10 Most Dynamic Business Leaders in Healthcare and Lifescience Industry - 2022

MAY 2022

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Dr Chandrashekhar Thodupunuri Founder and Director

PROVIDENCE MICROBIOME RESEARCH CENTER A VISIONARY PLATFORM FOR AUTISM PREVENTION

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From the

EDITOR H

umans are evolving with each advancement in technology. We have almost developed a substitute for every need. However, we can’t find an alternative for our own health. Lifesciences and the healthcare sector work closely together to provide a better outcome. In the last two to three decades, India has been deliberately focusing on medical and healthcare facilities to reach the remotest places in the nation.

The Indian government has designed a roadmap to develop a network of universal healthcare facilities in every district of the nation, to reduce the unavailability of primary health services. The Healthcare & Lifescience industry was the least focused industry. Private players are taking an active part in this mission. Startups are coming forward to contribute to this growing industry.

Every organization needs a visionary leader to be strong from the start. Leaders have a clear idea of where they want to go, how they can get there, and what success looks like. Make sure you express your vision clearly and enthusiastically, and make sure your team understands how their efforts contribute to achieving higher-level goals.

Working on your vision with consistency, perseverance, and enthusiasm will inspire others to do the same.

To be an effective leader, you need to make quick and difficult decisions with limited information. If you come up with something out of the ordinary, then you need to rethink your position. Consider the likely consequences of your decision and any available alternatives. Make your final decision with conviction, take responsibility for it, and follow it. By being a determined and confident decision-making body, you can seize the opportunity and gain the respect of your team.

The best leaders move their team forward with inspiration & enthusiasm. Take time with the people you lead to know their strengths, needs & priorities. In addition to appreciating them, it can help you understand how best to inspire them. Continue to strengthen how their efforts can bring about change and encourage them to develop their potential through meaningful goals and challenges.

In our edition, 10 Most Dynamic Business Leaders in Healthcare and Lifescience Industry - 2022, on the cover story, we have Dr Chandrashekhar Thodupunuri, Founder and Director of Providence Microbiome Research Centre Private Limited. The healthcare startup is a research firm engaged in faecal microbiota transfer therapy (FMT) as an appropriate treatment modality for autism.

SwiftNLift is not just a business magazine.

We aim to cover all other topics that account for our society’s betterment. We always try to come up with articles covering the latest trends and essential topics. We as a team have worked hard for our readers and introduced to you this edition. Hope you enjoy reading this piece of our efforts!

- Nilesh Sabe Nilesh Sabe Chief Editor

COVER STORY

10 Providence Microbiome Research Center Private Limited

Articles Is GMO an option for food security?

26

Application of Nanotechnology in medical science Food spoilage by Microbes

36

20

Machine learning in pharmacology

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Profiles Neo Inventronix AdventSys Technologies Private Limited Nyucel Wellness Nivaran Pain Relief Centre Himcure Pharmaceuticals Pvt Ltd Protech Telelinks Portea Medical Simply Herbal Smile in Hour LLP

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PROVIDENCE MICROBIOME RESEARCH CENTER

Dr Chandrashekhar Thodupunuri Founder and Director

PROVIDENCE MICROBIOME RESEARCH CENTER Tell us about yourself. How has your academic life been?

together as a single unit at the genome level, i.e., the human genome and these microbial genomes work in tandem as a shared gene pool. These shared gene I am Dr Chandrashekhar Thodupunuri. I did my MBBS pools, which were developed during evolution, form an at Prathima Institute of Medical Sciences, and I pursued epigenetic medium necessary for human development my postgraduate diploma in clinical cardiology from and the typical day-to-day functioning of the human Apollo Hospital, Hyderabad. I worked at Apollo body. These microbes undergo vertical transfer from Hospital, Global Hospital and Archana Hospital as a the mother’s uterus to the child during pregnancy. cardiologist. My career took a significant turn when my child got diagnosed with autism. In pursuit of a Any disruption in this shared gene pool will result in solution for her condition, I did a fellowship program epigenetic errors and lead to diseases like diabetes, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, at the Medical Academy of Pediatrics, Special Needs obesity, psychiatric illnesses, etc.

If this gene pool is affected in in the USA. My research about autism taught me that it is preventable. This possibility made me leave my foetuses during pregnancy, it leads to adverse outcomes cardiology career and pushed me into autism research. like autism and global developmental delay.

Gross epigenetic errors in postmortem brain tissues of autistic individuals and phylogenetically different The health care & Life science sector is ecosystems in gut microbial studies in autism made going through a rapid shift. How does it me think in the direction of microbiome research. encourage you to establish Providence Although “faecal microbiota transfer therapy” is an option to transform these gene pools to correct the Microbiome Research Center? epigenetic errors in autism, research related to the gut During my journey of autism research, I happened to microbiome, human epigenetics and its relevance to meet some extraordinary researchers and amazing autism is minimal and sparse. parents who recovered their children with autism. I Around 421 clinical trials regarding faecal microbiota understood a concept called the “hologenome theory of transfer therapy were registered across the globe evolution” from recovery stories, which is most relevant for various diseases, of which seven were registered for autism and many other illnesses. for autism. Most of these clinical trials are done by According to our research, the human body and a academicians. Though these concepts are helpful for few species of microbes living in the human gut work human health, they do not get enough opportunity to complete the drug research process due to the high costs involved. Also, as there is no drug to sell in FMT research, investors do not show much interest in investing in microbiome research.

We at Providence Microbiome believe in the adage that prevention is better than cure. If we can protect human embryos from alterations in a shared gene pool, children might escape from Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). This possibility made me establish a research startup to conduct a series of academic clinical trials to propose antenatal programs to prevent ASD.

What are your objectives and motto?

Our objective is to test faecal microbiota transfer therapy (FMT) as an appropriate treatment modality for autism. If FMT is proven successful, we would like to develop a serum marker for autism by conducting a large-scale epigenetic study comparing normal and autistic children. Furthermore, if the concept is proven, we will establish the aetiology and pathophysiology of autism and propose an antenatal program for autism prevention.

therapy. If the results are consistent, FMT has the potential to become the treatment of choice for autism.

How are you managing funds to run your research?

Currently, we are conducting research with self-generated funds. We plan to get some funds from the Startup India seed fund scheme. We will seek Government and some other private grants after satisfactory preliminary results.

Tell us something about your research Which factors are majorly contributing to destabilising brain tissue in infants? facility?

Providence Microbiome Research Center Pvt Ltd. has collaborated with the Center for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics – National Genomics Core (CDFDNGC), a DBT institute for genetic and epigenetic testing Microbiome Research Pvt Ltd, miBIOME therapeutics Pvt Ltd and Agenes Info Omics Pvt Ltd for microbiome testing. We partnered with KSbioclinserve, Inductive Quotient Analytics, and St Theresa’s Hospital for clinical trials. We are working exclusively on autism, and our research mainly focuses on genetics, epigenetics, and the role of the gut microbiome.

Tell us about your research topics. Also, can you share the results with us?

We are conducting a series of clinical trials. The first of the five planned studies is “faecal microbiota transfer therapy for autism” or “gut symbiont restoration therapy,” registered with ICMR, and we are currently recruiting patients. In another human trial, we will study the umbilical cord blood toxins and meconium microbial composition and developmental outcomes to establish the aetiology and pathogenesis of autism.

Of the three planned animal studies, two are to test the hypothesis; one animal study is intended to test the safety and efficacy of the antenatal program. At the end of all these five studies, human trials will be done to test the safety and effectiveness of antenatal programs to prevent autism.

We recruited a few children with autism for our trial; the preliminary results are satisfactory and promising.

In addition, we have observed that supernatant fluid obtained from screened donor stool gives better and faster results than regular faecal microbiota transfer

When we look at the history of autism, it has been rising in the last 40 years. The incidence of autism in 1980 was 1 in 10,000, which increased to 1 in 54 by 2020. Human beings evolved 2 million years ago, but this situation never existed earlier. Furthermore, the incidence of autism is higher in most developed countries. It indicates that society has been doing something wrong for the past 40 years.

Around 80,000 chemicals are registered with the Environmental Protection Agency, USA. 2500 new chemicals are being introduced every year, of which only 5% of the chemicals are officially declared as toxic to human beings. We are using these chemicals in 4 lakh products. Most of them resist human metabolism and accumulate in the human body.

Biological processes in any living organism develop over generations upon constant exposure to environmental challenges. However, human beings do not possess mechanisms to excrete many toxins like microplastics (detected in human blood recently). These toxins will be the biggest threat to humanity and even lead to human extinction.

In a cord blood study between 2007 and 2009, Rachel Network and the Environmental Working Group found 232 toxins in umbilical cord blood. Bisphenol A, pesticides, preservatives, and industrial toxins are significant cord blood components, which means human embryos are developing in a toxic medium.

We hypothesise that these toxins are the major factors that prevent the transfer of evolutionarily related microbes into foetal intestines leading to significant alterations in foetal and microbial shared gene pools, thereby leading to epigenetic errors, autism and global developmental delay.

collect information and convert it into the chemical message in the form of neurotransmitters and convey the message to the central nervous system through sensory neurons. The central nervous system processes the information, plans a motor activity, and commands the body to act accordingly. Apart from this primitive skill, the human brain can think and reason, develop memory, intellect, emotions, social skills, insight, speech, language, etc.

The brain tissue with the highest capabilities has a complex structure with specialised cells. Brain development during the foetal stage consists of a complex orchestra of events that require a wide range of structural and functional components. Structural proteins and functional proteins like neurotransmitters are synthesised from their respective genes. The epigenetic medium is crucial in running this complex orchestra of events during brain development and its function. As the epigenetic medium is affected due to alteration in shared gene pools in autism, multiple proteins are produced in unusual quantities (around 584 proteins are produced in excess, 558 proteins produced Sometimes the children acquire a phylogenetically in minor amounts, and around 833 structurally different ecosystem and develop severe autism from abnormal proteins). This kind of abnormal protein birth. In some cases, the children inherit evolutionarily formation affects brain development. related microbes and a phylogenetically different Processes like neurogenesis, neuronal migration, ecosystem, considered a susceptible microbiome. neuronal differentiation and microglial activation Triggers like antibiotics depopulate these evolutionarily are affected, leading to brain microarchitecture related microbes, and children develop sudden onset of abnormalities with an excess number of neurons epigenetic errors and land up in regressive autism. (brain cells), an extra number of synapses (connections

Can you simplify autism for the common public?

between brain cells), neuronal immaturity leading to dysfunctional brain circuitry and underdeveloped brain areas.

This underdevelopment can be widely variable among affected individuals with a broad spectrum of impaired brain functions. As this underdeveloped brain cannot take proper sensory inputs from sensory organs, they face difficulty with external noises, lights, smells, textures, etc. These are referred to as sensory issues. Along with sensory input deficits, information processing and motor planning are also affected, so planned motor activities and fine motor skills are underdeveloped. Hence, they face problems using their fingers to do fine motor Humans are at the pinnacle of evolution in the nervous activities. Thought, memory, intellect, language, speech system, which has a very complex structure and and many other functions are affected, so they cannot microarchitecture with very specialised brain cells process the social signals and have poor socialisation containing many brain proteins. The human brain and communication. Because of underdeveloped brain collects information from surroundings with sensory tissues and dysfunctional circuitry, their brain has the organs like skin, ears, eyes, tongue, and nose, which tendency to stimulate, which causes constant stimming An understanding of the nervous system is essential to know about autism. The nervous system is the most sophisticated organ in the animal kingdom.

It is a command centre for any animal, which will collect information from its surroundings, processes the information, and gives commands to the body to enact according to external stimulus. The capabilities of nervous systems among animals are widely variable, with varying sets of skills and increasing complexity.

and repetitive behaviours. Symptoms are variable according to the extent of underdevelopment of brain tissues.

Currently, there is no established cause and no proven treatment for autism. ABA, speech therapy and occupational therapies are considered alternative options to train the kids for daily life activities.

preventing autism rather than research related to managing autistic kids with therapies. Exclusive research centres should be established. Plastic use, pesticide use, and industrial toxin exposure should be minimised.

Strategies are to be made to identify pregnant women with high toxin loads and apply detox protocols to prevent autism. N-acetylcysteine (NAC), used for highrisk pregnancies, can be considered an option to detox pregnant women with a high toxin load.

How is autism affecting the current and upcoming generations?

What are the issues correlated with autism ☐ Children with autism have many co-morbid medical that should be scrutinised to eliminate conditions apart from autism symptoms, which puts them in constant suffering. Medical professionals are further mishappenings?

unaware of their medical conditions, and children According to our research, autism can be due to genetic cannot communicate effectively. Most of the time, and non-genetic causes. Simmons Foundation’s Autism Research Initiative and Simons Powering Autism they are undertreated. ☐ The availability of therapists or professionals Research are two evolving datasets that identified around 1200 genes responsible for autism. Autistic children supporting autistic children is significantly less. and parents must be screened for genetic abnormalities. ☐ Social stigma for families and enormous suffering for In case of genetic reasons, parents should be parents, and lack of awareness about the condition counselled accordingly. are the other significant problems with autism. ☐ With the growing number of autism incidence, future predictions look fearsome and diabolical. For example, some projections say that there will be an incidence of 1 in 10 by 2050, which means every pregnancy will be a nightmare.

What are the possibilities to reduce autism incidence?

Autism research is a global responsibility today.

Governments and policymakers must focus on

What are your views on combining current modern pharma technology and Ayurveda to eliminate medical issues?

Nature has gifted us with plenty of medicinal plants, which are not being used in modern medicine. The Pharma industry should extract active ingredients in medicinal plants described in ancient ayurvedic texts and use them in modern medicine with systematic research to benefit humankind.

☐ Year of founding : 2020 ☐ Founding members : Dr Chandrashekhar Thodupunuri & Dr Keerthi Sarabu ☐ Office locations : Patancheru, Hyderabad ☐ Company strength : Eight medical doctors, four scientists, eight supporting staff ☐ Website : https://gsrt.co.in

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Company Logo

10 MOST DYNAMIC BUSINESS LEADERS Company Name

Company Management

Neo Inventronix

G. S. Chakravarthy, Director

AdventSys Technologies Private Limited

Suji Palanisamy, Director

Nyucel Wellness

Navita Yadav, Rahul Babasaheb Sawakhande

Nivaran Pain Relief Centre

Vaibhav Bhola and Himanshu Gupta

Himcure Pharmaceuticals Pvt Ltd

Nadeema Begum, and Shumaila

Protech Telelinks

Navdeep Dhingra, Founder

Portea Medical

Meena Ganesh, Co-Founder & Chairperson

Simply Herbal

Yuvraj Soni, Founder

Smile in Hour LLP

Dr Bharat Agravat, Founder & CMD

IN HEALTHCARE AND LIFESCIENCE INDUSTRY 2022 Company Description Disruptive technocentric approach for medical & healthcare industry Committed to empowering our customers with a variety of software services and consulting that makes a difference to their business operations

Website http://www.neoinventronix.com/

https://www.adventsys.in/atplnew/

Wellness with no synthetic chemicals for you and nature is the approach for a better society

https://nyucelwellness.com/

An umberella of doctors & specialists with best & advanced Orthpedic & Spine care centre

https://www.nivaran.org/

Providing the best of the ayurvedic products for a better & healthy life

http://www.himcure.com/index.html

On a mission to manufacture the finest and widest range of pharmaceuticals at the best rates and ensure health, which is wealth, of the nation.

http://protechtelelinks.com/

World-class medical care service at your doorstep, aiming to make primary healthcare accessible & affordable

https://www.portea.com/

Purely organic & plant based safe products to ensure strong health

https://www.simplyherbal.in/

Keeping your smile alive with high-tech medical equipments

https://www.smileinhour.com/

PRESS REALEASE In Chennai, Ascend has completed the purchase of a plant

NEWS PROVIDED BY Swiftnlift Media May 31, 2022, 21:00 ET India, May 31, 2022 /SwiftnliftPR/ --Formulated Polymers Limited, an engineered materials manufacturer situated in Chennai, India, has been purchased by Ascend Performance Materials.

Ascend’s first production plant in South Asia will be established as a result of this acquisition.

“The team at FPL has a 30-year track record of providing high-performance compounds to customers across the subcontinent,” said Dharm Vahalia, Ascend’s managing director for India.

“We’re excited to welcome them to Ascend and expand the variety of services accessible to consumers in India.”

Ascend’s Dharm Vahalia, managing director for India, and Mark Power, strategy and growth director, cut the ribbon on the company’s purchase in Chennai, India.

The factory will continue to create Ascend’s Starflam® flame-retardant engineered materials, and the company is preparing to start producing its other products.

Ascend’s senior vice president for polyamides, Isaac Khalil, explained, “Our approach has been to increase our manufacturing footprint and product offering in step with our customers’ growth roadmaps.” “South Asia is a critical component of that expansion.”

Details of the deal were not disclosed.

About Ascend Performance Materials Ascend Performance Materials makes high-performance materials for everyday essentials and new technologies. Our focus is on improving quality of life and inspiring a better tomorrow through innovation. Based in Houston, Texas, and with regional offices in Shanghai, Brussels and Detroit, we are a fully integrated material solutions provider with global manufacturing facilities in North America, Europe and China. Our 2,800-person global workforce makes the plastics, fabrics, fibers and chemicals used to make safer vehicles, cleaner energy, better medical devices, smarter appliances and longer-lasting apparel and consumer goods. We are committed to safety, sustainability and the success of our customers and our communities.

Learn more about Ascend at www.ascendmaterials.com.

Contact: Ally Jahn, +1 713-210-9809, ajahn@ascendmaterials.com SOURCE Ascend Performance Materials

Media Contact Sam Mathew Media Co-ordinator SwiftNLift PR Contact No: +1 614 356 7742 m.sam@swiftnlift.com

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Is GMO an option for food security ?

G

enetically modified organism (GMO) means the modification in the laboratory. It includes a range of organisms from insects to large animals and plants. GMOs produce for more commercial benefits. Common examples of GMOs are corn, cotton, soya etc.

Breeding selects a species to generate offspring with desirable qualities that have long use in conventional livestock production, crop farming, and even pet breeding. In genetic modification, recombinant genetic technologies are used to create organisms with genomes.

It has precisely altered at the molecular level, typically by the inclusion of genes from unrelated species of organisms that code for traits. It would not easy to obtain through conventional selective breeding.

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How is it done?

Recombinant DNA technology and reproductive cloning are used in the production of genetically modified organisms. In genetic modification, the genome is engineered with the gene of interest in the laboratory.

Recombinant DNA technology involves the insertion of individual gene/s from an organism of one species into the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) of another. And in reproductive cloning, a nucleus is removed from a cell of the individual to be cloned. Then it is inserted into the enucleated cytoplasm of a host egg (an enucleated egg is an egg cell that has had its nucleus removed). It results in the generation of genetically identical offspring to the donor individual.

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Controversy

■ Unexpected impact on other plants and animals

The GMO product controversy remains the same state. ■ It can induce more weed Special the environmental and natural living groups ■ Transmission of the modified gene into deny the GMOS. Their opinion is that the genetic native species. modification may affect human health in unpredictable The impact of each modified crop is different. So ways. And the long-term effects of GMOs are another thorough research is important. concern. On the other hand, most of the research shows there is no adverse impact of GMOs. ☐ Positive impact

Importance of GMO Some benefits of GMOs are as follows:

The genetically modified crop may reduce the use of harmful chemicals like fertilizers and pesticides that pollute the environment.

■ The production of crops on large scale is possible.

■ The GM crops are disease resistant ■ It can be rich in nutrients.

■ The production process is speedy

Benefits of GMOs Some healthy benefits pose by GMOs are as follows: ☐ Healthy food GMOs are produces a higher yield, nutrient rich food, disease resistant. So it can give more healthy food to the consumer. The people living in poverty or who can not access nutritious food can easily consume healthy food through genetically modified plants. ☐ Reduce the passage of harmful chemicals Disease-resistant crop reduces the use of chemical fertilizers on farms. Ultimately it helps to reduce the passage of harmful chemicals in the human body and the environment. ☐ Environmental benefits GMO crop reduces some farm activity like the use of fertilizers, and soil tilling which further benefits the environment.

GMO and Environment Genetically modified crops have both positive as well as negative impacts on the environment. ☐ Negative impact ■ It reduces the biodiversity of insects and GMOs are insect resistant MAY 2022

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Example of GMO

☐ The toxin in Plants

The examples of GMOs countrywide give below: ■ USA - Cotton, Alfalfa, Canola, Maize, Papaya, Soybean, Sugar beet ■ South Africa- Cotton, Maize, Soybean ■ ChinaCotton, pepper, Tomato

Papaya,

■ Canada- Canola, Sugar beet

Maize,

Poplar, Papaya,

■ Mexico- Cotton, Soybean ■ Myanmar- Cotton ■ Argentina -Cotton, Maize, Soybean ■ Brazil- Cotton, Maize, Soybean

Sweet Soybean,

Some plants have a little number of toxins. GMO plants may have different balances of toxins which may lead to disease in humans. Specific concerns for cancer and infertility. But the research in this field is very limiting. ☐ Environmental Harm If GMOs alter the way of another organism, they can cause environmental damage. Environmental damage further leads to climate change, food shortage and threat to native species, etc. ☐ Lack of research There is limited research done in this field. Most of the research did up on the short or medium-term impact of the GMOs. Long-term effects of GMOs are still unfocused.

■ Australia- Canola, Carnation, Cotton ■ India - Cotton

Threat of GMO There is some concern about GMOs.

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Final thought GMOs technology is at the middle- stage of development.

The log-term impact of GMOs has to be study before its use. After getting full proof report of GMOs one can decide whether it is a good solution to food security or not. Till then it remains the question.

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Application of Nanotechnology in medical science

N

anotechnology is a comparatively new branch of science and technology. It deals with designing a structure or device by manipulating atoms and molecules at the nanoscale. The nanoscale has one or more dimensions of the order of 100 nanometers or less. The various applications of nanotechnology have a significant impact on society.

Nanotechnology is already used in industrial sectors like information and communications, but it is also used in food technology, energy technology, and some medicinal items and treatments. Nanomedicine is the term used for the use of nanotechnology in different areas of medicine. Nanomaterials may potentially open up new avenues for reducing the environmental pollution.

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Applications in Medical Science There are many applications of nanotechnology in medical science. Some of them are under trial and some are already implemented in the medical field. ☐ Nanotechnology in drug delivery Nanoparticles are utilized in nanotechnology for site-specific medication delivery.

The required medicine dose is employed in this procedure, and side effects are considerably reduced because the active substance is only deposited in the morbid region. This highly selective technique has the potential to cut costs and pain for patients. A wide range of nanoparticles, such as dendrimers and nanoporous materials are in use.

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One contemporary application of nanotechnology ☐ Antibacterial treatment in medicine is the use of nanoparticles to deliver The technique is developed to kill the bacteria with medications, heat, light, or other substances to gold nanoparticles. certain types of cells (such as cancer cells). Particles are created to attract damaged cells, allowing for ☐ Ophthalmology direct treatment of specific cells. This approach The goal of nanomedicine is to monitor, control, protects healthy cells in the body and enables build, repair, defend, and improve human biological earlier illness identification. For cancer treatment, systems at the molecular level using nanodevices and various nanomaterials are used like carbon nanostructures that act massively in parallel at the nanotubes, Dendrimers, Nanoparticles, Nanoshells, unit cell level to provide a medical benefit. nanowires etc.

Nanomedicine uses nanotechnology principles such as biomimicry and pseudo intelligence. Treatment ☐ Diagnosis of oxidative stress; measurement of intraocular It detects cancer cells in the bloodstream using pressure; theragnostic; use of nanoparticles for antibodies coupled to carbon nanotubes in treatment of choroidal new vessels, scar prevention semiconductors. A technique for detecting kidney after glaucoma surgery, and treatment of retinal disease is being developed. The approach employs degenerative disease using gene therapy; prosthetics; gold nonfoods that have been functionalized to bind and regenerative nanomedicine are some of the to the type of protein produced by damaged kidneys. applications to ophthalmology.

When protein builds up on the nanorod, the color of the nanorod changes. The test is intended to be ☐ Tissue engineering performed fast and cheaply to detect an issue as soon Nanotechnology can be used in tissue engineering as possible. Nanotechnology in the treatment of to replicate or repair damaged tissues. Artificially neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson’s disease, induced cell proliferation, using appropriate Alzheimer’s disease, Tuberculosis treatment nanomaterial-based scaffolds and growth factors, MAY 2022

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can be effective in organ transplants or artificial implant therapy, which can lead to life extension.

■ It prevents the drug from interacting with normal cell

Because of their increased surface area and nanoscale effects, nanomaterials are used as a promising technique Protein is the important part for human welbeing. for the improvement of drug and gene delivery, Gold particles are commonly used to identify protein biomedical imaging, and diagnostic biosensors.

- protein interaction.

Compared to their larger counterparts, nanomaterials have distinct physicochemical and biological features.

Nanomaterials have an unusual size, shape, chemical Applications in other fields composition, surface structure, charge, and solubility.

There are many other fields where nanotechnology is Because of these features, nanomaterials can profoundly used. Some of these include: influence their interactions with biomolecules and cells. ☐ Protein detection

■ Electronics ■ Food

Disadvantages

■ Space

Along with advantages, nanotechnology poses some disadvantages also.

■ solar cell ■ Fuel ■ Environmental remediation

Advantages Nanotechnology has the following advantages in the use of medical science.

■ Nanomaterial protects the drug from degradation till it reaches the target ■ Nanotechnology promotes the absorption of the drug into cancerous cells

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■ It is a very costly technique, development cost is high.

■ The manufacturing of various nanomaterials is a difficult task.

Final thought Nanotechnology is advanced technology developing almost in all sectors. The continuous research in this field enables the interesting application in medical science.

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F

Food spoilage by Microbes

ood spoiling is the process by which food deteriorates to the point where it is no longer edible to humans or loses its edibility quality. Among the many factors microorganism is one also responsible for food spoilage. A microorganism/ microbes are a microscopic organism made up of a single cell (unicellular), cell clusters, or multicellular highly complex organisms.

indicates the wastage of resources. The post-harvest fruit and vegetable loss is high in the world.

Food spoilage by microbes

Bacteria are the most common cause of food spoilage because they can grow in a wide range of settings; nonetheless, bacteria are beneficial for the fermentation of pickles, milk products, and some fermented vegetable Food spoilage and its impact products. Bacteria cannot thrive in water with an activity Food losses are a critical issue. It is of concern to reduce level of less than 0.91 and require a neutral pH (6.5-7) to hunger, increase income, and enhance food security in the induce food spoiling (e.g. milk, meat, green vegetables, world’s poorest countries. Food loss has impact on poor fruits, etc.) people’s food security, food quality and safety, economic Some bacteria can create spores, making them highly development, and the environment. The precise causes of heat resistant, and others can produce heat-resistant food losses differ. Worldwide and are very dependent on poisons. Intake of such damaged food may cause food the individual variables and local scenarios in a certain borne disease. Gram-positive bacteria that cause food area. Crop production decisions and patterns, internal spoiling include Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus spp, infrastructure, and other factors impact the food losses. Clostridium spp, Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), Leuconostoc Food loss has to be minimum in any country. Food loss spp, Streptococcus spp, Brochothrix spp, Weissella spp, 32

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Mycobacterium bovis, and others.

Prevention of food spoilage

Gram-negative bacteria also cause food spoilage. Gram- Some common methods used to prevent food spoilage negative bacteria include Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., are as follows: Vibrio spp., Escherichia coli, Campylobacter jejuni, Yersinia enterocolitis, Brucella spp., Coxiella burnetii, ☐ Drying Aeromonas spp., Plesiomonas shigelloides. Off-odors It is one of the ancient food preservation techniques. and off-flavors, discolorations, gas production, slime In this method, water content is reduced to present development, and pH reductions in food are all caused bacterial growth. by these bacteria. ☐ Refrigeration

Microbes present in the food

In refrigeration preservation, food is preserved by slowing down bacterial activity.

Following are the common microorganisms present in ☐ Vacuum packing the food. ☐ Fungi Fungi are the most common group of microbes present in food and also play a great role in food spoilage. It divides into mold and yeast.

By vacuum packing the oxygen supply microorganisms is cut off to preserve the food.

to

☐ Preservation (salt, sugar) Salting draws the moisture from the food. Some additives can also be used to stop food spoilage.

Pickling is one of the ancient methods used to preserve food.

Yeast does not produce toxic secondary metabolites.

Yeast is beneficial for the fermentation process. They form colonies with high sugar and salt content and eventually contribute to food spoilage.Molds are filamentous fungi. It is important in recycling dead ☐ Canning plants and animals, but it also attacks food material.

It involves the cooking or steaming of containers to It causes off-flavor, mycotoxins contamination, kill the microorganism. Food varies in temperature to discoloration and rotting. prevent spoilage. For example strawberries, high acid content fruit require short boiling to prevent spoilage. ☐ Protozoa It is associated with the food-borne and water-borne ☐ Pasteurization spread of diseases. It is a one-celled microorganism.

Food materials like milk can preserve by this method.

Entamoeba histolytica, Cyclospora cayetanensis is ☐ Smoking some common food borne parasites. ☐ Algae Though algae are one of the sources of nutrition, they also cause food spoilage. They poison the water supply with their toxin, which accumulates in fish and marine life. When humans consume such fish or other marine life, they become unwell as a result of foodborne illness. Some examples include onyaulax catenella, Gonyaulax tamarensis, Ptychodiscus brevis, Microcystis aeruginosa and Blue-green Algae.

The smoking method is used to increase the shelf life of perishable food items. In this method, the food material is exposed to smoke. Mostly meat and fish are preserved by this method. Few fruits and vegetables like paprika, cheeses, spices, and ingredients for making drinks such as malt and tea leaves are also preserved by this method.

Final thought

There are microorganisms present everywhere around the world. Microorganisms are beneficial and sometimes Viruses need host cells to replicate. Food and water cause an adverse impact. The various methods can help act as a carrier for them to transfer from one to to enhance the food quality. another host.

☐ Viruses

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Machine learning in pharmacology

However, machine learning in medicine is ets of mathematical algorithms that define making significant progress. In the next few years, the relationships between variables – are the the biosensor and devices based on Machine foundation of machine learning techniques. learning will form with sophisticated health Computation improves various critical areas of clinical measurement capacities. research in general, and AI-based methods offer even more uses for researchers. Despite not being widely used yet, machine-learning algorithms are already ☐ Reconstructing disease influencing various fields of clinical research, such as Clinical researchers may “reconstruct the basic recognizing the value of massive data. mechanisms of disease” by combining machine learning with multimodal datasets and nearly unlimited computing power, according to Colin Application Hill, CEO and co-founder of GNS Healthcare.

GNS Healthcare’s AI-powered simulation platform The applications of machine learning are as follows: Gemini, for example, provides a computer ☐ Personalized medicine model of the course of multiple myeloma and treatment responses.

Personalized treatments are more successful when individual health combine with predictive analytics.

This model “harnesses the power of causal machine It is also grown for additional research and better learning and simulation and in-depth clinical and disease assessment. Currently, physicians are genomic patient data, to enable pharma companies confined to choosing from a limited number of to simulate drug response at the individual diagnoses or estimating the patient’s risk based on his patient level. clinical history and accessible genetic information.

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☐ Hypothesis testing

various activities, including the development of AI-based technology for cancer therapy and the personalization of drug combinations for AML (Acute Myeloid Leukemia).

In this field of medical research, predicting the results for a particular scenario is no easy task. By combining information from clinicians and datascience tools, including machine learning, the ☐ Outbreak prediction researcher can develop a hypothesis, model it and Machine learning and AI-based technology can use iteratively replicate the process. in predicting the outbreak of epidemics around the world. Presently, scientists easily access huge data ☐ Recruiting patients collected by satellite, real-time social media etc.

In clinical research recruiting patients is challenging.

The artificial neural network enables us to relate In this challenge, machine learning can help the information and prediction of the outbreak of the researcher. everything around the world. ☐ Big data ☐ Clinical Trial and research Before the use of machine learning, the large database Machine learning offers a number of possible for clinical research may limit to a hundred patients applications in clinical trials and research. Clinical only due to storage of data was the problem. Machine studies, as anyone in the pharmaceutical sector learning solved this problem. will tell you, are expensive in terms of both time and money, and can take years to complete in ☐ Diagnosis many situations.

Machine learning can use to diagnose the images. It gives very accurate results.

One of the most important applications in healthcare is the diagnosis of diseases and conditions that are otherwise difficult to diagnose.

Using machine learning-based predictive analytics to identify possible clinical trial participants can assist researchers in creating a pool from a wide range of data sources, such as previous doctor visits, social media, and so on. Machine learning has also been used to ensure real-time monitoring and data access for trial participants, as well as to determine the appropriate sample size to be tested and to leverage the potential of electronic records to eliminate databased errors.

This can include anything from malignancies that are difficult to detect in their early stages to other hereditary illnesses. IBM Watson Genomics is a prime illustration of how combining cognitive computing with genome-based tumour sequencing might aid in cancer diagnosis. Berg, a biopharmaceutical behemoth, uses AI to produce therapeutic solutions ☐ Better Radiotherapy in areas such as oncology.

One of the most important uses of machine learning is in the field of radiology. ☐ Improving prognostics

Machine learning can use to forecast a patient’s ☐ Use in behavioral modification prognosis in addition to diagnosing diseases. Cancer Behavioral modification is a key element of is frequently the first use that springs to mind. preventative medicine, and with the expansion of machine learning in healthcare, a slew of startups ☐ Drug discovery and manufacturing have sprung up in the sectors of cancer prevention Machine learning is implemented at the primary and detection, patient treatment, and so on. stage of the drug discovery process. It also includes the R&D in gene sequencing and alternative path finding for multifactorial diseases.

Final thought Currently, machine learning techniques use unsupervised learning to find patterns in data without making predictions. Microsoft’s Project Hanover is utilizing ML-based technologies for MAY 2022

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The present article gives you an overall idea of the use of machine learning for medicinal purposes. Also, the future perspectives of Machine learning in the medicinal revolution are highlighted in this article.

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