Recent Masters Work @ The University of Sydney

The Sports and Aquatic centre of the University of Sydney is in Darlington on the main campus (Cnr Codrington St and, Darlington Ln, Darlington NSW 2008) as shown in figure 1. The pool area is currently operated using mechanical ventilation to maintain comfort level around the year. However, there is an aspiration of having a Mixed-mode facility to allow users to have a fully naturally ventilated pool during summer months and properly air-conditioned during winter. The report focuses on providing an environmental retrofit for the Aquatic centre.

Additionally, the overall energy & water consumption of the building is also aimed to be reduced. The Aquatic centre model is made and analysed for Comfort, ventilation, energy, & water usage in three platforms: Design-Builder (Energy plus), Sketchup, Cove Tool, & Climate Consultant. The pool area is tested for the summer and winter solstice. Design solutions and options provided to encourage natural ventilation and reduce excessive heat gain during summer.

Figure 1 Site Location, Surrounding Buildings (Author)

Figure 3 3D Base Aquatic Centre Model (Author)

Aquatic Centre The pool area has a 914.88 m2- water zone and 342.78m2 -surrounding area with a total of 1258 m2. The comfort analysis is split for these two zones as the clothing and surrounding vary for these zones. The current HVAC system is an air-air heat exchanger—the added feature of distribution with collapsible plastic ducts avoids corrosion. The roof and the ductwork is supported through steel structural columns that can be seen in the 3d model in figure 3. The roof has five rectangular strips of skylights that keep the pool area well lit. The architectural drawings (Plan, Section & Roof Plan) added in the appendix for reference. The pool is mainly accessed from 5:00 pm – 9:00 pm during weekdays and 10:00 am – 3:00 pm during weekends, as shown in figure 4.

Figure 4 Section, plan , view & schedule (Author)

Figure 2 Building Glazing, Summer & Winter Sun (Author) (Sketchup)

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Figure 5 Nathers Darlington Climate Data

The building is situated in Climate Zone 5 (Warm temperate), which means space can get uncomfortable during the summer months, as shown in figure 6. The hottest months are January, February and March, with temperatures reaching up to 30oC. The winters are mild, with low humidity ranging from 12-22oC. Since natural ventilation is the scope, the climatic analysis is more focused on the wind parameters of the site. The average summer wind direction is from North-East and South-West during winter, as shown in figure 6. The average wind speed is 5-9 m/s and is maximum during June, as shown in figure 6.

Shadow analysis in figure 7 for 9:00 am, 12:00 pm, 3:00 pm shows that there is not much shading during summer and the adjacent building mildly affects the entrance zone at 3:00 pm. The Aquatic centre as a whole does not overshadow its surrounding building.

The shading chart for winter and summer is shown below in figure 6. The east façade of the pool is attached to the Sports centre and is not exposed to the external environment.

Figure 7 Shadow Analysis, Sun path & Seasonal wind direction and sun

The building must be completely shaded from December to March, where there is excessive heat gain (147 hours). Full winter sun should be exposed to the building as it reduces the heating load during cold days.

To achieve natural ventilation during summer, the predominant northeastern winds should be used to ventilate the Aquatic centre while maintaining thermal comfort. However, the existing building is not designed in response to the wind direction as it was designed to operate under mechanical ventilation. The wind speed is deficient during January, one of the hottest months of the year (Figure 6).

Figure 6 Temperature, Wind, Wind Direction, Windspeed & Summer and winter shading chart (Climate Consultant) (NaTHERS)

Construction- The facade is majorly made of an insulated double brick wall with an R-value of 2.8 and a steel structural roof with an R-value of 4.3 as shown in figure 8. Air Temperature, Humidity, Discomfort hours and Fanger’s PMV results from DesignBuilder is analysed. Additionally, the heating and cooling load of the pool region is analysed for the year to understand the energy requirements to keep the area in its comfort zone.

Figure 8 Wall & Roof cross section and R-value (Author)

The floor has an R-value of 4 as per the zone requirements of NCC. The majority of the user population is lightly clothed, and the values are taken accordingly. The occupancy activity is set under the university swimming template.

Figure 9 Heating & cooling Energy Load of Existing Building (Author)

Figure 11 Comfort Hours & Temperature results (Author)

Lighting & Sun Hours- It can be seen in figure 9 that the cooling load is highest

during summer and almost zero during winter, vice versa for the heating load. Hence around the year, the pool requires more cooling and dehumidifying than heating the space.

The existing design has a shallow scope of natural ventilation as thet windows are not operable and are placed in a significantly lower proportion when comparing the area of the façade. Hence natural ventilation with the existing façade is not efficient. On the other hand, the pool area is well daylit as it has five skylight slots on the roof, and 88% of the space meets the LEED metrics, as shown in figure 10.

Results The swimming zone is split into two zones the wet zone (Water area, Zone 1) and the occupied zone (Zone 3). Zone 1 is the gym area and not taken into consideration for calculations.

The illuminance is better to the northwestern part of the plan, and the southern part remains dark, as seen in figure 10. Considering the sunlight hours, the north and the western façade get a maximum of 12 hours of sunlight.

The intensity of the sun hours can be seen in figure 10.

Figure 10 Ventilation, Daylight, Illuminance & Sunlight Hours (Author) (CoveTool)

The result clearly shows that the hours of discomfort is more during Summer than winter.

Fanger’s PMV shows that the values range from 0-3; 0- comfortable 3- very hot. The result shows that 71 hours of the comfort point is not set during cooling and the non-comfortable hours based on ASHRAE 55 is 5185 hours (annually).

The total energy consumed is 171.79 kWh/m2/ yr. Cooling load is the most as seen in fgure 12.

Figure 12 Energy Consumption & Distribution Results (Author)

Thermal Comfort-

the primary issue is thermal discomfort inside the space, especially during summer. This is majorly due to non-functioning light vents in roofs that do not let the hot air that raised escape out. This issue can be seen in figure 13. Moreover, natural ventilation cannot be encouraged with the existing facade due to the lack of operable windows and a significantly lower window to wall ratio in the north and western façade. As a result, the SHGC value of existing glazing is moderate (0.3 – 0.5), but still, the heat is felt when stood directly under sunlight. The air to air exchanger HVAC system has to run 24/7 to maintain thermal comfort

Daylight-

As seen in the results of daylight and illuminance analysis, it is evident that the southern and southeastern region of the building is underlit (< 2000 Lux). This is due to the lack of glazing on the western façade. In addition, there is a problem with glare on the northern façade glasses as shown in figure 13.

Figure 13 Natural Ventilatrion issues, Section, South wall issues (Author)(CoveTool)

Microclimate- the microclimate of the façade and internal spaces have

diurnal diffreences. The vast open space inside the pool area has varying humidity level at various points of the seasons, causing discomfort. During summer, the place is too hot, and during winter, it needs to be heated. This is due to the simple façade construction.

Energy & Aesthetics- the building is not performing for its full potential

Upon referring to related building for a case study, two Aquatic centres studied are Water cube (2008 Beijing olympics game) and the Water sports Centre Germany. The innovative futuristic technology used in the water cube’s façade promotes natural ventilation. The intelligent skin responds with the external environment for climate control. The water complex comprises of 50m competition pool, 33m diving pool and a 50m warm-up pool. Apart from these three, the main hull contains 17,000 heated seats (Arup, 2015).

The sustainable feature is the ETFE Ethyl tetrafluoroethylene that weighs only 1% of glass is used to trap 20% of the solar energy falling on the building and later using it to heat the pool and area. 55% of lighting and 30% of the overall energy consumed is reduced in total s shown in figure 15. The building recycles 80% of the water used and harvested from roof catchment areas, pool backwash and overland flows. Though fragile in appearance, the system is set to being most seismically resistant. Oliver Mang Archite designed the water sports centre (Germany) located right on Spree’s waterside as shown in figure 15. The structure has a compact surface to reduce heat loss during winter and heat gain during summer. Though this is more of a boat hull than swimming, the ventilating concept of removing humidity to keep the lower level under thermal comfort is studied.

Figure 15 Water Cube (Beijing), Water Sports Centre (Germany)

The water cube releases the self stored heat between the ETFE layers during summer and winter. The disadvantage was that the material was too thin that it required constant maintenance from damage, and needs constant air pressure. The double skin façade allows air movement through automated fans.

in energy and aesthetics. More energy can be saved by incorporating a better HVAC system, Sensors, pool water recycling unit and passive heat gain and loss methods.

The aesthetical view of the interior is ruined due to the collapsable ducts that run on the ceiling as shown in figure 14.

The most effective zones that affect the building positively in terms of natural ventilation is shown in figure 16. The northern and western façade must be opened up more to collect wind and allow natural ventilation.

Figure 14 Enterance View, Duct Issues (Author)

A Smart double skin façade is introduced to block the glazing from the summer sun and allow total exposure to winter sun. Since the cold summer winds are from the northeast, and a building blocks the winds, a Cooling tower is introduced to the roof. Though the southern wall can be opened up for natural ventilation, the space is a car park and will not be aesthetically pleasing. Hence it is left Figure 16 Proposed Retrofit Area (Author) untouched to save cost and energy.

Automated Skylight to open during summer

The roof has a cooling tower to vent out the hot air collected by the stack effect. The cooling tower is aligned to catch the maximum cold northeastern summer winds to remove the hot air. Both Fully functional PV cells and transparent Pv cells are placed on the roof, as shown in figure 17.

Engineered Autoclaved porous aerated concrete (AAC) is used for the skeleton of the façade. This is mainly due to its excellent thermal aspect and performance during summer. This skeleton absorbs moisture from the surrounding, and when warm air passes, it becomes cool and keeps the microclimate of the façade cold. (Gov.in, 2021)

Double glazing with low e coat and infused transparent PV cell is selected for the lower panel, and operable glazing with PV cell is selected for the second layer. Again, the transparency level can be selected; the more transparent less electricity is produced. The U-value of glazing used is 1.8 W/m2K with an SHGC value of 0.34; the panel is placed as a customised curtain wall.

The central aspect of this double skin façade is to create a thermal buffer zone to regulate the indoor temperature.

Must be integrated with IBMS The operable glazing brings in air movement for natural ventilation during summer.

The Kinetic façade is an interactive façade with sensors and automation to predict the sunlight hours and direction and change the façade pattern accordingly. This blocks out the summer sun while encouraging natural ventilation and winter sun. This can effectively control the illuminance inside the space.

Construction Method (Transparent Solar, 2014)

Figure 17 Proposed Retrofit (Author)

Apart from the central system, the kinetic facade modules can be operated and adjusted using a mobilephone/tablet.

Figure 18 Proposed Wall (Author)

Figure 20 Kinetic Facade - Facade Control, Shading Method, Module Working & Details (Author) (Hosseini, Mohammadi, Rosemann, Schröder, & Lichtenberg, 2019)

The façade and roof spilt up are shown in figure 18 & 19, respectively. The aesthetically unpleasing duct work is now hidden with a gypsum pool ceiling board, and the steel structure is supporting it, leading to on top of the lobby area where the HVAC system is situated. The cooling tower vents are operable only during summer and remain shut during winter. The working and look of the kinetic façade are shown in figure 20. Detailed drawing and façade bow up detail is shown in figure 21.

Figure 19 Proposed Roof (Author)

Figure 21 Proposed Building Plan, Section and Blow-up Details (Author)

The temperature difference between water and air is kept low to minimise the evaporation rate. A typical problem found in pools is that much energy is wasted to maintain favourable conditions inside the building. Most systems emit remaining heat and latent energy after sensible heat transfer that often goes to waste. This is an excellent heat source that can be reclaimed from the exhaust air and reused to reduce the energy needs of the pool. The DX heat pumps suffer in cold conditions as there is not much heat available outside to be transferred inside, and the coil often freezes, forcing it to defrost. The solution is by placing the evaporators in exhaust air.

Using the solar panels placed on the roof for heating the water and additional energy needs. The existing pool handling system is depicted in figure 25. The pool façade is designed to run on mixed ventilation mode, preferring mechanical ventilation during winter and dehumidification when required.

Figure 22 Other shading Options (horizontal, internal blinds & external Blinds

Additional options for shading include horizontal & vertical louvres, internal & external blinds and egg-crate shading, as shown in figure 23.

Compared to the proposed retrofit, these options are much cheaper but do not look aesthetically pleasing. In addition, these are the standard shading options available and can be made automated to respond seasonally. Internal blinds have more than 40% heat gain and are mostly avoided as it does not stop the heat from entering the zone.

Reverse cycling can be used during the night to save energy by minimising the outdoor dry outdoor air, increasing evaporation and recirculating air. Indoor humidity is kept high as there is no occupancy during the night to cut down evaporation and low enough to limit condensation ultimately. IBMS can again control this to shift between modes according to occupancy comfort as shown in figure 26.

The length and number of fins/lovers are decided with the window to wall ratio. A minimum extension of 1m is required to block the summer sun. Fins/louvre count can reduce the projected length of the shade.

The coefficients of shading equivalent factor for various shading device is mentioned in the table in figure 23

Other strategies include reducing the precursor contaminants from circulation; compulsory pre-shower reduces sweat, urea, and body amines that build up monochloramines— using UV photolysis reduce these contaminants and dilute pool hall air. By following up the strategies mentioned above and considerations, the pool functioning efficiency is increased and made more sustainable.

Figure 23 Other shading Options view analysis & SHGC values (shading/, 2021)

Figure 25 Solar Pool heating, pool handling system, Pool Humdidty zones.

Seasonal trees can cover the summer sun and allow the winter sun as the structure is just a single storey unit. On the other hand, plantation solution has a lower cost but completely covers the facade during summer. Though the view is impacted, this vegetation makes the microclimate cooler, cooling down the warm wind and bring in cold air. Vegetation can be incorporated as a single tree of creepers in the skeleton (Trellis) or vegetation panter shelves on the façade, as shown in figure 24.

Figure 24 Vegetation shading Options

Figure 26 IBMS for pool handling unit and night time savings.

The glazing chosen for the provided façade is double glazing, keeping cost in mind. Triple glazing is available in the market, but the entire north & west façade would be more. The insulation gets better with the number of glazing, as shown in figure 27. The SHGC value for the glazing is low; hence blocks the heat gain during summer, as shown in figure 27. The low e coating and the insulation work effectively to reject the heat transmitted from the sun. The low e coating and the insulation work effectively to reject the heat transmitter from the sun. Operable glazing is used to facilitate natural ventilation 2m from floor level.

Figure 27 Glazing type seasonal performance, SHGC value seasonal performance.

The PV cells infused in this glazing generates energy for about 12 hours a day (Maximum sun hours/day) which collectively adds up for later use by the building. This glazing comes in varying transparency, as shown in the figure. The relationship between the energy created vs transparency is shown in figure 28. Identically, the skylight designed over the pool has medium transparency and is sized precisely to the dimensions of the pool. Skylight PV cells generate the most energy as it is exposed to the sun uninterrupted by seasons.

Figure 29 Proposed building Comfort, Air Temperature, Discomfort hours and fanger’s PMV Results (Author) (DesignBuilder).

The results show that despite making mixed-mode ventilation rather than fully mechanical ventilation, the overall discomfort hours have dropped to 1922 hours. Though the heating discomfort hours have raised 3.5 hours, the discomfort during occupied cooling has brought down to 0. The cooling load has dropped to 36.45 kWh/m2/yr. Fanger’s PMV does not show much difference.

Figure 28 Transparent PV Cell Details.

The proposed building works efficiently to facilitate natural ventilation during summer and mechanical ventilation during winter. The results prove that the mixed-mode ventilation works for the newly designed façade. The overall energy consumption has dropped from 171.79 kWh/m2/yr to 101.32 kWh/m2/yr. The cooling load has dropped from 45.89 kWh/m2/yr to 36.45 kWh/m2/yr, and the heating load has dropped to 0. Hence, the design is successful.

Additional futuristic development bundle to achieve 18 LEED point and 26% energy savings with eight years payback period is shown in figure 31. Simulations cannot be 100% accurate as they do not include other shading options and unpredictable outcomes. Hence the figures shown below are approximate figure.

Figure 31 Future upgrade cost, payback time and selection criteria details (Author) (Sketrchup) (Covetool).

• • • • •

Using detection sensors can bring down the equipment energy requirements.

Harvesting rainwater and reusing it to use for pool activities.

Stopping the dehumidification process at night when there is zero occupancy.

Making the kinetic facade interactive using motion detectors (attracts users).

Completely integrating IBMS into the building systems.

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Assignment-2

Syed Thanveer Nawaz

The Darling Exchange Building The selected building is located at Darling Square, New South Wales, Sydney. The initial concept revolves around an independent-free standing multipurpose structure; this circular building has unique structure when compared to the surrounding buildings. This building promotes access from multiple points as it supports community and retail users, a unique geometry created by shifted floor plates creating outdoor spaces for multiple uses. The mezzanine level is accessible via a circular ramp and stairway provided. The shifting floor plates are externally wrapped by softwood Accoya timber providing functional and aesthetical design feature. Timber possessing soft, natural, and visual barrier characteristics which are critical factors of the built structure. The density of the timber panel is increased at the high sun impacted areas and private, intended areas, and lower density for areas with less sun exposure and transparent activities. The glazed façade, which is the main façade, is recessed from the timber wrapping that acts as the shell. High operable and transparent glass façade brings in a lot of natural light and ventilation. (Kuma 2020)

Level 1 & 2 of the building is for the 21st library that includes an external terrace, informal resting, reading and social spaces. The next two levels (level 3 & 4) is occupied by a child care centre; this active day-time space provides children with a safe and beautiful view that promotes kids to work collaboratively. The top floor restaurant and bar acts as a remarkable meeting spot with the view of the darling harbour and the city façade. This includes rooftop bars, pergolas and panoramic view of the darling square and the boulevard. The rooftop has an open feature of pebble floored natural ambience providing aesthetics and disciple on the roof. (Kuma 2020) The seven floored massive structure has its bottom two levels for retail/market/food stall allowing access from various points, making it a brilliant location for commercial exchange. The broad range of retail experience, including preparing food, indoor dining, spill out dining being flexible in form and function. (Kuma 2020)

Façade and Materials Used The external façade/ shading device consists of timber with natural texture, and light colour admits the rigid urban precinct.

This provides the distinct/unique character of the building, the ribbon form/pattern used represents the dynamic form and function of the building. This softwood Accoya timber panel is easy to structure and creates a naturally lit area with an aesthetic and private touch. The clear disadvantage of this façade is that it requires annual maintenance to keep up the aesthetical value of the structure as it ages over time.

The maintenance is done accessible using steel grate installed between the balustrade and the timber façade. (Kuma 2020) The steel placed behind the timber sits on the superstructure which intern provides the support for the entire system. Behind this is the low double-glazed e coated well-insulated glass that encloses 80% of the circular internal space. The floor plates are shifted in a way for the façade to respond with natural sunlight without the shadowing effect of the surrounding building because of its sizeable vertical scale. The floor plates are pushed to the north, and the east-west context helps the placing of the terrace and outdoor spaces overlooking the harbour view. (Kuma 2020)

Response to Local Climate Sydney comes under zone 5 with hot summers and cold winters. The critical aspect required for the proper functioning of a building is its thermal performance. The 20hectare redeveloped Darling exchange building currently holds a 6-star Green Star rating by the Green Building Council of Australia. This has double glazed low e coated glazing with high insulation, reducing the thermal leakage by a significant level and maintaining the internal thermal comfort of the occupants. The external timber façade shields significant parts of the glazing surface, providing shading during the hottest day of summer. The building is well built to respond correctly to the local climate and is highly efficient.

Case Study of Similar System GC Prostho Museum Research Center The same architect’s previous work GC Prostho Museum Research Center has its initial concept from the system of Cidori (old Japanese toy) that can be extended by twisting the sticks without and nailing or other metal joineries. This consists of a 12mm square wood/timber as its main element, and the size was transformed accordingly. The specific part has a dimension of 60mmx60mmx200cm or 60mmx60mmx400cm that form a 50cm square grid pattern. After the flexure test, it was approved to be used in a large/commercial building. (KASUGAI-SHI 2012) The case study provides us with the joinery details of the built structure’s façade using timber. Timber can be highly flexible when it comes to façade design. The façade surrounds the structure giving it porous, or see-through features that cover the space inside that requires privacy. The wooden façade acts not just as a shield but also blends with the museum spaces by creating spaced display spaces made of timber with the same joinery details.

Cite des Arts et de la Culture Another massive structure in France by Kengo Kuma erected at the junction between a river and mountain. This is functionally a culture centre that has become an epicentre for architecture in Beacon, which includes Dance and Music Performance. The façade structure of the building is majorly made of wood, glazing and steel panels. The glazing used is a double-glazed low e value glass, and the details done here is similar to that of the selected (Darling Exchange Building). The façade with the steel mullion system is the basic structure for the glazing, which has been followed and gives a clear picture of the construction details. (Daily 2013)

Glazing Detail The top floor have flushed and shown aluminium mullion to reduce the load on the overall structure.

Majority of the mullions are steel, the typical mullion detail for aluminium and steel mullions is given down. The entire curtain wall present in the bottom levels is of steel with double glazed low e value glass. The glass façade is recessed inside the external timber façade that acts as a shading device.

6mm thick low e coated glass+13mm Argon filled Gas+ 6mm Clear glass U Value- 1.338 visible light transmittance: 77% Solar heat gain coefficient: 0.419 Solar transmittance: 0.345 UV Transmittance: <1% (Design Builder & Class notes)

The operable façade present throughout the structure gives flexibility to space and allows natural ventilation.

The entire glass frame/ window is pivoted so that it can be open on either side depending on the requirements of the space. The tracks are flushed with the ceiling and the floor for aesthetical value which has been sown in Fig. 19 and 26. The timber façade is attached to the structure with the help of steel structure at various points.

The typical detail and the joinery details have been shown below.

Majority of the joints are screwed and have metal plates supporting them. The dense layering of the timber panels covers the support structure when viewed from outside. Detail D, E and F show the steel structure in desirable dimensions to hold the soft Accoya wood panels in the pattern according to the design. The balcony has typical glass made railing protection with steel structures of the shown detail.

Darwin Design Considerations Darwin comes under zone 1 climatic conditions; this is due to the geographical presence of being in the top end corner of the northern territory. This has a wet and dry tropical climatic condition with very high humidity in the winter and moderate humidity in summer. The wet season is from November to April, which experiences a very high amount of rainfall with the highest humidity of 80%. The average temperature ranges from 24.7°C – 32°C. the dry season falls from May-October with warm and dry sunny days with a humidity level of 60-65% and a temperature ranging from 21.6-31.8°C. Darwin is prone to frequent storms with rain and forest fires.

The materials chosen for assignment one includes coconut fibre and crock as insulation and cross-laminated timber for the main structure. Bio PCM as phase change material and vapour barrier for waterproofing. These materials were constructed for small residential construction. This was good for Sydney climate and accomplice with the section j and the Australian building standards.

Considering Darwin timber cannot be used as it is prone to rainfall, forest fire and storms, this makes timber not so efficient for Darwin’s climatic conditions. The preliminary study utilises simulation tools to compare alternative design solutions to identify the assembly showing the best occupant comfort, overall drying capacity and humidity performance, emphasising that it is not possible to employ CLT with conventional construction details, to avoid moisture risks (Strang & Leardini 2020).

Coconut fibre and crock cannot be used as these are flammable materials and cannot be used for more than three floors. On the other hand, the selected building is a commercial building with seven floors. This makes them inefficient for the new design. Bio Pcm cannot be used as it is least efficient in Darwin when compared to all other cities in Australia (Alam et al. 2014). Hence the only material which can be used is the vapour barrier.

Case study The case studies considered for the façade study is the Darwin Convention Centre, the glazed façade is heavily shaded from the direct sunlight, which prevents the entry of direct heat. The Darwin Waterfront Parking Garage is another case study where metal frames have been used to prevent solar heat gain but allowing natural ventilation to occur. The Avenue Precinct at Darwin was also considered as a case study which showed the usage of green façade to reduce the heat gain while adding aesthetics for the façade. All these cases studied had a few everyday things: all of them had large windows that are shaded to reduce the solar heat gain and allow natural ventilation. The covered facade might limit the solar gain, but daylight is still brought inside the surface, and cross ventilation is encouraged. (Valletta 2017)

Façade Design Recycled Ceramic Brick The exterior Accoya softwood panel wrapped around the façade is removed and is replaced with a Breathable Recycled Ceramic Brick Façade.

These recycled ceramic bricks are then split up into 50cmx 50cm square module panel held together with recycled aluminium plates, as shown in Fig. 34. There is breathable façade facilitates natural ventilation and blocks the direct sunlight and efficiently reduces heat gain.

The façade will work with the selected building as it has the same structural build-up, as shown in Fig. 35. Furthermore, the existing residential structure has glazing façade like the selected building’s façade.

Recycled ceramic bricks have a characteristic of being porous which means the air cavity between these modules allow air to pass through the brick.

This makes sure that the dust passing through the surface is purified and fresh air is brought into the balcony and Internal Façade. These bricks can also absorb water and store in them for a while when hot air passes through this the water cools down the hot air, and cold air is experienced inside. The dripping system can drip water on these brick modules during the hottest day of the summer for a cold building surface temperature and reducing the heat gain.

Semi-transparent Photovoltaic Panel Recent technological advancements have given rise to photovoltaic materials for façade. The integrated PV façade reduces the heat gain caused on a façade and can generate electricity that reduced the overall energy consumption by 8-12%.

This depends on the amount of exposure of the sun on the PV panel and climate. A sizeable continuous PV panel can generate a considerable amount of electricity but also heat gain, cautious segregation and layout of this panel can strike a balance between the heat & electrical gain. (Valletta 2017)

Glazing Detail 6mm thick low e coated glass+ 3mm semi-transparent Photovoltaic panel+13mm Argon filled Gas+ 6mm Clear glass U Value- 5.58 visible light transmittance: 10% Solar transmittance: 0.345 UV Transmittance: <1% (Wang et al. 2017)

Movement Joint The movement joint plays a critical role in terms of stiffness of the façade. These movement joints allow minor movements on the joinery of the assembled façade and the superstructure, which prevents damage due to pressure. This is crucial in case of any seismic activities; the width of the movement joint depends on the exposed surface and movement capacity.

The details for these joints is presented below.

On-site & off-site Façade Assembly Few of the fixed façade is pre-assembled in the factory and then attached to the main structure with the help of a crane or other heavy weightlifting vehicles on-site. This reduces error and increases the overall stability and strength of the façade. Minor areas can be adjusted with the single module on-site at the time of installation, as shown in the Fig34.

System attributes The new façade design for the selected building performs with high efficiency; this is made sure by the balance in living green wall (LWS), recycled ceramic brick, and the semitransparent PV Panel. The cooling produced by the green wall and ceramic brick modules keep the surface temperature low, and the PV Panels allow daylight inside the space and generate electricity. The relative humidity produced by the green surface is balanced out by the ceramic brick module; this does not affect the indoor humidity. This is the façade with very less maintenance and rigid by protecting the internal glazing façade from storms. The façade is entirely fireproof and weather resistant.

Expected Façade Results The technological response from the PV panel is expected to produce energy and reduce the load consumption up to 8-12% as they are in less proportion when compared to the other façade materials. The green wall and recycled ceramic brick façade are expected to reduce the surface temperature of the façade, making the external balcony spaces cooler, as shown in Fig. 55. The thermal bridge is expected to be eliminated, and the double glazed low E coated glazing should insulate the space thermally and provide user comfort.

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