A practical guide to legal and financial levers
N O 3
Border cities and climate change
Establish a crossborder local development strategy C
ross-border regions are living areas in which populations often share the same cultural and linguistic features, as well as specific needs for territorial development, which is particularly the case when a capital city is far from the border. Some of these specific needs are accessibility to basic services like health and education/training, facilitating trade in cross-border markets, territorial development and cross-border transport.
Mobilising local political and technical stakeholders to create partnerships around a cross-border territorial project is essential for concerted territorial development that does not negatively impact neighbouring countries (ex. flood control hydraulic structures on the Niger River) and that take into account population flows around infrastructure (markets and related services, health centres, etc.). Once contact has been established between local authorities on both sides of the border around a joint project (ex. the project between Dori and Téra around access to water and sanitation infrastructures), co-operation sustainability is based on the development of a cross-border strategy for local development and integrated territorial development. This type of approach is supported, inter alia,by UEMOA which has funded studies to support the drafting of Integrated Transboundary Development Schemes (ICDP/SATI) in several pilot zones.
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UEMOA Integrated Transboundary Development Scheme
Several cross-border pilot zones are focused on (IIIRSahel, SKBo, Dendi Ganda, WanianOuarokuy, Kobadah-Kobafini Basin) to draft territorial development strategies structured around cross-border development that help improve the economic and living conditions of cross-border region inhabitants.
Studies conducted with the support of external expertise identify shared needs and priority cross-border projects for integrated cross-border development.
ECOWAS’ Regional Cross-border Cooperation Support Programme aims to provide technical and financial support to priority projects in nine pilot zones (see map). ECOWAS’ Regional Cross-border Cooperation Support Programme
Following the Cross-border Initiatives Programme (CIP, 2006-08), it was confirmed that cross-border co-operation stakeholders needed financial and technical support. ECOWAS created the Regional Crossborder Cooperation Support Programme for 2017–21. This programme involves other development partners in the ECOWAS zone, and targets nine priority cross-border areas: 1
Sikasso–Korhogo–Bobo Dioulasso (SKBo – Mali–Côte d’Ivoire–Burkina Faso border)
2
Dendi Ganda (Benin–Niger–Nigeria border)
3
Kano–Katsina–Maradi Corridor (K2M – Niger–Nigeria border),
BORDER CITIES AND CLIMATE CHANGE
2
4
Kano–Jigawa–Daura–Zinder Corridor (Niger–Nigeria border)
5
Southern Senegambia (Gambia–Senegal–Guinea Bissau border)
6
Mano River Union (Guinea–Sierra Leone– Liberia–Côte d’Ivoire border)
7
Kénieba–Saraya–Maali Zone (KESAMA – Mali–Senegal–Guinea)
8
Benin–Burkina Faso–Togo border (BBT)
9
Burkina Faso–Côte d’Ivoire–Ghana border
PRACTICAL GUIDE N O 3 JULY 2020 © SWAC/OECD
Map 1 ECOWAS Regional Cross-Border Co-operation Support Programme intervention zones WESTERN SAHARA
Regional Cross-border Co-operation Support Programme (PRACT) intervention zones
MAURITANIE
Priority intervention zones
Capital cities
New intervention zones
Major cities and towns
NIGER
MALI
Nouakchott
4 2 Malanville-GayaCamba (Benin-NigerNigeria) zone
Senegambia
Dakar
SENEGAL
7
3
Senegal-Mali-Guinea
Banjul
Niamey
BURKINA FASO Bamako
GAMBIA Bissau
SKBo zone
1
Ouagadougou
Gaya Camba Malanville
Sikasso
GUINEABISSAU
GUINEA
Kadiolo
Conakry Freetown
Bobo-Dioulasso Banfora Niangoloko 8
CÔTE D’IVOIRE
Cross-border zones of the Manu River Union
GHANA Monrovia
LIBERIA
Accra
Praia
0
Benin–Burkina–Togo
Yamoussoukro
9
300
Lomé
Burkina Faso–Côte d’Ivoire–Ghana 600 km
Zinder
Maradi
Katsina Kano
BENIN
Korhogo
SIERRA LEONE
6
CABO VERDE
K2M cross-border corridor
NIGERIA Abuja
TOGO
5
Kano-Jigawa-Daura-Zinder cross-border corridor
Porto-Novo CAMEROON Malabo EQUATORIAL GUINEA
Source : ECOWAS programme document
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In 2014, the African Union Border Programme (AUBP) submitted the Convention on Cross-border Co-operation to the Heads of State Summit. Although signed, ratification is not yet effective in most of the countries. The African Union Border Programme (AUBP) (lire note de synthèse)
Signed in 2014, the African Union Convention on Cross-border Co-operation aims to prevent and resolve conflicts related to border delimitation in Africa, by settling tensions peacefully and through successful regional and continental integration.
–– building state capacities to manage borders including the development of specialised teaching and research programmes;
The AUBP contributes, in operational terms, to:
–– strengthening the integration process within the framework of the Regional Economic Communities (REC), in particular;
–– Facilitating and supporting the delimitation and demarcation of African borders where this has not yet been carried out;
–– developing local cross-border co-operation within the framework of REC and other regional integration initiatives.
Source: http://www.peaceau.org/en/article/african-union-border-programme-aubp-uniting-andintegrating-africa-through-peaceful-open-and-prosperous-borders
In conjunction with national and regional/local climate strategies, crossborder local development strategies can help identify development projects that contribute to strengthening the resilience of territories, including in relation to climate change.
This practical guide is published by the Sahel and West Africa Club Secretariat (SWAC/OECD). The opinions expressed and the arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the views of the OECD, the SWAC Secretariat or their respective Members. This document, as well as any data and any map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of
international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. Please cite this work as: OECD/SWAC (2020), Border Cities and Climate Change: A Practical Guide to Legal and Financial Levers, Rev. ed. Paris. Graphic design: Daniel Krüger, Martin Rümmele