Sylvie Tram Nguyen, 2023 Portfolio, sample works

P O R T F O L I O Atlas Narratives of Anthropogenic

Transformations across the Vietnamese Mekong Delta’s Urban-Rural Territories (Ph.D) 1. Geographical and ecological conditions and Mekong Delta Plan 2. Palimpsest Atlas narratives across history 3. Research-by-design response to challenges, scenario proposal

SYLVIE TRAM NGUYEN

Ph.D. MAUD B.Arch

Qianhai, Zhenzhen 1. Qianhai Competition: A Global Economic Platform for the Pearl River Delta 2. Masterplan and Urban Design Proposal 3. Sustainability and Blue Green Strategy 4. Sustainability, Water & Energy

Ninh Thuan Province, Vietnam 1. Masterplanning for Ninh Thuan Province 2. Methodology for Formulating the Integrated Spatial Development Plan 3. Strategic Coastal Masterplan 4. Focus Area Detail Masterplan, Phan Ram Thap Cham City 5. Urban Design Guiding Principles for Phan Rang Thap Cham City 6. Garden City Demonstration Project in Phuoc Dan 7. Dam Nai Lake, Eco-village Detail Design

Hengqin, Zhuhai 1. Hengqin South Reclamation, Eco-island as the New Marine Economic Centre 2. Urban Design Framework Positioning 3. Water Puri ication Strategy

1

Atlas Narratives of Anthropogenic Transformations across the Vietnamese Mekong Delta

Fig 1. A geographic map of the different water bodies and streams dated in 1984, showing the topographical relationship between the Ton Le Sap reservoir and river course, the downstream portion of the Mekong River, and the irrigation system feeding off of the deltaic river tributaries into the Mekong Delta

The thesis centers on the VMD, situated in the south east asian milieu, where the mekong river branches out into the Bassac river and splits into many tributaries making up the ‘Nine Dragon River Delta.’

With a population of less than 17 million, the VMD spans 39,400km2 at the capping end into the South China Sea at the downstream receiving end of the entire water catchment basin. As a biodiverse yet highly vulnerable environment for social ecologies in flora, fauna, wildlife and human activities.

The aerial map above shows how the Mekong River MR traverses horizontally across some topographic geographies from the Tonle Sap TLS, to a progressively flattened territory as it reaches the Delta, whereby the river waters branch into a canalized water irrigation network system across the deltaic landscape, to the right.

A closer look at the relationship between the MR and the TLS in the map to the left, shows a pulsing relationship of watersheds, between the downstream current and the TLS’s watershed before arriving at the catchment basin at the receiving end in the Mekong Delta. All together, they create a complex dynamic of opposing water flows.

As such, the Mekong Delta is characterized as a tidal-dominant Delta shaped by the sedimentation process from the fluvial flow of the Mekong River and coastal tides... it’s supported by the deposition of rich nutrients during the flooding season.

Fig 4 shows the perspective view of peak flood risk in 2019 shows how the flooding watershed is located right at the upper alluvial region of the MD, ranging up to 1m in blue, as a significant risk for a deltaic region whose subtle sloping topographic plain ranges only between 1 to 3.75m above sea level. Most of the primary canals established by 1965, shows a network which directly serves to irrigate the watershed.

Fig 2. The map shows the shared watershed system and spatial distribution of water volume based on the percentage flow from each country during high flood season, collected in the transboundary watershed region between the lower part of Cambodia and the upper central Mekong Delta alluvial plain.

On the contrary, Fig 6 shows another logic is established for salinity risk, the areas of high salinity risk along the coast (in purple) is managed by large hydraulic projects, each managing water flow based on seasonal saline intrusion.

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Fig 3. Map of the Mekong Delta’s land production types, overlaid with urban areas, water and mobility networks.

The following alterations of the Delta’s complex ecosystem dynamics, have presented great challenges faced by the Mekong Delta due to anthropogenic activities and climate change: 1 flooding and drought 5 salination 2 sedimentation decline 6 the adverse effects of dam construction, sand extraction, and deforestation 3 sea-level rise 7 the impacts of urbanization on sedimentation processes and erosion 4 land subsidence

Fig 4. Perspective view of peak flood risk in 2019.

Fig 5. Perspective view of peak salinity risk in 2019.

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Fig 7 shows a 12km spanning transect cut across the Western Bassac region, from the Bassac river to the deep water plain, to demonstrate the delta’s three main morphological characteristics: the natural levee; the backswamp; and the deepwater area.

However, the deepwater area, which actually spans over 40km more, consists of hydraulogically engineered water, turning over former swamps into ricefields. this irrigation process has taken over the natural water cycles, redirecting water for mass food production, and consequently resulting in pollution and The natural levee is characterized by naturally elevated riverbanks, resource depletion. which naturally protect habitat and sustain rich forested landscapes, through its natural water cycles. next, located on the lower and partially floodable land, the backswamp region can be inhabited by more adaptive lifestyles in ‘living with the water’ the VAC model or garden/pond/animal in Fig. 8 shows how circular systems that work between sustainable habitat of integrated processes for living and cultivation, allowing the water cycle of water run-off and evaporation to continue however slightly disturbed between impermeable areas.

Fig 6. Chart showing the seasonal cultivation pattern based on the relationship between the precipitation and the temperature fluctuations across the months.

Fig 7. The water cycle across the transect, taken from the Bassac River across the Western Bassac region. Characterized by the natural levee, back swamp and deep-water area, each resulting in different habitat models: The natural landform, VAC, and Hydraulic model.

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Fig 8. The traditional Vietnamese “Vuon Ao Chuon” (garden, pond, and animal) VAC model is sustainable habitat integrated by processes for living, cultivation, and consumption.

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10km

30km

Fig 9. Palimpsest mapping synthesis of the approved MDIRP plan

A palimpsest atlas analysis of Mekong Delta master plan from prin- 1. How have traces of the original canals paved the way to today’s cipal reports and associated atlases associated with The Mekong water techno-managerial procedures, and how have the master planning periods between the Dutch and Vietnamese ministries informed Delta Integrated Regional Plan (MDRIP) 2022. such projects?

The atlas explorations include the collage and assemblage of historical and current spatial information through the reorganization and 2. What are the ad hoc infrastructural changes done along these histext narration of selected archival and planning materials across torical canals and agrarian landscape over time, and how has the DelDutch Delta reports, juxtaposed with existing territorial conditions. ta adapted to climate change and anthropogenic impacts?

3. How has Dutch Delta management knowledge been transferred to The palimpsest atlas explores the Mekong Delta’s modern history the Vietnamese Mekong Delta over the last 50 years, and what are the of territorial outcomes based on key periodical master plans com- project implementation results and environmental impacts? pleted by Dutch Delta Experts, to generate a new reading of the territory to answer the questions:

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Fig 10. Mekong Delta exhibition on archival maps and palimpsest mappings, at TU Delft, the Netherlands 2022 hydraulic projects 2019 salinity risk (high-low 2022 planned dike 2022 planned sea dike 2022 zone, partial flood control 2022 zone, flood controlled rice 2022 zone, flood fully controlled settlements and orchard road network major canal minor canal a)

b)

c)

Fig 11. a) Saline intrusion zones and watershed management system; b) Agri-brackish diversification zones supported by new dikes; c) Water control intensified zones versus saline coastal projects

water or river body water stream ocean bordering zone past canal, existing

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Palimpsest Atlas narratives across history Palimpsests for the 1600s, 1800s and 1930

During this time, the Mekong Delta’s natural water ecosystems ran almost freely except for a couple of linear water canals, which began carving into the natural water flow. Settlements were sparse, and nodal towns had begun to colonize along the river, naturally protected from floods. The typical section of the first canals in Fig 12 shows how people settled along the naturally elevated river levees by raising their homes on melaleuca wooden sticks - as housing on stilts 1 meter above sea level .

The map in Fig 13 from the Funan kingdom period, shows a original rationale behind canals, as intersecting routes at multiple temple and trade point locations, in tune with the direction of the water flow, however by the 1900s, Fig 14 shows how this logic was superseded after the French colonies arrived, introducing canals dredged from river to sea. And in the 1930s map in Figure 15, shows how canals were planned like boulevards, connecting between nodal towns for trade and commerce.

Fig 13. Multi-directional canals connected the kingdom to temples and the Oc Eo mountains, during the Funan kingdom period

Fig 12. Hypothetical Canal Section from the 1800s, showing the natural levees inhabited by stilt houses within the forests

Fig 14. First canals dredged during the Nguyen Dynasty period over the swampy landscape

Fig 15. Palimpsest of 1930 original canals whose traces have remained up-to-date.

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Palimpsest for the 1960s, 70s, and 80s

Fig 16. Section showing the existing conditions of traditional river stilt housing built along a natural levee.

The deltaic state was partially destroyed during the war in the 1950s, 60s and 70s, however postwar reform after 1975 and the Doi Moi 1986 reform served to promote the Mekong Delta as a food production center to lift Vietnam out of the postwar food security crisis. Fig 16 shows section shows how the original canals begun to be upgraded with added dike in the back of stilt houses. Serving as dual usage in flood protection and road access, the dikes were futher elevated 2m in FIG B, after the 1986 reform, to support double rice crop irrigation - introducing development on the other side of the road.

Fig 18 shows the outcome after a series of road/dike and canal upgrades, one can see a mix of old and new typologies as shown in the last section... as increasingly larger developments turn away from the water and inland, by the late 80s. The maps in Fig 19, show the progession of canal intensification leading up to the reform period of 1986. And Fig 20 shows the first results of the reform’s ‘all water for rice’ policy, with the last major canal added to complete the western part, the delta begun transforming with more upgrades in techno water managerial works.

Fig 17. Section showing the upgrade from river stilt housing development along a natural levee to an embankment raised by dikes on both sides, further constructed as road access, consequently attracting new development.

Fig 19. 1975 Palimpsest map of the study area

Fig 18. Canal Section shows a gradation of periods of constructed typologies as a result of the raised dike further beyond the canal, introducing inner and outer canal development activities.

Fig 20. Palimpsest mapping up to 1984 showing the primary canals remaining from the French Colonial period and the added primary canals, completing the ‘comb-like’ pattern.

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Palimpsest for the 1980s, 1990s and early 2000s

Fig 21. A typical existing water channel whereby the raising of the dike and construction of a national-level road triggers a local response to build direct bridges linkage to the road

Fig 24. 1984 Palimpsest shows how the original primary canals had become subdivided by additional canals as a result of extended hydraulic irrigation works

Fig 22. The upgrade canal works with raised dikes coupled with highway investments have reoriented new development away from the water and towards land-based activities.

Fig 25. 1984 Palimpsest shows a gridded combination of water and road networks, for compartmentalized food production

Fig 23. Section of the canal whereby a series of upgrades have occurred over the decades, creating different superimposed fabrics

Fig 26. 2022 Palimpsest map of the complete canalized hydraulic Delta system

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By the late 90s and early 2000s, the state of the delta begun to show stress in water pollution and soil degradation, resulting from intensified agricultural practices and urbanization with the canal infrastructure repeatedly upgraded for increased flood protection and in support of rapid rice production, the sections show different local and market responses.

From the local response of bridging to new read access in Fig 21 to the market reponse to promote larger developments capitalizing on national access and flood protected land in Fig 22 and 23, both show the mixes of fabrics resulting from different periods of upgrades, on top completely raising beds as supported by higher dike construction. With landbased construction in shophouses and warehouses.

Fig 27. Palimpsest map showing all primary roads running parallel to canals (in yellow)

The 1984 palimpsest in Fig 24 shows how added canals have subdivided the original canals into more narrow watershed units. These ‘comblike’ irrigation structures create a new mechanized water management units. Fig 25 and 26SHOWS palimpsests show how the Delta was more or less permanently transformed into Bigg’s notion of a hydraulic ‘Delta Machine’. The gridded patterns were enabled by subsystems of channels sluice gates, dikes, and pumping stations.

The palimpsest in Fig 27 shows how all of the parallel roads constructed along the canals as a thickened moment of integrated networks concerning the waters (in yellow).

Fig 28 shows how by the 1990s, many original roads were upgraded at highway levels along the old canals providing linkage between urban centers to town nodes, with thickening layers of linear settlement growth (in dashed black) along roads and canals These densified linear activities challenge the canals by capitalizing on another economic generated by road connectivity between trade/ economic areas, one well defined

by Terry McGee as DESA KOTA, OR urban / village.

Fig 28. Map up to 2022 showing high-dike systems implemented after the 2010 flood (light green) and the extent of urban areas plans (in orange) and development blocks (in brown).

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Research-by-design response to challenges, scenario proposal Research question: How can improved, regenerated, or preserved water ecosystems and their new relationship evolve with the transformative processes of existing and future urban-rural activities across the Mekong Delta, to become a more integrated solution to the combined anthropogenic and climate change problems, while addressing the socio-economic inequality, and fragmented territories resulting from unsustainable practices in food production?

The following research question is raised: How can improved, regenerated, or preserved water ecosystems and their new relationship evolve with the transformative countercurrent processes of Hydraulic, VAC and desakota activities across the urban-rural milieu to become a more integrated approach to the combined environmental problems, while addressing the socio-economic inequality and the fragmented state of the deltaic territories?

Although the Desakota response shows social ecological resilience to the impact of mass rice production, these diversified areas along the infrastructure investment come at the cost of also exploiting the Delta’s natural resources.

The map in Fig 29 shows how the once diffused water network system across the territory has become fragmented by the ample water and road infrastructure and subsequently intensified the Desakota growth with associated plantations along the network. resulting in fragmented spaces of hierarchical orders driven by access to water and roads. Subsequently disturbing the Delta›s natural water landscape.

road network water urban area Fig 29. Palimpsest map showing the disturbance in the formerly isotropic water system whereby a lamination of multifunctional constructs has resulted from infrastructural investments made in water and road networks

Fig 31. Proposed new ecological section whereby the canal is extended through stepped terraces shaping relationships between land and water bodies

Fig 32. Axon illustrating the transect across the canal’s proposed transformation, cultivating different types of water spaces for fauna and flora and various waterlandbased cultivation practices by the surrounding community Sylvie T. Nguyen 2023 Portfolio. All rights reserved. No parts may be used or published without written permission by the author and organization

As shown in the section in Fig 30 a., the canal networks across the Mekong seldom feel like part of the region’s open space systems.

The rationality behind engineered water landscapes for flood protection and irrigation was propelled by in «Strong Structures,» e.g., the water and mobility networks.But they have driven the Delta’s territorial development so dominantly that any consideration for «weak structures» integrated with the canals› such as public open spaces, pathway continuities in blue green ecological corridors and natural landscape, was overlooked in water management and planning.

The research-by-design proposes reimagining the engineered canals by restructuring the existing hydraulic infrastructure. Via depoldering and stepped terracing techniques can create variations in water levels and controls, fostering the diversification of land types. As shown in Fig 30 b. the tranformative process from an engineered canal and dike irrigation system to that fostering spaces in socio-techno-ecologies.

The proposed section in Figure 31 shows how new water space can be created by partially depoldering dikes, to open up a new space for different water ecosystems. And the axon in Fig 32 illustrates Leaving the question: How can future diversification along the ca- how the stepped water terrace morphology can be achieved by setnals reduce the Mekong Delta’s water ecosystems› threats under ting back the dikes, to foster more varieties of water spaces during the accelerated rate of climate change and anthropogenic impacts? the dry and wet season for diverse flora and fauna and cultivation patterns.

Whereby the Desakota’s movement towards a rururban Metropolis has essentially pushed back the system by transforming infrastructures into multi-functional spaces: Spaces for work & live, and open spaces for plantations and fisheries. Thus the idea of the Weak Structures, e.g., ecological processes and continuities across public open spaces, could evolve the Delta’s water grid.

Fig 30. a) Existing conditions and b) Proposed scenario

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These Socio-Techno-Ecological corridors ensure the adaptation to living with the water as climate change impacts intensify, it challenges the current relocation of informal river settlements schemes urban in orientation by offering an alternative way of cohabitation in the countryside however, processing on the socio-economic level by reinstating the farmers into a sustainable Agropolitan system and introduces a new water ecosystem by offering more diffused water and landscape relationships, addressing farmers› livelihoods with diversification.

Weak Structures is proposed as framework along the less prominent subdividing canals to foster a resilient and diversified interrelationship between different ecologies. This new framework is characterized as “social-ecological water corridors” whereby natural and artificial processes could coexist between water ecosystems and habitats. Serving as a new attractive place for cohabitation between humans and nonhumans alike, while promoting the continuity of species across corridors and the regeneration of biodiversity across the Mekong Delta.

Fig 33. As an adaptation based on the MDRIP’s plan for “living with fresh and saline waters” as climate change impacts intensifies, by offering more diffused water and landscape relationships. road network water urban area

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Zooming into the framework, a project scenario is envisioned as a diffused pattern that can sustainably foster cultivation and cohabitation between humans and nonhumans alike across the gradation of ecologies promoted by different water ecological bodies.

The proposed scenario spans along a transect of diverse land cultivation types from the water canal into the rice fields. The main access roads or new dike setbacks are approximately 60m away from the canal’s waterline. And different levels of aquaculture are proposed to step up from the height of the originally dredged canal to the flood protection line of the dike, about 3.5m up. Creating a gradually stepping landscape of diffused fabrics offering habitable land associated with farming landscapes.

Fig 34. Existing conditions

Fig 35. Map showing the proposed ecological corridors scenario as a diffused urbanization pattern supported by different water bodies of ecosystem services, based on the three different water lines (0m, 1m, 2m) resulting from different seasonal flooding patterns.

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Fig 36. Map of proposed integrated urban design structure across scales, between Social-Ecological corridors and the water ecological framework.

Fig 37. Counter proposal to the existing transect conditions, enabling the water cycle and ecosystem processes

Fig 38. Water is reclaimed in retention ponds, and aquaculture cultivation is proposed between buffering poldered landscapes to reduce saline intrusion Sylvie T. Nguyen 2023 Portfolio. All rights reserved. No parts may be used or published without written permission by the author and organization

In addition, a larger water framework composed of water retention and purification systems are proposed at the watershed scale as delta interventions to sustain the delta’s regenerative processes in flood pulses. The water framework aims to ‘make room for the floods’ to reinstate part of the delta’s natural water cycles as a means of lifting the delta out of environmental degradation and resource depletion.

Thus the water framework acts as the larger mechanism enabling the water cycling processes with water filtration to bolstering Social-Water Ecological corridors project. The sections in Fig 38 and 39 show how the ecological water framework could improve the water ecosystems, a) water is reclaimed in retention ponds, and aquaculture cultivation is proposed between buffering poldered landscapes to reduce saline intrusion; b) stepped terraces are proposed as water run-off filtration systems.

As shown in the transect in Fig 37, these new natural water systems would evolve as a consequence of creating the new “natural spaces” in between the cultivated and built space would become part of collective open spaces and as part of the continuity of the greater network of cyclic water ecological systems across the Delta. The effects of the proposed interventions are envisioned to transform the DEEP WATER region as Weak Structures to foster “Social Ecological Water Corridors.”

As a Radical Project fostering a new Cyclic Water Ecosystem for the delta, The project for the Ecological Transition in the Delta, touches upon many of the research findings revealed through the palimpsest mapping over time, territorially postrationalizing the use of water and road infrastructure through a revitalization of existing canals and the incremental depoldering process.

The proposed technologically disposed yet naturally emerging Weak Structures combined with water framework opens up a new circular water process, whereby the Delta’s seasonal water flows could slowly be recuperated within the ecological system.

Therefore, the Weak Structures shall consist of different water flows and water bodies facilitating water cycles. To be collected across retention and filtration systems and shall be restored into the groundwater aquifer or recycled into the water system. Ultimately redefining the notion of the Delta’s existence as a provider of Ecosystems Services for the sake of agriculture production, and instating the delta as a SUBJECT to the Social Ecological Transition. One mutually beneficial to ecologies and humans, to foster a new adaptive water cycle that could enable the Delta to environmentally recover while self sustaining micro-economies based on more sustainable processes in the future.

Fig 39. Stepped terraces are proposed as water run-off filtration systems, Sylvie T. Nguyen 2023 Portfolio. All rights reserved. No parts may be used or published without written permission by the author and organization

Qianhai Competition: A Global Economic Platform for the Pearl River Delta

ARUP HONG KONG, 3rd runner up

Qianhai has a unique opportunity to leverage its waterfront location, geographical proximity to Hong Kong and the other Pearl River Delta cities, no only as a place for the regional movement of goods and materials, but as a platform for Shenzhen.

The first driver is to create an economic platform for Southern China to open to the world and go beyond local to global.

The platform will be manifest in the principles of the 3 E’s to offer an “Enabling, Efficient and Entrepreneurial” experience for businesses interested in investing and creating its foofhold in China.

The second driver is to create a waterfront destination where a quality built environment that preaches the ideology of “social ecology” is manifested: Social ecology comprising of the 3 E’s: Cultural ecology, natural ecology and production ecology.

These combined drivers create a branding for Qianhai as the “Centre of Gravity” whereby this focal point aggregates investments, human resources, information, and nature to create a critical mass whereby a global economic platform could take place.

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Masterplan and Urban Design Proposal

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Sustainability and Blue Green Strategy Improvement of Water Circulation As mentioned, the poor water quality of the Qianhai area is due to poor water circulation. water current under such circumstance is unable to dilute and disperse pollutants effectively, which finally leads to long-term accumulation of pollutants. To improve water quality in long run, increase the water circulation at the Qianhai water bodies and improvement of water quality through dynamic natural tides are necessary. The final solution is proposed to open up a channel of approximately 400m in width at the western end of the reclaimed land.

As such, the tidal flows can follow the channel and the flow rate is increased as well.

Thus, pollutants at the estuary in the Qianhai area are diluted. According to hydraulic modelling results, flow rate at the inner bay of Qianhai can be increased from 0.075m/s to 0.2m/s. With such flow rate, pollutants will not be easily accumulated.

Maintenance dredging should only be conducted when necessary. Together with implementation of opened channel, pollutant remediation at the rivers and the introduction of floating wetland will be adopted to improve the water quality at the Qianhai area in the long run.

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Sustainability, Water & Energy Water is a key resource that supports the growth of Qianhai and given the future development and projected population growth, the demand for water will rise. Qianhai needs to promote sustainable water management to secure supply and to ensure water efficiency at all levels, ranging from treatment to consumption. A total water management plan should comprises strategies that involves the promotion of sustainable water cycle and securing of existing and future water resources and quality.

The concept of making innovative use of renewal resources should be applied to the water resources network. Reclaimed water or effluent re-use is a sustainable alternative water source as instead of being discharged from the sewage treatment works, the effluent is further treated and purified for usage. Rainwater harvesting system and greywater processing system can be in place to reduce the water demand arising from non-potable usage such as landscape irrigation, landscape features, toilet flushing. street cleaning, and other suitable uses.

The guiding principle of solid waste strategy is to tackle the problem through a hierarchical approach that aims at sustainable management and treatment at different aspects of the waste generation and disposal cycle, starting from waste prevention/reduction, waste reuse, waste recycling, and energy recovery to ultimately, disposal. anagement and Control In order to sort, treat, and even recycle the wastes generated from household or even commercial and industrial premises, they must be stored and collected in a systematic way. It is suggested to promote separation of recyclable and non-recyclable waste. Instead of transporting the waste all the way to treatment plants or landfill, they should be deposition and compact at a local waste transfer station. This will save costs and energy in the waste transportation, handling processes and save the valuable landfill area.

Energy Recovery

Rainwater harvesting is the accumulating and storing of rainwater for reuse, before it reaches the aquifer. It can be used to provide water for livestock, water for irrigation, and other non-drinking purposes. Rainwater collected from the roofs is non-vegetated source controls that detain stormwater, and is complementary to green roof system. It can also supplement the sub soil water level and increase urban greenery.

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Seawater District Cooling System (DCS) Capitalizing on the close proximity to the sea, Qianhai has great potential to explore Seawater District Cooling System-a low carbon cooling solution for Qianhai. A district cooling system distributes thermal energy in the form of chilled water or other media from a central source to multiple buildings through a network of underground pipes for use in space and process cooling. As the cooling or heat rejection is usually provided from a central cooling plant, it eliminates the need for separate systems in individual buildings. Qianhai has the advantage of using seawater for condensing cooling, which increases the efficiency of the chiller plant. There is potential that seawater district cooling systems will help to reduce the energy consumption by 10%.

Seawater District Cooling System

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Masterplanning for Ninh Thuan Province Arup Hong Kong

To facilitate the Ninh Thuan province’s development, the provincial and central government has appointed Arup for masterplanning, infrastructure and sustainability services in order to develop an integrated and sustainable development plan for the entire province up to 2030.

The province and coastal areas are structured in four regions and development strands of spatial and economic opportunities, whereas three of these regions are overlapping in a fourth focal point. The strands are located towards the north along the coast, south along infrastructure corridors and towards the west into the hinterland of the province, which are all interconnected in the urban economic core of PRTC city. These areas strategically form a “diamond” shaped network of relationships between the various geographical zones of development. The strands include: • Agriculture, forestry, aquaculture and food production to the west • Tourism and conservation to the north • Clean energy and manufacturing to the south • Urban growth, knowledge and heritage in the urban core The high-level strategy for the coastal development strategizes on creating economic clusters such that they interconnect with the proposed five priority zones. These network connections create a synergy in an overall nexus where different development clusters cooperate advantageously for the best outcome of the coastal development.

Optimized Network System

The outcome of this methodological process has been a set of networks which form an Integrated Spatial Development Plan.

Together, these networks will deliver the 2030 Vision through the masterplan – “A Sustainable Development Plan”.

The land use plan is underpinned by an optimized and resilient system composed of five key networks. These optimized networks operate and interact with each other under the common goals to promote resource efficiency, to achieve the concept of a low carbon economy, and to enable reinvestment of resources in quality of life for businesses and esidents.

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Coastal Masterplan: Eco-regions & Tourism Network Within the disbursement of these development strands along the urban territories and coastal areas, five priority zones are highlighted for detail masterplans, making up economically integrated zones for development. These five priority zones are 1. Phan Rang Thap Cham City 2. Dam Nai Lake 3. Thanh Hai, New Town 4. Ninh Hai, Northern Coastal Tourism 5. Thuam Nam, Southern Industrial Zone and Phuoc Dan - Phuoc Nam, New Town

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Methodology for Formulating the Integrated Spatial Development Plan Ninh Thuan province has been identified as: 1) Energy; 2) Economic Integration; 3) Ecosystems and Heritage; 5) Quality of Life.

As the methodology for Formulating the Integrated Spatial Development Plan. This Methodology Framework presents, in a systematic way, the following data sets and analytical processes for each of the five development pillars identified: VISION • OBJECTIVES: What Ninh Thuan would like to achieve.

• COMPONENTS: The specific components and elements associated to each objective, including the related economic development paradigms.

BASELINE AND ANALYSIS • BASELINE PLANS: The existing spatial conditions in Ninh Thuan, presented as a set of maps based on information gathered during site visits and different sources.

• ANALYSIS: A rapid analysis of constraints and opportunities, identifying also issues of risk and resilience associated to the existing spatial conditions and future opportunities.

REPORTING • KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS AND ASPIRATIONAL TARGETS: How to measure the achievement of a sustainable Ninh Thuan in the future.

Under this framework, 5 key pillars of regional VISIONdevelopment:

11

Key pillars / Objectives

Energy The Energy Capital of Vietnam: We will provide clean and reliable energy systems

Components Energy Paradigm

• Renewable energy • Nuclear energy • Energy related industries • Energy intensive industries • Energy knowledge

Ninh Thuan as a primary supplier of clean energy and the host of Asia’s clean energy cluster, developing cutting edge energy management knowledge, showcasing clean technologies and providing industry with a clean energy platform.

22

Economic Integration

Prosperity and value added via the integration of regional value chains

Agricultural Paradigm Manufacturing Paradigm

• Agriculture / Aquaculture • Agriculture techologies • Food industries • Manufacture • Factor-driven industries • Branded food products • Food security Ninh Thuan as an urivalled model for rural economic transformation in Vietnam, with a sustainable economy and a level of prosperity that is competitive with major cities of the nation.

33 44 55

Ecosystems & Heritage

We respect our ecosystems and heritage to provide diversity

Tourism Paradigm

• Protected areas network • Heritage trail • Destination resorts • Links between food industry and tourism • Sports activities

Ninh Thuan as a province characterized for its natural landscape, the health of its ecosystems and the conservation of its natural and cultural heritage.

Climate Change

Reduced vulnerability: we are prepared for climate change

Climate Change Resilience Paradigm

• Mitigation: international exemplar in low carbon development • Adaptation: increased resilience and reduced vulnerability

Nihn Thuan as a province responsive to climate change dynamics, contributing to climate change mitigation and robust strategies for climate change adaptation, with embedded resilience and reduced vulnerability and risk.

Quality of Life

We ensure the quality of life of business, residents and visitors

Education Paradigm Real Estate Paradigm • Networked infrastructures supporting quality of life: - Sustainable water systems - Transport and mobility - Waste systems - Telecommunications • Education institutions • Residential and commercial development Nihn Thuan as a province characterized by the high quality of life it offers to residents and visitors, and its attractive urban and rural environments.

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Sustainability is the underlying concept upon which the core values of Ninh Thuan’s land use vision and masterplan is built. Ninh Thuan’s sustainability approach combines highly aspirational objectives, key performance indicators, targets and a set of specific provincial networks aimed at achieving those aspirational objectives. The sustainability principles are formulated on the basis of practicality and deliverability, and the strategies derived thereof

BASELINE AND ANALYSIS BASELINE AND ANALYSIS

Spatial Baseline

• Energy infrastructure / grid • Planned energy infrastructure • Renewable energy potential - Wind - Solar - Waste - Hydro

1 • Agriculture (livestock, crops) • Aquaculture (fishery, shrimp) • Transport network • Coastal interface (ports, others) • Industry (existing) • Land use and employment • Proposed industrial zones

2 • Marine and terrestrial ecosystems (endemic / endangered species; special ecosystems, areas of high ecological value, etc) Tourism • Landscape character Paradigm • Key natural attractions • Cultural heritage

Constraints Risks

• Increase energy security and connectivity • Provide reliable supply of clean energy • Decentralised energy solutions for remote communities • Develop smart grid and alternative energy hub • Natural assets for renewable energy sources

• Poor transport connectivity and infrastructure • Brain drain of talent and younger generation • Loss of local culture and heritage through economic development • Remote mountain regions limit economic integration • Impact of existing aquaculture on groundwater and environment

• Increase energy security and connectivity • Provide reliable supply of clean energy • Decentralised energy solutions for remote communities • Develop smart grid and alternative energy hub • Natural assets for renewable energy sources

• Impact of economic growth on ecosystems, biodiversity and local cultural heritage • Loss of valuable agricultural land through industrialisation

• Unique cultural heritage • Preserve and enhance linkages between local assets like biodiversity and heritage • Development of eco tourism • Establish a environmental management framework • Establish a cultural heritage management framework

• Worsened economy • Increase in mortality and injuries • Poor biodiversity • Damaged infrastructure

4 • Education infrastructure • Health infrastructure • Water infrastructure • Waste infrastructure • Telecommunication • Transport infrastructure • Urban fabric

5

Opportunities Resilience

• Increase in greenhouse gas emissions and climate change dynamics through industrialisation and urban growth • Unreliable existing supply of energy • Impact of proposed nuclear plants on communities, tourism and ecosystems • Impact of proposed high voltage lines on natural setting and ecology

3 • Flooding / Typhoon under CC scenarios • Predicted weather changes under CC scenarios (rainfall, temperature, etc) • Areas of particular vulnerability

/ /

aim at delivering a sustainable community through integrating and balancing social, economic and environmental parameters based on the identified development potentials and constraints of Ninh Thuan. A Methodlogy Framework for spatial planning has been formulated to consolidate this approach. It linksNinh Thuan’s vision with the existing conditions, the opportunities and constraints for the achievement ofthis vision, and the mechanisms to evaluate

OUTCOME Ninh Thuan Energy Development Spatial Plan

REPORTING KPI’s / Aspirational Targets

EPI 2008: • CO2 emissions from electricity production (target: 0g CO2 per kWh)

(CLEAN ENERGY) 37 Nuclear Power Plant 38 Wind Power Plant 39 Solar Power Plant 40 Hydro Power Plant 41 Energy Grid (MANUFACTURING) 49 Electricity Network (EDUCATION) 51 Nuclear Research Center 52 Renewable Energy Research Center 53 Renewable Energy Research Test Center

Ninh Thuan Economic Development Spatial Plan

(AGRICULTURE / AQUACULTURE / FORESTRY) 1 Paddy Farm 2 Sugarcane Farm 3 Cashew Farm 4 Grapevine 5 Other Crops Farm 6 Livestock Farm 7 Salt Farm 8 Fishing Port 9 Forest 10 Warehouse 11 Winery 12 Processing Factory 13 Vertical Farming Building 14 Robust Road Network 15 Irrigation System

(MANUFACTURING) 42 Steel Complex 43 Post-salt Chemical Factory 44 Automotive Factory 45 Motor Driven Product Factory 46 Furniture Factory 47 Industrial Seaport 48 Railway Terminal (TOURISM) 16 Marina (Yacht Club) 17 Golf Course (Country Club) 18 Second Home (Highland) 19 Second Home (Ocean) 20 Heliport 21 Luxury International Hotel (Highland) 22 Hot Spring Excavation Site 23 Vineyard 24 Winery 25 Lodge 26 Organic Restaurant 27 Organic Farm

Ninh Thuan Ecosystems and Heritage Strategic Spatial Plan

(TOURISM) 28 Mountain Trail 29 Natural Reserve 30 Groomed Beach 31 Groomed Sand Dune 32 Cham Museum 33 Cham Pottery Factory 34 Cham Weaving Factory 35 Cham-Style Accommodation 36 Coastal Road

Ninh Thuan Climate Change Response Strategic Spatial Plan

• Reduce vulnerability and increase resilience • Building a resilient society through social networks and education • Maintain forestry and protect ecoystems • Undertake comprehensive climate change assessment

IN PROGRESS

EPI 2008:

• Air Pollution: Regional Ozone (target: 0 exceedance above 3000ppb.h/squarekilometer-hours per km2) • Air Pollution: SO2 Emissions (target: 0 metric tons per populated land area unit) • Water Quality Index (target: proximity-totarget score of 100) • Water Stress (target: 0% territory exceeds with water withdrawal exceeding 40% of available supply) • Biodiversity and Habitat - Conservation Risk Index (target: 0.5 ratio of protected to converted land) • Biodiversity and Habitat - Effective Conservation (target: TBC. Indicator to be adjusted to regional scale) • Biodiversity and Habitat - Critical Habitat Protection (target: 100% Alliance for Zero Extinction sites protected; TBC if applicable) • Biodiversity and Habitat - Marine Protected Areas (target: 10% Exclusive Economic Zone Area protected; TBC if applicable) • Productive Natural Resources / Forestry - Change in Growing Stock (target: no decline in forests cubic meters/ha) • Productive Natural Resources / Fisheries - Marine Trophic Index (target: no decline trend line) • Productive Natural Resources / Fisheries - Trawling Intensity (target: 0% Exclusive Economic Zone Area Trawled TBC if applicable) • Productive Natural Resources / Agriculture - Irrigation Stress (target: 0% irrigated area that is in water stressed areas) • Productive Natural Resources / Agriculture - Agricultural Subsidies (national level indicator; not applicable) • Productive Natural Resources / Agriculture - Intensive Cropland (target: 0% intensive cropland) • Productive Natural Resources / Agriculture - Pesticide Regulation (national level indicator; not applicable) • Productive Natural Resources / Agriculture - Burned Area (target: 0% burned area)

EPI 2008: • Green House Gases (target: 2.24 metric tons/capita CO2 equivalent) • Industrial carbon intensity (target: 27% reduction in CO2 emissions per $1000 USD 1995 ppp; target TBC)

Indicator on CC Adaptation TBD.

• Uncertain scenarios of climate change impact • Climate change impact on urban systems • Untreated waste and increased pollution • Poor connectivity and access to social infrastructure for rural communities • Uncontrolled urban expansion and urban sprawl

Ninh Thuan Quality of Life and Development Strategic Spatial Plan

• Integrated sustainable urbanisation with rapid economic growth • Increase access to resource efficient physical and social networks (EDUCATION) 50 University Campus 54 Campus Housing 55 Public Vocational Center 56 Corporate Training Center 57 Public Primary School 58 Public Secondary School 59 Internet Access 60 Electricity Access 61 Clean Water Network 62 Sewage Network 63 Robust Road Network

(CONSTRUCTION & REAL ESTATE) 64 Cement Plant 65 Industrial Seaport 66 Landfill for Construction Waste 67 Wide Roads 68 Relocation Housing 69 Condominiums 70 Affordable Housing 71 High-end Housing Complex 72 Steel Complex 73 Office Buildings Complex

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EPI 2008: • Environmental Burden of Disease / DALY (target: 0) • Adequate Sanitation (target: 100%) • Drinking Water (target: 100%) • Air Pollution: Urban Particulates (target: 20mg/m3) • Air Pollution: Indoor (target: 0% population using solid fuels) • Air Pollution: Local Ozone (target: 0 exceedance above 85ppb/capita)

SOURCE FOR EPI 2008: Yale University / Columbia University (2008). Environemntal

Spatial Coastal Masterplan The primary objective of the masterplan is to solidify a spatial as well as infrastructural framework from which five proposed focus areas of development could be locally and regionally interconnected – PRTC City, Dam Nai Lake, Thanh Hai New Town, Ninh Hai Northern Coastal Tourism and Thuan Nam Southern Industrial Zone. The province’s richness in diverse landscapes offers opportunities to develop various networks and linkages within the coastal region as a framework from which to support and connect the five focus areas.

As anchors for major urbanized and economic growth territories, these five focus areas establish cluster and sub cluster of critical mass, which in turn support the development of more rural and landscape driven settlement types dispersed in between.

Phan Ram Thap Cham City Centre (PRTCC)

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Eco-regions & Tourism Network An integrated coastal development plan creates a sustainable vision for the long-term development of the province. The plans create a catalyst for socioeconomic growth by linking industrial activities and manufacturing with clean and renewable energy generation; enabling Ninh Thuan to be an attractive destination for tourism and eco-tourism and improving urban to rural connections and preserving high-value agricultural land and forest preservation zones. Knowledge centres are dispersed across the various regions to serve as educating and training centres for the future workforce, in specialized local knowledge and trade.

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Focus Area Detail Masterplan, Phan Ram Thap Cham City PRTC City, Arup Phan Rang Thap Cham city (PRTC) is the political and commercial centre of Ninh Thuan province. The strategic location along the river, nearby harbours and transport intersections supported trade and territorial control.City contains the largest urban territory and is characterized by some established urban settlements along the Dinh River and along the North-South road corridors. PRTC city will be a green and stimulating city founded on local heritage, and landscape.

Live and working are specifically designed to integrate with the characteristic rural landscape and setting to create a model garden city where urban and rural qualities meet.

Key Objectives: 1. Further expand from PRTC’s existing and approved city neighborhood masterplans.

2. Re-generate the Dinh River waterfront with parks and public amenities.

5. Preserve the province’s rich environmental and ecological assets by strategically phasing future development along existing natural growth corridors.

6. Introduce sub-centre development zones, "Garden Cities" to the North and South of PRTC The sustainable growth design objective is to forgo the push to expand outwards from the city’s central core alone, and to strategize on a sustainable growth plan that not only respects the city’s prominent masterplans, but also directs Ninh Thuan’s future urban growth sustainably. The sustainable growth strategy aims to expand Ninh Thuan’s current urban expansion by means of environmentally sensitive development measures, to preserve the province’s important natural resources, while capitalizing on them strategically to generate an urban development plan that is unique to Ninh Thuan’s characteristics. Capitalizing on, while preserving the province’s natural resources and cultural heritage sites is key to generating unique and economically competitive cities.

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Urban center Suburban center Urban cluster Suburban cluster Central Business District Institutional cluster Tourism cluster Industrial land Waterbody Road / bridge Rail line Proposed rail line Airport, existing Military base, existing Town centre, existing City Centre, existing

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Urban Design Guiding Principles for Phan Rang Thap Cham City The design objective is to achieve sustainable urban expansion for the city within dedicated new growth corridors with the gradual transition between urban and rural development zones. It is driven through the “Garden City” concept, where new towns can be provided with direct access to existing agricultural land. With agricultural gardens at the heart of each community, the design concept introduces continuous linkages from diverse types of open spaces into community gardens, to promote a green and clean city.

Community gardens, amenities and public open spaces converge to form the heart the sub-centre community unit, providing enriched connectivity to facilities and civic amenities through combinations of urban design elements including pedestrian and cycling pathways, green river corridors and squares, to activate vibrant public spaces .

garden city unit

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Urban design prototype zone: Garden city unit

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Garden City Demonstration Project in Phuoc Dan

PRTC City

Opportunities and contraints

Phuoc Dan Site

The existing surrounding area is filled with agricultural fields, natural water streams and a number of canals and dirt roads within access to rural settlement areas. There is a North - South express way and express rail linking this southern area to PTRC City. The proposal is to extend irrigation channels via canals to formalize the agricultural lands.

Legend low fertile field agricultural paddy fields stream/ canal/ waters rural settlements proposed canal networks vehicular roads intra-city rail line local roads/ dirt roads

Spatial Urban Structure

Baseline positioning - parameters

The proposed urban structure is based on the allocation of new railline (red) and the re-alignment of existing railline station (purple) in order to create a compact garden city community within access to PRTC City. Three rail stations are proposed to provide 500 to 800 meter walkability between three town centers. The expansion of existing settlements is proposed with linkage growth towards the town centres for resilient inclusive urbanization.

Legend Proposed Positioning rail station low fertile field agricultural paddy fields stream/ canal/ waters rural settlements new intra-city railline inter-city railline/ extended development cluster urban expansion of settlements into new town 800m rail catchment 500m rail catchment

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Exploded Axon, Urban-rural Landscape

BUILDING TYPOLOGY

PEDESTRIAN AND VEHICULAR NETWORKS WITH TOWN CENTRES

ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS WITH GREEN CORRIDORS, COMMUNITY GARDENS AND AGRICULTURE PLOTS

BASELINE PROJECT DEVELOPMENT CLUSTERS IN ALIGNMENT WITH PROPOSED RAILLINES AND TRANSIT STATIONS

EXISTING AND PROPOSED WATER STREAMS AND CANAL DRAINAGE AND IRRIGATION SYSTEM

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The garden community masterplan demonstrates how water canals can be integrated as the catalyst for new town development, as farm and garden city communities whereby principles of transit oriented urbanism affords for vibrant walkable spaces within intimate local districts of shophouses and community centers.

Bioswale and Terraced Wetland Remediation Storm water drainage Bioswale

wetland terraced filtration system Pedestrian deck walkway water canal sytem

Density plots and tower location

Legend Public open space/ centers green corridor/ paddy fields stream/ canal/ waters railway station pedestrian & biking looping network vehicular roads intra-city rail line inter-city rail line - fright

FAR up to 2.5 FAR up to 2 FAR up to 1.5 FAR up to 0.5 or less Tower HT less than 30m

RIVER LANDSCAPE

River Song storm run-off Canal system as secondary drainage

AQUACULTURE

Water filtration process via aquaculture (oyster farms), wetland, or mangrove

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RAIN GARDEN

GARDEN TOWN

Rain garden harvesting - seasonal uses of open space during dry season

domestic grey water infrastructure

PADDY FIELDS

Water irrigation system for agricultural fields

RAIN GARDEN

Rain garden harvesting - seasonal uses of open space during dry season

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Dam Nai Lake, Eco-village Detail Design The aim is at retaining and upgrading the Dam Nai Lake’s remaining natural ecological assets and incorporating them into newly proposed clusters of eco-development zones surrounding the lake’s regenerating water bodies. The combination of flood mitigation measures with the retaining of natural agricutlural fields, aquaculture and the reinstatement of mangroves, will ensure successful urban expansion of development clusters around the lake.

The built up area is paired with natural valleys to ensure smooth storm water drainage along green corridors surrounding the lake includes: • Reduce the amount of existing polluting aquaculture and introduce organic agriculture and aquaculture technologies promoting Vietnamese cuisine and food culture • Retain, upgrade and allow sensible expansion of existing village settlements • Introduce sensitively small-scale tourism developments around the Lake • Reinstate significantly the existing mangrove forests through reforestation and expanding the existing resources

2 year rainfall

2 to 10 year rainfall

10 to 50 year rainfall

The efficient use of land. When not required for flood storage, the dry pond is a community park. Suitable land uses are playing fields, anything in face, with a surface not susceptible to water damage. Note also that the ground water recharge function of the reservoirs and the benefits this may have in arresting ground settlement.

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Meters above sea level

The design principle is to introduce a string of development clusters along a looping road surrounding the lake, with diverse communities and tourist attratctions. These clustered communities are integrated with a mix of development types surrounding the lake, including eco-tourism, mangrove landscapes, organic agriculture and aquaculture production sites. The masterplan concept along the lake aims to generate eco-sensitive economic activities where work and live relationships could be incorporated into a community where eco-tourism and local businesses could strive.

Water Treatment Wetland and Wintering Habitat Area

Storm water drainage & wetland filtration

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Hengqin South Reclamation Area

Eco-island as the New Marine Economic Centre 2nd place prize, HASSELL The design proposal for the 27 km2 reclamation site is to position Hengqin as the world class gateway marine service economy of the Pearl River Delta.

The reclamation development site is proposed to bolstering marine economy through mixed-use development to highlight the hi-tech service industry, world class marine leisure tourism, and to attract business entrepreneurship through offshore finance as a duty free special economic zone.

Ocean cultural exchange centre Central station interchange & TOD Civic green lawn park Ocean botanic/acquarium Sports centre Ocean aquarium Ocean arts centre International cruise terminal

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HASSELL

Ocean R&D Beachfront mixed-use R&D centre Waterfront Retail & Recreational Marina commercial front Marina transfer hub Marina city Oceanic tourism centre International ferry Harbourfront hotel & retail Exhibition centre

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Urban Design Framework, Positioning, HASSELL The masterplan layout proposes to highlight the inter-connected relationships between green and blue environments. Two inner bodies of water are proposed to be purified through enclosed sustainable water treatment systems, whereby the central water cove shall enliven the core of civic activities as the merging point between all major water canals and green corridors.

1) A major blue and green corridors are integrated with urban corridors and a water treatment system consisting of a combination of bioswale and natural wetlands filtration.

2) A looping of transit-oriented development nodes service the island with various transportation modes to promote a sustainable and interconnected city.

3) A landmark buiding and open space sites mark the outer edges of the reclamation to create a vibrant skyline as the marine city economy and gateway into Hengqin from the sea.

Urban design framework - guiding principles

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Shenzhen

Zhuhai CBD 1 Macau

Hong Kong

Zhuhai Macau Hengqin Site PRD Islands

Accumulative industries and massive population in pearl river delta form the Zhuhai Macau-Guangzhou-Shenzhen Hong Kong urban belt. Wanshan Archipelago to the south of pearl river estuary will potentially complete the cycle, connecting Zhuhai Macau and Hong Kong with future development.

Comparing to Shenzhen and Hong Kong, the western side of pearl river estuary still restricted by the land and industry. The future development in the artificial island should provide various types of industry and attract people to settle.

Zhuhai CBD 2

Proposed Masterplan

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Water Purification Strategy The involved sea area is about 27.9 sqkm. The project reclamation area is approximately 27.9 sqkm of sea area. The layout includes an offshore island. The project proposes a development start-up area of 3 to 5 square km, with a core area of 1 to 2 square km.

The project’s industrial Positioning in the reclamation area is envisaged to serve as 1.) A world class marine service industry; 2.)A destination for leisure tourism 3.)An attractive offshore finance

The formation proposed for the reclamation island was shaped by engineering studies regarding the flow of existing water currents coming from the Pearl River Delta to the North East of the site and the river channel flowing North South to the site from the North West. The combination of water current flows create sedimentation where the island is proposed, to the South of Hengqin. Therefore, the engineering solution is to propose retaining sea walls along the West of the island and break water shorefront serving as beachfronts to the South East of the reclamation.

可持续性发展 Sustainable Development 03 可持续性发展 Sustainable Development 水策略 Water Strategy 水策略 Existing site parameters Water Strategy

Proposed island reclamation form

Study on existing water currents and flows

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In order to create a vibrant inner lagoon waterfront for a healthy and attractive community, a sustainable water treatment system is proposed. The proposal is to incorporate the existing wetland bodies and oyster farm with proposed constructed wetlands and addition oyster farms as an integrated water filtration system for the inner water lagoon.

Each oyster can filter 30 gallons of water to remove nutrients per day. An oyster reef can shelter up to 100 other species so they dramatically add to biodiversity. Oysters also sequester nitrogen in wastewater and each person creates 12 pounds per year. Oyster shells contain calcium carbonate a known buffer that can help offset ocean acidification.

Mangrove plants require a number of physiological adaptations to overcome the problems of anoxia, high salinity and frequent tidal inundation. Once established, mangrove roots provide an oyster habitat and slow water flow, thereby enhancing sediment deposition in areas where it is already occurring. Mangrove swamps protect coastal areas from erosion, storm surge

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Programing and land use

Wetland Basins are enclosed water basin, such as ponds, that receive urban runoff, storm water during rainy season, collected water from bioswale and discharge. It then retains and filters the water with appropriate biotope and in turn, supports an ecological habitation. Filtered water is slowly eleased back into lagoon.

General Water Considerations: The aim is to provide water quality in the basins and canals which is a high as practical. Generally the rainfall run-off will be collected and treated to avoid high load of sediments. Wetland to the south of the site is proposed to provide essential filtration for water treatment as well as storm water flow control structures.

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