•d3 1 320 y2 • )'(� + v{i)•dt + b1•d2+ kO•d3 1330z2 •Z(i)+w(ij•d +C1•d2-+IO•d3 1340 IOfJ• 1 tonb 1350 l • l!h 1440 1360 dx • x{J)-x2 1370dy• )'(J}-y2 1380 dz • z(D-z2 1390 r • r(dx•dx + dy•dy + dz•dz) 1400 r3 • r•r•r/gm(j) 1-'10 o2 • a2 + dxlr3 1420b2•b2+dy/r3 1430c2•c2+d1Jr3 1440next 1-'50J1 •(B2-a1)/dt 1460 k1 •(b2-b1)/d 1-'7011 • (c2-ct)ldt 1-'80 m1 •{B2-2•a1 + Q(){i))l(dl•dt) t490 nl • {b2-2•bt + bO{i))l(dl•dO 1 500 o1 • (c2-2•c1 +cO(i})l(dl•dl) 1510 x1(ij• x(i) -+ uro•d +B1•d2+j1•d3+m1•ci" 1520 y1 �-y(� ( + v(�·cJt + b1•d2+ k1 •d3 + nt •d-' 1530zt(•} •Z(•) +w(�·d +C1•d2+11•d3+o1•ci" 1540 u1(•)• oro+ at•dt+ J1 •d2 + m1•d3 1550 v1ij ( • v(i) + b1•dl+ k1 •d2 + n1•d3 1560 w1ffi•w(i)+c1•dt+11•d2+o1•d3 1570 oO(ij •a1 1580 bO{�·b1 1 590 cO(i)•c1 1600 next 1610 1620 ton • 1 tonb 1 630 x(i) • x1ffi 1640y(i)•y1ffi 1650Z(i)• Z1(ij 1660 uffi • u1(ij 1670 v(i) • v1 (ij 1680 w(ij •W 1ffi 1690 x • x(i) lfx(i)< orx(i)>319th 1720 1700y •y(ij f)'(i)< ory(ij>1 991hen 1720

LM Ml

OP HE IP

EF HK NE

MC lA PG ON

EN IM

BP EE OF OH

10 PH AK AO KE

IL AO LA

BN Nl

1710 gosub2710 1720 next 17301•1+d 1 740 it 6p then printc:ht$( 19) I laS• " " then 11 50 1750g 1760 scr·oan 1 770 rem restore char 1780 poke53265 53265)ruld223 k(56578)or3 17 poke 56578 1800 poke 56576 (peek{56576)and252)or3 1810 poke 53272 (peek(53272)and15)or16 1820 pokevt + 2 1 ,0llem turn ofl 6pfI 1830po 53281,0 1840 • ch 133) then 1 860 1850 goto 370 t860 prlllt chr$(17)."Storlng pr system 111 memory • gosub 3160 t870 for i • t to nb 1880 K()(i) • x(i) 1890 yO(ij - y(i) 1900 zO(i) - Z(i) 1910 uOffi • u(i) 1 920 � v(i) 1 930 wOffi • w(ij 1 940 next I 1 950 goto 370 1960 1970 rem new from user 1 980 lllput" Number of bod • nb 1990 nb<1ornb>50thcn370 2000 for I • 1 to nb 20 1 0 cb • • gosub 2460 2020 ptllll " N of body t 10pUtn$(i) 2030 nS(i))>25then2020 2040 pr1111 " M of body " 1; 2050 Input m(i) gm{i) • g•m{i)•un(sy) 2060 111put " Input localon 111 x,y,z form·. -

xO(i), yO(i).zOro

2070 mput " Input v OCJty 111 u,v,w form·,

PP BO IK HO IP DB HC

2080 next 1 2090 oto 370 2100 2110 rem load system d escrp u on lrom d • 2120 pnnt • Load system data from d 2130 111p ut"lypc name of daUl f • ;aS 2140 lon(aS)>t 3 thon prnt" Too long " oto2130 2150 open 15,8 1 5 open 2 8.2. "0 " + + " nb r" 2160gosub3170 2170 cr<>O thn print er$(1) cr${2) m$(3) er$(4) gosub 3160 go:o 2230 2180 putl2.sy.nb 2t90tor•·1mnh 2200 pull2.nS(i) xO(i) yO(i)zO(i) uaro

PF OH AB FN au oo w

AL OJ

uaro.�.wO(i)

vO(i).waro.mro

2210 gm(i)• g•m{ij•un(sy) 2220 next 2230 close 2 close 1 5 cb • 1 2240 goto 370 Mayltl7� v::M7 ,.... 06

01 2250 rem sovo current syst to d GE 2260 print • Sav current &yS!em • OM 2270 Input • Type name of f " , OJ 2280 I en(aS)>13then pnnt " Nm too long • goto 2250 OH 2290 open 15 8 1 5 cS • chr$(13) CJ 2300 open 2 8 2 o o • + + • nb.s.w·

EB GK

ON ED N3 MD NN OG NO JE FF FF BG NG

FA MH EK EA CA

EE PJ

FK OM

JO AN

FJ HL CH

OF GK

Fl AC

JK w

GB FO II MK MN

2310 osub 3170 2320 I er<>O then pnnt cr$(1) 3) er$(4) 2), gosub 3160 oto 2230 2330 pr 2 sy:cS.nb 2340 fori • 1 tonb 2350 Pfin112 nS(i),cS,xO(ij cS.yO(i).cS zO(i).cS.u0(1). .vO(i) cS;wO(ij cS m(i) 2360 next 2370 ctose 2 close 1 5 goto370 2380 m(cb) • nv: m(cb) • g•m(cb)•un(sy) goto 370 2390 xO(cb) • nv goto 370 2400 yO(cb) • rMgOW 370 24 10 zO(cb) • nv goto 370 2420 uO(cb) • nv got0 370 2430 vO(cb) •llVlgotO 370 2440 wO(cb) • nv:goto 370 2450 dt• nv d2•dt•d!l2 d3 • d2•dt/3 d4 • d3•dV4 goto370 2460 rem d:splay current system !u 2470 prin1chrS{147)0 N-BOOY SIMULATOR " 2480 prltllchr$(176) l$,ctuS(174), 2490 11 • ch 221) 2500 pr 1 • name • nS(cb),tab(79) 11$ 2510 printl1 • body I 0 cb,tab(17) " mnss • m(cb), lab(39 1$, x xO(cb) tab(60) • U "uO(cb) 2520 prinU 1 tab(79)�1 2530 pnnU1 • y: • yO(cb),tab(20) • v • vO(cb), 1ab(39)�1 2540 printl1 • z.: . zO(cb);1llb(60)" w " wO(cb) tab(79):11$ 2550 pnntchrS( 1 73),1S.chrS( 189) 2560 print 0 number of bod • nb 2570 pnnt • t erval • d uS(sy) 2580 pnnt • un1 system • unS(sy) 2590 H sp then pnnt • sprne modo· ,chrS(17) return 2600 pnnt 0 h!r point mode· .chr$( 17) return 2610 o

MH MC Jl

BK MG

LL NO

GN JN AH

AA EJ W

HM MN PM

EO BK IG GJ

•

JO GK

posltlOrl"

2670 pnnt •

MD 2680 prltll 0

posi tion

poSition

vcloc:ity

I•

•

3040 nex1 3050 goto 370 3060

3130 lore•0t07 pokevl + 39 + 1,1+ 1 next rem

31410pokcvl+29,0 poke YI + 23 0

CK PA

OJ 2690 return ON 2700 rem plot pocnt on hres scr·,..,., HO 2710 d sp • 1 then 2750 00 2720 ml• hr + (yando8)•d + (yandc7) + (xando4) FK 2730 pokc ml pee rnl)ot' xandc7) AN 2740 return

MK LK DB

rem blank out spr una

FA LK NP CN

2650 pnnt " 2660 print

3110 lon•Oto7 po 15872+ ••64,224 poke15875 + ••64.224 next rom fmm elm shajJe 31201ore-Oto7 pokc2040 + e.248+ 1:ncxt:rcm spr

2640 Pfltll •

ncxt lbociy

3070 rem 6Witch plot syst!f'lmCl MC 3080 if sp • 1 thcn sp - O goto 370 BK 3090 sp • 1 LO 3100fon•15872to15872+ 8•64 pokei, next

•

EH 2620 rem d � � JM 2630 print " JA

2750 if 1>8 then return 2760 X • X +24 Y • Y + 50 2770 poko VI + (t-1)·2.xandc5 2780 poke VI + 1•2-1 ,y 2790 1fx>cSth pokch peek(hi)ore2(t- 1 ) 2800 f <256thcnpokehl c5-e2(t-1)) 2810r urn 2820 rem ml code for hiQh speed orse 2830 1•49152 2840 r dmc itmc• 256thenretwn 2850 po me I • l ·t-1 goto2840 2860 data173, 52. 3, 133, 2. 173,53.3,133,3 2870data165,251, 160 0, 166, 3 2880 dala14S, 2,236 55. 3,208, 7,166,2,236, 54,3,240 9 2890 da1a230.2. 208,236, 2303, 76, 14 192, 96, 256 2900 print ch 1 47), • Select a system of u nts • 2910 print Chr$(17)," 1 1 pcxel • 10t7 kitomctcrs 0 1 mass • 1 000 kilograms 2920 punt 2930 pnnt 0 1 tme • 1 day 0 1 AU (earth radiUS)" 2940 pnnt chr$(17)," 2 1 ptxel 2950 print • 1 mass • 1 rth mass · 2960 prent 0 1 tune • 1 day " 2970 prmtchrS(17), 03 1 ptxef • 1000 kilomctrs " 2980 prmt • 1 mass • 1 kiogram 0 2990 print • 1 tune • 1 second· 3000 prnt Input· Which system 0 ,sy 3010 sy<1orsy>3thcn370 3020 fori • 1 tonb 3030 gm(i) • g•m(i)•un(sy)

potn' s colors

sptlt

S Pftc

rem oompr�

3150 oto370 3160 fordo • 1 to 1500 ncxtrcturn 3170 enputl15,cr$(1) erS(2) erS(3) erS(4) 3180Cf•�er$(1)) rcturn 3190cb•ob-1 ifcb<1 th cb•nb 3200 prfntchr 19)cht$( 17)chrS( 17) bS bS bS b$ bS pnr$( ntch 19) 3210gosub 2480 3220 fO:I • 1 to6 ptltllchr$(17), nextt ptltllchr$(29), go:o410 3230 cb•cb+ 1 cb>nb then cb • 1 3240 goto 3200 3250 poke53272 peck(53272)and247 3260 poke53265 peek(53265)and223

A Two-Button Mouse

Anthony Bryant Winnipeg, Manitoba

. . .experimenting with the C-1350 Mouse. and more. . .

If you are presently using the old digital joystick or paddles, to move a cursor around the screen, or draw wath, then join the mouseketeers- trv • this new mouse! On the C-128 (or C-64 with Super Expander cartridge) from BASIC, you can read the mouse with the JOYQ funchon. The left button is read like the • fne • button. Only the left button! But, you say 0 sure did!) this mouse, which has the same physical appearance as the Amlga mouse, has two buttons left and right!

(Hmmm)

As no mention

is made of the right button in the manual, I decided to dlsed this little critter to see why.

FIGURE 1 shows the pinouts for three types of Control Port JOYstick, the input devices for comparison - the MOUSE and the analog joySTICK. On the C-1350 mouse, the left button comes out on Ptn 6 - same as the JOY • fire • button and the right button comes out on Pin 9 - same as the STICK's POT X line. POT X and POT Y are input (READ 0:-iLY) to the AID converter used to digitize the analog position of potent!· ometel'). The diagram below of regi5ter SOCOO or CIA 1 how the bit distribution for each device's digital logic lines.

diQital

In order to use the right button output, which like the left i simply a switch closure to ground, a combina· button output, s tion of digital and analog techniques Is needed. FIGURE 2: Analot Joyatlck Schematic

Mou.e Pinout.

DE- 9S h-�� •...: -�-�-�

Internally, this is a state-of-the-art mouse. Two optically encoded discs, set in motion by a rolling ball, generate phase quadrature pulses. These are decoded In hardware (using op-amps and comparators) and four outputs are generated UP, D�. LFT and RHT. 'tWo active push�uttons are also output! My finding) are tabled in FIGURE l .

\ •....:'..!: : � �J ��

FIGURE 1: Coob'ol Port Pinouta Pin 1

2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9

Up Down Left Right Button I

Mouse Up Down Left Right Button 1

Stick Button I Button 2 PotY -

+5V

Joy

GND -

Joy

Stick

GND Button 2

GND Pot X

Port 2

Port 1

.,... . . ..1s 1

CIA 1 - Re,a.ter 8DCOO 5

BTN I

Port 2 Port 1

Mouse Port 2 Port I

FIGURE 2 is the schematic of a two button analog jo yt ick. It could also be for a graphics pad, or other homebrew configura· lion type of Input device. It graphicall)' show:. that all that s i required on the POT X line Is a potentiometer between Pin 9 and Pin 7 ( + Sv).

Right

Left

Down

u �

BTN2 BTN I BTN I

R!s_ht

Left

FIG RE 3: C-1350 touae Schematic

I. ••' -� -� -�...?

PLUG

\_ • ...:�: y-1� ' •

•

FIGURE 4 hO\IO the layoot of th p c. board The mou cable plu into a Block Plug on the board Th colour cod of th Bloc:k Plu

.....

•"·;!

•�t•-••.c��·�•c• I'.C. ••.r.�

foliO\\

Block Plug Pin Colour Label yellow RHT I orn LfT 2 red OS 3 4 brown UP 5 "hit G:-.JO 8 blu +5\' 7 green BTN I 8 BTN2

•,u •

,.,

s i

or bet\\ n pns 6 and Solder th r th foil side and r mblc th mou

FIGURE 3 is a Imp! schematic of th C-1350 mou The left buuon Is BTN I and the right button I BTN2 The Control Port connects BTN2 "11h r ister 50419 This r 'ster all� the microprocessor to the • poston· or, In this case, th • I c stat • of th POT X ltn wth �alu ranIn from 00 at mmmum r i a n ee ( •logic hgh) to Sff t maximum resfs. tan ( • logicl�) S\'tltch closure nerates th I lei�. and what tS needed to n rate the I lc high is a · pull-up· rest or bet\\ n Pin 9 (BTN2) and Pm 7 ( + 5v).

of thi Block Plu on •

oue Machine Code

•

·�· that " hi\ a right buuon \'ttth two disccrnabl logic tates, some cod Is needed to u 11. This Is ) Iplcal coding. modularized so that )'OU can adapt it to )'OUr specific need Th object is to rnantain x andy coordinates and report button

ouae todlncatlon

atu

Experim ntlng with a variabl pot ntiomcter and scope. I found a uluc of 47k to be about right for th · pull-up· "'"'"or It' not cnttcal, but should rang between 22k and lOOk

,defin \'arlable labels

Th r Is room In ld the mouse for on resistor. ! used a tiny II watt <17k r lstor Also required I a Phllhps-h d re\\·

�subrouttne to read Control Port 2 RDPORT SEI :lock out k board LOA •sco : ddr to read STA $0002 LOA • STA SOCOO .r ad Control Po11 2 wx •soo ,all�· time for INX:B�E •-1 ;lm to llle WX SQ.f 19 ,rad POTX LOY SD41A ,read POT Y LDA •sFF STA SOCOO ,reset Port 2

dme r and a fine poant low-w 11

XPOS YPOS BTN

l dring iron

Two rcw on th undcrStd of th mou hold th hal� t cth r. Two saC\\ In ide hold the p.c. board a.ssembl)' (and hall pushbutton sub-board) to the bottom

\e x posttton

BYfO 8Yf0 8Yf0

� y posltton \'C btn

stll!US

•

FIG RE 4: toaue Modification Schematic

•

RTS

•

You could nO\IO mply o th lut posltlon' x and y coordmat ju r d, for th anal Jo>STICK. but tmperfec: L in tJOns m the pots result in pu ron th scr n Some fin ordr! A mo\·lng a'<crage algorithm smooth out the rough

spots

[] t IM.!t• ••

:subroutm for lllO\ing \Cr algonthm AVRG BCS AVRGP ,If gn poslti\ AVRGN EOR " I ;If negative, cJo

Getting ' bsolute position' from th lOUSE Is not posstble. \\'e have only 'r lative posttlon' to work \\lth - incrementing or d ee rmentmg XPOS and YPOS - th mou moves

AOC " l

�R EOR "-I CLC

ADC"l AVRGP

CLC:RTS

L.c;R

CLC:RTS

;rever subt :allow half-weight

;In\n b}1e ,to pr • '

;main routin to rad th MO U.'E 10 �E JSR ROPORT ;

•

:allow half-\\i�ht

:to the byte

Puumg this altogether yield a simple, mooth routme for gettlngth 'absolut• position' from th STICK.

HIGH

,mcun routine to read the STICK STICK JSR RDPORT : LOA SDCOO ;read Port 2 AND •soc ;filter BTN I & 2 EOR "SFF ,invert logic STA BT�S • ve RT I & BTN2 TXASEC ,o;tor x In XPOS SBC XPOS ,u ng a imple JSR AVRG ;moving average AOC XPOS ;algonthm STA XPOS :update XPOS ;stor )'in YPOS lYA:SEC �BC YPOS : um g t� same JSR AVRG ;algorithm AOC YPOS :and update Yf'OS STA YPOS ;

LOW

ORA BTNS I.SR·I.SR EOR •sn· SfA 8TNS

CLI lDA •.t BIT BTS BNE BTN I ASL BIT BTS

B�E BTN2 BTN I 8TN2

The Z-flag 1

RTS

l.DA •-I BYT $2C lDA •t RTS

AND "SOF IP •S{)F BEQ EXIT

0�

,r :t ddr

LFT

;finlhcd w1th Port ;test bit 2 ;of BTNS ;af 8TN I pre-oo� ,tC!>l bit 3 :of BTNS :11 BTN2 prC).)(.-d ,exit Z• I no bins :flag lor BTNI �kip over :flag for BTN2 ,exit z-o

RHT

EXIT

II I ,. 1lusI IC

read Pon 2

,filter BTNI :save mt 4 .read POT X ,d1sc rn �ate

;set btl 5 ;sk1p over ,clr bit 5 :combu1c b1t:. ·1 & 5 :"hlfl to b1t 2 & 3 :imut logtc ,sa\·e 8TN I & 8TN2

TAX

ANO•J BSE ON 1:'\C YPOS TXA AND•2 BNE lFT DEC YPOS TXA A�D"1 8�£ RHT DEC XPOS TXA : A�O·S R�F: F.XIT ISC XPOS J\IP TEST

;filter directions me nt 7 :any IT10\e ,no, finiSh up y : • mou rolhng ;check up • •

•' • •

;check down

• •

•• ••

,check leh

•' • •

,check right • • • •

,test buttons and exit

Usc a BEQ to test for button pressed, after a JSR MOUSE call. U a BPL or 8\11 to check \\hlch button is actI\

The 'relati\e mo�ement' of th lOUSE roulln s i very respon· we. Tiac sp<.'Cd of n iO\ c m c ut and the ar a of nlO\crnent,l e the • ft.'cl • of the mou depend on hO\\' often the MOUSE routine b potlro. P 1bl hti • I len" to the mou programmer!

set 11 no bullons �ere tnessed and clear olht'r·

\\ise. Usc a BEQ to test for buttons pressed, after a JSR STICK call The accumulator knovt wh1 h button was pressed. Use a BPL or BMi to check \\hldt button is tave.

;now we h \ our lt.oft and right buuons� ll>A SOCOO ,read Port 2

;now test the button and ex1t TF.sT LOX "SFF ;

STX SDC02

LOA SOCOO AN0•$10 STA BTN!) TXA BMI l.OW lDA •$20 BVT $2C I.OA •soo

•

Universal EPROM

Tim Bolbach, P.Eng. Toledo, Ohio

PrograJJuner Update

The Universal EPROM Programmerproject that appeared two issues ago (Volume 7, Issue 04, "Gizmos and Gadgets")

has generated response beyond off expectation. Unfortunately, most of the response resulted from some unforeseen difficulties that prevented many from completing a fufly operational programmer. Ths i foffow-up provides corrections (including a couple described fast issue) and also gives test procedures. some enhancements to make the burner compatible with more EPROM types, and instructions for a 2764 adapter.

wire the transistors correctly! The relay shown must be a small DPDT.

A Few Notes

The relay used in the prototype, purchased at Radio Shack, has a coil For those of you who were brave (ambitious) enough to build the

voltage of 5 volts and a coil resistance of ISO ohms. A DPDT switch

EPROM programmer that appeared in the Jan 86 issue of TRANSAC

can be used in place of the relay but subtracts from the automatic

TOR this article is lor you. And lor those that didn't build the

operation a bit. Besides that, if you forget to flip the switch, and leave

programmer because it seemed too hard, I hope the following infor

programming voltage

mation will inspire you to try it. This article will attempt to clarify

erasure could destroy your EPROM. (Ah, experience is a tough and

some unclear areas in the first article and wi ll point out some errors

(25 volts, lor example) on Vpp, accidental

expensive teacher!)

that crept into the schematic (Murphy does live!) The Circuit Board Corrections to the Schematic

I am sure many of you are wondering about the circuit board used. It is The schematic shown in figure I looks similar to the original but

a Radio Shack catalog "276-166. It was cut in half and trimmed from

the 25/50 . I 00 inch fingers to 22/44 . I 00 inch fingers. The board is

contains the necessary corrections. The circled areas indicate the

alas unavailable but still might be in the junk box at your local Radio

corrections as well as some needed changes.

Shack dealer. (Note: Jameco i n CA sells a C64 cartridge port compati

I . The 8255 to the left of the schematic shows two pins numbered 14.

ble perf board for about $8.00) The other alternative is to use the

The CGN pin should be pin 7, same as the other 8255.

fingers from an old discarded cartridge. By trimming the foil back and

2. On the ZIF socket, pins 1 4 through 18 should be relabelled pins 1 5 to

19. Pin 1 4 is GND.

3. On U3, the NAND gates, Pin

carefully cutting the board the assembly can then be attached to larger perforated board such as a Radio Shack catalog

1 4 goes to + SV, pin 7 is GND.

1 9 1 . Make sure that the cartridge used has all the needed fingers.

4. The emitter of Q I goes to GND. 5. In lines 2760 and 2770 of the program, the " should be replaced by a

••

"276-14 7 or "'276-

Necessity is the mother of invention!

(i.e. null string).

Information Plea.se

A wire was added from pin 1 3 of U I to pin 4 of the personality socket.

Information about the pinouts of the expansion bus lor the C64 was

This signal becomes OE4 that is 0 (or low) for read, 0 lor standby, and

found in the 'Programmers Reference Guide' published by Commo

I during programming. This is used for some versions of the

dore. Detailed information about the 8255's is found in Intel's 'Com

2716

EPROM that did not work with the personality socket wiring supplied

ponent Data Catalog' available from any Intel distributor. Check your

with the original article. To support this new signal requires the

local electronics supply houses lor a copy too.

modification of three lines of the program. (Note: changing these lines won't a!!ect the operation with other EPROMs.)

Vpp

1680 poke 16384,239:!or I = 1 to 1000: next t

Considering the vast number of types of EPROMs available, the

original article left it u p to you to determine the correct programming

1770 poke16384,21

voltage (Vpp). Programming voltages can vary from

1780 poke16384,239

12.5 volts lor

certain 27256s to 25 volts lor most garden variety EPROMs. Intel makes a version of the

2732 called the 2732A that programs at 2 1

An additional wire was added from pin 22 of U I to pin 3 of the

volts. Please verify the voltage that your EPROM requires from the

personality socket. This adds A 1 2 to the personality socket for use in

data sheets supplied with your particular EPROM. Programming at a

voltage higher than recommended WILL result in destroying the chip.

reading masked ROMs of 8K or larger. Please note the wiring corrections for the personality sockets.

Try using a slightly reduced voltage first (for example 22 volts lor a 25

I am

volt EPROM ) and raise it up only if it doesn't work. Using the variable

sorry if this caused any problems lor those of you who built the

power supply shown in the original article will allow you to adjust lor

programmer. This wiring has been re-checked and verified lor proper

any programming voltage you may encounter.

operation. Testing the Completed Programmer

It was found that lor some transistors used lor Q I the 220 ohm resistor too high in value and needed to be changed to 75 ohms. This

One time consuming but essential step in testing the circuit is to use

value is not critical and can be anything close to 75. Make sure you

an ohmmeter to check continuity. Unplu the chips and do not plug

was

May 1987: �me 7, 1.- 06

the programmer into the C64. Now, using the schematic, verify every

Kernal in the drive. With the program running, select menu item "'2

connection. This finds 99.9% of all problems with the circuit. Verify

(PROGRAM EPROM). The program will ask you to select the size of

also that pins (2,3) and (1,22,A,Z) of the board are not shorted

EPROM you are going to program; enter '3' for an 8K EPROM. Next

5 volt supply and 1,22,A,Z are the

the program will ask for a file name, so type in the name of the new

ground. Verify also that no other fingers on the board are directly shorted to ground. With that complete the next test should be done.

kernal that you just made. If the file is found the program will ask you

together. Fingers 2,3 are the

With the board plugged in and power turned on, the 64 should power

up with the usual message on the screen. If this is not successful, re check all connections and solder joints. Once you can get the board powered up, the battle is half over. Make the following checks with a voltmeter set to read 5 volts.

to press a key when ready. Place a blank EPROM in the programmer socket (2764 in this case) and the proper personality plug for the EPROM used. Connect or turn on your source of Vpp programming voltage (25 volts for a standard 2764). Pressing any key will start the programming process. First you should notice the LED

associated

with the relay and the relay turning on. As the location number on the screen counts up you should notice a slight blink of the CE LED. The CE LED is on most of the time and is off for only a very short time.

POSITIVE +

NEGATIVE-

READING

pin 26 Ul

pin 7 U I

5.1 v

pin 26 U2

pin 7 U2

5.1 v

pin 1 4 U3

pin 7 U3

pin 28 ZIF

pin 1 4 ZIF

5.1 v 5.1 v

pin 13 Pskt

pin I Pskt

5.1 v

If any of the readings above are incorrect check the wiring of the 5 volt

Programming will take a while (about I 0 minutes?). When the pro gram is done the main menu will re-appear. Select the option to verify EPROM with disk and answer the questions as they appear. If all is well the program will return to the main menu. An 8K 2764 EPROM has 28 pins and the Kernal ROM socket has only 24 pins. Figure 2 shows how to make an adapter from a 28 pin socket and a 24 pin DIP header. This will work for the Basic ROM also.

supply (pins 2,3 and 1,22,A,Z, on the fingers of the board). Now let's try just copying another EPROM. First install the program If you have gotten this far you are almost there! With a voltmeter set to

mer and load the program as described previously. Place the EPROM

read 5 volts connect the positive lead to pin 35 of U I or U2. Connect

to be copied into the EPROM socket. Make sure that you have already

the negative lead of the voltmeter to pin 7 of U I or U2. You should

installed the proper personality socket for the EPROM. Select the

read close to 0 volts (less than .8 volts). If not, start over with the

option to copy the EPROM to disk. Answer the questions asked by the

ohmmeter check; it is alsopossible that you have a defective 7400. If

program and give the file a name. What you are doing is creating a

that test was successful, with the voltmeter still connected as above,

disk file to later burn into a blank EPROM. Reading an EPROM doesn't

depress the reset button and hold it. The voltmeter should read close

take as long as programming one. When the program is done copying

to 5 volts (greater than 3.5 volts). If not, check the wiring of the reset circuit and the I N914 diode. With this test done, you are ready to

the EPROM to disk, follow the same procedures as described previ

ously.

proceed to the software test. For a third example, let's assume you have a machine language

A short program appears at the end of the article that will assist in the

program you want to put on an EPROM. First. assemble the file

testing of the completed programmer. This program will allow you to

memory and save the file as a program

selectively turn on certain pins of the 8255s and check them with the

example. If you assemble directly to disk you will have to load the

voltmeter. Connect the negative lead of a voltmeter set for 5 volts to pin 7 of U I. Then connect the positive lead to the pin indicated by the

object file into memory and re-save it. This is required if your program file is not exactly the same size as your EPROM. If your file is,

of U I , port B of U I , port C of U I , and port B of U2. The first menu of

loading your program file, fill a 2K block of memory with the value

program. Referring to the schematic, there are four ports to test: port A

for example, only

described in the first

I K long and you are using a 2k EPROM, before

the program allows you to select the bit (or pin) to test. For example, if

$FF (255 decimal). Then load your file to this block and re-save the

you wish to test port B of U2, select '4' from the main menu. The

entire 2K block. This will allow you to add to that EPROM later

screen will then indicate that you are testing Port B of U2. To turn a bit

without erasing the whole EPROM.

(or pin) of the 8255 'on', enter the desired bit number and press return. That bit only will be turned on. The 'on' state is represented by a

Figure 3 shows an additional personality socket for reading the C64

voltage greater than 3.5 volts. Selecting another bit turns the last bit

Kernal and Basic ROMs directly. This allows you to create a file to be

off and the new one on. Entering '8' for a bit number returns you to

loaded, modified, and recopied to an EPROM. An interesting project

the main menu. After testing all four ports of the 8255s you are ready

might be to modify the character generator ROM in the C64 and create

to try your first EPROM.

your own set of characters.

Using the Programmer

The last example is for those of you that like to program on the rock

Let's examine a few ways to use the programmer. Suppose you wish to

(right in hex code). To program an EPROM for use in a different computer or as a character generator or logic array, use your favorite

make a modification to the Kernal rom in your C64. First, load your

monitor and use the display or memory dump command. Fill an

favorite monitor program into the C64 and enter the monitor. To

entire block the size of your EPROM with the value SFF (255 decimal)

modify the Kernal you must first relocate it. Let's assume you transfer

first. As you should know, an erased EPROM contains all SFFs as the

from $EOOO-$FFFF to $6000-$7FFF. Now, using your monitor, make

stored value. When you are done entering the values for your EPROM

the desired changes in memory at the new locations inside S6000-

in memory, save the entire block as a program file and follow the first

$7FFF. When you are done save the entire 8K block to disk as a program file. That's all that is needed to use it with the EPROM

example for programming the EPROM.

programmer.

The uses of the programmer (as in any tool) are limited only by your imagination.

To make the EPROM, install the programmer into the cartridge port and turn power on. Load the EPROM programmer program supplied

If you require a faster programming time, you can use a Basic

in the January 87 issue of Transactor pnd place the disk with your new

compiler. Keep in mind that the programming pulse time for an

May 1917: � 7, ....... 06

Figure 2: 2764 (28 pin) TO 2364 (24 pin) Adapter

EPROM is at least 50 mill iseconds and you must add the following line to your program:

2364

1775 FOR CC = 1 TO 30: NEXT CC

15 minutes for most erasers), and

use

a good con

trolled voltage supply for Vpp.

04 OS

If you get your programmer working, drop me a line and let me know.

Or if you have improvements, that's nice to know too.

Editor's Note: Since publishing his EPROM burner, Tim has been

invited by several user groups to give presentations. . . and has accepted, if for no other reason than to cut down on phone time spent assisting callers who built the burner. Tim has invited anyone to call or write. Also, send an SASE and disk, and Tim will return it with the testing and burnerprograms. l#ite to: Tim Bolbach, 1575 Crestwood, Toledo, Ohio, 43612 GM MG JG EO

PL CN

FO MP

EP NO DE IH lA OE IF MN PM

80 DP

GL KN FG NG KA NO FM GE AH DE AP NC FD OF LG GL II HH

JE EM EF NM ON KL HO

1 0 rem 20 rem 30 rem 40 rem

AI A2 A3 A4

AS A6 A7

••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••• ••• •••

DO 01

One last word of caution, do not erase an EPROM for longer than just required (about

2764

EPROM programmer tester by tim bolbach (1986)

•••••

AIO

•• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

All

50 n$(1 ) = " u 1 port a " :ad(1)= 56832 60 n$(2) = " u1 port b " :ad(2) = 56833 70 n$(3) = • u1 port c • :ad(3) = 56834 80 n${4) = • u2 port b • :ad(4) = 57087 90 for a = 1 to 4:for t = 0 to ?:read p(a,t + 1 ):next t:next a 1 00 rem • • • set all ports to write • • • 1 1 0 poke56835,128 120 poke5709 1 , 1 28 130 rem • • • enu select • • •

Al2

Vex.

II 13

•

210 pnnt' 4 - u2 portb' efer to schematic diagram for· 220 pnnt:pnnt:print · 230 pnnt hip and port designations · 240 poke198,0:wait198,1 :geta$ 250 a = if a>4 or a<1 then 240 260 print· 270 print· voltmeter for 5 volts I, • '

I 280 print· corme<ct negative to pin #7 290 print· corme<ct positive to pi n chr\\•m I 300 print: print 310 printn$(a); • address is • ;ad(a) 320 print:print:print 330 for t = 0 to 7 340 print· pin # • ;p(a,t + 1 );tab(20); · bit· ;t 350 next t 360 print: print· common is pin # 7 • 370 print:print 380 input " bit # to turn on (8 = menu) ; b 390 ifb<O or b>8 then 380 400 ifb = 8 then 130 410 poke ad(a),2tb 420 goto 260 430 data 4, 3, 2, 1 , 40, 39, 38. 37 440 data 18, 19, 20, 21. 22, 23, 24, 25 450 data 14, 15. 16, 17, 13, 12. 1 1 . 1 0 460 data 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25

16 17

18 19

20 24

22 I

* 26

'""

140 print· programmer tester · :print 150 print· 160 print · ---- menu ---170 print 180 print· 1 - u 1 port a · 190 print· 2 - u1 port b • 200 pnnt 3 - u1 port c •

14 20

DO 01 02 03

D4 OS

06 07 AO AI A2

A3 A4 AS A6 A7

AS A9

AIO A.I I Al2

Vpp Vee

PGM Vex. GND

Use a 28 pin WW socket and a 24 pin ribbon cable header (male). On

the 28 pin DIP, cut down pins I , 2, 20, 23, 26, 27 and 28 to about 3/8"

I, 26, 27 and 28. Connect pin 27 to pin 24 of the cable header, pin 23 to pin 18, pin 20 to pin 12, and pin 2 to .

Using wire wrap, short pins

pin 2 1 . The long pins will plug directly into the cable header such that pin 3 of the 28 pin WW goes to pin I of the 24 pin header (pin 4 to pin 2, 5 to 3, etc, 25 to 23, 26 to 24).

• •

•

May1987: � 7, ..... 06

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lheTial-*'t

May1987: � 7, .. _06

Help! Help! by NICk Sullivan and Chras Zamara

Instant Help from an unexpected placet Hue 1 a ull1tl) thai will provid )'OU wtth IIISiant, on-lure help, from JUSt about an) applton lcat \'011 ma) be nmmng 111e p ram can eltmmate the need lor a ptle of nmnual b) your

side. and can speed up the leamm process u:hen It com to llat ed new {Jtea of soflwa11 Crmtms such a ustn a comp utilil) - one lhat can uorll a/on 'd otherprogram - c.an be a most tortuous endeavour. Comejoin us m om adventure cJS we try lo bf1ild a transparent baC'kgmund task on tlri! Commodore

64'

Th qu ion is h

do you wnt total!) transparent cod1

We wanted to ¥�rat a program that, t the touh of n kt.')', would bnng up a menu of h lp topi Th touch of another key would choose a topic. and a correspondang sequential fil would be b rouht in from disk and printed to th r n t the touch of )1 nother key, th original nvironrnent would be r ored, and whatcv r " ang on bcf r hand would conrlnu as if nothing hlld hnpJ ned These operation requlr a fair

mount

of code. We have to:

J) trap the firs�� I keypr 2) \C the u r':o low RAM and rl!Cn in �me ret pi cc, to be r ored later on 3) pnntth hl menu <t) wall for a aon S) open a fi or exit the help utahty nd r ore th ongtnal context 6) pnnt the fil pau ng after each scrt!enlul until th uS<'r "' nts to contmu 7) d the Iii and go back to step 2 me tim, " want this cod to be undiSturbed by most programs and to consume a mmamum amount of prcciou RAM How? The answer Is )'OU don't.

If your h lp progr m Is on a cartrad , )"OU can make lt ltlmost contpl tcly transpar nt to other applications But cartrid nrc too expensive and dafficult to manufacture for everyday pur poses If )'OUr help p ram � ntnnang under a mullat king operating � em hke th Amiga' , trallS)lCirenC)' as again not hard to achC\ But we're 1lkmg aboutth Commodore 64 her and, th IlL� tim " looked, multitasking" n'la\nllbl"

(

ftle,l: & £1I

So w do \\hat progr mmers lUI\"

1¥�'8\ don on th 64 look

for som spare for our program \\here the traffic i espccaly al h ht, nd hope th t nobod) dump!'i on at It used to beth t �hort t buffer Titis utlht would n mall) be plao:!d In th was n inhentan from the P£T da), \\hen th .,..re fe¥1 program to so But our oth r pi cs for machtn langu te th th program I not that hort and, In an) buffer 1 busier no\\. Th n t cho

the4K of RAM nUCOOO ¥�hacih wn ther a d gn quirk or an Intelligent dccion on th part of Commo dore. dependan on how you look at 11 aturally, it soon b«AniC Impossible to depend on anything SUr\aving 111 the C block for an) len h of time. .,..

ext cam the top of BASIC. also popular an PETda) 1lu had BASIC mmor) In the 64 i lalrty l r so m a(l\ nt )'OU can take away som \\ithout mfhcting a g rat penalty on ,

user

It 1 also I used than th C-block, so your program h a correspondmgly gr 1 r dumce of surviving ( lon as coup! of you protect it from BASIC atscll b) adsustan point r). But t i al has drawback For one thang. you �r know In advanc fusl "h rc the top of BASIC is. so )OU ha�c to make your cod r<"IOCBtnbl For nothN, thiS ara of mmor)' get mor u now than it dad one upon a tam (PO\Vf.R, PAL nd Supermon all usc II, for lnstn ) so th risk of lnconven· 1n dng BASIC b) using up too much RAM has g ro v;n m r the th

) r

'cs us \\1th th

'hidden' RAM underlying th ROM In th rh• da) th RAM was godsend - nobod) used 11 for 811)1hlng If you could set your code 111 there, and get at v;ith 50rne Yicdgtng sdl m or other, )'OU \\r hom fr o lon r. Programmer daSCO\ctOO thnllh \adeodaip can look at that RA\t without pr o ble m, and 5t rted uing the RAM at r sets SAOOO nd SEOOO for hagh r lutlon sa ns ch r and sprlt data Th • also found that machine la nu can be run qut mccl) out AOOO Oust kack out BASIC for a !uti v.itale) nd men 1 SEOOO If you don't need the Kcrnal for 1/0 (and yoo can stall I d mto that RAM \\1thout pt.">Caal prccau· taons). Tht I

me lui tribe dmcn Into in crasingl� inh atabl ab t y temtory by hostat neighbour, ulllat wnt rs wre In •t forced Into th unlrindhcr region of memory in order to ha\• any hope that their code ¥�-ould ui'Vl..• lh rompctation for RAM. On b on th nC\\1)-mastered just IIIC\atably became mcrcrowdcd an their tum.

The only pi that was g nernI) tgnored wns th one " ha\ n 1 >et m nt10ncd th D-block of RAM that underlies not th ch rllder t ROM) but also the just ROM (in th Input/output r ers for th \IC II SID and OA chps You can t load Into this re lt writ over )"'Ur 1/0 r iSters, \\hlch is a pr tty sure-fire means of crashing the system You can t 'e from at becau th RAM and the l/0 ch ps needed e ar not imullaneously to commun cate " th th dk drh aooesb sit Wh t s wor any cod executtng In th D-RAM ny 110 (th 'd ch p SID chip, rial cannot d1rectly port, etc.), because when th D-RAM is lected, 11 of the 110 is sv.itched out If there IS a u for this RAM, it' certainly not ob \t ou at first nee -

Where. then do we put our help ullhty? Reluctantly, \\e put it ,

ln th D-block

iguided d lgn Having mad thl fundam ntal. nd po bly m declion, I t' follow th programming cps through in more dtall Ftrst, It's ob..:lou that \\e can't put tlle1)1hins under ROM - if " d1d, w couldn't r hour code to execute It 10 the f1rst pta So w need bit of hnk cod that "ill S\\1tch out the 0\ rtying ufi in th D-block (by poktng a S34 Into the memory configuration r er at location I) then jump to th real p ram Oh y , " also need anoth r Unl: to bring the ROM back tn (\\ith a S37 in location I ) so " can cont10u Itt normal fter th cod h finished executln .

Thl bnn back th

m od qu 10n- where can \\ put our

code (the Unk code th time) that It v.ill In th way of th fewest other pr rams? Well " r on!� talking a bo utt w o ..:ery ort routtn now, the top of BASIC space seems hke a natural the u not llkcl) to nottce th dtf frenee. and mos1 mentioned cloca tm, programs that inhabit thl area re r ben so w probably won t get \\riu n over. Sometimes thou h. th top of BASIC won ) be sa! so "' 'II indud an optton to put the hnk cod somewhere clsc n i mernol) if th u rdnclr.�><:

To recap th rnam program will go In the 0-block wher It shottld be fc from m ot compctlllon Th hort routin \\ill go either at the top of BASIC, where con dcrat programo; hke PO\\ER and oth rs \\111 lea..:e thm lone. or at some other pta to be dt rmlncd lly the user

1) To tr;q> th first keypr \\e II u th �ector at S028F. Th vector {knO\\n KEYLOG In th memory maps). is the stepping one to th ROM routm thai comerts ra" ·e)· codes to real PETSCII chr and IS mvokcd dunng C\Cl) IRQ lnt rupt ju aft r the keyboard h been nncd It 1 not ..:Cf) wIt-known, so not many programs to It dfault \'lllu as part of bothe to nure that It thetr lniualizatlon u \\hlch I I true of the more popular vedor 10 3 (it IS r I b) RU ISIUPRESTORE hO\\ r) \\c II ubstttut for this vector the addr of our 0\\n routln In 'open' RAM, whose fundton \\111 be mply to 5\\lch out the ROMs (all the ROM - well

ha\e a pure RAM comput r v.ith no 1/0 registers at thi po101) and call our main p r m In the D-block 2) Before It does an)1hln el , that program has to "e the user current e mironment so that lt can be restored later on Well want to sa..: all paru of memol) that the help utthty Itself \\111 subsequntty fiect These lndude· zero pag th stack (page 1). a fC\\ b)1 In 2 (646 through reen area \\ 11 be utng(pages 4 through 64 ). the IO\\-r 7), colour RAM ( SDS through SOB), and the \Ideo registers from DOl l throuh 0021 W 11 or all this data in the f pl " kno\\ about - right aton ide our p ram I lf In 0-block RAM

Unfortunatel), th presents a new prob lm To \\rite stuff Into 0-block " need to ha'le th l/0 r eg iters 5\\itched out.

But to \'e the colour RAM and th video regiSters " need the 1/0 switched ln. Th anS\� r? More hnk code. To mini· mlz our d mand on the u r' RAM we'll copy lhat code Into one end of pag 1 (the tack pag ) e\cry time the help utUity i ln..:oked and execute lt there At the same tame, " 'II move th tack pointer to the other end of the stack so there'll be no conflict. (The stack v.ill be r ored to It:. oriIna! stat aft r the help utllaty has finished executing.) But now that " 'vc brokn th new ground, ''e may as "ell copying 1/0 r iSters to RAM. We'll use it for mor than u j also put hr our routln for coroing th RAM k to th r ers (which "' II need Y>hen w 'r ready to exit). and our diSk 110 rouun (for open ng ung b)1 from, and for keyboard input and for sa n d lng th dk fil output) •

3) 0\\ " have to print th It! menu o problem. We already ha\e th data in the 0-block, so " ust J make repeated calls to our pnnt chr er rout10e In 1 uti th prinung i don 4) O\\ "e w t for th u r's lcct10n Agam the routine"' need is omg to be on th ack pa . Rathr than do a J�R GETIN here, \\e pref rrcd to do a JSR SCNKEY and interpret the kcycod oursch Tht voids complications 11\1lh interrupts, and also I ts u look at th logo key (our escape key) and the mam keyboard separately. 5) To open th fit "' call anothr of our routm on the stack "' ·,c settled on standard pag B) this potnt in the proJ filenam of th form 'h lp-a', h lp-b. and so on. which man th t " only ha..: to pass th di.stmguishlng final character of the name to our open routtn 6) We fetch and pnnt th til b)1C b) b)1e, \\ ttng for a StgOal to th r contlnu or bort ft r ach screenful. Along "1th our routln for prlnt1ng to the cn and scanntng th key· board we need a nC\\ on to get b)1 from dtsk, th1s \\ill go on page 1 v.ith the other

7) Finally "'

ha..: to dose the file ( !so \'Ia a routine tn page I) and so back to ep 2

uff has been \\'Orked out, and th cod has been \\ntten 0\\ n \\'e need to do Is flnd me \\y to mble It BASIC at th at n for ttln that " 're ng to n front of It so that th menu select1on n can be changed to t th actual h p fi1 a\'llllabl W " nt to u PAL (th Transactor' default assembler� but PAL doesn't have 8 good WI) of handhn thiS uered cod In one mbl). The TSOS assemb r (Total Software De\elopm nt S) em by Ke\In P1ck· ell) on th other hand. h th '•S • · pseudo-op. which Is spedftcally d gned to alto" )OU to mble d1scontlguous blocks of cod In on p1ece TSOS It you brin In binary data (our BASIC front end, In th c ) from dtk, as though It had n coded \\ith BYTE ternnt Aft r bt of fooling around, th thing don •

For pubtatlon though. the p ram really should be In PAL mbler m t of our re adrs are using PAL after all, that' th u tncorporate BASJC h the .BAS pseudo-op. \\hlch let )o code dnedly Into your program, u Ins SVS <label> to invok� the fJUichlne cod But It doesn't I t )'OU assemble those

dlscontlguou blocks In one piece The ansv.-er th t1me i to assemble In two pi • appendln th second pi of object to th first In n assembly to diSk A couple of chunks of the p am need to be accessed both before th 're copied Into 0-block RAt and after {th VECSET routln th h p utiltty .., dco preferences and som other dati) which means some fane) footwork with la bel• but it turns out to be possbt To

aate

the HELP program, )'OU can either mble the source code In I Ins I or t)pe In th BASIC data loader in listing 2 If you choose to assemble th urce. you11 have to use PAL 64 or else face a vel)' tricky porting Job Otherwi , type In Ustln 2 and run lt. Either way, this wUI create the file ailled · help· on disk, \\hich Is the final pr ram. and all )'OU11 need cept for th sequ ntial text fit themseh Run the HELP pr ram, and the help Is thereafter avat1abt at ny tim (a! I until the n t RUN-STOP/RESTORE) To the help, p �<left-arrow>. Your current screen Y.ill be replaced by a screen containing the menu choc , which )'OU lect by lett r. (Exception: if you hav mor than one file open, the help utlllty v.Ill refuse to work. and wlll jut do a brief rfes of screen flash Instead ) Each menu lection corres ponds to 8 disk flle, "hlch \\ill th n be printed as described earltr (if the file is not on your current disk. }'OU.II et a garbage character nd a e bar prompt - \\'e didn't ha�e room for fancy error checking). After )'OU\ finished looIn at help ft1 • you11 be returned to \\her er It " )'OU came from. which m1ht be d1rect mod or m ht be a running program. Your reen colours and soon "Ill beth way they "er before. If )OU want to dtsable the help for any re n, pr SHIFT CTRL-<Icft arrow>: you'll et a lon rl of sa n flashes. and the special kC)'Press v.ill no lon r work. You'll ha\e lost exactly 17 byt of open RAM In the pr To re-enabl the h p, )'OU'II ha\' to load and run the o Ina! proram file all

eel i o ns into th rin In th DATA atements between hnes SO and 69 (you can have up to 20 lectons h 20 d nt help fll ). 1ak sure ttuu you do iffre not n!ter the I ngth of th strings or, for that matter, any line in th program, af bly - this Is very Important. When the pr ram encounter a DATA tcment beginning with a blank, it assumes that there ere no more menu selections to com Wh n )OU\ ent red all of th strings Into the DATA state ments. ent r RUN 100 to Install them, and resave the program (before dong a regular RUN) to mak your chan permanent. When th p rnm subsequ ntly RUN, th n selections Y.ill be displayed in th menu Besid chan ng the nam of menu it rns In th hlp uttl!ty, )'OU can cxmtrol the border, bat round nd character colours by chnngln the POKEs In lin 230 throuh 250 If )'OU want to the location of the 17 b)1 of link code that go In normal RAM, change the 5-drgll addr in lin J 0 (assigned there to th variable A). If this addr Is zero, the help utihty puts the link cod at the top of BASIC. If Il ls non-zero, the link cod to the specified ddr If you do change this number, Just make ure )'OU don't ch th 1 th of the lin (i the number must always be 5 di ts long) ote for PAL rs After )'OU assem bt th statement SYS • INfT" .A In lin 1 1 v.11l have been cha to SYS3298·.A (the actual number may vary depending on Just how you type the BASIC portion In). Th colon after the number Is an rror, of course, It r ult from an oversight In PAL. Chang the colon to a pace (don� Just delete it!) bcfor you save th program. ,

One more thing before we close. There' undoubtedly more you can do with th [)..:block RAM than Just print sequential ul to be ab!e to do fll . It can sometimes be really som hln while In the midst of another program, In order to th program's behaviour In so way. (Th HELP c utihty even \\Or from many commerd progrnms) A 'mp! example Is dlangin screen colours: a mol' dtfficult thing would be adding f ures to a program All thlll's required to dapt this pr am for your own purposes Is to modify the ntral part of the help routine. and rep! th me printlns ring torng and th stack-page &ubroutln routln , th with code of your own devising. Th other parts of the program should not need to be changed. Pl t us know U you come up \\ith anything lnt lng that you want to share v.ith other Transactor readers. Help! BASIC Lo1du PM FM

FJ JJ NH eo

cner run.

OF FO

t help fit first r name them as • To install your sequenial hp-a • • • help-b and so on. Thn load the help pr ram.

10 PN

•

�

and \IInt your menu

h1lasachf

data gnerator fOl' • h pl" • 20 r • creat f on drrve 0 • 30 c& • O 40 for I · 2049 to 4718 read a 50 CS • c& + anext 1 60 f cs<>225125 then print "ldtlta errOl'! " : end 70 res<.ore 80 open1,8,15."10" opcn 2,8,1 ,"0 pl" 90 p 1 • .t.s if e th pr111t "ld errort ·: goto 150 100 pr 2,chrS{1).chtS{S), 1 1 0 for l •2049to4718read •

FM CE GK

GF AK 08 co

OH AH PG HJ

MK PI

NF MN EF HL HL ML BM AC JA

()()

IC FC

IP AF HF AF IJ

GG FD

AN NJ

MK GL

NM HB co

FM AJ

CL IH IJ

IL FJ HN

JJ OK

HN NM KL

DE co

120 pnnt12,chrS(a). next 1 130 lor 1 â&#x20AC;˘ 1 to 537 140 pnnt12,chr$(0),: next 1 150 close2 close1 160end 170 1 000 data 35, 8, 15, 0, 143, 32, 84, 72 1010 data 69, 32, 84, 82, 65, 78, 83, 65 1020 data 67. 84, 79, 82, 32, 72, 69 , 76 1030 data 80, 32, 85, 84, 73, 76, 73, 84 1040 data 89, o. 72, 8, 16, 0, 143, 32 1050data 78, 73, 67, 75, 32, 83, 85, 76 1060 data 76. 73, 86, 65, 78, 32, 65, 78 1070 data 68, 32, 67, 72, 82, 73, 83, 32 1080data 90, 65. 77, 65, 82. 65, o. 91 1090data 8, 17, 0, 143, 32, 79, 67, 84 1100 data 79, 66, 69, 82. 32. 49, 57, 56 1 1 10 data 54, 0, 121, 8, 18, o. 143, 32 1120 data 40, 67, 41, 32, 49, 57, 56, 54 1130 data 32. 84, 72, 69, 32, 84, 82, 65 1140 data 78, 83, 65, 67, 84, 79, 82, 0 t 1 50 data 153, 8, 19, 0, 143, 32, 79, 75 1160 data 65, 89, 32, 84, 79, 32. 67, 79 11 70 data 80, 89, 44, 32, 78, 79, 84, 32 1180 data 84. 79, 32, 83, 69, 76, 76, 0 1190 data 159, 8, 20, 0, 58, 0, 196, 8 1200 data 21, 0, 143, 32, 68, 79, 32, 78 1210data 79, 84, 32, 65, 76, 84, 69 , 82 1220 data 32, 84, 72, 69, 32, 76, 69, 78 1230data 71, 84, 72, 32, 79, 70, 32, 65 1240 data 78, 89, 0, 234, 8, 22. o. 143 1250 data 32, 76. 73, 78, 69, 32, 65, 70 1260 data 84, 69, 82, 32, 80, 82, 79, 71 1270 data 82, 65, 77, 32, 73, 83, 32, 65 1280 data 83, 83, 69, 77, 66. 76, 69, 68 1290 data 0, 240, 8, 23, 0, 58, o. 22 1300 data 9, 24, 0, 65. 178. 48. 48. 48 1310 data 48, 48, 58. 32, 143. 32, 53, 32 1320 data 68, 73, 71, 73, 84, 32, 76, 73 1330 data 78, 75, 32, 66, 65, 83 , 69, 32 1340 data 65, 68, 68, 82, o. 38, 9, 25 1350data 0, 158, 32, 51, 53, 53. 52, 44 1360 data 65, 58, 32, 156, o. 48, 9, 26 1370 data 0, 137, 32, 51' 52, 48, 0, 54 1380data 9, 27, 0, 58, o. 88, 9, 50 1390 data o. 131' 32. 34, 199, 69. 84, 84 1400data 73, 78, 71 , 32, 211, 84. 65, 82 1410data 84, 69, 68, 32, 32, 32. 32, 32 1420 data 32, 32, 32, 32, 32, 34, o. 122 1430data 9, 51, o. 131, 32, 34, 208, 82 1440 data 73, 78, 84, 73, 78, 71, 32, 217 1450data 79, 85. 82, 32. 212, 69, 88, 84 1460 data 32. 32. 32. 32. 32. 32. 32, 34 1470data 0, 156, 9, 52. 0, 131, 32, 34 1480dal8 193, 86, 79, 89, 68, 73, 78, 71 1490 data 32, 211, 80, 69, 76, 76, 73, 78 1500 data 71, 32, 197, 82, 82, 79, 82, 83 1510 data 32, 34, 0, 190, 9, 53, 0, 131 1520 data 32, 34, 199, 69, 84, 84, 73, 78 1530data 71, 32, 198, 73, 78, 73, 83, 72 1540 dala 69, 68, 32, 32, 32, 32, 32, 32 1550dala 32, 32, 32, 34, 0, 224, 9, 54 1560dala o. 131, 32, 34, 32, 32, 32, 32

oc DE

GE EA

AE KO NP GP

AB 18

JB MM JP NB HG BA

MP Ll FH BJ

OK cc OJ eo

NM GH PH LO LN

EH LK IE

KO Kl IM GB MN BN FF NF MJ

MB JO OK

PJ Fl

FC co

FL JF

eo OP GO FK pp

1580 data 32, 32, 1590 data 32. 32, 1600 data 10, 55, 1610data212, 72, 1620 data 84, 32, 1630 data 65, 84, 1640data 0, 36, 1650 data 76, 73, 1660 data 79, 86, 1670 data 65, 32, 1680 data 32, 34, 1690 data 32, 34, 1700 data 72, 65, 1710 data 32, 66, 1720 data 78, 32, 1730 data o. 131, 1740 data 32. 72. 1750 data 32, 73, 1760 data 46, 32, 1770data 10, 59, l780data213, 80, 1790 data 32, 77. 1800 data 69, 77, 1810 data 0, 172, 1820 data 66, 69, 1830 data 32, 198, 1840 data 72, 32, 1850 data 32, 34, 1860 data 32, 34, 1870 data 77, 85, 1880 data 65, 32, 1890data 78, 71, 1900 data o. 131, 1910 data 32, 79, 1920data 44, 32, 1930 data 32. 32. 1940data 1 1 , 63. 1 950 data 76, 69, 1960 data 70, 32. 1970data 82. 77, 1980data 0, 52, 1990 data 32, 32, 2000 data 32, 72, 2010 data 32, 32. 2020 data 32. 34, 2030 data 32, 34, 2040data 84, 72, 2050 data 82. 69, 2060 data 84, 83, 2070data 0, 131, 2080 data 76, 80, 2090 data 67, 32, 2100 data 84, 69 , 2110 data 1 1 ' 67, 2120data212, 72, 2130 data 69, 32, 2140data 84, 69, 2150data o. 188, 2160data 82. 69. 2170data 70, 73, 2180data 83, 32. 2190data 32. 34, 2200 data 32, 34.

32, 32, 32, 32, 0, 131. 69, 32, 70, 79, 65, 32, 10, 56, 78, 69, 69 , 32, 83, 65, 0, 70, 77, 69, 84, 32, 69 , 32, 32, 34, 32. 34, 69, 76, 78, 86, 32, 32, 0, 131, 32, 84, 69, 78, 83. 32, 10, 60, 32, 85, 79, 82, 79, 78, 0, 206, 84, 72, 83, 84. 77, 65, 32, 34, 32, 34, 78, 32. 87, 73, 32. 32, 0, 131, 78, 65, 84, 72. 58. 32. 1 1 , 64, 32, 32, 69, 76, 32. 32, 0, 86, 87, 72, 69. 32, 80, 82, 32, 34, 32, 34, 72, 65. 67, 72, 82, 46, 0, 131, 69, 32, 77, 69, 77, 83, 1 1 , 68, 81, 85, 76, 69. 72, 69,

32, 32, 32, 34, 32, 34, 70, 73, 85, 82, 32, 32, 0, 131, 83, 32, 65, 82, 77, 80, 10, 57, 78, 85, 87, 73, 83, 72, 0, 104, 87, 72, 80, 32, 79, 75, 32, 34, 32, 34, 79, 32, 85, 32, 77, 65. o. 131,

83. 69, 32. 69, 69, 44,

10, 61, 69, 82, 32, 66. 84, 67, 0, 240, 70, 73, 68. 73, 84, 72, 32, 34. 32, 34, 77, 69, 69, 32, 32, 32. 0, 131, 32, 32, 80, 45, 32, 32. 1 1 , 65, 69, 82. 39, 63,

69, 83,

o. 120, 65, 78,

66, 69,

65, 32, 32, 65, 78,

82, 34, 34, 66. 85, 32, 32, o. 131, 73, 82, 78, 65, 76, 80. o. 222, 1 1 , 69, 84, 72, 82, 79,

32, 0, 32. 82, 32, 32, 32, 65,

32 2 32 83

68 34 34

69 , 32 76, 69

0, 131 32, 84 76, 76 79, 87 10, 58 69, 78 73, 83

69, 68

o. 138

32, 50, 73, 89, 32,

32 48 84 34 34 68. 46 65, 67 32, 32 0, 131 69, 32 69, 32 72, 73 10, 62 76, 69 83, 75 32. 65 o. 18 70, 73 32. 79 70, 79 32. 34 32, 34 32. 32 63, 32 32. 32 o. 131 69. 32 39, 32 69, 78 1 1 , 66 32. 65 84, 73 65. 67 0, 154 32, 32 79, 86

32, 73 32, 34 32, 34 69 , 32 77, 69 45, 65 0, 131 85, 71

BM 2220 data 46 32, 32. 32, 32, 32 32 32 JL 2230 data 32, 32, 32, 34, 0, 228 1 1 , 70 OK 2240 data 0. 58. o. 10. 12. 100. 0. 83 MD 2250 data 76, 178, SO. 53 170. 49 58. 32 CH 2260 datll 143, 32. 50, 53, 32. 67, 72 65 CF 2210 data 82, 83, 32 eo. 69, 82 32 11 KH 2280 data 69, 78. 85, 32 73. 84. 69. 77 00 2290 data o. 40, 12. 110. o. 83. 178. 194 El 2300 datll 40. 52. 53. 41, 1 70. SO. 53. 54 BB 2310 datll 172, 194, 40 52, 54 41, 171, 50 BM 2320 da 48 172, 83 76 171, 49, 0, 49 ED 2330da 12, 120. 0. 135 32. 65 36 0 75. 12. 130. 0 139. 32. 200. 40 LC 2340 d OM 2350 dto 65. 36, 44, 49, 41, 178, 199, 40 AL 2360 da 51. SO. 41, 32, 137, 32, 50, 48 B 2370 da 48, 0, 92, 12, 140, 0, 129, 32 ti.M 2380 da 73 178 49 32 164, 32. 83 76 OG 2390 dta 171, 419, 0. 113. 12. 150, 0. 151 OF 2400 d 32. 83. 170, 73, 44, 198, 40,202 EF 2410dta 40, 65, 36, 44 73, 41, 41, 0 HO 2420 cb' 121, 12, 160, 0, 130, 32, 73, 0 G 2430 da' 133. 12, 170, 0 151, 32. 83. 170 AL 2440 d• 73. 44, 48, 0. 165, 12. 180, 0 FC 2450 cb!a 78, 178, 78, 170 49, 58 32, 83 EO 2460cb' 178, 83, 170, 83, 76, 58, 32, 139 OP 2470 dala 32, 78, 179, 50, 48, 32. 137, 32 CN 2480 da!a 49, 50, 48, 0. 171, 12. 190 0 BD 2490 data 58, o. 193, 12 200. o. 65 178 l.f 2500 da 49 50 so. 58 32. 141, 32, 51 0 HD 2510dala 51, 48, 58 32, 90. 1 78 65 AC 2520 data 224, 12, 210, 0 65. 178. 419. 50 1G 2530data 51, 58, 32. 141, 32. 51. 51. 48 GE 2540 data 58. 32, 90. 178 90. 170, 50. 53 PB 2550 data 54, 172, 65, 170 49, 49 0, 230 CF 2560 data 12, 220, 0 58 0. 243 12. 230 PJ 2570 data 0. 151. 32 90 170. 48. 44, 32 00 2580 datll 78. o. 10 13. 240. o. 151. 32 JO 2590 data 90. 170. 49, 44. 48, 57. 32. 58 PA 2600 data 143, 32, 66, 79, 82, 68, 69, 82 LC 2610data 0. 37, 13 250. o. 151, 32, 90 El 2620 data 170. 50. 44, 48. 57. 32. 58. 143 NK 2630 datn 32. 66. 65. 67. 75. 71, 82. 79 1 pp 2640 data 85. 78, 68. o. 60. 13 4, NJ 2650d tn 151, 32, 90, 1 70, 51, 44, 48, 48 JB 2660 data 32. 58. 143. 32. 67, 85, 82. 83 El 2670 d • 79. 82. 0 81. 13, 14, 1, 153 32 34, 68 79 78, 69, 33, 34 JO 2680 GM 2690 58 32, 137, 32 51, 52, 48, 0 1 , 58, 0, 123, 13 Kl 2700da' 87, 13 24 1. 143, 32, 83, 85, 66, 82 GO 2710da!a 34, HE 2720 data 79, 85, 84 73, 78, 69 32, 67 AE 2730 data 65, 76, 67 85 76 65. 84, 69 GC 2740 data 83 32 65 68 68 82 32, 79 GM 2750data 70, 0 161 13 44 1, 143, 32 KE 2760 data 67, 72, 82. 71, 69. 84, 32. 80 PO 2770 data 84, 82. 32. 65. 84, 32. 67. 79 FG 2780 data 76, 79. 78 32. 73. 78, 32. 76 FP 279D data 73, 78, 69, 32, 51, 51, 48 0 N 2800 data 1 94, 13, 54 1, 143, 32, 40, 78 N 2810 data 79. 32, 83. 80 65. 67, 69, 83 JJ 2820 dUl 32, 65. 76 76 79 87. 69 68 00 2830 data 32. 73, 78. 32. 51. 51. 48, 41 t . 58, KM 2840 data 0, 200, 13, 64, 0, 213 1M a uI • •

HD KF IH CP FJ JA BH

PG OJ NC

LN BM AP JA

LH PO

NB CB

CG 00

HG HC JC KJ

FH IH ON PJ BM BL

ME IP

KO 08 OE GC

KG AF Cl

AB DC PM

GG FE IF

LJ FL 10 HJ

FM KJ

2860data 41, 58 142, 0,219 13, 84, 1 2870 data 128, 0, 0, 0 4, 9, 9, 0 2880 data , 32, 253, 174, 32, 138, 173, 32 2890 datll 247, 183, 1 74 1441 2.228,224,144 2900 data 239, 142. 135 14 1 74, 143, 2, 142 2910da 134, 14, 1 70 208, 14, 56,165, 55 2920 data 233, 1 7. 133, 55, 168, 165, 56, 233 2930 dta 0, 133. 56. 140, 188, 141, 141, 189 2940 dta 14, 132, 34, 133, 35. 170, 152. 24 2950data 105. 1 1 . 141, 184, 14 144, 1 , 232 2960 dJ. 142 185, 14 160 16. 185 1 1 9 1 4 2970 cb' 145 34. 136 16 248, 160, 2. 185 2980 dta 222 13. 153 176 14, 136, 16,247 2990 cb!a 173,221. 13 141, 183, 14,120,169 3000 cb' 52, 133 1, 169, 136. 160, 14,133 3010da' 34. 132 35 169. 0. 160. 218, 133 3020 da' 36 132 37 160 0 162, 6,177 3030 d18 34 145 36 200 208, 249, 230, 35 3040 cbUI230, 37,202 208 242. 32, 136, 1 4 3050 data 169, 55, 133, 1, 88, 165, 55,208 3060 da!a 2, 198, 56 198 55 96. 120, 165 3070 data 1, 72, 169 52 133 1, 76 56 3080data218 104,133 1 76.255 255 173 3090da1a 143, 2, 172. 144 2,141, 50,218 3100data 140, 51,218 173, 52,218, 172, 53 3110 datll 218, 141, 143 2, 140, 144, 2. 96 3120 datll 27, 10, 170, 101, 0, 200, 0 23 3130 datll 121, 240, 0 0, 0, 0, 0 249 3140data249, 0 0 0 o. o. 0 0 3150 data o. o. o. o. o. 56 218 165 3160 data 203. 201. 57. 240, 3. 108. 48, 218 3170data 174, 141, 2. 224, 4, 144, 246,224 3180 data 6 176 242, 169 64, 133,203, 173 3190 data 50,218, 172 51, 218, 32, 18,218 3200 da 224 4, 240 4, 162, 8, 208. 34 3210d 162, 16 165 152 240, 22.201, 1 3220dta208, 21 , 1 73 89, 2, 32. 1 48,218 3230dta 141,229,221, 173, 109, 2, 32,148 3240 data218 141,230,221, 76. 88.219, 32 3250 da 0 218, 160. 22, 185. 155 218 153 3260dta 64. 1. 136 16 247, 32 64 1 3270dta 76 62.218 41, 126. 9. 4 73 3280 data 2. 96.169. 55 133. 1, 236 . 18 3290 data 208. 208. 251, 238, 32. 208. 238. 33 1 3300 data208.202.208. 242, 169. 52 133 3310d• 96. 162. 55. 134. 1. 173 255 255 3320 da' 162 52. 134. 1 141,255 255 238 333D data 5 1. 208 3, 238, 6 1 238 3340 data 12. 1. 208 3. 238. 13 1. 96 3350 data 1 73. 255.255. 162. 55, 134, 1, 141 3360 d• 255. 255. 162. 52 134. 1 , 238 32 3370 da' 1 208. 3. 238 33. 1. 238 39 3380 da! 1, 208, 3 238 40 1, 96, 141 3390 dam 109 1, 173. 229, 221, 72. 172 230 3400 data221. 162, 55 134. 1, 162. 8. 32 341 0 data t86 255. 162. 104, 160. 1, 169. 6 3420data 32, 189.255 32 192, 255. 104 170 3430 dala 32 198 255 120 162, 52 134 1 3440 da1a 96 72, 69 76 80, 45 63, 162 3450 dma 55, 134, 1, 32,228, 255 24, 144 3460 data 234, 173, 229 221 72. 162. 55. 134 3470data 1, 32, 204, 255, 104, 32, 195, 255 3480 data 24, 144, 216, 169, 55, 133 1 32

GH 4140 data t, 32, 156, 1 , 166, 144, 208, 37 OJ 4150 data 201, 13, 240, s. 206, 228, 221. 208 OA 4160 data237,206, 227,221 . 208, 227. 32. 131 BF 4170data221, 169,183, 160,221, 32. 135.221 CH 4180data 32,138, 1, 192. 2.240, 16,201 FJ 4190data 32,208, 245,240, 194, 32,131,221 GH 4200 data 32, 138, 1, 201, 32, 208,249, 76 IK 4210 data 120, 1, 169,205, 160,221 , 1 33, 34 NK 4220 da:a 132, 35, 160, 0, 177, 34, 240, 6 Jl 4230 data 32, 156, 1, 200, 208, 246, 96, 13 OB 4240 data e. 147, 200. 69, 76, 80, 33. 32 KO 4250 data 200, 69, 76, 80, 33, 13, 13, 18 Cl 4260 data 211, 69, 76. 69, 67. 84, 32, 65 DB 4270 data 32, 84, 79. 80. 73, 67, 18, 32 NC 4280data 40, 204, 207, 199, 207, 32, 75, 69 ME 4290 data 89, 32, 84, 79, 32, 69, 88, 73 KO 4300 data 84, 41, 146, 0, 13, 18, 2 1 1 , 208 co 431 0 data 193, 195. 197, 32. 84. 79. 32. 67 MO 4320 data 79. 78. 84. 73, 78, 85, 69. 146 IP 4330 data 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2

NK 3500 data 1 41, 2, 24, 144, '198,162. 55, 134 MM 3510data 1 , 32.210, 255, 24, 1 44, 188, 169 OK 3520 data 0, 160, 208, 162, 2, 32, 25, 221 HK 3530data169. 4,160, 210, 170, 32, 25,221 FB 3540data 186, 142, 226,221. 162, 255, 154, 160 GB 3550 data 166. 185, 178,218, 153, 0, 1, 136 1 lA 3560 data 192. 255 , 208, 245, 200, 140, 5, 1, 169, 4, 133, 2, 162 FH 3570 data 140, 12, JN 3580data216, 142, 6, 1, 162,214, 142, 13 NF 3590data 1, 32, 0, 1 , 1 36, 208, 250,198 BH 3600 data 2, 208, 246, 169, 17, 160, 208, 141 AE 3610data 5, 1, 140, 6, 1 , 1 69,231,160 FA 3620 data 221, 141, 12, 1, 140, 13, 1, 160 HK 3630 data 16, 132,204. 32. o. 1, 136, 16 OF 3640 data 250, 173.134, 2, 172,135. 2. 174 MC 3650 data 136, 2, 141, 43,218, 140, 44,218 LG 3660 data 1 42, 45, 218, 169, 4, 141, 136, 2 DC 3670data 169, o. 160,221, 141. 5, 1, 140 1 , 141. 39. 1. 140. 40. 1 or 3680data 6. BL 3690data 169, 46,160, 218, 141, 12. 1, 140 LH 3700 data 13. 1. 32, o. 1. 173, 46, 218 II 3710data 9, 3, 32, 34, 1, 169, 25, 160 FJ 3720data218, 141, 32. 1 , 140. 33, 1 , 1 69 CK 3730data 17,160,208, 141, 39, 1, 140, 40 Jl 3740data 1, 160, 16, 32. 31, 1, 136, 16 EG 3750data 250, 173, 42,218, 141, 134, 2,169 CA 3760 data 152,160,221, 32, 135, 221, 169, 13 M 3770 data 32. 156, 1. 32. 156, 1, 169, 248 MM 3780 data 160,221, 133, 3, 132, 4,169. 0 NF 3790 data 133, 2. 24, 105, 65, 32, 156, 1 OA 3800 data 169. 32. 32, 156, 1. 165, 3,164 JN 3810 data 4, 32, 135, 221. 24, 165. 3, 105 Cl 3820 data 26. 133. 3. 144, 2, 230, 4, 169 HP 3830 data 13. 32, 156, 1 , 230, 2, 165, 2 1 LE 3840 data 205. 47,218,208.213, 32, 138. KP 3850 data 192, 2, 240, 18, 170, 56, 233, 65 OH 3860 data 144,243,205, 47,218, 176, 238, 138 NC 3870data 32, 53,221. 76, 24, 220,1 69 ,231 1, 140, 33, 1 NC 3880 data 160,221, 141, 32, Kl 3890 data 169, 17, 160,208, 141, 39, 1, 140 ED 3900 data 40, 1, 160, 16, 32, 31, 1, 136 JD 3910data 16, 250, 200, 1 40, 32, 1 , 140, 39 PA 3920 data 1, 162, 214, 142, 33, 1, 162, 216 AI 3930data 142, 40, 1, 169, 4, 133, 2, 32 GE 3940 data 31, 1 , 136, 208, 250, 198, 2, 208 PM 3950data 2o46, 1 73, 43, 218, 1 72, 44,218, 174 OH 3960 data 45, 218, 141, 134, 2, 140, 135, 2 JO 3970 data 1 42, 136, 2, 169, 46, 160,218, 141 GJ 3980 data 32. 1 , 140, 33, 1 , 169, o. 160 MA 3990 data221, 141, 39, 1, 140, 40, 1 , 32 JF 4000 data 31, 1, 174,226,221, 154, 162, 3 KC 4010data 189, 34, 208, 157.248, 7,202, 16 I GG 4020 data 247, 169,208, 141, 35. 208. 160. 0 KE 4030 data 140, 34, 208, 140, 36.208, 140, 37 BM 4040 data 208, 162, 2, 208, 25, 162, 3, 189 JP 4050 data 248, 7, 149, 34,202, 16, 248, 160 CN 4060 data 4, 169, 210, 162, 4, 32. 25, 221 :HC 4070 data 32, 0. 218, 108, 48, 218. 56, 36 PL 4080 data 24, 133, 35, 132, 37. 160, 0, 132 FB 4090 data 34,132, 36, 1 77, 34, 145, 36, 200 AC 4100 data 208, 249, 230, 35, 230, 37. 202. 208 1, 169 co 4110 data242, 176,202. 96. 32. 62. ME 4120 data 1 47, 32, 156, 1 , 169, 23, 141,227

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1 5 7 I RAM Disk Copy

Miklos Garamszeghy Toronto, Ontario

G LP COPY 1 a 5lton BASIC 7 0 program with a machan lanuagc load rl or th C-128 \\hach u bur mode read and wnt roulm at ng wlh lh 512k memory module for COP)1ng d on th 1571 drh Th pr ram v.1ll rna an act duphcat of your NIQJ"';n! or doubl GCR d (e th nonml Commodore DO or CP I) In one ulp v. th no both r m disk 'BpS. The pr am I rI 'l:cl\ f (nboutG m nut fr ed disk or n Just ed d k) and '1:ry 12 mn t fr a doub follow t prompts on th reen

5\\J.\P command \\tuh are norma1\ US<.-d to th RAM dtk Th command cannot " th RAM ben th the 110 block at $0000 to SDFFF of bank 15 becau th direct mCntor) ac:a:ss chap (DMA) I memol') mapped Into a portion of thl area ! SDFOO and th commands do not sv.1tch out thas block Thas pr nts pr obem for pr ams such GULPCOPY v.hlch uses all of Ban 0 RAM tncludln the part hddcn � th 110 block Fortunnt I), the DMA chp rs can be pr rammed duectl) to at II to other RAM confi rattan lndudin th RAM under the I 0 block "

Bccnu th COP) I exact ther I no wa� 10 dist nguash between th o anal (source) and COP) (Utr I) durin th COP} process (the I d code I at dup ieated) I recomm nd therefor that you co rth v.nt prot t notch on th sourre da k to pfC\ nt diSaSter from stri·in If )'OU ldenta!ly mix up th or lnal nd cop)' d ks durin the COP) p,rooess.

l e I If bat-4 of the command ers ar outlined m tb register b off the DMA chap will u th confaguratlon spccafied b) th m nlOf) mnag m nt umt {MMU) confi r lion r 1st r al FfOO a lh source or ta et of the DMA Bat-7 of the command egbter b lh execut Th mu be on lor IUl) type of DMA to place II both b t-Al and bt-7 are on DMA takes place as soon on, DMA the command reg r �Tilt n to II on!) bt-7 t place wh n the nt confi r on r at FF'OO er determine the v.Tnco to 8ts 0 and 1 of the command op<!ration to be performed The oth r and thetr typical " ar out med In the ab t e

Th DMA r

Wh 6 mlnut m-. not SCt!J1l panlculllm I (some 1541 ) the p ram n I C l') smp COP) pr rnms CIU1 do 1 in much ed reproernm{t he refr reliab) and d not r to soph 1541 f COP} mm of the da• dm (In add 1 n v.nh m programs t as blanked out nd I 6:trn de\ must be I') for ths prorcmo\'ed from the serial pon ther Is ram) \\nhafulld 1571 GULPCOPYI mo 1han tv.1ee fast the 1571 DOS 5lt II cop) a disk utllll) {Th DOS shell routln on!) cop! alloc ted block on th disk whit GULP COPY will cop) C\CI')Ih n EH�n so GULP COPY will be faster for all but an almost mpl) d I) llts also Ir mor \Cratll Boolu It cop C\CI')1hm on th d GULP COPY can also be used to cop-. C12 CPI t d (GCR format on!) but It CIU1 be e y modfied to ed random fit"S (I COP) tf'M di also) and d v. th un admI to bel slopP) because I don t alwa\ at te the bloc lor m) random fi ) ncuher of whk:h CIU1 be copied wth the DOS

Tabl 1: D!tiA Reglatr,. (all regs are reed/write e.-<�pt atatu.) Add,""" Function Bat• I nin SDFOO tu (read only): 7 I •lnt rupt pendm 6 I •lr n r complete 5 I • bock error 4 0 • 1 2k coca! S1Ze l • 512kt 3-0 \"t!rskm number SDFOI Command 7 I • ecut 5 I •r addr regs v.ith l>Ul''"' nos u last time 4 O• decod MMU conflgur!Uion

shcl progrnm

Alth o uh th target d k IS formatted on both onl) one d IS used If th ur d ak \\ lingle dcd lhu maintain ng full compallbaht) \\lth the 1541 dri� {The DOS h lJ \\Tit e\Cf)· tk \\hlch m) not al\\'a)S work In th ng to a 1571 doub sided d 1541 mod u a fil m ht be ored pan)) or complete!) on flap side) the nac c l skk� d

t FFOO 1.0 O•transf r C-128 > RAM disk l • tr nsf r RAM disk > C-12 2 • swap C-1 RAM d

3·� rif> c-12

breaks down approxmate!)

SDF02 C-12 addr�. lo b)1 SDF03 C-12 addr hl b\1 SDF04 RAM d add lo b)1e SDFOS RAM d addr ha b)1 SDF06 RAM d bank 2-o

ndsto�th entrcd nds to format the nev. d 40 and th rest to Mit th nev. disk 0

$0F07 Transfer length, to b)1e DFOS Transfer len h, hi b)-r 7 SDF09 Interrupt masks 6 5 DFOA Addr control 7

GULP COPY u 1571 burst mode to read and wnt thus 11 v.ill not" rk v. th othr dnv ch the I541 For a full description o1 th bu mode tr ansfr protocol the thr part scr "A La )man 1 Gud to Burst tod which appcr ed In TPUG m"• the 512k memof) GULPCOPY also zl I to Ju 1 4!XJ!and'er modu as a RAM The code to th expans100 and • at addr BB8 of th v. n mad\ v.lh the burst mode code. The IL routnc aw�ette bu n BASIC 7 0 s STASH FET<li and

6 12

w• d

vatu rnn from 0 to 512k or 0-1 for 12k

for

I • cnabl lnt rrupts I •lnt rrupt at end o1 cransf r I • interrupt on erro: cnt C-12 ndl•d o not tn crm dr during transf�r I • do not Increment RAM d add durin transfer

EA AC OC FP

PI 00 0

LG OG EH AP GF

MG EL AF o OM PL NE GO BP

KN KJ GO OL

W KK KM MJ ON

ME KL

MO MJ

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•

cntry pomts

KA OL

KG IC

CH FC

CN JM L!B

1430 1440 prmll 1 5•• uO. + chr$(66) + chrS(i + o) + chr$(0) +Chr$(sn(i)) +chr$(i +O+ 1) 1450sysc1. sn(i) return 1460 1470data 76, 9, 1 1 , 76 1 1 3 1 1 , 76 182 1480data 1 1 , 133,251, 134,252,120, 169, 64 1490dat8 133, 254, 160, 0, 56, 32, 71 , 255 1 500 data 173, 0,221,205, 0, 221,208,248 1510data 69,254, 41, 64, 240,242, 162, 63 1520 ' 142, 0,255. 177,250,162, 0,142 1 530 • 0 255. 141, 12 220.165 254 73 1540 da' 64. 133. 254. 169. 8. 44, 13, 220 1550da 240, 251, 200, 208 , 2 1 1 , 24 32. 71 1 560 dta255, 44, 13. 220, 1 73. 0,221. 9 1570d3!a 16, 141, 0,221, 169. 8, 44 13 1580 • 220. 240, 251 , 173. 0,221. 41,239 1 590 da!n 141 0, 221,198 252.240, 5,230 1600 251, 76, 20, 1 1, 88 32,204. 255 1610 da' 96, 133.251, 134, 252, 132, 250, 160 t620da• o. 120. 44, 13,220. 32. 110. n 1630da 32 163, 1 1 , 32, 163, 1 1 , 162, 63 1640da' 142 0,255, 145 250, 162, 0, 1 42 0, 255, 200 208 238 198, 252, 240 1650 da 1660daUl 5.230.251. 76 128. 1 1 , 88. 32 1670 daUl204, 255, 96,169, B. 44, t3,220 1680 daUl240, 251, 173, o. 221, 73, 16 141 t690 da1a o. 221. 173. 12. 220, 96, 141, 6 1700 data 223, 142. 1 , 223, 169, 0, 141, 2 1 710 data 223. 141, 4, 223, 141, 5, 223, 141 1720data 7,223, 169, 52,141, 3,223, 169 1730 data 200, 141. 8, 223, 162, 63, 142, 0 1740 da1a 255, 162, 0, 1 42, 0,255. 96

1050dm n(35) ch • O 1 060 for I • 2816 lO 3038 r d X: poke I X ch • ch +X � next 1070 ch<>28600 then print · checksum error!" s:op � DE 1 080 for 1 • 1 to 1 7 sn(i)•21 next OH 1090 for I• 18 to 24 sn() • 19 next AD 1100 lor I• 25 to 30 sn(l) • 18 next IL 1 1 1 0 for 1•31 to 35 sn(l) · 17 next OJ 1 1 20 grptuc clr HB 1 130 gosub 1360 ban 1 5 opcn 15 8 15 "iO" OPEltl B 8 8 . , . o•O o2•0 b•O BG �H 1 1 40 prmttt5 "ul • 8 0,18:0 prm!115."b-p " ,8,162 JO h$ g 8 BE 1 1 50 51 • 1 sd • t prmtl15 "ul • 8 0 42:0 ll ds lhen KE sd • O 61•0 • prmt GF 1 1 60 pr pr " copymg " sd + 1 " sid GJ n7odosea pr ••t5 · ua · +chrS(4) 1 1 80 print r d;ng NL BJ 1 1 90 a • 52 tor 1·1 to9 gosub1410 8•8+21 next IJ sys e3 (o2) 128 1 200 &•52 for l • 1 0 to 1 7 gosub1410 8• +21 nex1 EK KJ sys c3 (o2+ 1),128 HL 1210a•52 for l • 1 8 to27 gosub1410 a• +sn(i) MG next sys e3 (o2+2).128 L.:...:..::..J 1220 8 • 52 lorl•28to35 gosub1410 8• +sn(i) n sys e3 (o2 + 3) 128 1230 f sd lh sd•O o2•4 0•35 goto 1 1 90 1240 gosub 1390 print prmt • formattmg • C12 Gulp Copy PALSou.rce Uatlna 1250 prmtl1 5 • uO • + chr$(6) + chr$(0} + + ih$ • 0 g!Ap copy pal" .8 AK 1000 rem 1260 prmtl15 ·ua· +chr$(4) prlnl ·v.r tmg • c128 PP tOtO rem 512 �pti:c:opylor o2 - o o- o Fl 1020 open 8 8 1 '0 OIAP copy.obi. 1270 sys e3 (o2) t29 a - 52 for l • 1 to 9 gosub 1 440 HN 1030sys 700 - +21 next co 1040 otJI oa 1280 sys e3 (o2 + 1 ) 1 29 a • 52 for l • 10 to 17 MB 1050 • SOi:IOO KJ 1060 gosub 1440 a • + 21 next MJ 1070 ramptr ' ) y lhrough ram lof d3ta 1290 sys o3 (o2+ 2),129 8•52 for I• 18to 27 10 1080 • S!c runber of seclors ID reru�•itc gosub 1440 a • a + sn(•) next OM 1090 port E1a!uS • Sfe 1300 sys o3 (o2 + 3),129 • 52 fof l • 28 to 35 CJ 1 100 • $dd)c gosub 1 440 a • a + sn(} next HB 1 110 • Sdd)d ;i'i ,.,.,. .,.. 1310 lh &1•0 02•4 0•35 go:o 1270 JO 1 120 Qpra • SddOO port 6526 1320 JN 1 130 drnaund Sd101 :ctna lo dl Sdl02 of 111 1330 pr nt chr$(1 47) prmt • done • pr nt11 5," iO • JH 1140 KK 1 150 • $d!04 of expanSion rom to dclosc Slt06 64 r bank 1340 prnt: Input · copy nothe1 (y n) • caS f • • y • OK 11GO • Sd!07 of CIOU!'C LF 1170 th 1 130 end JA 1180 trm.ICOt'l • ;trmu C O II b ol 1350 EO 1 1 spnspt • S"47 ;sporr-IPOUI 1360 pnnt print " InSert source d th press return· EP 1200 drchn • lklc ,... .. , """"" AD 1210 1370 getkcy aS I aS<>chr$(1 3) then 1370 e return BG 1220 bytO 76 < 1 >en:ry1 1380 1230 by1e 76 <emry2. >en:ry2 1390 prltlt prlnl • d - then pr return" OH Fl ,2� byte 76 <entry3 y3 goto 1370 1250 1400 en:ry pocnU1 wr FJ 1260 1410 prltlttt 5 · ua · +chrS(64) +chrS(i+ o)+chrS(O) FM 1270 yt • 00 1280 +chr sn(i)) +chr$(i +O+ 1) OJ t29l) 1420 e2 sn(i) 0 return •

•

:s:::

•

••

•

N Hl

BN Of

HM DO ED

CH L8

EJ LF OH

NK NB

OK 8G FN KM

00 CN

10 CP Kl 18

JO FH Dl 10 KP OF NG N3 OA JC PM LG

NJ MJ G FO KL EB GO EO IF MO PO tr PO GJ BK NP FF OE HH Af

1300 1310 1320 1330 1� 1350 mmor01rfle1 1360 1370 1380 1 -= 1400 1410 1420 1430 1440 1450 1460 1470 1480 1490 1500 1510 1520 1530 1540 1550 1560 1570 1580 1590w 1 1600 1610 1620 1630 1640 1650 1660 1670 1680 1690 1700 1710 1720 1730 1740 v.-a!l2 1750 1760 1770

1780

1000000

2060

2080

MP BF DU IC PB

CN NN

Hl AP

1000000

111111 ..,. • ., , lch I tor ram 0 ond k mmucon IM1U control

lch: 10 lib: mmucon :mnu central daUI reg cbdt tstbi1 cor 1 1 000000 • :p �

M�

2100 21 10 2120 2130 2140 2150 2160 2170 2180 2190

•

ISf lcb

d:)'�,CS

lcb

(ramp(:)y

1tx ny

lrom ...-

I 11 1 1 1 1 to ram 0 and h!rrlal tm1UCOn .mmu control 10 tm1UCOn

bad\

byte m ram nor

bnc g®IIQI dec rum;ec

beq back2

2200 . 2210 baclr.2

2240

to go

soc:t011 ful

return

ramp:� . 1

,np more2 •

111 r

•

dfchn

1 al dul,nnct�

•

2340

2360

Ida d2pfa

eor

OJ 2370

EO 2380

MM 2390

� t;efl3l pori �in:el'fUPl corlllol

OP 2400

port6526

PO 2410 FE 2420 10 2430

10000

••

bit cJG boq

GN 2470

;scr'i:ll port GS2G oa 2 Ida d2pfa and ' 11101111

NA 2•80 GP 2490

N3 2500 KE 2510

2520

u JA AK NB GP

2530

Kl KP

2540

2550 2560 2570

cl2pta

gee

251!0 2590 .end

y poinl ll •

return ..

con!

•

cmlbnk eta; ctnacmd ld3

por16526o:n2

t.W001 0000

rts

OH 2440 OA 2450 CJ 2460

rupt COI'Col reg�

•

K0 2350

CS3:a f!am �

AE 2250 Kl 2260 �,ct • Ida 18 JN 2270 Of 2280 • DC 2290 ··-'"" El 2300 bi:1 ,� FJ 2310 bcq W3'lJ Gl 2320 • OG 2330 1

tstbd 18

•

2090

•

d:Jq;�Qt

1tx

KO 2220 10 2230

from r bad! to nor

1790 1800 lila d2pr 1810 doc numsec 1820 1 bcq 1830 1840 Inc ramplr + 1 1850 ,np morel 1 . 1870badl1 1880 di 1 l$r drctm 1900 ' 1910 1 920 • • y pom%12 - (J614tfata 1930 y2 • 1 0 mrBJmmpCroo + 1 1 50 1 ramper 1 70 ldy 10 1 1990 bel d! :W1ICrfUPC corltl ol rco:ster 1 2000 tram wC1out w ,. get 2010

. . a.. .. ..

GU 2070

•

HO 2030 OG 2040, FP 2050 oec:n o r

tty 10 -

2020 morc2

164•

dma

ram bank to or 4)

r·egster

(128or 129)

01 intefnal address to access ol

0ma10 • 1

mm lo

:msb Of C!J!ter�

IQ OCC(:::,S .lsb ol by1 count

psnson ram

dm31:t.ll + t.rmb 01 by1 ClOUI1 lcb. 111111 t« ram 0 and � mmucon mmu cor•tlal kb 10 lhcn badi.IO nor mmucon nmu corltlal rts

l!klrMl' t V:we 7,Pii• 06

Textscan: A CP/M Utility For The C l 28

Aubrey Stanley Mississauga, Ontario

. . . TEXTSCAN was developed for t.:iewing ZBO source files. You can view in either direction, control the number of lines you scroll, tum on line numbering, earch for a character stnng, and more. . . \\ed all gro\\11 occu omed to the 64, �n our pet budgi 1 But I umn reen On that I \1i qu11 mant ::,a \1i \\'3JIIed an tradoo anth em pnnterand ll, fouCI2 (mnusprl n tr ) On ol th thing I plan to do 1 de\elop Cl28 nd CP/M mod programs using the i'.BO chip Ths mak a lot of 1 but you need th tools. Th could prove nsh and thr not much around for th Cl2 But for under thirty bucks (Canadian) you could send A'A'a) the Irm from the em Gude and rcccl\ the compl DRJ CP/ t • em source. utihu and m anuIs That's a a complet Z80 de\elQp re bargain con d t!r lng you llO\\ ment � em You n uscOP/M mod tod elopanZSOand later port th code to th Cl28 cnmonment Portm Is a � e eur that lil t I when the 11me rases For now I need to understand \1ihat t I tak to control th hard\\r through 7..80 rode Th DRI pac 1ndudes complete soun:e codeand thlli \\111 provide a \'ll!UAhl Insight Into Z80 lnt rfac That' on reason wh I �loped TEXTSCAS I can examin an ntlr sour file 11 ly, right ther on th rretl, and not h\ to 1rinl it (C\n U I did ha11e a printer). ,

•

nam

th Vcnfizer to help )OU so be tier )OU nnot ,�:riaJI) careful In an case double c k )'OUr mput for th you SU !<lfF'..O: routme \\hich ns the pr am Of cou ncedn' ent the comrnents (M)1h n bcgmmng \\1th ','). 1sfied with th hi run MAC TEXTSCAN Tit 'Aill nerat th output fil wth extCflSlOn - HEX PRN and bJy err Uaat are liSied and repeat the .SVt Coned M) PfOO!SS You rna) need to run TI':PE TE>.'TSCA PR to ldcntlf\' \\here som of the error ar, the macro prot'CSli rna) display errors "hteh r d1ffteull to plac If error fr thn a u f rthr check on )'OUr Input mak sur that th dtspla} shO\\ '0656' (lasl asscmb!ed addr ) lollowed by an '023h USE FACTOR

Y.'h n you ar

0\\ run HEXCOM TD.'TSCAN wtuch will com n th HEX fil Into n exccutabl pr am fil , TEXTSCAN COM It should IISl a first addr of OHlO, last add ol 0588. b)1 read 04BC and records wr ill n OA U.lna Tabaa

CP/,l docs ha\ a bult-m command lied "'NPE", but Il lS on lv • r ly adcquat for omory exmmat1on of text It d1spla a screen t a t1me, al!O\\ing )OU to go forward through the text In a seqcot manner TO.ISCAN \ )'OU a viewport into )'OUr enure documnt You am vt In e1thcr duecllon, control th rap1dl) through the text tum num r of lines )'OU roll llCh on hne numberln and C\n h lor char r rin (gr lor examining sour cod' ) And ills last.

Start b) runmng TEXTSCAN TD.'TSCAN AS.\t to \iC\\ )'OUr source m II all is well, th cnltr" SOUr[" m \Iiiii be r d Into memory and the fir 24 lm d1played If th pr ram c rsh then n105l hkely a sour error In the SU tCHECK routine Itself th crash led: this sou n HO\\ :-er, tf the pr am prints a 7 and thn gracefull) cx1ts, then a bad sumdlec has been generated m mn th t th IS typo somewh m your sourc Correct n) errors and r mbl your program

Th only ltmitatlon that It will onI load th first 5-4K of a fi into memory lor "'I t I c:an't l m m ere tin fil that Ia , but if )'OU need to vie\\ one, then spht t1 up Into smaller parts

\\1 th )'OUr text fil displayed

reen

you h

rnl

options, aU of them dustered around the umerlc Keypad and the top rO\\ (except lor the function k eot). YouII find thI the keys 1\'C 1 e, you an Instantly modify th Dct1on you lmmediat rrspon C\ ll text IS being d1 5fl la } ed

Crutlna Tbe Program

thai )'OU ha\ rece1ved th mall-order pack· liSted n I t S em Guide, thn neratan 1 pr am IS fa!rty htfr w a rd The first ep to e a bootabt CP/t disk 10 work 'Ailh Format a d and use PIP to cop) 0\eJ CPt + .SYS and CCP COM uplalncd In the S)stcm Gude. Also COP} 0\er EO COM unl you re lucky enough to hv another editr (Almost any other edit r Is better than ED'). t eov> ZSO UB lrom the DRI Source d , and th fi , tAC.COM and HEXOOM COM, Irom the DRJ Add1t1onal Utihll d

(ENTER) - Outputs the number of hn last defined b) th (0- 9) and () keo.�. 10. Also (0- 9) - Defines I to 1 0 hn for output (0) counts

Assumln of cou

() (All')

Reboot the sy em rom I your work d1 to

nd use EO (or It m a ll\e) In the sour of TO.'TSCAN.ASM It under thiS

(-)

•

11 (F.NTER) " messed - Defin 24 lin for output (dfault). Also nets as lf (ENTER) "' pressed (0 - 9) 10 Doubl mod which aU�ows k dclln J I to 20 lm fr output -Chan roll dlfecliOil UP"ard If held do\\n, 'Aill continuouS!� roll t tin th forward dl!cdlon roll duectaon dO\\nwards If h ld down Y<ill - Chan coni scroD 1

oul y scrolled m the current (NO SCROlL) - l I Scroll Mod YOhere text 15 contmu dtredton - Skips 24 hnes In dtrecdon of scroll and acts as tf (E.l't'TER) was pressed. (TAB) By repeatc.'Cily uilibmg you can quickly advanc through the text (UlliE FEED) -1i les Une Number mode "'here line numbers are displayed before each hne. Goes to the bcgmnmg ol text. t a forward direction and then llCts as If (CRSR UP) .ENTER) W<b pressed (CRSR DOWN)- Goes to the end of text, !Sets a r�erse dtrcction and then acts as tf (ENTER) was pressed (HElP) - Erases th current line - top lane In r�crse scroll, or bottom hnc m forward scroll. Now )OU can enter a .annR of up to tO character Titc Ime edttlng luncllons supported by C PI M "'til work normall)'. Pr sm (RETURN) cau a search to be tmuatcd n i the current dtrcction of the scroll, i e, enher to the beginning or end of hl The hrst match wtll result in a new set of hn output, stanm� wtth the matched lm If the search falls, th origmal hne that 'll.'lb erased '11.111 be re-cftsplaycd -

- Exits back to the CP/M,

(F.sC)

Oecooca va:Uit!Sict c1281<eys period eQll 24 .. eQll 28 Pus IIW1US eQll 27 etiCIOI eQll 29 IJglal equ 30 nscral equ 32

runbel equ 31 equ 33 equ 26 equ 25 help

ClQ!J

elf htl 1run dOl Clio Ctlt1

equ equ

3 4

ClQ!J 5 ClQ!J 6

COUI'C

CQU

7 8

all2

Although I had previously coded in ZSO, thb wa.-; my fiN auempt wtth CP/M and wllh 11 Cl28. So obviously some lesson wre to be learnt

I hkcd the CP/M+ fadhty to read up to 16k at a time into a pecthed area using Multlscctor 110. TE.\ISCAN does this tn a loop '11.11h a count ol3, enc:h ircrauon readmg up to 128 sectors (128 llmes 128 b)1 • or 16._1 Then if there b :.!ttl data to be react. the loop is executed one more to read in a funher 6� On each read, regtster H return the actual number of tors read if the file is ex h a uted Othcrwt� regbter H contains 0. This ts not too obvious from th manual�

Oltsc::. IDr �an 1hc IX reo= tmJy equ 0 Scrcl mode 5:oDICrol equ 1 cp

chkun:

The CP/M Macro Assemblers, MAC 11nd R\tAC, support all the i'..SO inst ru<tions through the 1.80 UB library file. By usmg tht file �ou can cod all the 7..80 instructions TF.xTSCAN u thi hbrary e xteniv 1)'. Examtn Z80 UB to understand the syntax of the mnemoniCS used.

I!QU

chl;s

Scanning the Ci28 keys means u ng the 110 regi)(CI") in the DXXX block ol memory. But CPIM tran ent programs do not ha\·c 110 turned on in Bank I v.here they arc run• Yet TEXTSCAN 'II.Orks even without mantpulatlng the Configuralton r eg ttcr:,. Thts leads me to conclude that if you use the Z80 Input/Output lnstructtons, then }OU do not need 1/0 switched 1n to access the 110 regi�er:. - a bonus for Z80 programrnen.1

TEXTSCAN Z80 SoW"Ce Code 110

sdrr'

•

II'IICib zi!O oro 11»1 CPiM� eQU 0 boat bdos I!QU 5 ClQ!J 6 CICiof equ g pi'(! conn equ 1o operl eQ'J 15 dose! equ 16 read! equ 20 IG'Ilal tn1ed

ICQrln

eQU

a.• •n a h r

2(j 44

109

.zso macro 1:tnfy tllddless

AoCorea! BUio. lcb ClQ!J 5ch fcboo. ClQ!J k:b + 12 lctx:r ClQ!J tcb+ 32

Consalo UCf IDr And Cl'IQ dmatlul ClQ!J 101 ITtl

nc rc:nar

(!QU

ctnabul

IQII mx .. 1 CQU nc + 1

Ota.'ICICI' eQIII:e$ ra-NVII) equ Olh ecmc cr I

!abc

OQII

,.,.,

Odh

OQ\I Olh OQU 09h

Doutm0-9 � liS Cun llllt1bel for

t-Mlbc: al IClallod Genet a! �

:CHEQ:SUMS yo.�� code :Can be oarno v.t1en • w.e� b,grogcnctos:art Ccu'II IO chetk ltlltl Fran ISla1t ll,i170h �OXCISS fiM CI.O ld'f o.O Checlo.loo;l d3d d addsbV1 1\'L)' oc. b mov D.b or c ,nz dll!s mov n.J ShoU:I .bcO ora n Good c:odo p fTM C.OC:!Cll BadCOOt .prtU? o'?

c:all bdos .and rol END OF CHECKSUM COOE ---····

I c:ouldn 1 find any method to make keys repeat in CP/M mode. Because I wanted the ( + ) and (-) keys to repeat, (an order to scroll), I dedded to bypass the BOOS console routtn and scan the keys myself As the keys I'd chosc:-n were C128 mode k c )s, l had to unra\el how these keys Virc scanned The result Is the KSCA� routme which scans the Cl28 keys.

�d1ec:OOn L.mt reached � runber lt1Q an

......

•

.......

So1 � &liO open ISpd dcJs;p b: IP •ra a IMicb

Ita Cl t rrM c:d 11M

lc:tJer ldxr d.tcb c:..acxrnt bdos a re3ll oopnerr c.orn:l

()pan Bad o;1e11

bOo& res!Dre and CI!l ls;Jd (11(1�1) f1ll

·-····

1 CIIU1I r1ociCl Cl!::b cdosel

"*'

men p10

:Close

It*!

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lhiO ...,

line 11,7 n b brltl10

II C Ult S Co.n Oo.tle 7

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1)'11

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Cll ep rc

bdol 2 �

Etrcran d merr C,P' bdOI C1fd) 11M CJWs&i

r-IP ora Jl'll lcb mav

bCIOI 8

F'RS

11M

gloOp plp10

Endal Endal

c:nat plpt2

f7.t* lit»ISS � rlUIIil

ana

Onl

CCUI

Onl ReaCI Bldrsrrat? I'd

plpt8

pg20

Clall

lid

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h m;l h Ir

Ncl

lcb ora r: ,

den ,nz

ora r: Cl) ptl � ,

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ep rnz � Cl ,

liiiQI1I

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gU6 �47

runber

.U.f

gl!48

cp pt: m lcii ltJ c:mQ r:

Qll70

gl!c48 gl!.36

udnl ,Advance

pas!'OI'I

gk48

,I'll

gk.&O trRi I.,ICrOiy

111C1al

11.2000

upn02

enctn

ina

CQf1d.!al Newr CCU'C

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ICCi ftiQ

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IJk5' • 11.01 �Cl! b

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• �70

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01'1

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line lne 2000 a a

ex:-

I.ClP D

GU:lll

I.,ICrdy • 70

:Dol tie

gU7 1,cnl2 O.aoalr g1t;5A

.Hid inCIUI l!lO

lcb ora 1Z

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Daltble 1-(1)0 N Olt:lU1 COU!'II

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tlal1 rvrbel 2.&1nes?

endrJ CJkSO OGr

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ora mav r: 8lld lltl!

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11'122

:C4nUd?

:Cain [,fl:niCI Cp

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� CICJa1'!

;Sca-, 1 28 �

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11 CJ'3A 11.1 �Ciautlk! I lb gU4 I a I

cp P'C mav

tarr..ncs

• p';I20 o co �tO crt2 plp10 O.llOP

plaap Actons � ii'C)Ut. loops � WlpJt IOI.f.

ID rad?

Dftcton t 24 ,SIDra

CIJI;\'q) c.sc:arm bdol

l'dCid,s:op TO ICfOI O;ICfd't � CQrUUIUI Oootble CIOit CIQ! '*' caurl

C:U,Or OlrUn 24 crtl II; 2

Ci"

ntlaap CIOIIOallQUigU! ID lcb acral U.S ID OU;JI& lltl! acrt2 �� fordid a lcii .srecton LOr ora • rnz �12 Bac!odrd d. trM �w-t or c.� bdol llrr(l i()leO, a.)Un en I �� cnz IU'IlOUI an ana auu:M IV!l E� lOad kQJ tll4!e' aclctiSS :<M:M c.p bdol

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tor� lA .ao

Cl) ptl lhiO

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;JUm iiCU &eC!D'IIO t'llcl Curren: coun1 Clad d .Add rn .. c l>t a lhiO pap d Endal 1 cp a 01:1 a&C ldd Cl ug128 or 1 mav da nDE ,nz m

p10 lino enctn

lhiO

U CDI'II • ae:ll:ll ,..,

dcr• CCUI

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ugm10 1 ina• I I c,orQ � 1 IC)Jl10

Oiectl

cal cal

h ...

d I rtt

uonso

"*' '*' "*' 11M 013 Ill

mov � 11M Clll ral

Ih'!:f1

IIIVI n

dad f= IIIOV ana mov IIIOV ana mov In<

cb:l

ltf

In•

t:dl10 t:dl12

rtt

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,w:�lcr-� ln:l .tile rur.ber d 111000 1110J!andl :.Convert 10 ASCI 0 1000

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Q91 •

•

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11\1

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mov ana IIV ana

rv do do oa ,nz

IOUI1d I

•

111d12

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IdeS ,nc cbd 11M q14 Clct p d;ld , � mov Ill

81 a

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RcNCI50 am:nl cfleOO'I IIIVI 8.� kl)n Or a.or

lecd1

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I m ��o h h c kch03

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04 07.01

060903 00� 10.24,bgnal endol OO.OO,ilSCial

rowst-3 � db 0000000000.00000.0 cpnc:!tr ntcn

h l:hg2 Ill 111.1 n h e,3 a.m

Da:cda Chqo oo rvt:tHe .t:A.rt 0eooc1u �atte

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f!MIC Bocom d ctiOt lclc a.Or :Olecl<, cffe.:tiOn 013 8 ,nz ln:m d.ClOP 11M c,p-ftl beD ClCtTlatU lcr � C,CDWf ;Gel qM t1Q b:D n: Owxl cnar CXlU'II en • rz � &:r•G Ra a.co.n SINe '*' lro QI!Je!'1l "*' 1C"npn para!IISln case '*' lflc lt1ld tor,P lbcd IIIVI a.0 h.rchlr Ida> b arc� Ill h lnl lnl b , I'll IR:I16 1rv e IIIOV I. anp:a CXlU'II

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00.00000000000000 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 00.0 0.0.0 0 cr l.'noI cr� 'bod fCIId111rar$

lllbC bullIS m.' '

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0'1 mov

111d1 0 tnf12 1Jldl4

Clct• ,I'll , 1'!1111

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b.tiJllln d,Oilh d di,IR:Jl Or Oflll f0'41 e.3 d bOcmlh ;Dmalcr C128� d b.Odc:Oih lon:adrow • .. h :A delay n � h :DebourQ h :OlD k.s::n3

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2 2 2 2 2 2 2 10 2 128 s

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)

That Guru Does Have A Message! Betty Clay, Arhngton, Texas

Has DO)On escaped the GURU? AI som t nibl) important th requ er box that ' polO!, )'OU

Break II up lake thiS

· Software error task held

Cancel ALL d act vtty Sctcct CANCEL to r tidbug "

Wh n )OU pr the bullon, the block nd red lert box ,,pear " � h the 'Guru Mcdttation' m SOFTWARE FAILURE! PRESS LEFT MOUSE BUTION TO CONTINUE"

lollo'Aed

number of man) dtgats. uch •030007 00 000057A3 or •83010009 00002463. For th a\lcr· u , th onl) cho IS to r th comput r TI1 m somcttmcs they �en appear sagl!S m total!) maningl by th creator o fthe tobe a cruel jok pia)cd on h Ipi Am1ga \\hy? There trul) 1 manlng In th guru mcdtt lion \\e n nil rn wh 1 most of them men d 'AC nrc prmidcd \\ith th" n ry anformatlon Seriou programmer can attach a ler· th ir wrk· mmal to lh Amlga ¥tith a null modem cabl benCh pr rams to dbug befor they load the program, and n \\Ork on th lr progr ms through the 1 rmin I ""athout They can u th ROM\\1\0: changing the state of th Am r that extsts on II KtckStnrt dtsks, or th dcbu GRAN0\\1\ ' debu r that part of th d lope pack· And they wall pore over th ROM KF.R�AL \1ANUAlS as th work lllosc volum r not writt n in "hat most of u 111.'0Uid call F.nglish, but they conl n mo InformatiOn than m of u ever cxpcded Commodor to rI to u , and ill ther that\\ land th explanation of the Guru M • rnor proper!) called 'AIrt '

0006

00008321

Th firs! f)llrt (07) dcnot th dC'O1 or hbrnry from wh1dl the cnor m cam Titer arc tw nty or th dcvtc • h· br ri , et and th • are USicd In numertcn1 order tn th r ef ern page that acrompam th1 arttel If you loo there, )o u "ill th t '07' lndtcat that the etror occurred "'hll u ng th DOS hbrary Th zro t the beginning md t that 1 would be pos5bt to reco\r from th1 rmr, if \\ hav th proper equtpm nt and knO\\Ied to do th d u 111 For nov., \\C muSI be content to know that if the bcgmnmg d1g1t l zero. th enor mt ht be concct bl a beginnln d1g1t of t ht nn error from \\iuch thcr is no hope of or mor lndt recovery. Thu• you mtght hav n DOS hbrry ('frOr th 1 began re h \\ilh '07' (H.'<'O\erable) or \\tth ' 7' (hopcl s) Th ndccitmal da Its so )'OU might find A, B. C. D. or F. In th left column •

•

To put tt a bll rnor t hmcally, If the error I IHC\ rstble. th h h bit I {Fatal nors also u th ntlre scr n to go bl k, \\hll· rear.rabl" on only p uh the normal scr n down a bit )

'0706·vvv•v OOOOS32 J

The second piece of information (06) may be one of the six

In thiS c . I ch neral error cod lh 110 F.rrorM bccau It mcd appropnale for a diSk enor, though 111 realat) t• tx gen rat error 111 more hkely to occur in oth r hhrarles Ti cod ar oo lis!cd tn th r fer n Tile on you \\ill cncoonl r most oft n O ' I ',Insur1 d ent memof).If the neral error tS not nttnbutabl to one or these x cod , thre hould be t\\o zeros in this hcltl of the error m " "

It is not th purpose or this art1cl to cxplam how to debug pr rams ulng all of th needed cquipmnl It' purpose I to e som ma nln to the alrts and to assur the r er that thre ar 11rogramm r out thr to whom th m ar" really useful.

1h four digit lnuncdt tclv to th Ift of th decimal JJOint tell ·cxaol) what II w th t went v.rong In our mpl m . lh dtgll ar '0006', and the refer nee chrt \\111 how that, m the DOS IJbrary. a cod of stx lndtcales ada k block sequf.'flcc error

First. I� br · the m into man bl pi Titen w 11 If) to make n of each pt Ti kc a (h)pothctk'aJ) Guru I number hk ·

107060006 00008321 "

hi•C»

de\ic

Th rcl r nee chart lnclud a list of these cod as

on I 0 of the \\1\CK diSk, a debugging diSk they appear on \cri that was prmided for lhe de\l'lopers Commodore i ncn' offering this d1 k for sat but th quoted price Is S99 U.S R emmbcr that the Guru Med1tnuon were intended to help Ihe de\elopers so the ex p la ntion of the cod may not be adequate for th of u "lth I kn0\\1 rre, but this information from th ex erts' fil provid strong clues about what as som y;ron To I rn much more would require learning most of the ROM KERNAl. MA�UAL. •0706000 0000321

The e1ght dtglls to the right of the decimal point give the hexadecimal notation for the addr of the task (program) that reported the error Since the Amlga is a multitasking machin all softy;are mu t be relocatable, and these locations may be d1fferent each tim )'OU load the program. The codes In the chart have been broken Into sections to make them more readable than they nrc In the 'Guru Meditations". You can see the llbrary/d�ice number In the first t\\O d1gits: the general error code In the second pair of dtglts is always clther '01' (not enough m mory) or '00' in th exnmpl : and n attempt has been made to g1ve at least some meaning to the four d1g1t cod at the end otlce. also, that fe¥t of these arc called fatal error M of the error in the Ex Graphics, and lntu111on Ubran are r tal 1ost others are not Here arc a few examples •s1 ooooo3.0000A32s a fatal error In the Exec l.ibrary 00 - not one of th general errors 0003 - an error In the library checksum .OOOOA325 - of the t k starting at location SA325 1

"2100000 1 .0000 1231 2 1 - recoverable error m th ntk Resource 00 - not a general error 000 1 - the unit already h a dl k 00001234 - the t k starts at location $1234

•840 10005.00002845

- fatal error an lntunlon Uluary 01 - enused b) I k of memory 0005 - needed to open a nC\\ "ind� 00002345 - called by a task at locauon 52345 To tulled programmr, armed \\1lh literature and an Intimate kOO\\Icd of the Am , thiS lnformauon could SB\C hour There s i nothcr type of error that can bring a "Guru Medita tion Th IU!ve all zero except for the last dtgit onwo before

.. . . I Ih

the decimal point. nacy arc error reported by the 68000 m1crQproc sor Itself. For cxampl Medlt t1on •00000002.xxxx

,\\'0\Jld lnd1cate tht the mcroprocessor had received an ll!egal mstructlon For most of u• 11 Is adequate to kOO\\' that if • .

the fust six or SC\-en dtg1t are zeros, the error Is irreo.-ersible. and it was n�ported b) the 68000 microproces.sor We can't do anythang about II, but we can recognize It For those of us \\ho ha\ )et to learn C and 68000 assembly. making the correction must wait - but it is reassuring to know that we can look at the m and �y to ourselves, ''Well, 1\·e ruined my data and lost my program, but at least I know It was because the Graphics l..ibrary d1dn't ha\'e enough memory left to draw m)' text." That can be sol\ed by adding more memory. As our knO\\'Icdge grows, the other problems wtll become correctable, too. •

•

Rcf�re.n� Chart otes

There are a \'el)' few uru mcdtUltions thllt a�nnot be inter· preted using these tabl . One was reported recently by Claudto '1edcr, a computer so nee student in S\\ltzerland. He kept getting a guru meditation number 84000.009 4S454CSO. 'ot1dng that the address part bore a strong resemblance to ASCII cod he tranI ted ll •

48 45 4C 50

Soon he receved o reply from O ae Luck of Commodore AmJQa II ems th31 the Armga exec uses the word HELP as a catchword When lntu uon f nds the system to be tn so bad a state that the error message cannot even be diS

played, lntuIJOn places the word HELP n locatton 0 and then resets the system. As the system IS brought back up, locatiOn 0 1s checked for the word HELP. and 1f It IS there, thiS message IS dsplayed

Carolyn Schcppner of Commodore TechniCal Support re

cently elaborated on some of the guru messages that are made by the 68000 rtsell The two mcroprocessor codes

th3t appear most often nrc 00000003 and 00000004. Code 3 (Address error) may be caused when an tnva!:d, no

longer-va'd, or zero ponter IS passed to a system rout ne. causmg n mtempt to do word or longword man!plf.attonS on an odd address Code 4 (:legal InstructiOn) could be caused by poor codmg, but It can also happen when memory contB:nlng necessary code or vectors has � ovcrwr nen. It seems that some of the exec 6!erts can even be used to d:agnose hardware problems The examples gwen by Ms. Schcppner were 87000008 and 8700008 0 , whiCh ind!C8le "key aready free" and "key out of range" She says that these error codes could ndcate problems With the key· board or with statiC

REFERENCE CHART FOR GURU MESSAGES DEVICES, UBRARif. , AND RESO 0 I Ex Ubral)

02 03 04 OS 06

Graph Ub rry La}ers Ubrry lntu ion Ubrary Math Ubral) CUsl Ubral) 07 DOS Ubtary

09 10

II 12

RAM Ubtary Icon Ubral) Aud10 DC\ICC Con Ubrnl) Ga me P ort DC\ire Kt.')'board Device

13 14 TrackOas De\1cc

RCES: IS Timer Dc\1Ce 20 OAR urcc

ERAL ERROR CODES OJ lnsuffldcnt mcmor) 02 I k Ubral) Enor 03 Ope nUb rI') f.rror 04 OpenDC\1 Error 05 OpenRcsourcc f.rror 06 I 0 E:rrm

0 Resource 22 MISC Resource 30 Boo&.Sirap 31 Workbench

SPECIFIC ERROR CODES

ExcptVect

BaseChkSum UbOlkSum Uh.\lem MmCo rr u pt ln trte rn

EXEC UBRARY: 0 I 00 0000 1 00 OOOJ Th CPU tr ap " ect or tw Incorrect cheCksum t 00 0002 f.xecBa! has a checksum rror I 00 0003 Ubr I') has a checksum error I 00 0004 oc nough memory to mak hbr ry I 00 0005 Fr memory list corrupted 1 00 0000 ot enough memory for mterrupt 5Cf\ers

GRAPHI CopDispla) 82 01 0001 82 OJ 0002 Copln;Str CopU 0\!!r 82 00 0003 CopiUstO\r 82 00 0004 CopUstHead 82 OJ 0005 LongFrnm 82 OJ 0006 rtfram 82 OJ 0007 82 01 floodFill TcxtTmpRas 02 01 0009 BhBitMap 01 OOOA

UBRAR\': 02 00 0000 o memory lor copper diSplay list o memory lor copper instructiOn hst Copper list merload (loo long) Copper lntcrmedw liSt too lo o memory lor copper h I d ot enough mm o ry fm l.ongfo'ram ot nFrame h memo for Not enou h m mOl) to FloodFill ot enouh memory to drav; 1 1 B 1tBitMp, noc enough memory

LAYER. UBRARY: 0300 0000 1!"1-rtJmO. UBRARY: 01 00 0000 Gadget'J}-pe 00 0001 UnkOO\\n � 1\-pe. fatal ry lmm of gadget l)l Gadg1}-pe 04 00 OOOJ RCCO\e Cr tePon OJ 0002 o mentOr) 10 c:reat port lremAlloc 01 0003 Item plan allocat no memory 84 01 0004 Not nough m mol)' 10 suballoate SubAIIoc no mcmor) 0 I 0005 Pia all PlaneAIIoc Iem Bo x T op 00 0006 It m box top < ReiZcro OpenScrcen 84 01 0007 o memorv to open a screen OpenScmRMt 01 ()penScn.'Cll raster ai e, no memory S ml)-pc 4 000009 Open reen unkriO\\n t-pe AddS\\ l!t 4 0I 000A Add S\\ IS no memory Opcn\\'lndo\\ 4 01 ry to open \\mdow B nommo BadStat 4 00 OOOC Bad e return ntl!fing lnt rrupt r 1\cd b) IOCMP (lntultron 00 0000 Bad t BadM Port) 011 1 CommunicatJon M Wclrdf.cho 84 00 OOOE \\crd <.·d10 ausin Incomprehension oCon 00 OOOF Couldn 1 open lh Consol [)et.lce •

•

DO LIBRARY: 07 00 0000 07 OJ 000 1 Too httl memory t ;Strt up 07 00 0002 TI1 t k ddn't end' 07 00 0003 QPkt f lure (Qucu m C?) 07 00 QOO.t Un pectcd pa k t r I\ed

StartM m Encre QPktfall As}ncPk t Fr Vee 0 1kB

07 00 0005 07 00 0006 B1lAI p 07 00 0007 07 00 K Fr RadCitkSum 07 00 0009 D Error 07 00 OOOA Ke)Range 07 00 B Bad O\ crla\ 07 00 OOOC

V. f led

Error m d1k block sequnee Th btmap i noc \alid Key is alre ) fr TI1 ch ksum I Invalid 0 error The ke> out of ran

TRACKDI K DE\1CE: 14 00 0000 TDCai � 1 4 00 0001 Calibrat k crror 14 00 0002 Del } rror on t men TDDel y

DISK RE.W

RCE: 21 00 0000 ORHasD 21 00000 1 umt a1ready h d1 DRimNoACI 21 00 0002 Interrupt no actwe unit

CP ERROR COD

02 03 04 05 06

Bu Error Addr Error II instruct1n 01�aslon In zero CHK lmtruc:ton (r

It f11 ou

bounds)

07 Tr p 0\rflov;

l'm1 \lOla! n 09 Instruction trace OA Un A EmulatiOn encountered an nst l ruc1100 word \\th �alu bet \\l!CTI AOOO-AFFF OB Une 1-' Emulation - 68000 encountered an lnstrucion l word "th \alu bet\\ FOOO-FFFF TRAP instructron - operalmg 5) em I n;StructiOn •

IIlli 06

The Transactor A111iga Structure Browser by Chns Zamara and Ntck Sullivan

- Your guided tour through the system \\ath thas program and th InformatiOn gnen in thi artid you Yo11J n n0\\1 maa that you )amed lor, but about )'OUr A couldn"tfind. This �mol\I Yo111 make you a belt r programmer, most certaanl) makmg you mor prosperous than )'OU YoOU!d ha\ been other\\

With all ol your extra mont.'), you can buy more expensive computer hardware and ad\'llflce )OUrself �n further. You \\111 be succesul. sf and that \KX'CSS \\Ill ga�e )OU greater If n d) ou Yo confidence People will turn o t )o u lor acMcc a i ll help out many othr Yo1l0 would lake to be cl cr and successful yourself. B) helpang tlle5C pcopl" not on!) Yoall ) ou ga�n deep pcrsonal lulfillment, but you y,iJI become quat popular and well laked, YohiCh <lCrtainJ) can't hurt )'OUr la f Since so man) pcop!c will be looking up to you and totlovoang )'OUr ad\i ce, )OU \\Ill \\1 ld quit btl of JXMr n i Ute computer community and n i your buan deahngs an genrnl B) ling good about yourself, a deftnitely Shape and Yoll )'OU Yoall ccrt nl)' get anto better ph) lave longer- m�be up 10 thr hundred )ears' •

In Short, readmg this artacl nd typing in the Jwogram at the end Yolll 1\"C you knOYolcdge, poy,r, and prosperity. II will Improve )'OUr sex hi" and gav )'OU realer sell esteem and a I ltng ol usefuln You wUI be abl to buy I s ol expcnsh-e computer hardwlll' and fast cars well if )'OU Yo ish You y, ilJ ll\e longer. But th choice is yours - r d this artacl and m those changes In )'OUr hf , or lp pa$1 II and poss�bl) �er realize the enormou potential that )OU kOOYo IS lnsid of )OU •

0 y, ma)bc )OU won't get all of those things but, II )'OU want to learn mor" about the Amrga's $)'stem r.tructur , or you'd lake an easy way to look at \11al data about programs \\hilc they execute, you11 mak good use of th Transactor Slnactur BrOYoser.

If )'OU read our Amlg programmmg artid in the last • you learned hoYo amportant the \lll'iou 5) em structures ar ·nee they ar the k • to finding out about all entll known to the nd th like. Strut· screens, Yo1ndoYo• em, Ia 1 tur In th Am are th equl\ nt of 11 memory map on a stnglc-t ing machine. since th rc ar" no ftxcd mmo ry loca tion on th Amiga •

Th structure has a dared C1n gu ag imp lm e nt a tion, but YoC can speak of a structure templat (the definlllon of th structure) independently of a language. A structur IS Jusl th particular \\'liY that m data are roupcd For cxampl a struc:ture cnlled 'X' a word lollo\\-ed by a potnter to another might be med structur 'X fII OYo 'ed b] a point r to u tructur 'Y'. followed by a long word 8} ki\0\\1ng a structur s templat and where an ,

II'M .! a1 1! 1&

mcmOI)' such a ructure is stored. lt a 'mJI!c man r lor the S} em or an appltcation program to extract Its data.

i \'lll'ious structures What kind of information can Yo find n throughout the em' memol')1 Well, som ant resting things lll' to be found. lor examp , ln the Intuition-managed structures. \\lth lh program presented here. you'll be abl" to look at Screen. \\tndOYo, and Gadget structures, OlOOS others Information about &n) program In the }�em can be galned bv looking at these structur • mce C\'<'l')'body's Y.indo\' sc:recns and gadgt.>ts ar l a kind of network wh r they can be acccs.'ied via mant ated n pointers lrom other Screen \\mdow and Gadget structur ,

A pont r to th first Screen is a!l lhat is needed to lind C\Cl) 1hmg ·else, and thnt IS found inthe "lntultlonBase" structure, \\1tlch, n i tum, as lound \\1ten th Intuition hbrary as opened by a call to the OpenUbral)1 ) lunctaon (OpenUbral')1 ) is n I the Exec libral)', a poantcr to whkh is lound in memory locntaon ()()()()().1, th only o ry map. C-langu faxed locataon in th entrre Amiga mm stanup cod open the Exec library ) All program that u Inlui· lion have their information in th " structures. so through thcrn rn things about almost ny pr og rm currently running )OU can Ia In th m. A n structure contains C\'CT)1hm lntuitaon needs to know about a screen, lake its size, tatl number of bit-plan • a ponter to 11 l'l5 n desaabtng what kind of rccn lt IS, the colour u·s rnde red In, etc. The scret'n structure points to a \\indow struc:ture for th fir Yoindow on the screen. A Yo1rldo\\ structure has a point r that can point to anothr wmdow �ructure. so that all window in a screen arc linked togcthcr. lf thr c is more than one scr n in th system (unl )OU ha\ an npphcataon running that open ats 0\\'0 screen, the only SCiccn Yoitl be the Workbench scr n), there Yoill be a point r In lh first n structure to the next recn: any number of rccn can be hnked t lher n i th

....y.

In a 'ltindow ructur you'll lind the usual and colour lnformataon, along Yo1th an IDOIP Flags \'ariable describing what �15a8es lntuation as getting from thnt Yoandow. A pointer to the hrst gadget an a hoked list of gadgets can also be lound n i the "anduw structur A gadget structur totally describes a gadget (a Simple way to get anput from th USCJ through th mouse) - ts I poslllon, size. type, itnagel)', etc l'he gadget ructurc is set up b] an application before the structure is subm tted to Intuition, so th \'lllu 'lt1than represent those that th pr rammer uall) put into his code - In ot hr words, a pee into a program's structure can ga\'C some ansight Into how apr ram CIS Yontten.

Other rutur of lnt I 0 Structur Br� r 1enu I

ntcd In Vemon Requ r \rew Vi Port, ru pl lmChunk, tsgPort. 1 Layer lntr , Task VSpnt ructur • hkc t and Interrupt, are An ( tam of t d ICUitto momtor n che data wlthm arc constantly ch nmg)

BYit. - signed 8-bit ulu (char) U8YTE - ungned 8-b1 valu (unsigned char)

The � to finding t llll'J1lOJ) locatiOn of rut} 5tructur is the

ructu f.Ver} red bbrary f'graph hrry·", lmulon lt llbrliJ)· . ' la rsJtbrary". to name I ) has a hbrary base struclure that cont ns potnt co 5tructur of m co i , ch ruc::tu Irm a ,.,...,.,,.., in chat bbrary As mentiOned d of nctwor, nee )OU can radh ructur throuh pomtcrs in other ructur In thi network can be found nearl} �ry Item ofdata chal th em r arl)1h ns about a duecc ltn to the tl rut} J\en moment If "' kno\\ the em s e of mind m structur (thr rc �er a hundred of defimuon for the them t ) 1 hng "' her). "' can snoop round nnd dJSCmer rut wish to kno\1: about wh lhe m lmo;\ And in the Am , the em kncM lac usc apphcataon fly, r ha.s to so lhrough th system lor just about nyth n It \\ nts to do

SHORT - gned IS.:bt ,oaJu (shon) USHORT - un gned 16-bit value (unsigned short) LOSG - gned 32-bt vatu Oong) ULO G - unsigned 32-bt \'alue (uns!g1ncd long)

lJbraJ)

denoted 11 standard C yntax, Point rs to any of th abov \\ith an (•). For examp" a potnter to a SHORT :oold be dcrtoced b)• SHORT • m the type field Structure membe tha! rc point rs to other structures also u the C rntax; a potnt r to a

'\'indcm' ructurc, Ir Instance. IS denoted b) 'struct \\tndo\1: •' A ructur member that an actual ructur noc a pointer to a ructure. ha.snoast rtsk; SBdoes not dtspll) n add fouuch a member. nee it ts con ned v.athtn th ruaure being viewed, •

whose add The tructure Browlt'r ProJram 8 from nO\\ on) mak it to snoop ructur in the m You art v.1th a b through mllfl) of the library base structur , In th curr nt \ rsion of the pro

gram. on! lntuitaonBascl) availab TodJSpla) thecontn ohhe ructure. Ju mme the pomt to th library base library the I t mouse button The librry name on th reen and p b:lsc structure Y.ill immcdiat ' be d isp1 8)oo. slaO\\ing each struc tr e mt'mbcr's name ( defined an the standard Am header )and I data l) In the of the lmuataon&se ruc::tu all membeni ar ther arnportant ructures an thctr 0\\ n nght, or else ntcrs to such structur to dtSplay any of th ust j cl on Its name usual Th process can be repe n In the ne¥t WUtturc. to bnng you to OCher ructur of ant r

\ou can al¥."8) get to the structur you came from by dtk a ng on the Prevlou l.e\'el et tt he bottom left of th v.indo\1:. You can t your cps far back you want, 1 the progr&m works ecu r rt\e l y (th number of e l vts d� ou re is diSplayed in th had m the top of th "andow). ructures th cont n mote members than Y.all ru on the \\indO\\ shO\\ the first 16 member and dtp i n l't that �'S "(MORF.)". You am so to

of structur members b) dKking on lMORE). the next to th previous b) dtddng on the "PrC\ious P

8) eoina from structur to structure in thi

le\\ anforrnation about programs that would be d tfa cu to fmd out other¥t For exarnp!e what ktnd of arc being used in at all? Did th that n commerdal program? Are the) programmer u a rcqu er or a wandow for that pnmapl? Just b moustng round w h 8 you can find all out! \

Thedata type foreadh ructur member is sh � n in the me "ay that th members rc declared in th C helld r Iiles (the appropri· h r m must be comptted - US1 the •anctude cment Ytith an C program that wants to refr to a •,:Pt • •

ructure�

• sho¥.11

ructur members that represent fiOI pomters to other ructur but actual data thai may be of lm • dtsplayed In 'arlous " depending on t r nature. Th data can be mp numbers, hke th gMng a \\1nd0\\' LcftEd TopEd \ \id th and H ht. Th llcm of lnl � m ht be a byte. word or longword containing of some sort, bit the flags and tn a v.indow or gad!!ef (} Or the data you're c:orl(l!med wuh maght tust be an area of memory 1hat contains a tal of m rt or d ribes a graphic i " ,

mpl data \ u

lit

LeftF.dge. etc. ar

sho\\11 m black on the

S8 \\1ndow Such structure member C'llnnot be used to bring up Jl) further InformatiOn b)· poman on thm nd clickns just what th appear to nothing y,iJJ happen if you doso The) The \'lllues in blatk arc often JUst w a number foryou to h1 I terest When you " nl lo find OUI a!t 1 gettin IO a structure of n one of 1 " \'al used Ir conllllnlns of some n, tr ted dtff nti)" )OU can dick on It o last ohilal arc 1. An examp rnlhi be a "smart refresh" \\ ndow wth sizing cl and dr system l'ts. The "Flags member of such a \\1ndov.'sstructure. \\hen ectcd, would sho\\. WINDOWDRAG WINDOWCLOSE

nd go

llllner ln , 11 a easy to

WINOOWSIZING S MA R T....R EFRESH

(Uke the member nam • th n names ar those defined In lh m used for c or standard h bier program de\etop. ment)

Another form of spcaahzcd output in SB is the h dump When a of structure member Is an nrr8) of \ u or a pon lcr to n memory hk a bft-plan or 1 data. dtcldng on the member name am a hex dump of the data to be dt�lnyed li th data 1)-pe i spcafied an th ructu ternplat , the data taken ar sho¥.11 lhr anto aa:ount In th h dump- the hex �

b)1

•

w o rd, or long words

1 1106

A Sample Tour On paper, the proc may sound rather imo hed, but uing SB i a breeze. Here' an example of how you could find out the type of

gadget used by a program that s i currently runnmg in the !tfstem. self · \\�·11 let's use as an example the Structure Browser program it take a look at the structure for the program') "Pre,iou:. �t-1" gadget First. \\ have to run SB That's not hard: type 'sb' fr(lfll the CU. (or 'run sb' if you want to keep the CU a\'ailable lor launching other tasks''hile SB is running) SB \\ill bring up a window that 1:. the lull \ \1 d th of the screen, but isn t lull height, lea,·mg a bit of the WorkBench scn.'Cn \islble at the top On the ''indo\\ you wfil be prompted to select a hbrary tructure. Since only one choice :; i a\'ai l able in this 'e ron of the program, the dedsion sn i 1 dalhcult: lect '1ntuation" b) pointmg \\ith the mou and chcking the left button Aft r clicking. a list of the "lntulllon&sc" structure mem ber \\ill be displa)ed, wath their types and valu hown on the nght. All member are eather whol embedded stnJctur or el structure pointer TI1c top two arc parenthesized, meaning that those stru clure types are not available in tha 'erslon of th program To keep the m azine lt'lting reasonably short, " only Implemented a lew key structure types, references to data types not handled by the browser arc parl'nthcsized, and clicking on them h a .. no effect. ow, on \\1th our trll\els to the gadget structure of interest Smce the program \\e're interested in has a windO\\ on the Workbench screen, we must get to that scr n' structure first. Wecnn set there by clicking on th "Actt\cScrccn" member in the lntuirionBasc sructure. incc the active rcen - the one we're curr' nl l•v \\Ork· ing on - ls the WorkBench screen One click, and up comes the first page of the structure members an the Workbench screen 51ructur• You can tell you\·e got the right screen by looking at the member called ''Title"; to rhe rillhl It �hould sa\ '"Workbench Screen··. To sec more screen members, you can click on the "( lORE)" gadget that has tWPCarcd at the bottom of the \\indo\\, and then dick on "Previous Page" to get back. The second member o( the screen structure s i called "First\\'andow", and at point to the hrst \\indO\\' structure in a linked hst containing 1111 y,indO\\ on the rccn. Oick on First\\'ind�" and a \\indow structure \\ill be displayed. tore than likely, this � the \\indov; v;e're looking lor, the \\indO\\ belonging to SB itself. The "Title" member "ill tell you v.hat \\indow you're looking at, Since It \\ill 5a)' exactly what b on the IItle bar of the corrcspondmg \\mdow. If the \\indow isn't the one you're looking for. )OU can get to the next wmdo\\ structur in the list by cliCking on the first member of the structure, the one called extWmdov." The structure lor the next \\indo\\ will thn be dasplayed - you cnn keep chaining through all the \\ in do .... s in the screen in thLS way. top '�hen }OU get to the !'tructure Brow r v.mdov. (check "Title1 You11 also nottce other items of intere...t in the structur , l1ke the ' ' indow' damenslon and the flags set for the ''llldO\.\ Try clicking on the "Flags" member to -.how the u'rc not familiar with Intuition program en if \o \\1ndov. flags E\ mmg, the names ol the flags should suggest their purpose.

�J�.ws?�"·'

NoY.: that \\e·�e found th window structure y,:e want, let' look for a pointer to th gadget hst auoched to the wandO\\. There· nothmg hke that on the hrst page, so click the "(MORE)" gadget to sec more "'indO\\ member Aoout half w av• d�n i lh member i 'struct ' Fi�tGadget", which points to a gadget struc.ture (ib type s Gadget •', meaning a poiniN to a Gadget structure). Click there. and up comes the firt an a linked list of gadget structur e: ... lor that window. By looking at th LcltF.dge and TopF.dgc \'ariables, )OU can sec the posion it of the gadget on th screen. To go to the next gadget �ruGturc 1n the list, JUSI click on the first mmber, �t\ex tGadgct". You can chan through the program·� entire gad t lisl thi5 way. stopping \'Ihen you wash to examine the flag variabl "Flags, "Actt\11tion", or • GadgetType". GadgetT)pe will tell you 1f th gadget is a BOOLGADGET (boolean). PROPGADCET (propor· tional). or STRGAOG£T (string). E\entually, \\'e get to a gadget \\ilh its TopEdge at -12, and it< L.e1tF.dge t 10. Since the GRELHOTIOM flag LS set in the Flags variable, \\e know theTopEdge value indica!� that thetopedgeol th gadget b 12 pixels abo\e the windO\\' bottom border. TI1at"s the "prl!\•ious IC\el" gadgd that v.e"re looking lor. We can examine the Gadget structure to exactly how that gadgt:t will t up m the Slrudurc Browser program (U mg the o;ame imagt-ry as someone cl · gadget in your programs might be con,idered a violation of copyright, but the current \'l'rsion of SB docsn·t upport Image structures an);o;ayso there'll be no "Don't If\' thi-.at home, kid '" warning here.) .tructure BrO\\ r doesn't support all the )' t em tructures a' at stantl no"' - there arc JU� too many and the program would fill the entire magazin Rather, we ha\e put In some of the more Interesting Intuition �ructurcs and \\e plan on adding more lor veron 2.0 of SB, which \\ill be found on The TrMsactor' first Amiga d ak. and \\111 be uploaded to Compuscrvc's AmigaForum. The program I designed so that it I easy to add new structuri.'S a> )OU \\ish - af }OU ha\e access to the "include" file:. lor dC\elop ment (or the li.-;tings of them in the R0\1 Kernai manual), 1t hould be eaS) for you to add "hatC\er structures you're inter ted in to i given later In the the program. Information about domg thi s artacle. SB s i public domain, so )ou're free to usc and modify 1t as you wash: If you do add new structures. though, please use the standard Amiga member names and types exactly as they appear how far the SB concept of in the anclude hi . We plan to ystem .,tructurc brO\\ ng can be taken - a few ideas for enhancement� are gt'fen later in lht article.

Applkatloru for SB By now you've probably seen that SB is a great tool lor Ia mlng

.. But there are actually ahout the Amiga\ intt'ma! data stru ctur e. quite a ll"" good reasons to ha\'e SB around on your most-used d 1k - maybe evt'n tn the C dtrl'dory of )OUr usual \\ork�nch or deH!Iopment dl.'lk.

for one thing. SB makes a '<CI) handy rclcrmcc to the structure templat them 1\ It's eA!>cr to bnng up SB and chck to a structure than to look up that structure definition n i the ROM Kernal rnanual. And II you don'l ha\e th manual, tl' cru;1er than 1 • 06 MellyM7l 1:1111 rre7,11

Ulkes d\antage of Manx' pre-compiled head r Iii apablhly to

B can also be used as a dCbu mg cool· tf your program tS ru:ting strangelv. �ou an peek at lntuilton's �tC\\ of your wi� , gad;gets, de. to malt sure th nrc properly 1 up and linked 1 hr the wa you mtended You can look at th thtngs t any

ume during your program' exec:utton to '"hat happens when certllln 100 ar t en, kmd of hke a crru: , but only pcrtamin to the program· mt r 1100 '"tlh the operating em

Anoth r benfit of SB s i that you can usc it lo I arn programming up &heir 1 hnlqu by Jookmg at how other applications ha\ ting the ructur structures co achtC\"tl certain effects By in� of known system n111 you can what clf 1 certain nags and \1lnables ha\e on th ir bch a\ l o ur. If you'r curious bout th j tak a btO\\ through tts cricks chat som pr ram is using. ust and wifldcJw For instance. dld you know that Workbench uses a border! , backdrop '"IndO\\ that h on the Workbench rccn just below th rccn Iitle? We didn't either, unlll we used SB to look at th Workbench '"IndO\\ structure. You can som good 1d from other people' u of Intuition' resources Future V�ralooa of .8

ntually h a \e 11 encompa55 nearl� all Our mam goal for SB i to C\e system structures and flags. The pr ram can be expt.'Cled to grO\\ m SIZ conderabl), but 11 w11J be worth It for a total map of th system's inner tho lu But besldcs expandmg in scope. thre could also be mor flcxibihly in the ways that 10\'.est-lcvcl data types are displayed For exampl graph data could be dtsplayed not a hx-dump but as the actual mage i that it defines Some \'ll!U • hke the mouse' X and Y coordmat that r" found In a "indO\\ structure, could be updated frequently to gl\'e current readmgs The hex dump should also display ASCII cqua�alcnts of th b)1 Prhaps a I lmmcdtatecy-imp!emented f ature \\111 beth sa\lng oflm and BttMap data to dtSk as IFF-format fil e any structure and Its current \>alu There should be a w y 10 sa\ 1. perhaps as C or assembler oode for eMi mclus1011 10 a fil as '"� l , let us know. In your 0\\n programs If anyon has atl) good d Or belt r )t, implem nt thm - we don 1 want all the glory for oorscl '(read '" don 1 '"nt to do all the work oursel\ 1) •

Proaram UsllnJ Notes

peed up cornpfla11on by not ha \in to re-<ompll "mtulion h" in eadt of th x sour ffi If )'OU are USJng th method )'0\1 can dclet the "'tndud at the top of h source fil as mdicated m the co m mnt For users of Lattice C. lust cornpll all su: Iii and hnk them normal�] - don l worry about the m fil Smcc a rcqu r e mnt of thl program was that ft d1dn 1 u up too many \aluable magazine '" had to make a f compr4>

m m th st)i" department For on th1ng, the pr ram has far too f comments - \II hope to cl r up rnan points regatdtn th program' opcrat1on In this rticl There ar also very few blank hn that m ht ha� made th pr ram to loo 1 Function pa r a m etr dedaratton r put on a nglc hn and on the sam hoe as ch functton declaration lu If. if possibl The code isn't coo unrcadabl , though nnd th dtkiCompuscr.e vrs 1 o n of B (V2 O)wlll be much p r111 •

Whn nt ring th program. take c.xtra care in entering the the 'structdata' arra) m each structur print funrtion The first char ter of ach member name either a space. mnus or left parenth , i1 1 Important to the correct on Also. If )'OU use th wrong er " It hould be data az constant (Ilk puttmg ln I!\'TS17.E wh PTRSIZE) you "ill t bad Its when you try to dlspla) that rudur or wor yet, a 5oftwar error

Program otea sn is quit useful It stands, hut you may want to modtfy 11 to incorporate some othr structur that you're lnt rested in If you do. here s I me explanation of the program to help 'OU out The spcofi are up coyou, ha\"e a ball, hackers' Th princ1pl behind SB Is � ry imp! A specialiZed functton isls fr ach kmd of ructur If a structure coni rtS more membc than \\1ll fit on one page. thcr a functiOn for each subscqu nt page. T h• functton Is passed a ponter to th" structure (and nn offset, ln thec of multtplc-page ructures), and 11 prints the str\ldur 's members. types and \'a!U then waits for mput (rhe actual output and Input is handled by funrtaon In sblo c", but more on that later.) Depcndmg on th member selected b) th user, an appropriat routine Is called to pnnt chat ructure's n wrut for mput It rna) be that a routm calls members and tIself, as '"h n chan ng through a linked I of like tructures In an)

•

lon brfn th program one I I of n ing

Th C source for SB i bro n Into sa'efal Iii each �ith Its 0\0.'0 deeper, nd the onl wa) to go up a�� 1 � th user dtcking th purpose. The matnhne and sen raJ function are in lh file "sb c". "Pr�ious Lc\•cl" or • PrC\ious P ' gadget, cauing the r:t urn Th Intuition call and all runalons deahng \\ith the program's from a functiOn (Sine each extra le\I )'OU �iit represents an user interface i n I the file "sbio c... Th other Iii contain the extra �el of function call n In )'OU lace a th retical possib1lll) an d h l d ual routin to hand! diffcrerll ructure types "sb\\1n· of stack 0\erflO\\ If you go too deep. E\'ell \\ith th s y stm default do\\ c", "sbsa\."COc", and "sbgadget c" conuun the funrtlons that statkof4000 byt ,though,\\ estlmatc)ou'dha'<ctogowIJ o,er hand! th structur their nam u "sbgfxc" handles th I 00 IC\ Is deep bclor there was &n) dan r of thi happcmng) graphics hbrlll')-rclated structur RastPort and BitMap In addJo liOn, a header file, ·sb h", contains vanous "'d me sta' mcnts and Besides function that hand speofte structu thr are th a structure definition - 11 hould be stored in a subdn tor. · called more general output function that dtSplny hex dumps or flags • header" AU of th separate m can be compiled with laru: these are In the fiJ "sb c". Th functton used to tell the output A1J.ec C USing "rna and the makefile pr�ided. Th rna fi1 funct1on m "sbio c" wh1 to dtsplav 1 called pu ). and 1 also 111 "

sb c - II I enled by II !he stfUCiure oulpul lunclions and is passed a pointer 10 lh struclur nd a pomler 10 an rray of special th key ro addtng "StructData ructur Settm up th more ruc1u 10 SB re1 rt re

assoc:tared gadget to th gadget iSt l After the loop, the "(MORE)"

A ructO " ructur IS defined In the m "sb h" seen in lh hsung II contains infrmat ton that SB needs 10 know about a

Af tr Redrsplll)1 ) has done tt job, CdCho ) watts for an IDCMP Port) C\"eflt, \\"hid! \\ill (lntu Iron Oucct Communkation If the windO\\ dose gnf y that the r has ected a ed, CloseOut( ) s i called 10 d up hbraries and v. the open \\1nd0\\,then call ex ) to fiX up the stack and return 10 OJ II nothcr "' ectcd, the gadget's 10 is retumi!d to the cal lr of GetCilo ). Th IDs ol rh structur member ar their ordtnal\'81 - 1 fm the first and so on Th �p re\ i ou s 1 has an 10 of o. and 1h 1MORE)" adget') 10 ii the l.e\'Cr oonstant IOREGAOO, defined 25 in "sb h".

structu member: 11 name lype, prim opllon, and me. Th name and 1)-pc US� j poml rs to n Ir dtsplay. The pnnl I)'JlC as n so that pu ) kno\t. � to (lnnt the member' or unsigned, or a string \'Blue - a b)1 mort, or In or polm lhe pu ) funct n 10 how th print codes are ml e rp rted The oth r m mber of utruct St ructDt a , lhe da!ll size, th number of b}1 used by the ructure member. The md constanb B'tTFSIZE. INTSIZE, and I'1'RSJZE nr defined in "sb h 10 spccif) th oommn I, 2, and •t Whn th member is a strudur (not a pomlcr 10 a rudur bur n inancc of lh structure I IQ usclhcSZ macro defined m "Sb h"tocalculare !he me of Ihe ruclure, c �tC\\) Instead of ��rud VIe\\). ft

By lookmg at lh funclton PrY.mdo\\� ), PrScrecn( ), and PrGadgct( ) exampi . you hould h a\c no dtfficulty addmg th funct100 ro displa) m structur o flmerest to 'OU. If you add nC\\ structur you'll ha'> to allo\\ the user to �lect It from from around th g the paren1 n ot hr struclur by rert10\im mmber name nd lype An openmg parenrht'sis at the start of a pr ems lhal member from member name lnst ad of a being ed b) th user (doesn'l rna t a gadget� Just reffiO\ 1 parenll from all fund ns " ructure contains a posmer 10 )OUr ncwl)'""mplemcnted ructu and add a call to \ITCH emenl. n, refr to th your n u fncttn In Ihe S\ functiOns menuoned for danfi ton •

In !he pnnl function for 80) rle\\ struclure )'OU � added lo th up a stattc 'structd<lla' ana of Struct p r ogrm, Ot a structures (try ing 1hm th u qu I)1) in lh other functiOriS Member • nrunes hould begin \\ith a space for n . arra} or pont rs lo ntctur Ihat B can hndl (1 e. n)1h ng f o nh k ha print function exists). 11 mlnu (-)for Stmplc data clement:. Ihal \\111 be rendctcd In black and "ill not be lectabl b) the u r, or a parenth i for 110in1crs 10 ruclur that are not supported by rh program Tl output of mcmhct to th \\indow nnd th input ol a respon from lh u r I handled by rhc Rmc functiOn, CetChoicc( ) lnruulon gad Scledabl ruturc member ar" lmpkrnented gets that ha\ no rnderin other than thc assodatcd In tu iT ext. An array of 16 1ntuiText structures is "t up ro conraln the text for each hn printed 10 th v.1ndo\\ An rray of I G boolean gadgets, each pomtmgto difl!!rl!rtt lntu� t ructu " IS also declared Gadget ructu 1st fr the 'Pre\'tOUS l.e\'Cl" and " (l O RE )" adttult appcM on the \\1ndo\\ When GetChoicc( ) 1 called t Is Redispla)1 ) to put up lh rucrure member names nnd buUd 1 required ist l of gadJ�.

gad ( loreGadg) is added U there are more than 16 structure members to dtsplay. Finally, a call to the lntutlion function Re1 t on the "'indow. ) displa the f�

To B 2. 0. • • And ik)ondl

As )'00\ read, B cn be expcc:ted to expand wcll beyond h cun nt cy.pahihties If anyone dd n� structur , flag• or lea· •

turcs to SB, v." \\'OUid be happy to mcmporat" th changes rn Ihe lat ' on lor \\ide pubhc-domain dlstnbuuon \\e \\ill play 'keeper of lh sourc 'nnd ttempt to coordinat all impro\'ements to rtlllintain II lat , re A that "'ill be uploaded ro Compu· sen and othr scntc , and included on our public-domain

Amtad

(probably 8\ labl next

Mean\\"h llal fun pidung lntuUton' b ns "rh SB 1 0, and \\ 11 )'OU nex1 !

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fUI;flllDS

Redispla)1 ) first rOOIO\i all ex�stmg ets except rh first in th �IIWI.., U; �:et I the Pmiou �1 t(BackGadg) Depending on Uti '"' ,..,.., • o; r �·····� Chlr ...,,,,... th number of ructur members to be dasplayed, up lo 16 pass through loop re made to etlt r pnnt an lntuiText Of add th

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Amiga File Structure A Second Look

Betty Clay Arlington, Texas

tost readr s of TrllflSlldor ar famahar Y.1th the la\'001 of the disktt Immt t ed on D of the Commodore dmes prior to the Am \\ han: udal'd th boos � Da k lmmer and Gerry Neufeld, read th artid b) hke Todd of ICPUG. and " ha\ learned about had gaps. tail gaps nnd OCR We know thal th dlrcctof) ls on tr k I (or 39 on the 50/8250) thai the number out to the cd of the disk, M th head mO\ of set10r5 lncr nnd that the 4040 2031, 1541, and 50 drl\-es \lirlle on th bottom of th� disk onI) tost of u are ad(.'l)t at using track and sector t.'<lator on those driH� Tha knO\\Icdgc can help u on the Atnlga, but th • da kettes are organizt.od In a \el) dtll"rent Y.ll]. PHYSICAl. LAYOlTT The ,\mlga d�kcttcs are laid out In trac_ks and SC<'tots, but each ide of the dtsk has tr ks numbered from zero through SC\ent}nb Each of these tracks (160 in all) has eiC\cn t or. TY.o amilarly numbered tr k from O�lp05liC sad olthe dask mke a total of l\ c y hn dr \\1th \ 1!fl l'-1\\ o tors l'hese sector are numbered sequcntiall� from zero through I i59, and the sector number Is orl'd Y.ithln the sector TIIC C)landers are numbered from the ouwd� ln Thai 1 C\iandcr zero 1 th outermost, and cyltnd r i9 I na tor begin a1 q 'hndr 0, n !SI th center The 0 {th tQp ad ) sector 0 surf

Th dmes hll�c t\\O hadstht rome In unison, but they· can be addressed lndi\iduall). H ad zero 1 on th upper side of the disk, and head number otiC 1 bclo\\. Th heads rc IDO\'ed to the i desired track "llh a SEEK command, and the entare tr k is read n Y.ith a CMD_READ or and ETD EAD command Th , and other command ar used by the tr k-d dC\ice to control th drhes There ar programs B\'allabte to control the drhes for C mbly lang " progr mmcrs. but I h a\e programmer and for not found n \\IIV to make the nee f) bmap hies to control them

The header or label ra has th same pattern for all sectors. but the 512 �1es of data ar organized dtflrent!} according to the type 24 b)1es of idcntifacation at the of block In a data fil ther bcginmn of th sector, ol fi O\\ed by 4 b)1es of actual data A dncctory blockor file he:dcr block has 24 b)1 (SIX long-words) for sector number. file type, checksum. etc., at the beginning of the or dta. and fifty long-words for the block, 2 b)'t of haSIH file nttiC, comment, date, forward and backward point rs. etc., at th end of th block •

On n A mia dask, some mformataon IS coded In 8-btt b\1(!), some an 16-blt words, and 50me In 32-b t long-Y.ords. A ·�1e' t.�m mans bit• but we must da.�lngulsh bet\\ n ·words' and 'long \\Ords ' In th dt ram below, all of the 'wonl�' nrc actually 32-bll

o n g -\\ords l

DIAGRAM OF BLOCK LA\'OlTT For Clll) type of sector

Label area

For a data block, such

Data Area·

from BASIC

The data Is "rillen In MFM (Modtficd FreitueriC)' Modulauon) format, and s I encoded or decoded in the bliu r chip It is posstble to set th dnve to"'rate In OCR. but thi mode reads or "rites at half the speed of MFM. Someone \\Ill probably land a \\'tl}' to �Ue thas mod� so that "'"can read th normal Commodore disks Y.ith the Amlga, and \lie ar" not hkcly to complain about speed If this nbihty bccom pos51ble. LOGICAL LA\'0 I' Each of the cleo. n ors on a track hal a sector-header of I 6 �1 plu 16 �1 thai are rcsef\'ed for future U.'ie, and 512 b)1 of 'u ble data', so our K dt ett also contain SSK of label data, makan at al of a•lcast935K b)1 per disk (there Is a hint of 2K more) Th re nrc no header ps or tall gaps, but each track has one ap mad up of null Sancc each tr k has the same number of sectors on would assuttiC that the gap of nulls grO\\ longer 10\\'lrl d the outer edge of the dt

2 b)1 of 00 2 b)1 of AI ( one b)t In lF'M) I b)'te of format ) tpc (fF on 1.0) I b)1e of track number I b)'te of sector number I off t b)1 lORF. ABOUT TillS Bf.l..OW' 16 b)'t of opcratang • em rCC0\'1!1) Info (not cur· rent!) used) 4 b)1 of header checksum 4 b)'t of data-arc checksum a sequential file:

I word of fil"l\ pc e adr k�· ( t o r\ \h er" file begins) I word for h I word for the sequence number of this block I word lor num!Jer of b\ o of data in the bluck •t I word for th number of lh next block In fat I '"ord lor the rhcdtsum up to 4 b)'t of data

Orfora root du tot) block Data Ara

I word of file type I \\'Ord of sector number I \I:Otd of file Ingth I '" rd of hash-table I \\'Ord noc used 12 words ol h h-tabl I word of bt map flag 25 words of bitmap pages (instNd of BAM) 3 words of date and time last 1tcrcd 13 words of disk nrun 3 words of dat and tim of d tS• acatton 8 words of fot\\ard and bacb11rd pontcrs I word of SOO>ndaf\ fal t\'J)C

The sofh\-aJ lS "rhten to allow lor or of a dill rent length In the future ' rSJon ln stad of pointing to a particular word. the identeymg lnfonnataon in th I fdty words are accessc:.'d wilh Block-size - n', "here 'n' is th number of longwords before the end of the or R.EADING nfE DISK �'he mm n I un n to n th SEEK command J\ n, lh he the d gnated ' track Upon rccching the READ command, th heads read rontmuousty for two full rotation of the dik, brmgmg

In the contents of an entire C\llnder. Eleven sectors from one side • of the disk arc read into one b uf fr, and the cl�en from the other side go Into another The h do not \\"at for a sync mart, and n check make no effort to fmd a parttcular sector They do noc e\e for the beginning of a !dor' They ju!>l r�ad m the data from �hatever part ol the track I under the h ed when th READ ins. The data is decoded by the bhller and the decoded b}1es are placed n I th track buf r they came from the da . It s i thas manner ol reJlding that makes the oltsct b}1e of the label area so Important. nfE OFFSET iUMBER

The \ICf)' hr)l lame a trCKk as wnu�n to th� dask, 11 \\ill be written t o rs an numerical ,.llh a gap ol null bytes, and th<'n the eiC\en sec: ordcr.ln the tr k buffr, thls first wnte ,.,ould ha\e th&s form. 9 10 nulls Sector �o. 0 I 2 3 "' 5 6 7 Offset No. I I 10 9 8 7 6 5 1 3 2 I . . . . and lt \\'OUid be encoded for the disk In th exnct ordef It has In the bu ffr. The offset number tells th data pointer how man} more sectors mu� be read or Muen before 11 reaches the gap of nul� \1.hen th or Is n!ad back, however, the hach arc not likely to began l'!!ild1ng at th gap, nor at or0. Suppose thai or i "-ere under th had at the begtnmng of th READ. Then !he track buftr would be hke ltn� Part of sector 7 (junk) nd chen Sector o 9 10 nulls 0 l 2 3 4 5 6 7 (mor Junk) Offset 'o 3 2 I I I 10 9 7 6 5 4 • • • • •

Once an lh tr k buffer. the polnler wtll hnd the faN ync mark or eight and block move th dala In sectors 8. 9, and I0 so thlll 15 alagned with the beginnin of the tr k buffer. Then It ,.,,u move inins past the nulls to find the next S}nc mark nd ffiO\e the rma sectors up to join Ihe f•rst on , lea"ing the nulls at the end of the buffer. When a tor is needed for use, th soft\\arc sorts through th sector in the buffer, and brin in the ones that are needed. Th disk need not be r n until there Is need to read a dafferent lrack If Ihe data has been changed, the current tr k \\111 be wnuen back to che dllk before the n xt Irock i� rad an W hn our h ypotht kal track is w nttn bad:to th disk, th sector retain their or iIna! numbers. but noc th original position. So now th scctor off w r drofthe allbech anedtoagrcc wllhthent!" o sectors

Sector o 8 9 10 0 I 2 3 4 5 6 i nulls

Offset No. I I I0 9

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• • • • •

re-written, the sector off u will be changed and lhc comput<'f u the offset numbers to find lhe rorr 1 sector This method of �nting the sectors to th lr k, and t ar tr k e«h lime, rc ffiO\ es the need the pract&ee of r an an en !a for Inter \ang and had er- or ta1�aps. alkn\ang about •�cnty percent more mformation to be put on the d1sk. By relldang an entire track sequentially, dt� access s i much fa.lolcr and mol'!! efflclot. o

Each time !he track

MFM El'\ COD I.G W�n data encoded In tFM, n extra dtgtt ls placed m front of e h bt to eflSUr cha! there \\ill nl"ier be t-wo 'l'�o' ln a row. nor mo r � than four zeros in a !0\\ In tFM, a 'I' bit becomes '01'. A '0' bit will be encoded as '()()' If it follows a 'I' bu, but as 'I0'1f It folio\\� a '0' b11 Thus, for �ery btl of data to be rccordt."'Ci, two bus are accua!Jy �nil n The Am a sofh\'llrc, using th bl1tter chip for encodmg and decodmg. separlltes the odd b1ts from h t en en bits. first the odd btts af encoded nd �nltcn out, chen tl C\en bats ar shifted left one po:.1tion, encoded, and Mallen behmd the odd bit on the d1sk When the delta i rad back, ch bhtter chip removes th extr leadt08 zer and on that wer added for encodmg, Ia \i n g holes' bel'<'een th odd btts for the l"ien bits to fallmto The encodang process for the sector labels Is lnter�ang Th hrst four b)tes of the label arc encoded as separate b\1es-fitSl th odd bit , then the �en bits of h b}1 Then th next four (the format, track number, sector number, and offset) are encoded as one long-word. Th 16 b)1CS of operating S)'Jtem rerovI) ' mfor· mation are encoded ns a block ot 16 b)1es Th header checksum and the dat rea checksum ar each encoded as one long-word Th 512 b\ nI block or •tes oJ the dala-bkdare encoded as a data-the odd bits of all 512 b)1�. and then the l!l>en bit� A BIT OF MATifEMATICS Disks are timed to r001te 81 300 rcvolutton per mlnut For GCR t'nroding, the Amaga wntcs at a rate of four mkroseronds per bit. In iflt, it requires only two microseconds per bit At 300 r�olu tions per mmutc, there \\'OUid be fi� m'Oiuttons per nd. or two hundred mllhseconds per molution. Two mtcrosecoods per btl permits the wnung of I00.000 btl per fC\'Oiur10n It 1 l\\'0 MFM bit� lor e h atlual data b1, though. alkn\ing a maximum of 50,000 data bits per lr k. \I.e ha\ 160 tracks, making .000.000 possible data b1ts, or 1,000,000 b)1 per disk We tm accounted for 957,4�0 b)1es (935 • 1021) exdudang the g.lp) of nulls. lsn 1 th1s remarkable clhdency? AND A MYSTERY Ther is a m) Cf) about !he tor labels Th ROM KERNAL MANUALsa'S thlll therc Is a t6-b}1e section of dcscnphve data for each sector, a total of 27.SK b}1 . The drwc, It )• does not Interpret th � unl the pr rammer hu Instructed It to do so. Thb cannoc be the labcl rea described abov because the erprt ed for normnl drive informacion in thllt arl!.l muq be lnc opcrlliJOn� Docs this refer co lhto I 6 b)1CS the RKM A}') are currently unused, but are to be used for opcrattng systttn rccmrery Information? Or thcr anothei d riptl\ label area? Ha\-e YOU found lh� anS'o'er co this m\ 1 •stcn •

A•niga Dispatches by Tim Grantham. Toronto. Ontario

cr. CCJtri1TICJdol't anR • "Andon 1/w lhtrr/ quan

I don't know about )'Oil but I got a big kkk out of the fourth annual World of Commodore •how, held at th lntCft141Jonal �Ire in Toronto dunng the first 111 k ol Dcrcrnber Ahrr a year of being kt.'P( on the edge of our 100.\, It \\'IS \CI')' satlstylng to actually stoe the Sidecar the Gmlock and DOS 1.2 \\'Ofklng and up for sale. True. Sidecar cost about S-400 too much 11 meMI, really, you can get a Commodore PC 10 If lor SIOOO ll1d thai comen1th a keyboard}, ll1d the Genlock WliSlft qu11 reJCI)• for saJe. but these \ll'ert' minor lUes in the soup Wuh plenty of exhibitors, n!ndon and tors, the whole �· paslh\dv radrated optimism and IJOOd tUllCI returned for Commodor ,

It \\b abo a � lor me to meet the fli('C) attached to the handles - rl you spend any time on the lnlonnatiOn netY>'Ofks you kllO\II whll l mean by that 'Hal)·' 0.. \ e Haynie (author of Dlalualv). John FCM& (cchtor of Aaau1nt Coaaputlnal Larr)· Phillips (s}'sop of t� Amig:llotum on The Source) from Vancou\-er, and Brr.v� IIilessen and Wayne Schmidl (assbunt �on theCommodore Forumson Compu.Strve). 0.\'ePaul 11 was a plei�aire to actually meet them Ill lace 1o bee and exchanll\! news and views The press was tMre In Ioree - the TranNCtor, of courte, repre setlled by the usual png of ldw: Run and AmlpWorld frontrd by publisher St�ro Twombly and fditor Guy Wright, Henry Shilllna and Linda Byrkd Shrlllng of Allll Pr-oject· and Chrb Willey of AIDJTalk • .

Other pt1101lagt5 present Included Jrm Butttrfield, Paul Ulggmbottom (author ol LPD Writer). Vladimir Schneidt.'r (author ol Proteulooal Text EnJI.oe) and Bob H�rr of Munetics (author of SoundScape) All thf majoC' Amiga software companlf'\ "'re th��. �ith thf nct'pllon ol

the pme companies (With th money Electronic Arb b malung oo lh Arniga I'm noc �.nprilrd they didn'tlcd the nt'ed 1o $.how up,thouqh they have been there 1n thf put )The number of ma)OfvendoniiNde lorsome healthy competllion by show's tnd, a 512K Antlp wrth lObO colour monitor could be had lor S 1650 (Cdn) And "'ho evrr thought Computer· land �'OUid ldually tXhlblt at a lowly Commodore • flo\ 7\ (I shouldn t sneer. Computcrland M. done lairl)' "''cll wnh the Arnrga, and �en bcltl'r vo1th the PC l0 II l'lley'U be especially happ)• now that Commodore b coming out with an AT compaaible.)

Whtll follows b not In anv particulllr ordtr. nor ii 11 necessanly a balanced view of the Anligl producu exhibited - one of the rucc than� about the $how "'� that there was so much to 'SCt'. I'm no4 �ure I 53w 11 all. My apologia 10 anyone I've left out

"-• =l U l l

• Very Vl\lld - Without a doubt, the hil of the �·. This produd received 11s premiere 11 the World ol Commodore shM\·, as part of the "Cnckcts" mu!timecha pl'rlormancc and blew CVl'r)'OOO awav. lt'� noc easy 1o dcsc:nbc but try 10 In nc the following 8 dan<:cr SlanCh in front ol a video camera. dressed In whale. On th Am�p's &c.rmr. nnd on the othe-r monitors around the 5la£C, we see his Image In :.rlhouctte, 1110\'lnl on a background graphic cc-ncrated by the Amlga, 8 version of leonardo da Vincrs lamotb sketch of a multlllmbcd man Slalld1ng lnsJdc a cird The performrr reaches out Hb digiized t 1m on th Amlga scrl.'ftl reaches out nnd his hand touches a small arcle. Simultaneously. a synthcsizef conn«tcd vla MIDI to the Amlga plays the firs! note olthe opening lanl.ue from Abo Spi"Kh Zarathuatra The performer, or ralher his image. touches other small circles abo\ his head on the &c.raon Each time, the cird pulse and produce th notes of the fanUre. 1 difftrcnt note, and sometunes 1 d lflr l!fl t unibre. being triggered on the synthcsil.fr by � Circle. As the fanfare mds, he reJChes up and touches )'d another orde and the background S\Oitches to 1 strange lancbape. The two musicians BCCOmpanying him � pla\lng U 110o-e \ll"ere to look 11 the pt'rformer In front ol the carTlt'ra, \ll'e �'OUid see a human �ga�nst 1 pbin backdrop makins odd sesticulations mto thin wr. But our f!)'CS a� glued to the monitors, as 111 �'alch him j3m w1th the muskaans, quickly tout'hlng this Am olJjed lor this 50Und, and anotht'r object lor tlul one. We watch as his inlagt' gr;asps one coloured drcle and p&nts the scn£il w1th It, thm another, and another, until he stan<ls amid colts of colours In one quietly amazms �nee, two coloured sphcrt'S attach themselves to his arms. nnd \!Kk there, lolling back and lorth as he "'�'U h11 arms. Then, he� his arnl), and the �ro dellleh, c.hangc Into birds, and llyoflln opposit• directiOOS And � 11 \ll'erlt,

ellect ahrr cianbng dlect. beauhlully concched and prolcsslonally performed, lor 1 solid :!0 mlnuti!S. The applause \lib tumultuous and there wtre shouts oi'Bravo''.l saw 11 three hmes 1M potl.'f'ltial for this krnd cl produtt [, mind bot!sllng - nut jmt lor performance ippllcahcw but for produc:tron hou'O. educational pro gntnu. therapeuic t PI'O£I'Ailband- let's get OOU). here- P'""' For the first lime. )'OU, or a \'Cr)' �asonable facsimile thereof, will be lhlc 1o actually ntft'f1 ;.une. And }'OU thought Troo wu idle fAntasy. • SowldScape, by lo1untto Thh �clo!A MIDI .scqucnccr "'iS used to control noc only the S) nthesizers 1n the "Crickets" pt'rionnancc but the llghb and videosequence.ns "'-ell. Electronic An� hauppart'fllly written a module for SoundScape that will let their Ddwre Mule: Coo•trvctJoe Set pnnt SoundScape files. SoundScape has Ill the sigru ol bt'coming tlw MIDI music �1110o11re lor the AmiSJ • Draw Plwr and Soabr - AeGis �clopmt'nt were ruMmg their CAD 5oftv;are oo 1 packa� system they 8ft co-markthng With Roland and Commodor�. 1 512� Amiga. 1080 colour momtor, nnd 1 OXY 8&1 or 980 plotte-r. I've sanc:e had a closet look at Draw Plwr lt 51�-esoltware thAt COI1lel w1th �documentation and plenty ol example drawlflS' and e nothing pl1b libra� li«M't'l>'t'f, I am no design enginw and really tt. � to compare 11 10 Sonbr Is the rcincarnauon of Mulcnaft "''ith MIDI Cllpabihty and IFF compatibUtty added • PaJddter nd Publisher - Commod<!re is now louting desktop publishing pro£rams like these 1\11'0, published by Gold Disk and Brown Wagh, espec r U \ 'dy, ns the appiiCII1011 that will make the Amlg.1 1ake oft While these programs cmllinly go well be)'Ond Prl.at Shop they must be

lrrntm>ed before they can � 111th the likes of �� Gold Disk cloC5 nol appear to hal mlng. lor �(a prOCfSS of adJUSlillS s;pace between leum dc.'pcndl on their stulpc� and ncllher has lbstJtripl capablllty. though both dalm that such wiD soon be a\ lab1e. The M.ldntosh will ah\1ws ha�-e a lc.'ld In this field as Ue�ry Shnting of Aa1Pr"Ojt'c1 maga:.ane rt'llllntkd us 10 a TPUG panI d&usslon on the future olth the plxcl size on the !Jc'uaeen is �aaly I m ' or - n other 111uds, u Wl5 cle5!gned from the one point In I)'Jl5d1illl! desbop up lor pUblishing 1ppliauons.. .

• )'MNI MoaJtor-This nlft) utility IS pu1 out b) mud) American fum aJed Zen Softlli'lle. lt may Just be the product that "'111 1 Jun Butteff'ldd on an the Ami Kernel Among ocher rratzy ltnd out what the hell is a monitor window 10 any talk and track itscurrent � It letsyou IWta, resource locallon and CPU � • Pnle�tloul Tat Eltpae - from Zirkonics of Montreal U )'OU e\'ef wished )'OUr lmlun text editor had romnunds to, say, fe\"me the order m adjacent character� or custom 1orma1 commands to 'hot' te, only is the tq'board lully er programmAble text editor the progtammabl using 1 mplc macro Ia rvcn the drop-dolli11 lllt'f'IUS arlll the octJOn of the mouse bunons an be CUSiomimS Th number of ll thai an be open 11 once b limited only by the ITICinOfY mlilableYou an cut and fiMI free!) betlli-een � 11 Configuration nl allow PTEtoealikeother cd such WordaW', are But fun is programmln II lor the wcs )"OU couldn't hal bdote. Prtay good lor S ISO (QlnJ •

• DOS-2-DOS - This 1 utthty that provld lraMialton �l.'Cfl AmigaDOS and t.tS-005. strlppmg h bits if lll'CtS.Sal)' and talun care m the llntfeed/car retwn rombillllllons. The software an also lornw bath kinds ol disks. and anh tluuugh sub-directOI' When I pointed out 10 the :oman that such utlliliO arc provided In AmigaDOS I 2. iUrted 10 iQUiml, but potnted out that OOS-2-00S permits usc ol 111ildcards that can be U5rd to automate the p to some nt. • Key to C - another product worthy of no1 (grin). Thb Is 1 libraty of lunctaom WTitten in C lor C progmnmm that � approximate BASIC ltllement and lunct10m. Other �1lre Ill the sholli. Pro Video CGI-1. from IDK I 1 video cbmctet generator. 8 . f-C.T. business rrmnagement and DC'COUnling pn> £fam, lrom Business Elcctronla Software &TedlnolofD'; MIAaJp File II

management � MlAalp Word word proo:s,sor M1A.alp Udpr general ledger, all from Soft\\ood Coo1pany; Je&t utilities and fonts lot lh H�1ett·Packard Laser.Jet+ laser pnntcr, lrom C lJd.; Ordu doktop organizer from Northe Soltwlre Group, Datamat pr ram mable datalwe softv.1m\ from Tran�hmc Thchnologles Corp, being nw· ketcd in � by Creative S)'ltl'.lm, lPO Plalu1u and lPD Writer, spn:adShcd and word procos�ng soCflli'iUC from Digital Soluuons; ZlnJI, 1 • ProWrlte muhiplc-lont rnouse--drM'Il OJ, from J.ltrldian word processor, lrom ew llorizons Soh-are; a \'mion d 5uperldt lor the from Prism and !Mapcrt..e and J..oclat1x program mable datalwe and inttgrlll'd spteadmect, from Progrcs.sl \c Peripherals What was particularly t'IICOUI ns about the products 5hown all�� "'JS noc so ITll.Kh what they did but \li hat they made IJOS.Sil*, Souod· ecapc, V�ry Vl ... ld.. PTE and others arc IJW\-elous because they ha\'e been designed In the rU of the machine - open-ended, smoothly mu:t n providng the user \lith the most flaible I � lor her/h enclon'OUrs. And the ba rdwaft • • •

• blp Sidecar - Complete aud lor sal E�el)thlng "'Orks as prom· bed, lndudtng the 1bUuy to suck 2 �of RAM In the Sidecar IDf use by lheAmi!:a.

• Genlock - Diuo. almost It ihould be lor sal b) the time )'OU read thts (I knolli. 1 knolll, r, sa1c1 that belc:Jre.,) • Dltl\'kw - Tim Jen n,the de\�r. "4\ Ill the show and dcmorr strated Ihe lmpiO\'miCtlts d ncr ll i li8C5. motorized hitr "hecl. and ubllng !unctions - lmprcsslve product. • Both Xdec and C IJd "rc � lDterfec:n and 20 Met • lar d dr h a lor the Amiga lor SI (US). BOih permilted •ith dri\'er of further SCSI dc\'lces and bOih dl4i solllli As lll'lth the Microf and Teanar unitS, the aJIItroller RJSpl'.nds opcrauon of all other on the Amlga dwln reads and WIU , I me thiS is also lru of lh C l.ld. product selling then aMEGA I mcgab)'IC memory cxpamion • C l.ld 1ili un forlheAmiga. They 1ilireJ01mdbyComspec's AX2000 2 1� board, and RS DmS ems Pow•r•ard which can h uptothefuU 1 of RAAI This an Imposing unit •1lidl ofler lol of memory \"C!)' reasonablc ro5t Howl'\-cr, lt Is nocauto-<onli n · it tw 10 be added by calmg l 'addmcm' ln lilt: 5Wtup-sequcncc A few of these memory expanskm units (sud! th ASOO Inc. RAM fkcts's Sldt--Sto nd the htrobotb unit) come -.ith board, 'rtual d ·. Thln'Oib just like the RAM disk but can be write prekdcd Th means thal 5hould )'OUt Arm aash \li h ' testl out )'OUt lattsa tlc-uc-toe say, )'OU can reboot and the li' In the \irtual disk will W be intxl - your source and ndudc Iiles IO"OUidnt nted any rdoad1 1 tremendous comenlcnce • Perf«t Souod hom SunRizc lndustnes, b a itcreo sound d tlzrr lor the Amlga thai com •ith \'efY £OOd sound sample ed1ttng sull war• It ts lor the extremely reasonable current!) the only Itreo digitizer and pnce of S79.95 (US). 111 finish I

lmtaCmenl of A-D With some ne111 about expans1011

lhat I " Ull1lblc to put into the last column I • hop! to see this ltuH at the WOC but littl of I "'" sholli11 N �rtlteless, It Is \"C!)' he:wnlng 10 liCC the broad Vlriety of produru a lllble. Thcr arc or.ansion bo ltke lhe PAL unu hom 8}tc-b)-8)t• th Turbo AaiJalrom c;A, and th lcle-A,.Irom Side-Effects - the)• come In all shapes and but most dJer least two 5lots lof I()()-pin Zarro standafd optiOfl boards You can fill them "ith IWd boards. SCSI inter· boar fJile backup lace5 and lwd drn-es. mlA twd drl\ cop d m es - the list goes on and on hardlli

One cotnpan)" In partkulat drew rll) 1ent1011 "llh their E.tbund and AR l, tn lrfacrs Amenstar Tt'C'hnologies also supplies I \mion of Sun MiCroS)'Strms's Network Flle Sy-'na (NFS) 1111th the Elhemet anterlace that enab!cs the Am to act 1 graphaa workstauon on 1 network wuh Sun worksta!IOOS and other computcn IISI an lmplementon of FS. Each interface is 8\ table in either a bus or badtplanc \mlon (86-pln Of 100-pin) These lit , cornbint'd \lit hI he� ccssor board lrom CSA nd Olhm, are making the a K'rious ,l'nttln«fa "'OikstAtion eotnputcr Th

t'SSC!ntial leaturcs to look lor In an} expansion hardware arc thll't'fold U 11 Is 1 bus anadamenl, dor:s It �e a pas$-lluough' Docs It auto confi 17 And It a no "'Ill-state c!evice? lithe manufacturer answers yes 10 aI of lbese. then )'OU are to passon to more mundane m a nrs . such prier. qtWil) and l\-al!abl11)

• to Ill) of you "ho hal sent me mall on Compu Finally, rll) Scn or ProplcUnk I "'" 1111thout 1 modem lor 0\r a month and ""M unab! to respond Aller sullr ing acute "ithdrlll\ill symptoms. I ha\c managed tooblaln another,w alyou haveany questionsor comments. )"OU can fClldl me at OS 71t26,1G46 or PcoplU nk AMTAO Until next ume. mil) your mouse llt."t'Cf JqJJCak

Compu-toons

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•

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We•rt.

C.O"-"?""+� ri:z.n1

novJ •

•

I'M So��y (o e,o1"1iER YOU ON YOUR f\OHPA)'S, MS. -rHoM,..S, bUT I CAN't' F!NP 'W' I •

EtEC.

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Pi:Ril-5 OF WJ�f AND

•

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PECt<.l

News BRK �bmltlnt EW

BRtC Plot• hleiiU

you would like 10 subrnl lor the !\t:WS BRJC column, Hyou lui\ a ptm thai � cornpiUf or de\n lor which � product is i�Urldcd is pOllllnmly ooced \\e recel\-e hunc!!eds d press rde lor each ml 10 the oneswhose ntended readmhip is not dw net unbtunately be menlloned here tiW " only pOnl prodtld refer � bin It should In some " IJ!Piir:able 10 Corrurodore equipment '!"'� d f'\$S rompu!� � should be reccn'\!d .. 6 111Xth1 1n ad'toilll:l!. ,

Transactor New.

If )'OU re renew!: a subscription, orsubsuibins lorthe lana lime, )'OU II ha\'ethe choked ling the n.'gti!M fNGWne(no TPt:G insm) or becoming/renamintl a TPOO rnembef, end mg theS. TPUG insert u � of yout Tl'1ll\ild(Jf theTransactor 10 sub5ailel the insert card in the U)'llU as wet. send )'OUr TPUG � lorm to TPUG rtrle" II )'llU 'WMll the (the)11 send il to )'OU bdore )'llUr � � ) or. you re noc The Olrm1l cost of • currettly • IMilber Clll1!ac! them lboU ' ltt!l11bershlp h moo (\lSIC). Rlrthai JOU the 1mert p1us TPUG lllr&:y, rdher d •filch COOlf.'S rib �ttess 10 Tl'OO's public cbna!n the SI5 00(\&C) subsafption to the 1iansldof Disk becrlpUoo Noeel

Alttr along day "'nhn in the Tr.111S3l1or A� Llbofory (TAL), our scimhts hl\-e c:orne up \\th • IW <XIIl\'ei'IIIOII that IIiI be OOi Transador Polley(on, !rom 11010 on The res1 of the •uld lnvked � lollow Without !tfilliii! IOO trdlnk:ll, lhc kb this: prns b our rnaM ordef prodiXtS lOOPs) :.1 lor products listed here In News BRK. wiD llenc:dorth be :en In one d pnce. S.u(l.5)b L5prlceund bx(U)/ t!:ree bms S.u(Cdn)lor C) when the atn':ll9 Is to be pakS in doOm b) CanlliC � Americans. For Ill � d the lll'W L5/C �iatm In !11 L5 rder to the l!ml � d the lcJibwtns announ:tmenl atliJn (i'M'A�

Many ci those who 1.111 no the ln!trsmlon set de3crlbed lboYe abo 11M Transactor Dl.\lt rtptlons These will $till be handled by us, and ""hen they �. a nodce"ill be sent Some ha\oe poteel ouc that, ·,.'1! "'OUkl lind k l1ll$h mif'I IO renew 10 both Uthey 'Wt'lt �both e:xpUe the wre tune. C1W thai our �subsaipllorJS hi\ been combined. the ml at one th!.t: when you 'bat issue and the lrllllhrf- Good poinl Yo necessary to renew your dJsk subscriptiln. add S7.50 (tlSIC) lor MfY m.Ue )'OUr di5k and subscripllons conanr rnl

S.bectlpUoa lnllrrwcUoo Set

The dirtd dial port iO C'.ompttSeM in T� Is i52--4150 This oombtr hu been In dkc1 rn September liowe\u, the CompuSen lntro-PW th.al "re bound Intothe Gizmos and Glcigeu issut(rdeased Oct I) Ul show the� number IIyou hiYmI used your lntr�>hk yd. pie make 1note mthe IS II the bad ci the booklet

On cbtr lnspectkln •-e ha\ bmd the 0\'erlap ol TPUG me1nber' l!1d Transactor subsalbcnto be aboul l000, not 400 u prt'VIously reported During our lim comparlson, ma:1y wen unddected due 10 clifk!rmces �'ml the 111\'0 IS It �eems that cornpiUf just an 1 tell If two names ere the same "ten middle IS incNded In one IU 001 theOlher Tocompensa!e. l propam "' ..men tlll1 bordered on lbl't\'tf, 's still poslilble that "'eft U the pos�ai/ZJp aide " aerent m the 111\'0 So. if )'OU'rt a TruG member A!;n a Tranw:10r Sllb!alber. and)'OU re two plme let know and the111\'0"' be malbitled Comb! subscripliom has also prm'td tobe en exf'lcise in mind bendiq. \\ e hid hoped to have l¢�ed theexpirydate ball theaxnblntd subst'r�pCJCm br this HO\O\'t'\'t'f, only those TPUG membcts whose mcmbtrshlps 'WOUld oo-e txp!mt bdtxt receivtna this issue 11!\-e had their upby <Sates utended The mnalnlng TPUG!Ttansacto: combinatlorJS "ill 1m their expiry d.>tes �¢'led by next Issue. u the eqiry date s11o1n or ·.an 7", then OJrd; )'OUllasl )UI!expiry datr should IICM be extended b) "the number d issur:5 rer�!Jilinins m )liW Transacto: subsaipem, 1i1!I5 two l!lllllhs• When da!e actua11y In'!\ )'OU should h.n recm'!d the same number of shQI.'D In the � published In Nelli • last •

Al lhls poinl )'01.111 n.uh-e a rcnewo'al ooca The OO!lCt •ill come lrom TPUG bcat:se the combin3tion Is done by met the t"WO Into the TPUG dasabase Naturally }W lhould renew 10 one OR the other Kerning to both wiU mean and � "'e gd this sil•:¥1011 )'01111 start lin8 two � aD OYer sorted flll. " 'd li k 10 be etiminaltd lor good The bel • we could rmke 1 CIJm So. after the (1\� lll!mbmh!psl m�ms have been combined end exlellied. any end Dr!" 0013 "ill imj;llinl5: one " an inset fnlm TP\JG. and IOOiher wllhout an lmert us. This lpplies 10 lho5e 'lrl1o are cunt'lltly Tr&rNCtor s:uhsailers aro 001 TPUO membm. tu cxmlcleriiltl bemrnlng one. •

Tcnoto C_,.aSene �

end subsc:nJUlll, and we11 SUbsaibc or retP 10 a combination send you a �Transactor T ' You It! 29S off the 16I off the disb. and a Transacto: T worth S13.95(Sii.:95 )'OU ordf'l the ;unbo sm!) TheT..shirtscome In 5 sizes (redon!y). riba 3<ob JCJem lcalutln8 Duke. our logodeft m.lSt'OI, drrw:d in aWl0' "'hietux. s:andina behind theTr In yellow "tb blaclc -s.o-borders. The san:n nsdone uslfl8 a spedal ·supcr· �- process thai C0$1 us quite a bit more than those deals that crack and fade. Mine has been through the •'lSh at le� 2S times now, and k $1Jll lllowl virtually oo ol"ar due 10 "'Washing machine punishment• SubeCJiber MaD Onhl"' U )'OU ru Transactor subsaller. and )'UU're

pail order anho the other than • subscription. purdwe -�)'OUr� llUrri>er rib your subKriptlon on the ant Tbh w• }'OUr order 15 rt'CDCded lnforliiMIOII in our database.

ShlppulJ lwd'ol'ii't 1o the t.:S from Canada o!ten Incurs amorns a.'ld/or duly thargtS 111 11\t! deslinallon Sonl!' dow suppl�en ar In the 1.:5 and b t:S arden processed b)• us. \\'t ha\ the ilems shipped dl1ect wil!IW bringlnJ them into Canada. lbl'e\'f'!, other � llelllS IIWIIIfaaured in Qmada and setll to us clesliMtions may am� rib a surdl&rJ!e payable. The Trusacto� cannot be respomlhle b thee Tbh rmy add to dell\'l'fY dela) u you'� lk'td en order ba twdure ilem llld setn�S to be a ratbtr kq ti%00 to arm b IJiol)' be 11 )'UUr leal ars:mn ollicr. ln which • noti:r a probabl) on w-ay loryou totune pet up

S.W O.S The 1l Rrfwxls

1rom

f'ro.Utr.. PAL and PO\\'£R lor the 64, is now sold co be sen! lor any ordtrs tqUld wbal coUk! be riDed.

\'olutne 4, 1ssue03 a."'d Voltme S, lssue 02 (TheTrwlhDII IO Madllne U:lguage Dll mkrtidle. �ssue:) now only 1n

ls screened usma a buy The order them I D\U w.tal you -SilPCJ�- J11'DCr5S sothey onar IIIICh b1grr !han )'Our ordinary smms and lrrooos • TheTransQ!r Boot d Bb mi Piece •1. S14.95 (l.&IC) II• 246 of Noc rourt1118 the 1l'ltie d Ccmrn, � lrO:.t, all1 tile Bb and l'lt.us from issues d The Trans¥10r, \'olumes 4 through 6. Ewn If )'OU 111\-e all those is5ues. il makes a hand} relemxe - no roore flipping through here. Abo. e3Ch l!em INfPZines lorthai one biltbal you ju5l know is� ��rewnc refcretad Oa:mionally the 1rtm In the Ilia column � peMed IS updates10 � tn Bitsthai w.-ere sfmiJar In nature area!so aoss rdtrenced And the ln.b makes k t\'ttl wier Ill lirxl lhosc quiet lacts lbal diJnlnatc I b of� re-imterlmg • •

The IDI cldalhare b prodli:U li5ted Dll the mail ordercan! II )'OU IJJ\-oe I partic1llar questiDil lboiA 111 item thai isn't wwmd here. J*ase wm or call \\ell blct 10 you and 11Jl511ikdy inCOrpDBtll the li'IS'iin lito llllft edli:Jns � SDthai OChers migtJI berJd'j lrom )'001 mqwy of • MavinS Pimttes · the CM Anlmatlllll System, S%9.95 (l6/C) priar. b a �. unooth, fun.scmn llllmalor lor the Con:anocbe 64, \lililrn by AHA' (Acme Heuristk � Y.ah Mali Pictures you use your lmlurlegraphicstoOl to draw the kamesdyour IIIIMe, then IOOw il at full anlmatJon � w.th I single amunand Mo\ie 'scrlpU' WTkttfl in BASIC Clll llW! the Moring Picturescommand ldiD pmide � control al ammaled creations BASIC Is lliii iVI!We lorcd4Jna raiptl or uecutJna PfOIII'IlJl'eYm while 1 movie is beln& displayed Animauon sequences can easily be .dded 10 BASIC pqrams Moving Pl:tura leatun:s lndude: 'liil ��.:ncn optrahllll - patt 8fJPhk's, Plf1 1ext - t\'m '1111Ile I llliJVie b I'UilflinS; rrpeal, Slql ll any frame, hokl K'\"n1l IDIJ'eies In 100 llld CDIIxn. VIr)' dkplay spm1 c:bqe poW metlllr)' llld ntcb msw.Jy !rem one 1110\ie to lllOChrr, lnswt, orHine � 11 the touch of a try; no ropy pnlCtCWrl used Dll disk.. �n • Volksrrodem 12. w1cable. and as lrtn>f>act. S329 oo(Cdn� s199 (U5) oc only do� set the Volkslnodrm 12 (DOC appi'D't'ed). tu )'OU set the cable 11 no exlrJ charJe(theC64 cable 8IJCSciJrcctly01'10 the lber IU1. 11ld the RS23:! cable Is b any sW1dard � 08-25 female conneaot) Plus you'D m:ei�'e I frteCclrnpuSem! ltii�Pik whidl C'OIUinsI Ustr 10. I Pa.m.� and SI5 00 ol connect timtl The Votbmodem 12 "'ill w.'Ofk ea 300or 1200 blud, and b Ha)es compatl*• 10 It will work wkb vlrltW!y any termiNI solt•'llt b«� the C.'Oilllllalllb are axtrolled by you from the �'boatd - jml l}-pe ·AT" (Jot Aner&iDII) llld IDibw w.tb any ol srvml m}toietnembtt c:omtnalllh - no sptdal PC*lng or daboclle dialing IOIIlnes � (1\'e been mini• Hire b a1rnl::tQ 3 yw». and my Volts lor om 1 )'ear · I ID't'e them bach' KJH) It lhls) aS yw lllaii1Wdum s W'll'rm)' Dll parts and labour! The CXlCtlrS rih m::de:m is sbJwed lnsuted 'ia UPS It no extrJ dwJe. '

•

110 lrerlace CMds •I • BH I00 110 Interface c.d w/docummatlll Sl29(l.5). Sl99(Cdn) • BH100-ADS 8-0wmel A 10 0Coo'"mion Module �S (l:s). SG9 (Cdn) • BH100 Bqinnen Course S159(� S239 (Cdn) • BHl(l(h) Securly � S25 (m), S39(CAn) These products from lntcliJ&m 110 w.ill make JrC11 Onlsunas lifts! And II you\1! bten "'Ulderina whil 10 do w.tb thAI VIC 20 thAI doesn't &el IIIICh lttrlllixl lll)1JliJft. tt.e,'If pedea• Ifyou veau •'illlll'd to $lilt doingsome rt'al •ortd lrltrfaclng. ll'al easy, l!lll lnr:xpensl\'tly, then these Ienis are Ideal. The boards they sen1 us b 4!\'llluadllll are currmly w.i\tehlng b Cklods In my basermt. Too bid I didnI think dII bdclrethe IIDDd ••orlly COOk abcu Ill bout usin8 spare parts I had lying around - no reslstcn. no capadlors, ;s 11o'O �trips ol metal, • piece d sl)'ftilam. • brick. l!lll lb<U 20 1m d wire that W.'IS abo co11ectinJ dust. Once I get lime. I irund 10 make b do some lnDI'e SUMilllnce 11m orlly one channel bcurrertly in use. And the pqnm to do111 A quick and mmy 5 linesl Snce the bovds lll' ftV1tlll')' mapped thi'OOIItJ the ovtridge port, a PEfJ( b all you need' The 22 page mamal ls cbr and concise. All pcoduw c:orne wth 1 90 diy manufaawn·s "'� ShJwed lmured vii UPS at no u twge. 01 r • TrWKIOr T.stdru, S13.95 and S17.95 (l5IC) As mertklned nriitr, they rome In Small, Mailum, LuJr., F.1111 Luge. and Junilo Tbt)'re 13 95 cadi, SI7.9S b the Jumbo The Jumbo ""m 1 aood nWJHhinlbeacll� - lfs BIG. rm61ooc liD, l!ld In at ulim ISO paunch the Small fb me � tu that s how I Ii them. a )1JU don'1.. we Sll!liJI=5I you -

-I hl

.... .

• The nctnsCctor ISoli R0.\4 Upgrades SS9.95 (l.5JC) the ROM dump Dll Transacwr Disk •J3,oryou You Clll bum)Wfown can asellrom us. There ue:! Rmbper set. and they lil not criy the SAYEO 100(ISdeKribed In P.A Slllym•mr ankle, \'of bug. but a rombrf o1«her 7, Issue 02� Remenlbc:r, ifSA\'EO IS abou! 10 Dll you, then ScntdJ and Sal may just mtJber )1JU too.. This hasn't been pnM!11 I00X, bul these ROMs w.ill them C�e.. a!Joc;atlng or dimlnate lUI) possii!WICS $hart ol ddibmtcly qlenlng dJm:t access buffers before the 5.n} • The Micro SINh C6411 5-11 Tes1 Cartri:lge. 9:i (\.5). S129.95 (Cdn) Thiscartridgl:', designed by Brian � (a smitt lcchnlcian lor IC\'tflll schools In sotJhern Orurlo� wlll ii.'Sl the RAM d aC&t a-m u the madllne ts100sa 10 run 1 pqraml The c:artr takes CIJil1llete cortrDl � the machine. It ICSb RAM In one lmCie. aD IOl in II1Clthef mode. and J1W llP a mem wrb the I"M'fr,., chok:fs I IOleck drh speed !) Oled drh :nm 3) 1 S.l Serial test t) Oihcrial tcst 5)JoystD port I tcst G)�ki port21est 7) Cmctte port � 8) lber port le3l DIIIOthe User 1\)rt. cons.ains 1.£0sthai Ids )'OU zero In Dll the bully cfllp Cmlplrtc wih manual

A sean:! board, that

• IMCf Space AntholotD S14.95 (\SIC) This our a-e Plllda• Complete Commodore Inner Space Altbolo£y [\'m alief a )"W and 1 1 " still inquir abcu Its corterU Briefly, The ArihoiDgy is 1 reksaa book - I has no"INdlnJ" ma:erial(r �") In 122 compact , there are meroot)' maps b 5 CBM CDil!pUim. 3 Disk om and naps o1 COMA� surnrn.vrs o1 BA.c;r; commands. Assetnbb and MLM commands, and Wordprocessor and � c:ommands. Machine J..ansualle Q)drs l!ld modes are summari:rd, IS well tttry polm to ROY � Theil' are Sl'CtiDm Dll MU5ic, Graphics. Ndwort and BBS pbDnc numbers. � Qubs, H.lrdnre. unll..co.unk � plus nub nne. lllxd 2.5 mllJkln dllladels toea!' .

• AXIOOO Amlp 1 MEG RAM Ben S729 00 (-+ Sl00 S&H) (l5). SJOJS.OO( + S2S H)(Cdn) • AX2000 Amlga 2 MEG RAM Bol 00(+ S100 S&HI (U5). SI!76 00(+ S2S S&H)(Cdn) The AX2000 adds 2 M �d " RALi to lhe Anup roore t.sb 10 run 111 the S)')lelii at once. Of b usc as a W1 RAM�� The unll plugi lito the expansion � Dll the 5lde d the A and � the {1)llfl('(t()( b �herdcvicl's 10 plug Into lJj.J to t•v RAM bonnh may be plugged In logethrf Ounied by the Arn9'1 po�r�er �� adding 4 Meg.lbyta The box has-� config", so wllh Kirblalt 1.2 the RAM wiii iWIINtially beadded 10 the system •'hen II is boocrd.. llyou m using Kk:kswt 1.0 or 1 I (no ll.ltO<onfi )'DU can the JIIIJ8lalll bdded w.ib the AX2000 10 add the memory to the S)'Stem, llld chante )'OUr SW'I� to momatkally add the memory on pawn· � StanciMd expariSIDil bus ardllledllll' "' used In the d the AX2000, Bl1 The cnsw oxupallbil� rib aD periphmls and q�e�At •

�•

is the same l!ld colouns the the side "ilhol:l taking � mu:h extra Thellllll ls buill 1I} manufacturer "'Mfmy Ri!IID

Ofeammended

l!ld up andCOiliCS

RAM� l!ld the llrst The Tramaaor You can

It' one 10 act a here order theAX2000 or the I I AXI000 from thesubsaip11011 bm In this Issue: l the l&\ is \ia turrm l!ld 10 rdJdcs Ill customs Hmt;: l!ld pq Shlp sllipmer.11 yoursell and � 1 shlppal chtance, or you can qll 10 I � I0 (l)4 S4995 � S5995 (Ccln) I PocUt \llrlrf (l)4 $29..95 (US). S39.9S (Cdn) I 1\x:Ul Planner (l)4 S29.9S (\.5}. S39.9S (Ccln) I f\x:td F'ller (l)4 S29.9S � S39.95 (Ccln) I 1.0 Cl28 SS9 · � .95(Ccln) I f\x:tel Wner Cl28 S39.95 (US). S-19..95 {Cdn) I f\xkel Planner Cl28 S39.9S (US). �9.95 (Cdn) I Poet�!� Filer Cl28 S399S (US). 149..95 (Cdn) I Pocte! Dl:lixlary S14 S (US). S19.95 (Ccln) tm lrom IOnS now In prodooion The \ • 20 of the rr. Include both the 64 l!ld 128 vt'ft.ions on ttx- same dlsSt Each 2.0 "I scll lor SS9 9S (1..5). or 1M.95 (Cdn� A Supcfpak •ill Pockd &ririe three lor S99.9S (US) or SI39.9S (Cdn} The f\dd Dktklnary IS still from us uttil next 114.9S (tS). s199S (Cdn) �� they 't be

Th lis! abo shawl the-,��eme- d each Issue "Theme kc.JeS- dldn1 5lal1 wtll \Oiu S, lssueOI TheTramactor 0 •t conwns lll pro£rillll from \Oiwre 4, 1-3 AfterWards there and Disk •2 aJIIilliiS Ill pro£mllS from \'olurre 5, 8 tor each Disk !JOm Tbc Issac cuams do\\11 ''mkm d the OOMAL 20 0>.\W. 0 14 8 dJ.Ioadtd. artrklgr. And \'olumc6, 1ssue 05 putmhfd Ll)edirmorJeS for Transador Oisb l to 9 l \01 4 1ssuc 04 - IFonly ( l OW: I) I �QI4 bsueOI ( I Oiskl) OS - tFonly ll Disk I) 8 \01 4 8 \'ol UssuefX? l l Disk I} I \01 4, 1ssuc 0ii - IF only ( I Disk II 8 \01 4 lssue OJ ll Disk I) {8 Disk:!) 8 Vol 5,1 01 - Sound and Grli;Jhla (I OM 2) 8 Vol S Issue IX? - Ti m iO M.ldJine • MF only (I OM 2) 8 \'ol 5 Issue OJ- Piracy and PIIAedlln - tdFonly ( I Disk 3) 6 Edlr:atm - IFonly I \'ol S. lssue 04 l l Disk 41 8 Vol S, lssueOS - liard\\ · � ( 8 Disk 5) 8 Vol S. Issue00 - Akh & Utllm (8 Disk 6) 8 Vol 6. lssui!O l Alb & U ( 8 Disk 7) & Comtrlmx:alllm 8 \'ol G. Issue0:! ( I Disk 8 \'ol 6. IssueOJ -The ( I Disk 9) 8 \'ol 6, 1ssue 04 - lmpanett Tbe Sciena.'.s I Vol 6,1ssueOS- H.lrdv.-a:e & SoftWllt' lnterfacing (8 Disk 10) ( 8 Disk II) I Vol 6. Issue 00 - Real U Apsjicallorts ( 8 Disk 12) I Kmd RWincs I Vol i, Issue 01 ( 8 Disk 13) I \'ol 7, 1ssue02 From 1"hc Inside Out ( I Disk 14) I \01 i, Issue OJ Programming TheCt��PS ( 8 Disk 15) 8 \'ol 7, Issue 04 - ClaJJx).) lnd Glldc"l'U ( 8 Disk 16) II 8 \'ol 7, 1ssue OS •

Vmion I 0 is still anlla'*, and lit ltfrific pact:S' The 64 IIld 128 Yl'l' 5lill bulthe real deal the prier lor lllth The tome In C&4 Superpah S49.9S (US) or SS9.9S (Cdn).. Cl28 � SS9 • (l5) or am b llt'cl .9S(Cdn).. To top II dl. we11 tt:row In the Poctct Dictknlry than the pnce of t•'O' the pn of aD lout, � ames to Dyou h I TheT� Disk S9.95 (l&IC) 1bis the�cOIIectb! of f'\'ft)'TrwBASIC�eo."CJ � �10 Volumei, Issue0I Thelt' me 0\'l!f 120commands )'DUl 'ou pick lhe ones you "u 10 use, and In llll)' comblnaJionl b • 10 � that a IUlJUIIaf) of The nWJWI describes each ol the lnstruc:mns lb righl on the diU OJIIUlWlds. !Ws heM 10 •ne )'OW own cornmmds I !qlcr 13

JS41 S29.9S (US). S39.9S (Ccln) Si;per Ki slmPY.the best disk file � there b. So those (li "hal s happened to rre twictl too many valualje �-protccted or tlmrs� So w .., ·� shipped ewer GOO Super Kib l!ld 01der s anlnlle 10 pour In I Gnome Spefd Compb SS9.9S (US). S69.9S (Cd.'l)

1bis complier Is for BASIC 7 0 on theConumdore I

I Gnome Ki llliy S39..9S(US). H!l.95 (Cdn) iliy wkh � lor the BASIC ecf«or Gnome Kil a Comrmdore I "'ell mhanctd roor.itor TrJCe. F'md. Renumber. Dclele, Auto. CDOl!ll.1Ilds. and tloppy disk roor:!tof fulx1llm.

•

Industry New. The lo&wing ilcnl). mmplled by Astrid Kumas. are baw-d on press relc rtUfltl) rum'td lrom the lm!IUIM:turm Plrase note lhlt product desalp!IOnS II} TheTransactor me noc the R!5UII d m

AbacusSdl1o published another \'IllumeIn thrir referencr seneolbooks at b theCormoodore I ·theC-128 BASICTi Guide. Thebook theuser "1Jo \\'lllltS to learn the � 1-I -In BA.T. � langl:sagc. The book alms 10 be a thoruugh irlroductm "ilh I'IWII!rous exam ples to Oi the reader from sunPc 10 more ad\11lltt'd pro£ramming techniques

Tbc

rtu11 prlcds s16.95 (l5).

The rrxt book In the C-1 lppl In DcmJin

- BASIC 7 0 I - .., sctc.'dulcd for The cd lt'tl!l pn Is S24 9S (t.5).

GEOS - lnsicle and Ou!, Aoothef recem publb!bJ from Abacus Soft\\� wrtten II} :Ired Tornabf IIld R. KerlOOh It lnclu:b lllroduclory ll13!elrial lboul � lhe Desktop. GEOS\\'RJTE and GEOSPAI�T. a collec1bn d tps lor e\'CI) GEOS user. wdl 1 clec:riptiJn ol GE0S irltrmb. The estcd reWJ prier Is s19 9S (1.5) tore lnlormatiOn ISavllable from: Abacus Sdt\\'Jre

All

4 1ssue Ol lonr.'llnl now 1'1 The Transaaor lrom \ on mkrofdr.. According 10 Computrex, our llchc manulaaurer, the Slnps are the"popular98 s�ze·.solhey � becompatible •ilh MfYfiche reader Some' meONLYB'< on mkrofdle -lheseme llli1ftl!d tFonly". The In both paper and rche Don't ched both bole b � dber thee unless you •-m both lhe \'ef51011 A. \ 'D the mic:rallc:he b the arne issue. To � tlJin&'i simple. the pn ol Tramactor Ataoli:he the as " be S4.SO (l&C) and bad m&:llinl5. wilh ore cxcqA�on. A lllhsrripdom me S1500(US/C).. The�? A cocu;:tldc of I (\'oluae 4 S,l!ld 6) will cost Just S39.95 (l&IC)l

%201

PO Box 7211

5..E.

Gr.md Rlpids Ml

49SIO(GI6)W-SSIO Eye-5caa ror C-14f 128 lJiBital � has announced the lt'le of ftr51 product - £)� 1 'ideo � lor the C-64. C-128 and SX64 CXJmpiAen. �:e-:iclll'l s ll&rd'i!i the corn;xm' "USl'r-port• nnkl::g \ideo In \il an RCA Commm tmr b inpld approxlnla!ety 6 set'Oilis per grey IC\'d

Eye-Scan

•hie

�mzrs pull...ck:M11 •inlbol� 10 acrornplkb black 11M

up to

� lmeuion, disk and IS25 ptmtrr support. Abo lnduded b 1 prQgrJmmrr's � !hat ab'5 users to

utlhze 1he hms in their own prug�a... Eye-Scan Is capturfna Paddles paphk programs. Ooodlel and con!patb!c ..th Amilble applicationS indlde pattern

, robol

•

SKUfll}, llltOma1td process coctrol

and lelt �

Peck A Bytr 128

Quatlum Soft•'lfe s F\-ek A 8}1 64, 1 disk and IIl!mory Wli) lor lhc C-6-4 pr0£1amrm, tw been 'Wfaded lor use on Conumdote 128 The IX'W \'efslon, Ptek A B)'te 1 be D1i in Fdlruar) I 7 I addbxlto

the

R.'\�al dher qQlm. m:fl

80-column display,, r

cbJblc-tlded disk. and com

Eye-Sc:an an be ordered b

formal \\'ithiU banning

prodnc:s, Ptek A B}'le I. pte5ef11S

lhc

JS41

on1ltlng to a 1Sil 10 1571 doubiMiled

on lnXlt

product. Ptcl: A Byte 64 \'2.0 togelher ,. the Disk lcchanic and new lllllllW, •ill abo be m!hNc M lbe sme ume. Alroog;t urtS. adlb1 or ilqlcO\'Cd, lbc manul.ldw lim the fcllk:l1ll An entwad \'ef5llll d lbc

5partaD aow w1lh Apple II ceMDIIflll*' diak drhe Ella:ti\-e No\'mlbcr I. I tlmJC '5temS lw rrpacbged the Spartan, the Apple U emulator lor the c-64, to inctude an Apple COIIipa!tie disk drh Sp;wn Sli)'S the d«<sson 10 disconluue the DOS an1 and lndude an Apste n

omer, and compatibledisk dlh-e v.'JS ptomptl':d by nurrerous requests from cust the I!OOUI1I of tedmloll required for the im:a!bloo dthe DOSan1 m the IS41 disk dlh�

COSI of the Spartan llxblmg Apple coctlflo'llille dlsk drh-e b S329.9S (Cdn). Rlr furtlltr lnionnation, ca!l I-800-663-SS27 or coruc:s:

• rrad or wrlr � 10 track 40 e\ rih DOS header errors • t'di! 5C.'CIOr OCR dall • rrad ·r track OCR cbtJ • � lormal or m:!llple tracb up to.0 • do half.otracks up totrack •o • analyzedisk m lJsef who 01\11 the ongmal Peek A B}'le 64 an o:der lhc ftoek A 8}1e 128 (including 1\rl A 8}1 64 \'20 llld new lllolllU.1l)b lhe piCe upgrade d S20 00 (1..5). Rlr rrore informatkln. CIXllliCI Quartum Sofilli"are PO Box 1271G Lll.ke Part Fl. 33403

MlniC �'S!tmS clo EDP I�

�1.01 \\est A\"mr \'ancou\-er, BC. \'6H 1C9

Lincoln College Commodore Computer Camp with

JIM BUTTERFIELD • Fri.,

Feb. 20, lO:oo-6:00 • Sat., Feb. 21, lO:oo-6:00 • Sun. , Feb. 22, Noon-5:00

� � u � \)J ��·

�Brooks Hall, Civic Center San Francisco

• EXHIBITS, EVENTS AND DOOR PRIZE:) • NA110NAL COMMOOORE SPEAk OS • SHOW SPEOALS AND DISCOUNTS l T'l tS � il U.'NO • SEE 1HE U

\� IN HA.JUM'AJlEI

SOFTWARE TECHSOLOCY

n. c:. 1 1II '5toew lo tlw eaJJ Wool C.. ••lUlu _. '*' .. . .. ..., ,. . ..., . • ,llw A � G\. C' tz1 Ul PC .... c ... · zrt Ell· ·

RECIS1'RATION fEES: Ont OnJ,....S10 ._ Th.rw � 1 Pa u S15

0.,. "11'J __;;

_ _

_ _ _ _ _ _

and othar axparta

July 1 9-25,.. 1 987 Topics Include: • Amlga • C-128 • Robotics • Telecomputlng • Additional selected topics For further Information, contact: Office of Continuing Education Lincoln College 300 Keokuk

62656 217n32·3155 Lincoln, IL

COMPUTtR SWAP, UK .

. .

. . .