Extreme Urban Environments: CIUDAD JUAREZ

C I UD A D J U Ă RE Z , ME X IC O

L A N D SC A P E OF V IOL EN CE >>> Spatial im pact and conseuqenc es of unsafe ur ban envir onm ents Ian Gillis Sylvia Baumgartner

Img. 1: Mexican Federal policemen patrol the street to Ciudad Juarez March 2, 2009. Nearly 4,000 Mexican soldiers and federal police poured into Ciudad Juarez this weekend to restore law and order to the country’s most violent city, which has been ravaged by drug gangs. REUTERS/Daniel Aguilar

Int roduc t ion

Profile

Average Peak Temperature (C) High

Average Annual Precipitation (mm) 1268

35.6

29.4

25.2

24.5 804

649 17

Average

16.1 13.9 13.8

220 2.5

Fig. 1:

3.1 0

0

Fig. 2:

Rome

Paris

New York City

Rome

Ciudad Juรกrez

-2.8

Paris

-1.9

New York City

Low

Ciudad Juรกrez

Ciudad Juรกrez (Paso del Norte) Country: Mexico State: Chihuahua Foundation: 1659 Area: 188 km2 Elevation: 1.137m Population: 1.321.004 (2010) Density: 7,027/km2

USA Ciudad Juรกrez

>1.3 mil

MEXICO

Population of Ciudad Juรกrez in 2010

Belize Guatemala

El Paso, TX

Ciudad Juรกrez, Chihuahua

>3100 Death Toll in Ciudad Juรกrez in 2010

Fig. 3:

CATEDRAL DE CIUDAD JUÁREZ

OLD CITY HALL

PILA DE LA CHAVENA

BENITO JUÁREZ MONUMENT CENTRO CULTURAL PASO DEL NORTE

MUSEO DEL CONCORDE

MUSEO DEL I.N.B.A. MERCADO JUÁREZ

ADUANA FRONTERIZA

‘JUÁREZ STRIP’

LAS ANITAS WATER PARK

PARQUE XTREMO

PARQUE CENTRAL Img. 2: Post Card: Greetings from Ciudad Juarez

Ciudad Juรกrez City Map

Zona PRONAF Downtown Ciudad Juรกrez

Chamizal

Hipodromo

Club Campreste

Parque Central

Fig. 4:

Total number of inhabited private housing 1995

238.770 293.486

2000 2005

338.900

2010

364.562

Average occupancy in private dwellings inhabited 1995

4.2 4.1

2000 2005

3.9

2010 USA 2010

3.7 2.5

Fig. 5:

Security bars Cement walls Cement roof Washers and dryers, AC-units outside

Colored walls Tile Patio Loud neighbourhood Partition walls

Electrical wires

Fig. 6:

Dilapidated structure Upaved roads Gate Locked car port City electrical system Trash on streets

Housing facilities Toilet Refrigerator Washing Machine Television Computer

91% 85% 69%

Inhabited housing w/o water from city works

90% 9%

5%

12%

9%

9%

2000 1995

Toilet Refrigerator Washing Machine Television Computer

91% 89% 76%

2000

2005

2010

Inhabited housing w/o available electricity

91% 22%

2%

8%

8%

7%

2005 1995

Toilet Refrigerator Washing Machine Television Computer

93% 90% 78% 92% 33%

2000

2005

2010

Female headed households 22%

24%

25%

25%

2010 2000

Fig. 7:

Fig. 8:

2005

2010

USA 2010

L OC A T ION

Extre m e Co n d it iotnion s Introduc

B OR D ER

IN D U S T R Y “Up until 2011, the area of Juarez where most factory workers lived had one high school for over 600,000 inhabitants. It took years for water and electricity to make it up the mountainside to their neighborhoods. The city’s proximity to the US and the flow of drugs, coupled with limited social opportunities, helped create an environment that made Ciudad Juarez the most violent city in the world. In 2008, when the Sinaloa Cartel came in to take over the local drug trade, the cartels began employing the city's youth. The teenagers took to the streets to become sicarios or hitmen. By 2011 the death toll would reach over 9,000.”

-PulitzerCenter.Org

VIOL E N C E

L o ca t i o nt ion Int roduc Roswell

0

26

km

140

km

Alamogordo

Las Cruces

Carlsbad km

710

km

225

Midland El Paso

USA

415 km

390 km

Ciudad Juรกrez

Odessa

Mexico 0

20

km

1 HR

Driv

e

405 km

345 km

Nuevo Casas Grandes

Chihuahua

US A Me xico

Fig. 9:

Delicias

Img. 3: Soaptree Yucca (Yucca elata) near the Texas/New Mexico border, south of Carlsbad, New Mexico.

Img. 4: The desert near Ciudad Juarez

Img. 5: Desert, Skull

B o roduc rd e r t ion Int

Img.6: Here to Make The Border

Img.7: Untitled (Border Crossing, Flags)

Img.8: Untitled (Border Crossing, Through Fence)

Border Fence

Technology

As of 2009 approximately 930 km (580 miles) of border fence marked the 3,141 km (1,951 mile) stretch of land that is the U.S. Mexico border. The fence may range from a series of posts to chain link with razor wire, or steel and concrete walls reaching as high as 5.5 meters. The only points of passage are found at heavily patrolled gateways.

Throughout the desert the border is often defined or accentuated by modern forms of surveillance.

Cameras, radars, heat sensors, night vision goggles and motion detectors are all technological aides used by the United States border patrol in order to prevent human and drug trafficking.

Tunnel

Desert

River

The bridges and gateways that dot the border help to define it by creating connections from one side to the other. These connections are also seen, or unseen, in the form of tunnels linking the two sides. While the primary purpose of these tunnels is the illegal activity of smuggling humans and drugs, they are still a quite real physical manifestation of the border.

With temperatures often reaching over 40 degrees (C) during the summer and below zero in the winter, the conditions can be brutal.

The extreme conditions of the desolate desert landscape that surrounds Ciudad Juรกrez helps to define the border by creating an uninhabitable zone beyond the city.

The Rio Grande (Rio Bravo del Norte) river creates the border between Mexico and the U.S. state of Texas. The river stretches 2,019 km (1,255 mi) along the border from Ciudad Juรกrez east to the Gulf of Mexico.

Fig. 10:

Industry

Yearly Value Comparison Between Agriculture, Drugs, Products $51

Img. 9 : A Maquiladora in Mexico

$13.6

Drugs

Fig. 11:

Maquiladoras

$13.6

Agriculture

Amount in Billions $

$49.4

Trade between United States and Mexico, 2006

Global Merchandise Trade, 2005

18% crossing at Juรกrez border ($55 billion)

Prodcution Sharing Industry

82% crossing at other points ($305.5 billion)

Fig. 12:

Fig. 13:

Percentage of Drugs Into U.S.

$51

Billion Value of Products Assembled

$49.4 $13.6

Billion Value of Drug Sales

Billion Agricultural Exports to U.S.

2010 U.S. Agricultural Imports From Mexico Crop Value

90% of drugs entering the U.S. pass through Central American and Mexico.

Yearly range of wholesale earnings for drug sales Value of supplies to be assembled imported to Mexican Maquiladoras

Fig. 14:

Fig. 15:

High-Tech parts are manufactured abroad in North America, Europe, China, Japan, and Taiwan Product Parts Are shipped to Juรกrez for assembly

Fig. 16:

Assembled products are trucked across the border to El Paso El Paso has approximately 55 million square feet of distribution space Products are then dispersed throughout the United States market

224 339 208 30 37 23 18 65 8

906 210 402 42 8 8 37 95

Fig. 17:

Number of Factories

Number of Factory Workers

340 Juรกrez

239,000 Juรกrez

60 El Paso Region

28,000 El Paso Region

Fig. 18:

Fig. 19:

Average Income

Ciudad Juรกrez Maquiladora Industry Plants by Segment, 2009

$40,000

18% Electronics

20% Other

7% Electrical

9% Platsic Metals 9% Support Services/ Packaging 3%Call Center/ Back Office

29% Automotive/ Aerospace 5% Medical Device

Fig. 20:

$16,500 $13,200

$45

Billion

Juarez Total Production Sharing

Largest Production Center in the World

Juรกrez Fig. 21:

Mexico

US

The Pan-American Highway is the world's longest "motorable road".

With 47,958 km (29,800 mi) stretching from Prudhoe Bay, Alaska through the Panama Canal to Ushuaia, Argentina.

Edmonton

Ciudad Juรกrez

Mexico City

Panama City

Buenos Aires

Fig. 22:

New York Chicago Denver Los Angeles

San Diego Tijuana

Ciudad Juรกrez

Houston Miami

Mexico City

Fig. 23:

The Paso Del Norte region is the midway point on the U.S./Mexico border, 814 miles from the Port of Long Beach and 739 miles from the Port of Houston.

Three major highways, U.S. Interstates 10 and 25, and the Pan-American Highway in Mexico, connect the region to major hubs in both countries.

Three commercial ports of entry (two in El Paso and one in New Mexico) feature the dedicated truck lane known as FAST (Free and Secure Trade) Lane.

El Paso

Ciudad Juรกrez

The airfreight center at the El Paso International Airport is the largest and most modern on the U.S./Mexico border, with over 300,000 square feet available for cargo shipment with further support by the cargo-only airport in Santa Teresa, New Mexico.

Rail service to the region is provided by three major rail lines; Union-Pacific and Burlington Northern-Santa Fe (U.S.) and Ferromex (Mexico).

Fig. 24:

Harvested Area Ciudad Juárez, 2002 19,8% Harvested Area 2 46,43 km

300

Maquiladoras in Ciudad Juárez

80,2% Total Area 2 188,00 km

10%

Fig. 25:

Mexico’s Agricultural Trade, 1995 - 2006 Imports Exports

of Mexico’s Maquiladoras are located in Ciudad Juárez

-18

1.3

-16 -14

-10 - 8

US$ Billions

-12

Million

Mexicans work in Maquiladoras

- 6 - 4 - 2

1995

2000

2005

Fig. 26:

267

Parque Industrial Aztecas Parque Industrial Zaragoza

Centro Industrial Juárez

2% Other beverages (excluding fruit juice)

20% Fruit (excluding juice)

“Much of the commercial traffic over the Rio Grande is driven by the growing light-assembly sector in Juárez, which is now absorbing

7% Livestock

more new industrial real estate space than any other North American city,”

11% Tomatoes

- New York Times, 2007

5% Peppers Fig. 27:

Parque Industrial GEMA

Parque Industrial North Gate

12% Beer

16% Other vegetables

Parque Industrial Juárez

Thousand people employed in manufacturing in the El Paso- Juárez region

Mexico’s Export to the U.S., 2010

27% Other agricultural

Parque Industrial Eje J. Cabpiel

Fig. 27a:

Ciudad Juรกrez Industry Map

Parque Industrial Omega

Estacion de Ferrocarril

Parque Industrial Los Fuentes Parque Industriales Antonio Bermudez Parque Industrial Zaragoza Parque Industrial Rio Bravo

Central Camionera

Fig. 28:

Number of Crossings Per Month

Friends

Place of Residence

People Crossing the Border

327

1% New Mexico

Family

563

Work

727

School Medical/Dental

318 38

Entertainment Shopping/Church

33% Ciudad Juárez

465 15 66% El Paso

Fig. 29:

Fig. 30:

Maquiladora Managers and Workers Working on Both Sides of the Border 3,100

Managers

Two Dedicated Commuter Lanes (DCL) make the region more industry efficient by keeping plant-tohome travel timeto 30 minutes or less for the more than 3.100 managers currently working in Juárez.

The Dedicated Commuter Lane (DCL) was first opened in the year of 1999 to expedite the cross-border traffic of commuters between the United States and Mexico’s manufacturing facilities.

Air transportation is provided by international airports in both Juarez and El Paso, with over 70 daily non-stop flights from El Paso alone.

Thirteen of those flights go to Phoenix, and fourteen of those flights go to Dallas. Popular destinations out of Juárez include Mexico City, Monterrey, and Torreon.

239,000

28,000

Workers

Juarez

El Paso Fig. 31:

Border Crossing Points and Airports

Dedicated Commuter Lanes Drive Time to Work

30 DRIVE TIME

Phoenix Dallas

Mexico City

Fig. 32:

Daily Flights from Juarez and El Paso

United States is the worlds largest consumer of cocaine, Columbian heroin, Mexican heroin, and marijuana. The U.S. is also a major consumer of ecstasy and Mexican methamphetamines

Fig. 33:

Mexico is a major drug producing nation of opium poppy with 6,900 hectares, yielding a potential production of 18 metric tons of pure heroin. Production of 15,800 metric tons of marijuana. The Mexican crime cartel are the pricipla suppliers of illegal drugs to the United States.

Colombia is a prducer of coca, opium poppy, and cannabis. It is the world’s leading coca cultivator with 167,000 hectares in coca cultivation (535 tons of pure cocaine).

Afghanistan was once the world’s largest producer of opium, poppy cultivation decreased 22% to 157,000 in 2008. It is a source of revanue for the Taliban terrorists.

Myanmar (Burma) remains the world’s largest producer of opium with an extimated porduction of 340 metric tons.

China is a major transshipment point for heroin produced in the “Golden Triangle” region of South Asia.

Img. 10: Operacion Conjunta Chihuahua, Shaul Schwarz

Img. 11: Drug Use, Shaul Schwarz

Img. 12: Cocaine Bricks

Img. 13: A soldier walks through a cloud of smoke from burning marijuana, Guillermo Arias

Img. 14: heavy hand, sunken spirit #18, David Rochkind

Img. 15: Drug Money, Shaul Schwarz

Amount of Drugs Entering U.S. 10% Not Passing Through Mexico 90% Passing Through Mexico 70% Controlled by Mexican Drug Cartels

(of Drugs Passing Through Mexico)

Fig. 34:

Drug Trafficking Patterns through Mexico

50%

San Diego Tijuana

of Cartel Revenu is from Cannabis Sales

El Paso Ciudad Juรกrez

Laredo Nuevo Laredo

enezuela

zil and V

From Bra

From

Mexico City

China

Ephedra Traffic

bia

All drug Traffic

m olo

Fig. 35:

mC

MarijuanaTraffic

Fro

Cocoaine Traffic

From C

entral A

merica

Vicente Carrillo Fuentes

Heriberto Lazcano

Img. 16

Img. 17

Juárez Cartel

Los Zetas

Juárez Cartel

Juárez Cartel Central to the city of Ciudad Juárez

Los Zetas Gulf Cartel

Allied with Losa Zetas, trying to remove Sinaloa from Chihuahua area.

6.500 deats in the city between 2006 and Dec 2010 because of rivals with Sinaloa

Sinaloa Federation Fig. 36:

Joaquin Guzman

Osiel Cárdenas Guillén

Img. 18

Img. 19

Sinaloa Federation

Leader: Vicente Carrillo Fuentes Current Status: Fugitive

Gulf Cartel

Seattle

New York Chicago Denver

Los Angeles

Albuquerque Dallas

San Diego Tijuana

Houston Miami

Mexico City

U.S. Cities with known Juarez Cartel Connections Fig. 37:

Los Zetas

Gulf Cartel

Sinaloa Federation

Mexico’s most violent criminal organization; members are ex-special forces.

Once a very poewrful cartel, they struggle since their leaders arrest

Largest, most influental cartel.

Leader: Heriberto Lazcano “El azca” Current Status: Fugitive

Leader: Osiel Cárdenas Guillén Current Status: Arrested in 2004

Leader: Joaquin “El Capo(Shorty)” Guzman Current Status: Escaped prison in 2001

Known for attacks on prisons, gogernment offices and more. Linked to many murders

Engaged in turf wars with Los Zetas, Reputation for buying off officials which only split off in 2010.

Since then Gulf allied with Sinaloa

2006

0

Fig. 38:

2007

Combined Death Toll Per Year, Mexico

2000

$15.3

April 2 - Vicente Carrillo Leyva arrested

Amount Spent by U.S. on War on Drugs Per Year, in U.S. $ Billiions Monthly Death Toll, Mexico

Mar 18 - Military disarmed 1,600 municipal police officers, Juarez

Mar 10 – 6 Helicopters ordered from Eurocopter

Mar 9 – 26 members of Arrellano Félix Cartel arrested

Jan 2 - Alberto Espinoza Barron arrested (Michoacana cartel) Feb 7 - Operation Quintana Roo, thousands of troops to Cancún Feb 28 - 1,800 Mexican troops arrive, Juarez (part of 5,000)

Nov 7 - Jaime González Durán arrested (Los Zetas founder)

Oct 22 - Jesús Zambada García captured (Sinaloa cartel) Oct 26 - Drug lord Eduardo Arellano Félix captured

Jun 30 - Mérida Initiative signed (U.S. and MEX)

May 31 - U.S. implements drug trafficking law

May 13 - Operation Sinaloa launched

Mar 27 - Operation Chihuahua launched

Major Events Leading to Escalation of Violence

U.S. Marshal V. Bustamante found dead, Juarez - Mar 26

2 officers killed, Police Chief resigns, Juarez - Feb 20

Gunmen killed 8 at restaurant, Juarez - Nov 28 6 killed in pool hall, Juarez - Dec 8

Police commander killed, Mexico City - June 26

$13.3

2009

2,837

Federal Police Commissioner Gómez killed, Mexico City - May 8

El Chapo Guzman, chief of Sinaloa Cartel launches offensive to expel Juarez Cartel from Ciudad Juarez - April

Drug killings explode in Juarez as Sinaloa and Juarez cartels battle.

2008

62 Oct 30 - Mexican navy seizes 23.5 tons cocaine, biggest in world history, Manzanillo

March 15 - Police seize $205.6 million in cash, world's biggest seizure, Mexico City

$13.8

100 police officers killed in Juárez, in 2007

Vicente Carrillo Fuentes gives gangs ultimatum of 6 months to align with the Juarez Cartel. Some gang members ally with Guzman causing battles between the Juarez and Sinaloa cartels.

Dec 1 - President Calderón declares drug war Dec 11 - Operation Michoacan launched

1000

U.S. President Bush approves 1,125km (700 miles) fence along border - October

Street gangs "Barrio Azteca" (US) and "Los Aztecas" (MX) align La Linea. Several other street gangs develop and move into drug smuggling.

Timeline of War on Drugs

6,844

16 teenagers killed at party, Juarez - Jan 31

Córdova's mother +3 killed, warning to military - Dec 22

9,635

Mexican police tortured 5 suspects of car bomb attack - Jan 2

Policeman burned alive by attackers, Juarez - Dec 20

Municipal police captain fatally shot driving to work, 49th municipal police murdered in less than a year - Sep 1

21 people killed, Juarez - Jul 12 17 inmates in prison riot killed - Jul 25 Police accused federal colleagues of firing at them during deadly prison riot - Jul 27

Fire bombs and shootings killed 15 - Apr 2

53 people killed in 72-hours - Feb 20

Gunmen open fire at soccer game, 7 dead - Jan 24

Feb 17 - Calderon claims murders rate falls by half since 2010, Juarez

Dec 25 - Guzmán's head of security captured

Oct 4 - Military-led project Operación Veracruz Seguro launched

July 25 - 1,030 arrested in human trafficking raids

July 4 - Jesús Enrique Rejón Aguilar arrested (Los Zetas)

Feb 27 - Sergio Mora Cortes captured (Los Zetas)

Dec 9 - Nazario Moreno González killed (Michoacana Cartel drug lord)

Jul 29 - Shootout, Ignacio Coronel Villarreal killed (Sinaloa Cartel)

Feb 11 - Protest during visit of President Calderón, Juarez

Jan 13 - additional 2,000 Federal Police arrive, Juarez

$15.6

2012

2011

Mar 19 – Vicente Zambada Niebla captured (Sinaloa Cartel) Mar 26 – Germán Torres Jiménez captured (Los Zetas founder) Aug 8 - Manuel Invanovich arrested (Tijuana Cartel) Mar 26 – 8 helicopters received from US Aug 9 - Police defused attempt to kill President Calderón by Sinaloa Cartel Sep15 - Mayor asks Fed. for 6 months military support

14 killed at boy's birthday party, Juarez - Oct 22

Gunmen killed 25, Juarez - Sep 9

Car bomb by La Línea kills 3 police, Juarez - Jul 15

Leader of the Los Zetas arrested - Jun 9 12 Police +13 killed, Juarez - Jun 14 Mayor, 3 police, and 9 gunmen killed, Juarez suburb - Jun 19

March, Hitmen kill 3 linked to U.S. consulate in Juarez in March, President Barack Obama claims “outrage”. Army accused of rights abuse, Calderon switches control of anti-drug operations to federal police. June, police claim success cutting violence, business leaders and residents say the shift in 6 police and 17 year old girl killed on street, Juarez - Apr 23 strategy has yet to show results.

2010

10 killed in drug clinic, Juarez - Oct 16

8 found dead Juarez - Aug 2 Drug violence escalates, cartel kidnappings and extortions soar in Juarez. Calderon increases his military deployment to 7,000 troops and 3,000 Gunmen killed 17 federal police. Juarez becomes world’s most at drug clinic, Juarez - Sep 3 violent city, 2,750 drug killings during the year 10 killed in drug clinic, Juarez - Sep 16

$15 15,273

$26

16,466

$16.25

3,810

$13

Vio le n c e

On average 3,000 persons per year have been murdered in drug related incidents since 2006.

As of August 2009 there were 7500 federal troops stationed in Ciudad Juarez

In 2009 Ciudad Juarez recorded the highest murder rate for any city in the world outside of a declared war zone

70%

Guns traced to the U.S.

30.000

Fig. 39:

guns

Mexican police deaths, 2007 - 2010 272

213 174 123

I nt roduc 2007t ion

2008

2009

2010

Federal Police State Police Military/Interior Ministry Municipial police Fig. 40:

Img. 20: Pinc Crosses for Slain Women in Juarez

30.000:

Total Number of Firearms seized

by Mexican Authorities, in 2008 70% Traced to US

Fig. 41: Img. 21: The family of 28-year-old Alberto Rodriquez, killed in his car outside his house, cries. Shaul Schwarz

Problems in Mexico

according to Pew Research Center Poll 75%

Cartel-related violent

74%

Human rights violations by military and police

73%

Crime

69%

Corrupt political leaders

68%

Illegal drugs

68%

Economic problems

62%

Terrorism

58%

Pollution People leaving for jobs Poor quality schools

50% 49%

Fig. 42: Img. 22: A pregnant 14 year old girl was shot in Ciudad Juarez. David Rochkind

Drug Homicide Comparison, Mexico - U.S. Mexico 29.3%

U.S.A

3.9%

2.595

2007 590 44.1%

3.5%

6.183

2008 500 45.0%

3.6%

8.906

2009 496 54.0%

3.5%

13.174

2010 463

Fig. 43:

Number of Homicide Per State, 2010

+192 Ciudad Juarez

Per 100.000

Chihuahua 27%

CHH

DUR

NLE

SIN TAM > 250 151 - 200 201 - 250

MEX

101 - 150 51 - 100 1 - 50 0 Fig. 44:

GRO

Img. 23: A marijuana themed belt adorns the victim of an apparent drug-related execution, John Moore

Img. 24: Crime scene investigation of two dead bodies found in the desert outside of Juarez. August 2, 2009, Shaul Schwarz

Unidentified gunmen opened fire on a youth soccer game, killing four people and leaving four others in critical condition.9

Ciudad Juarez has been plagued by violence between warring cartels.9

Authorities also say a 12-year-old boy was followed into a restaurant by assailants and killed.9 Gunmen opened fire on a man who was walking down a street in downtown Juarez, killing him.10 Masacran a cinco hombres en Ciudad Juárez.8

Fin de semana violento en Ciudad Juárez; al menos 11 muertos.8 Gunmen stormed a party in the border city of Ciudad Juarez and opened fire, killing at least 13 people and wounding 14 others, authorities 6 said Saturday.

Young women and teenage girls continue to be murdered and continue to vanish from Juarez's streets - more than 50 killed since January, according to estimates, and nearly 100 gone missing in the past two years some forever lost, others resurfacing only in death.5

Wednesday's rampage on a drug rehab center claimed the lives of 18 men shot down by an armed commando with AK-47s.4

Muere nino lesionado a balazos en la colonia Galeana.7 The hit men moved in on their target, shot him dead and then disappeared in a matter of seconds. It would have been a perfect case for José Ibarra Limón, one of this violent border city’s most dogged crime investigators — had he not been the victim.3 Yesterday in downtown Ciudad Juarez, across the border from El Paso, Texas, a car packed with 22 pounds of C4 explosives and detonated by mobile phone killed two police officers and a paramedic, and wounded at least 16 other civilians or officers.2 A young woman was found decapitated in Ciudad Juarez, Mexico, late Tuesday, local officials told CNN.3

Road Network

Train

Gateway

Rio Grande

Drug Related Violence Map, 2011 Journalists killed in

2011

Civilians killed in

2011

Police Station

Hospital, Med-Center Zona PRONAF Downtown Juรกrez Parque Industrial Omega

Estacion de Ferrocarril

Parque Industrial Los Fuentes Parque Industriales Antonio Bermudez Parque Industrial Zaragoza Parque Industrial Rio Bravo

Central Camionera

CJS

Fig. 45:

C IT Y A B A N D ON ME N T

Social and Spatial Consequences

P ER SON A L S EC U R IT Y

MIL IT A R Y IN T E R V EN T IO N

C R IMIN A L IT Y

“residential construction in Juárez soared in the 1990s thanks to federal policies that made lowincome housing credits

Total: 475,665

“2,500 Cops in Mexico Abandon Their Homes

475,665

Private Homes in Juarez, 2010 111,103 Unoccupied

Thanks to Cartels... The gang threatened a week ago to kill one policeman a day” -FoxNews.Com

“Decades of growth have been replaced by exodus. The city

widely available as a measure of economic stimulation.”

has lost nearly 20 percent of its population in the past

-El Paso Times, 2011 364,562 Occupied

churches and whole neighborhoods have fled either north or into rural areas for security.”

three years, or about 230,000

people” Thounsand

111,103

40

“Many families,

Homes Abandoned in 5 Year Span

2010

2005

70,434

-AbandonedChildrensFund.org

Number of Unoccupied Homes, Juarez

-NY Times, 2011

half of those displaced crossed the border into the United "An estimated

States, which would leave about 115,000 people internally displaced”

-680News.Com

Immediate Relative U

.S

.V isa

sI

ative Visa

Immediate Rel

s Is

ss

sue

ue

dt

d to

oM

Me

ex

xic

ica

an

ns

Par

ent

s of U.S. Citi

zens

2001

“The neighborhood

of Villas Residencia has lost nearly all of its residents, leaving the

door open for vandals, drug users and further violence.”

-El Paso Times, 2011

“Take Juarez Cuidad for example where the social and family situation has rapidly deteriorated under the strain, leaving many aban-

doned children severely at risk.”

-AbandonedChildrensFund.org

“Hundreds of abandoned children wander the streets

alone, not knowing what tomorrow will bring. It is estimated that about two million Mexican children are orphaned or abandoned in Mexico.”

-AbandonedChildrensFund.org

“Out of the city's almost 400

construction companies, only 30 currently have work,”

“’Back home, you either work

at

the mines or with the narcos,’” 6,000 -El Paso Times, 2011

“Soaring unemployment, the well-publicized escalation in

violent gang and drug related turf battles, [and] poverty has deepened in many

parts of Mexico.”

-AbandonedChildrensFund.org

-El Paso Times, 2011

4, 500

3,000

1,500

2010

“installing locks,

safety

bars and other security devices,

changing their daily habits and routines, frequenting fewer public establishments...dressing modestly and deciding not to purchase a new car.”

-Mexodus.Borderzine.Com

“San Lorenzo Shopping Center closed

off its parking lot and installed booths to avoid auto thefts and

facilitate arrests of criminals. ‘We made it into a paying parking lot to control entry and exit of vehicles,’” -Mexodus.Borderzine.Com

“When shoppers arrive they receive fliers with a list of safety recommendations, including not to carry valuables in purses, to be alert to strangers when you get in or out of your car, not to walk alone, and to take different routes home.

-Mexodus.Borderzine.Com “SUV’s are a popular carjacking target... a modest compact Nissan Tsuru that is less likely to call the attention of car thieves.”

-Mexodus.Borderzine.Com

“The park had been the site of a previous drive-by shooting... Now he plays [soccer] at an under-

ground park protected by walls.” -Mexodus.Borderzine.Com

“’People don’t have faith in government,’ Professor Velázquez said,

‘They have faith in their neighbors.’”

-NY Times, 2011

“In many Juárez neighborhoods, residents have pooled their money to install security gates,

guardhouses, hire security guards, or even set up rows of large orange highway construction barrels to bar access to their street.”

-Mexodus.Borderzine.Com

“If they’re intent on holding you up, they will hold you up; if they’re going to kidnap you, they’ll kidnap you.”

-Mexodus.Borderzine.Com

“We had to install a system of

cameras that we monitor from home through the Internet,” -Mexodus.Borderzine.Com

“’familia anclada,’ a family

anchored”

-NY Times, 2011

“what little faith there is seems to be springing from the residents’ own self-reliance: the five boul-

ders that block an entrance

to one neighborhood; the additional guard dogs bought communally by another; the bodega owners in several areas who have stayed open by disguising their stores, hiding them from extortionists by

painting them white to look like houses.”

-NY Times, 2011

“installed panic buttons to know immediately what

store it is... panic button that can be easily kept out of sight in their pants pocket.” -Mexodus.Borderzine.Com

“Las Torres Shopping Center has undercover security guards constantly moving to avoid detection... are rotated and they dress as civilians,”

“The most drastic measure is that we almost never go out anymore to nighttime activities,” -Mexodus.Borderzine.Com

“Contracted a security

guard and installed alarms.... early afternoon, they lock the doors

of their businesses... open the door only for known customers.... removed business ads... and switched business and private

telephone numbers to unlisted” -Mexodus.Borderzine.Com

“[Planning to stay] means guarding her children with a fence of discarded wooden pallets, in a hollowed-out neighborhood where a blue plane filled with federal police officers can often be seen landing in the distance,

ready to make war.”

-NY Times, 2011

“children’s school have hired armed undercover guards... parents are issued identification cards they must show when they come to pick up their children.”

-Mexodus.Borderzine.Com

“My wife controls access to our colonia... with personal codes that are changed periodically,” -Mexodus.Borderzine.Com

-Mexodus.Borderzine.Com

“I now burn all my papers and dump them into the trash...Many of

my friends don’t know where I now live” -Mexodus.Borderzine.Com

“Thousands fled the city while

those who stayed barricaded

their neighborhoods with boulders or cement barriers”.

-PRI, 2012

“We try to take refuge in our house.”

-Mexodus.Borderzine.Com

“The public... is suspicious of the military's participation in the drug war.”

-NPR, 2009

“the army, together with federal, state, and municipal police, have focused on poor neighborhoods.”

-NPR, 2009

citizens and torture by electric shocks and simulated suffocations with plastic bags.”

“Mexican people... were tired of corrupt police, corrupt judges,

corrupt everything, and the

bad guys always getting away. The troops arrived, but still

-NPR, 2009

things got worse, much worse.”

-NPR, 2009

3000

Federal Police

“From March to mid June of 2008, the attorney general's office in Juarez received 50 complaints... accusing the military of such things as forcibly disappearing

“[The military] could have driven their

armored vehicles to the drug lords' houses.

It's no secret where they live. And

yet no drug lords have been arrested in Juarez.”

-NPR, 2009

“Juarez, like Mexico, is a series of gangs.

There's a city police gang. There's a state police gang. There's a federal police gang. There's the

army, a separate gang. And then there's 500 independent gangs. And then there's the cartels. And so what

you get is a society that's disintegrating, fighting for a piece of the pie. And

in the crossfire, the Mexican people get slaughtered.

That's the situation in Juarez today and in much of Mexico.”

-Mr. Charles Bowden Author of "Down by the River" on NPR, 2009

“The army broke into my house, breaking down doors, breaking

things... even stealing things. They had on blue clothes. They wore round helmets and blue or black clothes with masks. They had no search warrant or arrest warrant. They arrived, beat up the family... There

were around 30 houses where these kind of events happened.”

-NPR, 2009

“Four armed men entered the room, shooting and shooting.

They were dressed like soldiers, like military men, and

they wore bulletproof vests and their black ski masks, their shoes, all of it like military gear.”

-NPR, 2009

“It is possible the people... were impersonating the military. But there's no reason...

You don't have to have a costume to kill people.”

-Mr. Charles Bowden Author of "Down by the River" on NPR, 2009

“The assassins, they say, arrive in SUVs with shaded windows and no license plates. They

wear black clothes and black ski masks and carry automatic rifles and pistols. People say they position themselves around their target in disciplined and practiced maneuvers.

These armed commandos are said to travel the city at night when the streets are empty, without being pursued by the military. So, the reasoning goes, they

must be from the military.”

-NPR, 2009

“seven or eight men wearing the uniforms of a special Mexican

army unit, the Red Berets,

had parked about 50 yards away from the massacre site, but did not come to the aid of those being attacked.”

“The troops patrolled the streets in armored vehicles mounted with machine guns, dressed in full battle gear - helmets, flack jackets, kneepads.”

-NPR, 2009

-NPR, 2009

7000

Troops

“In 2008... the cartels began

employing the city's youth.

The teenagers took to the streets to become sicarios

hitmen.”

or

-PulitzerCenter.Org

“The Juárez Cartel relies on two

enforcement gangs... La Linea, a group of corrupt (current and former) Chihuahua police officers... on the Mexican side...[and] the

Barrio Azteca street gang [which] operates in Mexico and in Texan cities such as El Paso, Dallas and Austin, as well as in New Mexico and Arizona.”

-Wikipedia.Org

“the area of Juarez where most factory workers lived had one

high school for over 600,000 inhabitants.”

-PulitzerCenter.Org

“Los Novenos get high on marijuana and paint thinner on the soccer fields in their neighborhood.”

-PulitzerCenter.Org Image by Dominic Bracco II. Mexico, 2011

“the lure of easy livable wages from

working for a cartel is an irresistible temptation to

many Juarenses. Drug bosses offer the equivalent

of a factory worker’s weekly wages to perform an execution.”

-PulitzerCenter.Org

“With infrastructure

damaged from the drug war and few opportunities for work, Ciudad Juarez's

youth often turn to crime to make ends meet.”

-PulitzerCenter.Org

“Most of these gang

members never made it to middle school because the tuition was

too high.”

-PulitzerCenter.Org

“At an average

rate of eight

burials a day, the only

municipal cemetery in Juárez with remaining space for new burials will reach its maximum capacity

in less than four years.”

-El Paso Times, 2012

48%

of Juarez Residents between age 14 and 24 are Neither Employed nor Studying

-PulitzerCenter.Org

“City officials are also planning on building a dedicated space to keep cremated remains. The

vertical 6.5-foot shelf would have 360 spots. Two other

identical shelves could be built if there is a demand” -El Paso Times, 2012

“The most vulnerable in Juarez are Los Ninis, young men and women who got their name from the phrase “ni estudian, ni trabajan”—those 25% of the City’s Total Homicide Victims are Los Ninis

-PulitzerCenter.Org

who neither work nor study.”

-PulitzerCenter.Org

“Without work, or a real incentive to work, young people are increasingly turning to the cartels where

the boundaries between crime and an honest path are often blurred by the bloodshed and fear enveloping the city” -PulitzerCenter.Org

“A couple dances at a gang affiliated party...

This gang has tried hard to keep out of the larger war, but neighboring barrios continue to try to control their barrio for extortion and to sell drugs. They have been associated with at least one vigilante killing.”

-PulitzerCenter.Org Image by Dominic Bracco II. Mexico, 2011

“A group of young men catch a ride in the back of a car to their friends funeral in one of the poorer areas of Ciudad Juarez. The 15-year-old boy, Sergio Adrian Hernandez Guereca, was shot by a US Border Patrol agent.”

-PulitzerCenter.Org Image by Dominic Bracco II. Mexico, 2011

“Novenos get stoned at a friend's house.

The Novenos have suffered three murders in the last year in conflicts with rival gangs.”

-PulitzerCenter.Org Image by Dominic Bracco II. Mexico, 2011

static/infocus/4202012/m10_22024235.jpg (15.07.2012) Img. 14: heavy hand, sunken spirit. http://www.davidrochkind. com/#/photography/heavy-hand-sunken-spirit/2011_Mexico018 (15.07.2012) Img. 15: Drug Money. http://1x1.fi/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Drugwar_Color039.jpg (15.07.2012) Img. 16: Vicente Carrillo Fuentes. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ File:Vicente_Carrillo_Fuentes_(narcotraficante).jpg (13.07.2012) Img. 17: Heriberto Lazcano Lazcano. http://msnlatino.telemundo. com/_cache/images/assets/2012-07/ep_capodecapos16_13419504 9178___484x363.jpg (15.06.2012)

L ist o f I m a g e s

Img. 18: Joaquin Guzman. http://www.tenorama.com/sites/default/ files/foto/chapo-guzman.jpg (12.07.2012) Img. 19: Osiel Cardenas Guillen. http://sdpnoticias.com/files/ posts/800/El_junior.Rafael_Cárdenas_Vélez.jpg (12.07.2012)

Img. 1: Mexican Federal policemen. http://www.puppetgov.com/wpcontent/uploads/2009/08/r345632_1577449.jpg (14.07.2012)

Img. 20: Pinc Crosses for Slain Women in Juarez. http://media.portland.indymedia.org/images/2005/04/315230.jpg (15.07.2012)

Img. 2: Greetings from Juarez. http://cache2.allpostersimages. com/p/LRG/61/6174/P7B1100Z/poster/greetings-from-ciudad-juarezmexico.jpg (15.07.2012)

Img. 21: The family of 28-year-old Alberto Rodriquez—killed in his car outside his house while his family watched—cries as authorities descend on the crime scene. November 10, 2008. http://1x1.fi/7711 (15.07.2012)

Img. 2a: The Desert. http://ridedualsport.com/forum/index. php?topic=402.0 (14.07.2012) Img. 2b: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/USMexico_border_deaths_monument.jpg (16.07.2012) Img. 2c: http://1x1.fi/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Drugwar_Color039. jpg (15.07.2012) Img. 2d: http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_uQt7YfFGA3U/S6Y_DH0gRrI/ AAAAAAAAFig/Wao3qhF1w8U/s1600/Ejecutados-en-ManteTamaulipas.jpg (16.07.2012) Img. 3: Soaptree Yucca. http://landcovertrends.usgs.gov/west/ eco24Report.html (14.07.2012) Img. 4: The Desert. http://ridedualsport.com/forum/index. php?topic=402.0 (14.07.2012) Img. 5: Desert, Skull. http://cdn.theatlanticwire.com/img/upload/2011/06/97878694/large.jpg (14.07.2012) Img. 6: Here to Make the Border. http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-8aBLPbEEHSY/T6Gks4geiaI/AAAAAAAAANI/h8NRA-DWr0Q/s1600/ IMG_0039.jpg (15.07.2012) Img. 7: Sylvia Baumgartner (2007): Untitled (Border Crossing, Flags). unpublished Img. 8: Sylvia Baumgartner (2007): Untitled (Border Crossing, Through Fence). unpublished Img. 9: A Maquiladora in Mexico. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maquiladora (16.07.2012) Img. 10: Operacion Conjunta Chihuahua. http://1x1.fi/wp-content/ uploads/2012/02/Drugwar_Color034-625x416.jpg (13.07.2012)

Img. 22: A pregnant 14 year old girl was shot in Ciudad Juarez. http://cdn.lightgalleries.net/4bd5ebff85c3e/images/2011_Mexico013-1.jpg (15.07.2012) Img. 23: A marijuana themed belt adorns the victim of an apparent drug-related execution on February 29, 2012 in Acapulco, Mexico. http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/4202012/s_m15_40183539. jpg (15.07.2012) Img. 24: Crime scene investigation of two dead bodies found in the desert outside of Juarez. August 2, 2009. http://1x1.fi/wp-content/ uploads/2012/02/Drugwar_Color002-625x416.jpg (16.07.2012) Img. 25: Wieviel kann eine Stadt aushalten? http://www.peterkilchmann.com/files/juarez_d3_web.jpg (16.07.2012)

List of Figur es Fig. 1, Fig. 2: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_Juárez, http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Paris, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome (10.07.2012) Fig. 3: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_Juárez, Google Earth (15.07.2012) Fig. 4: http://www.imip.org.mx/mapa/mapa.php, http://www.planjuarez.org/files/pdf_168.pdf, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_ Juárez, http://wikimapia.org/, Google Earth (15.07.2012)

Img. 11: Drug Use. http://1x1.fi/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Drugwar_Color040-625x415.jpg (13.07.2012)

Fig. 5: http://www.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/mexicocifras/default.aspx?e=8&i=i, http://www.txcip.org/tac/census/profile. php?FIPS=48141, http://www.elpasotexas.gov/demo.asp, http:// quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/48/48141.html (15.07.2012)

Img. 12: Cocaine Bricks. http://0.tqn.com/d/alcoholism/1/0/D/v/1/cocaine05.jpg (15.07.2012)

Fig. 6: http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=201106061531 46AAbDROS, (14.06.2012)

Img. 13: A soldier walks through a cloud of smoke from burning marijuana on an illegal plantation at the Sierra de Juarez, in Tecate, northern Mexico, on September 21, 2010. http://cdn.theatlantic.com/

Fig. 7, Fig. 8: see Fig. 5 Fig. 9: Google Earth, https://maps.google.com (15.07.2012)

Fig. 10: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Mexico_Border_Barrier, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_Juรกrez, http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Rio_Grande (16.07.2012) Fig. 11: http://www.bigpictureagriculture.com/2011/05/agriculturaltrade-between-us-and.html, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_ Drug_War, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maquiladora (15.07.2012) Fig. 12: http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/28/realestate/ commercial/28juarez.html?pagewanted=all (16.07.2012) Fig. 13: http://www.industrytoday.com/article_view. asp?ArticleID=F289 (16.07.2012)

timeline, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Mexican_ Drug_War, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/world/special/ mexico-drug-war-timeline/index.html, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ news/worldnews/centralamericaandthecaribbean/mexico/7917904/ Mexicos-war-on-drugs-timeline.html, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/ americas/country_profiles/1210779.stm, http://dailyinfographic.com/ drug-war-infographic, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-11174174 (16.07.2012) Fig. 39: http://extranosalley.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/ mexgun-300x300.jpg, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_Juรกrez (16.07.2012)

Fig. 15: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Drug_War (15.07.2012)

Fig. 40: http://media.mcclatchydc.com/smedia/2010/12/15/18/20101215_MEXICO_POLICE.large.prod_affiliate.91.jpg (16.07.2012)

Fig. 16: http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/28/realestate/ commercial/28juarez.html?pagewanted=all (15.072012)

Fig. 41: http://extranosalley.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/mexgun-300x300.jpg (16.07.2012)

Fig. 17: # of Maquiladoras per State. http://infranetlab.org/ blog/2010/05/border-economies-the-maquiladora-export-landscape (16.07.2012)

Fig. 42: http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-KZRyljfkHAg/T-oMBZUGWVI/ AAAAAAAACE4/cEgobeN1TEw/s1600/2012-MEXICO-09+pew+10. png (16.07.2012)

Fig. 18, Fig. 19: http://www.industrytoday.com/article_view. asp?ArticleID=F289 (16.07.2012)

Fig. 43: http://extras.mnginteractive.com/live/media/site525/2012/ 0328/20120328_072748_US_mx_drug_homicides_300.jpg, http:// justiceinmexico.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/2012-tbi-drugviolence. pdf, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-10681249 (12.07.2012)

Fig. 14: See Figure 11

Fig. 20:http://www.elpasoredco.org/regional-data/ciudad-juarez/twinplant/maquila-industry (16.07.2012) Fig. 21: http://www.industrytoday.com/article_view. asp?ArticleID=F289 (16.07.2012) Fig. 22: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-American_Highway (16.07.2012) Fig. 23, Fig. 24: http://www.industrytoday.com/article_view. asp?ArticleID=F289 (16.07.2012) Fig. 25: http://www.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/mexicocifras/default. aspx?e=8&i=i (15.06.2012) Fig. 26:http://www4.agr.gc.ca/AAFC-AAC/display-afficher. do?id=1204258695800&lang=eng (16.07.2012) Fig. 27: http://www.bigpictureagriculture.com/2011/05/agriculturaltrade-between-us-and.html (14.06.2012) Fig. 27a: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_Juรกrez, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maquiladora, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/28/realestate/commercial/28juarez. html?pagewanted=all (15.072012) Fig. 28: see Fig. 4 Fig. 29, Fig. 30: http://www.sunstar-solutions.com/DCLsurvey.htm (08.07.2012) Fig. 31, Fig. 32: http://www.industrytoday.com/article_view. asp?ArticleID=F289 (16.07.2012) Fig. 33: http://www.dailyinfographics.com/drug-war-infographic (15.07.2012) Fig. 34: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Drug_War#Ju. C3.A1rez_Cartel (15.07.2012) Fig. 35, Fig. 37: http://hosted.ap.org/specials/interactives/_international/mexican_cartels/index.html?SITE=AP (16.07.2012) Fig. 36: http://infographiclist.com/2012/04/08/illegal-drug-marketviolence-in-mexico-infographic (16.07.2012) Fig. 38: http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/06/16/idUSN16449, http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/mexico/100708/ciudad-juarez-

Fig. 44: see Fig. 36 Fig. 45: http://sites.google.com/site/policereform/narco-killings, http:// www.imip.org.mx/mapa/mapa.php (15.07.2012) 1 http://articles.cnn.com/2010-10-20/world/mexico.woman.killed_1_

ciudad-juarez-decapitated-young-woman?_s=PM:WORLD 2

http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2010/07/ deadly-car-bomb-in-juarez-is-a-first-for-mexican-drug-gangs/1#.T_ tEbxzr9c0 3

http://focusmexico.wordpress.com/tag/narcos/

4

http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503543_162-5289387-503543.html

5

http://www.chron.com/news/nation-world/article/Ciudad-Juarezwomen-still-being-tortured-by-1703010.php#photo-1223515 6

http://articles.latimes.com/2010/oct/23/world/la-fg-mexico-shooting-20101024 7

https://sites.google.com/site/policereform/2012-mar-24-to-april1/2012-april-1-to-april-9/2012-april-8-to-april-15/2012-april-15-toapril-21/2012-april-21-to-april-27 8

https://sites.google.com/site/policereform/narco-killings/jan-16-tofeb-28/june-11-to-july-11/aug/aug-8--aug-17/aug-17-to-aug-25 9

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/13/mexico-killings-cartelviolence_n_896691.html 10

http://www.borderlandbeat.com/2012/01/eight-men-murdered-inviolent-ciudad.html

L ist o f C o l l a g e S o u rces

Collage 1: City Abandonment http://www.elpasotimes.com/ci_18118887 http://mexodus.borderzine.com/side-story/411/ http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/09/world/americas/09juarez. html?pagewanted=all http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2012/02/02/mexican-cartelsforce-juarez-police-into-hotels-for-safety/ http://www.abandonedchildrensfund.org/what-we-do-mexico.html http://www.680news.com/news/world/article/202894--report-says230-000-displaced-by-mexico-s-drug-war-census-shows-abandoned-houses http://www.hispanicallyspeakingnews.com/notitas-de-noticias/details/ relocate-or-die-mexican-entrepreneurs-migrate-to-the-interior-fleeing-/10025/ http://mexodus.borderzine.com/side-story/411/ Collage 2: Personal Security http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/09/world/americas/09juarez. html?pagewanted=all http://www.theworld.org/2012/02/nightlife-in-juarez/ http://mexodus.borderzine.com/life/surviving-juarez-besieged-residents-and-businesses-devise-strategies-to-stay-safe-in-the-violenceplagued-city/ Collage 3: Military Intervention http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=99047804 http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/06/16/idUSN16449 Collage 4: Criminality http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C3%A1rez_Cartel http://www.elpasotimes.com/news/ci_20669007/drug-related-violence-quickly-pushes-juarez-cemetery-near-capacity http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/mexico-ciudad-juarez-violencedrug-war-cartels-youth-los-ninis (Images by Dominic Bracco II. Mexico, 2011

Img. 25: