Innovative Education for Sustainable Design: Shaping Creative Architects and Designers
“The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia continues unleash its enormous economic, geographical and cultural potential, and its pioneering efforts in sustainability and environmental conservation,”
His Royal Highness Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al-Saud
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Word from SPSA Founder & President
As we unveil the fifth issue of the Saudi Sustainability Magazine, we do so with an immense sense of pride and anticipation This issue focuses on a crucial and timely theme: the role of higher education in advancing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). As Saudi Arabia continues its journey toward Vision 2030, the integration of sustainability into our educational frameworks has never been more imperative
Higher education institutions (HEIs) have a unique capacity to drive transformative change. They are not just centers of learning; they are incubators of innovation, research, and social engagement This issue highlights how universities across the Kingdom are stepping up to meet the challenges posed by the SDGs, contributing their scholarly expertise and fostering a culture of sustainability among students and communities
In our rapidly evolving world, the SDGs serve as a universal call to action, addressing the global priorities of poverty alleviation, gender equality, climate action, and sustainable economic growth. Saudi Arabia has committed to this agenda, recognizing that achieving these goals requires a collaborative effort among various sectors, including education. Higher education is at the forefront of this action, empowering future generations with the knowledge, skills, and values needed to build a sustainable society
Within these pages, you will find inspiring case studies showcasing the innovative initiatives led by Saudi universities. From interdisciplinary research projects addressing climate change to programs promoting gender equity in STEM, we are proud to present examples that demonstrate our commitment to sustainability and community engagement
As members of the Sustainability Professionals of Saudi Arabia Association (SPSA), we understand that our collective efforts will shape the future of our nation and the global community. We emphasize the importance of partnerships among academia, industry, government, and civil society By working together, we can enhance the impact of our sustainability initiatives and foster a culture of collaborative learning that extends beyond the walls of our institutions.
We urge our readers students, educators, policymakers, and sustainability advocates to reflect on the insights presented in this issue Let us inspire each other and actively participate in the ongoing dialogue around higher education and sustainable development. Together, we can forge pathways that not only align with the SDGs but also address the unique challenges that face Saudi Arabia
As we look to the future, let us commit to empowering today’s learners to become the leaders of tomorrow By reinforcing the principles of sustainability within our educational systems, we are laying the groundwork for enduring change that will benefit generations to come.
Thank you for joining us on this important journey.
Sincerely,
Dr. Mohammed S. Al-Surf SPSA Founder & President
WhySPSA wasfounded?
Saudi Arabia faces the problem of a lack of professionalism and consistency in the emerging field of sustainability in the country. Currently, there are no standardized certifications, professional designations, or credentials for sustainability professionals in the country This creates issues around consistency in job titles, salaries, and the scope of work for those in sustainability roles. It also limits career progression and credibility for sustainability professionals
To address this problem, SPSA aims to establish a professional membership program with designations and credentials in sustainability
This program will define standard job titles, salary bands, and competency requirements for different roles in the sustainability field. It will provide pathways for career progression through continuous professional development. The program will also establish SPSA as a thought leader in the space and build credibility for the sustainability profession in Saudi Arabia
Lackof professional standards
the lack of professional standards in sustainability creates problems for both employers and professionals in Saudi Arabia. By developing a robust professional membership program, SPSA can help define and elevate the sustainability profession, enabling its members to have successful and impactful careers
Key problems facing sustainability professionals and organizations in Saudi Arabia are:
A lack of awareness about sustainability best practices which limits adoption of sustainability initiatives
The absence of a professional membership organization to support, connect and set standards
Difficulty for organizations in determining and accessing sustainability expertise
Untapped opportunities for global partnerships and collaboration on sustainability issues
Prosperity
Peace
Partnership
Vision:
SPSA Pillars
Giving priority to the welfare of People of all backgrounds, ethnicity, religion, etc.
Protect our planet's natural resources and climate for future generations.
Ensure prosperous and fulfilling lives in harmony with nature.
Foster peaceful, just and inclusive society.
Implement the agenda through a solid global partnership.
Create a thriving community of sustainability professionals who are equipped with the knowledge, resources, and connections needed to drive positive change towards a more sustainable future in Saudi Arabia
Mission:
Creating an international multi-sector platform in Saudi Arabia that adopts sustainable measures and collaborates to find solutions to today’s most pressing economic, environmental and socio-political problems
The Role of Higher Education in Advancing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Saudi Arabia
The Role of Higher Education in Advancing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Saudi Arabia
SPSA Editorial
As the world grapples with pressing challenges such as climate change, economic inequality, and shifting social dynamics, the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) provide a comprehensive framework for tackling these issues by 2030 Higher education institutions (HEIs) play a pivotal role in this global endeavor, acting as hubs of research, innovation, and community engagement. In Saudi Arabia, where rapid economic and social transformations are underway, universities are stepping up to address the SDGs in meaningful ways through innovative initiatives and engaged scholarship, shaping a more sustainable future for the Kingdom and beyond.
Understanding the SDGs
The Sustainable Development Goals consist of 17 interconnected objectives aimed at addressing global challenges related to poverty, inequality, climate change, environmental degradation, peace, and justice. Established in 2015, the SDGs emphasize the importance of collaborative efforts across sectors and disciplines to ensure that no one is left behind HEIs are uniquely positioned to contribute to these goals, given their capacity for knowledge production, capacity building, and community engagement.
The Role of Higher Education in Advancing the SDGs
Education and Lifelong Learning (SDG 4)
At the heart of the SDGs lies the commitment to quality education and lifelong learning. Saudi universities are increasingly focusing on enhancing their curricula to foster critical thinking, creativity, and problem-solving capabilities among students
Case Study: King Abdulaziz University (KAU)
King Abdulaziz University in Jeddah has implemented innovative programs aimed at integrating sustainability across disciplines This includes the establishment of the "Sustainability Education" initiative, which incorporates sustainability concepts into the core curriculum of all faculties Students participate in workshops and projects focused on real-world sustainability challenges, fostering hands-on experience that enhances their employability while promoting responsible citizenship
Research and Innovation (SDG 9)
Research is pivotal for advancing the SDGs, and Saudi universities are rising to the occasion by addressing local and global challenges through innovative solutions.
Case Study: KAUST
King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) has positioned itself as a leader in research related to sustainable technologies. Through its Solar Center and Water Desalination Research Center, KAUST is developing cutting-edge technologies that not only address water scarcity through advanced desalination methods but also promote renewable energy solutions. KAUST collaborates with international research organizations to further enhance the impact of its innovations
Quality Jobs and Economic Growth (SDG 8)
As the Kingdom moves away from its reliance on oil, HEIs are crucial in fostering entrepreneurship and equipping students with the skills needed for job creation in emerging sectors
Case Study: University of Business and Technology (UBT)
UBT has established an entrepreneurial ecosystem through its Business Innovation Center, which supports students in developing startup ideas The center provides business coaching, access to funding, and networking opportunities with established entrepreneurs This initiative has helped launch numerous startups focused on technology and sustainability, demonstrating the economic potential of empowering young innovators
Partnerships (SDG 17)
Achieving the SDGs requires solid partnerships across sectors Universities in Saudi Arabia are increasingly collaborating with government entities, private sector organizations, and civil society to implement sustainability initiatives
Case Study: The National Industrial Information Center
Establishing and operating the national industrial information center, based on a strategy to support the transparency and integration of the industrial system. Enhancing self-financial sustainability and ensuring creativity and human efficiency Thus, the center works properly and organized, which contributes to collecting industrial data from the relevant authorities, analyzing its quality and classifying it according to international standards to create a database for facilities and industrial products to make dashboards and reports to measure industrial and economic indicators and a national guide for products Thus, a reliable industrial knowledge center in Saudi Arabia, which contributes to developing market transparency and enhancing the confidence of investors and decision makers
Challenges and Opportunities
While the engagement of Saudi HEIs in advancing the SDGs is promising, challenges remain Traditional educational methodologies, insufficient funding for research, and limited awareness of sustainability among some stakeholders can hinder progress. However, these challenges also present opportunities for transformation By embracing innovative teaching methods, increasing investment in research, and building awareness surrounding the importance of sustainable practices, universities can enhance their contributions to the SDGs
Conclusion
Higher education in Saudi Arabia stands at a crucial juncture where it can significantly influence the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals By focusing on quality education, fostering research and innovation, promoting social equity, creating economic opportunities, and building robust partnerships, universities can drive transformative change
The commitment of Saudi institutions to integrating sustainability into their core missions is not only a strategic imperative but a moral obligation to ensure a thriving future for the Kingdom and the global community As Saudi Arabia continues its journey toward Vision 2030, the role of universities will be instrumental in shaping policies, fostering innovation, and cultivating a society that values sustainability and inclusivity
Through impactful case studies showcasing successful initiatives, it is clear that the collaboration between government, academia, and the private sector will be essential in harnessing the full potential of higher education to create a lasting impact in line with the SDGs Together, they can
UBT's Commitment to Sustainability: The Journey Towards a Better Future.
As a leading academic institution in Saudi Arabia, the University of Business and Technology (UBT) is taking bold action to address global sustainability challenges Under the direction of the Chairman of the Board of Trustees and the University President, and guided by Saudi Vision 2030 and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), UBT is making significant strides toward creating a more sustainable future for both the Kingdom and the world Sustainability is a core theme in UBT’s Strategic Plan (2024–2028), reflecting its deep commitment to integrating sustainability into every aspect of campus life. Sustainability is also embedded in UBT’s values, with “Responsibility” serving as a cornerstone for its academic, operational, and community-focused initiatives
Author: Dr. Yussra Shihab Jamjoom Consultant to the president, UBT – Chair of UBT Sustainability committee
Author: Prof. Samah Elkhateeb Member of UBT Sustainability committee
UBT’s sustainability plan is built around clear objectives that integrate environmental responsibility, economic viability, and social impact This plan is structured into five key dimensions:
1-embedding sustainable practices in projects and operations,
2- raising awareness and providing sustainability training,
3- driving innovation in sustainability research,
4- incorporating sustainability into academic curricula,
5- building partnerships to extend outreach efforts.
These dimensions create a comprehensive framework that moves UBT closer to its sustainability vision
As a frontrunner in sustainability and responsible education, UBT is committed to aligning its initiatives with global standards and impactful goals. By embracing the Principles for Responsible Management Education (PRME), UBT highlights its dedication to integrating sustainability into its core values Furthermore, the university takes pride in being one of only five institutions in Saudi Arabia actively participating in the global "Race to Zero" initiative, pledging to achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2050. This commitment underscores UBT's role in fostering a sustainable and resilient future.
A core aspect of this plan is fostering sustainability awareness and providing training across the university UBT has already established a student-led Sustainability Club, supervised by UBT staff, to engage its most important stakeholders: the students The club hosts workshops, competitions, and seminars on campus, sparking critical conversations about environmental issues. UBT organizes sustainability-focused competitions, empowering students to act and cultivating a new generation of environmentally conscious leaders.
Figure 1: UBT strategy
Figure 2: Sustainable UBT Dimensions
UBT has strategically aligned its education with the SDGs, where it advances SDG 4 (Quality Education) by providing an industry-driven, student-centered learning experience that fosters critical thinking, innovation, and career readiness There is a strong focus on sustainability in student projects, addressing real-world challenges through innovative solutions. UBT ensures high-quality education through state-of-the-art resources and a practical learning approach. Moreover, 100% of UBT courses are aligned with the (SDGs), embedding sustainability across all disciplines Through strong industry partnerships and a sustainability-driven approach, UBT equips graduates to make a meaningful impact in their fields.
Additionally, UBT is committed to SDG 5 (Gender Equality) and SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities) by promoting equal opportunities for all With 50% of leadership positions held by female staff, the university demonstrates its dedication to gender equity Clear policies ensure that all students and staff, regardless of gender or abilities, have equal access to UBT’s services The university also provides inclusive campus facilities and tailored support for individuals with disabilities.
In addition to its focus on education and inclusivity, UBT’s commitment to SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth) has earned it a place among the top 300 universities in the Times Higher Education Impact Rankings for fostering sustainable economic growth and work empowerment As part of this commitment, UBT established the first Labor Committee at the Kingdom level, ensuring fair work policies and enhancing employment conditions.
Moreover, UBT advances SDG 17 (Partnerships for the Goals) under its Deanship of Social Responsibility, which collaborates with the business community, governmental entities, civil society, and academia to promote sustainable development through education, research, and community engagement This deanship drives impactful initiatives by facilitating knowledge transfer, fostering partnerships for transformative change, and promoting dialogue with external stakeholders.
Figure 3 : UBT Impact ranking to SDG (8)
Advancing sustainability through research and innovation remains a key focus for UBT. The university develops solutions in renewable energy, green technologies, and sustainable urban planning, reflecting its commitment to creating impactful change Research contributions focus on SDG7 (Affordable and Clean Energy), SDG17 (Partnership for the goals) demonstrating UBT’s dedication to driving impactful change through innovation and collaboration
Updated research data further demonstrates UBT’s progress in addressing sustainability challenges. UBT’s curriculum is also evolving, with plans to offer a mandatory sustainability course for all students, equipping them with the knowledge and skills to lead sustainability efforts in their future careers Additionally, the university collaborates with local and international partners to expand its reach and impact, implementing large-scale projects that benefit the whole society.
Figure 4: UBT courses alignment with SDGs
Figure 5: UBT research alignment with SDGs
Figure 6: Carbon Emission Scopes as per GHG protocol
In line with its sustainability commitments, UBT is implementing comprehensive initiatives to achieve netzero emissions, addressing all three scopes of carbon emissions For Scope 1 (direct emissions) which includes emissions controlled directly by the university, UBT conducts energy audits, optimizing fuel use, and monitoring refrigerants to minimize leakage. For Scope 2 (indirect emissions) which targets emissions from purchased energy, UBT is adopting energy-efficient lighting systems and implementing a Building Management System (BMS) to enhance energy efficiency across its facilities Finally, Scope 3 (other indirect emissions) that addresses emissions from activities outside UBT's direct control, such as transportation and waste management. The university is launching carpooling programs and advancing waste reduction initiatives, including electronic waste recycling, food composting, and sustainable dining practices These targeted efforts demonstrate UBT's holistic approach to reducing its carbon footprint and achieving long-term sustainability goals.
UBT’s sustainability journey goes beyond environmental responsibility, it reflects a broader vision to lead by example and inspire others Through education, research, innovation, operational improvements, and community engagement, UBT is working to achieve net-zero carbon emissions while encouraging students, faculty, and partners to embrace sustainability as a core value It drives lasting environmental, economic, and social impact that extends beyond the campus
In conclusion, UBT is firmly committed to sustainability, integrating the principles of the SDGs into its education, operations, and research The university’s strategic initiatives focus on raising awareness, fostering innovation, and implementing sustainable practices across all aspects of campus life UBT is not only preparing students to tackle global challenges but also setting a strong example in environmental responsibility Through its comprehensive sustainability plan, UBT is driving positive change and working towards a resilient, sustainable future for both Saudi Arabia and the global community.
Figure 7: Race to zero initiative
*Stewart Udall
“Plans to protect air and water, wilderness and wildlife are in fact plans to protect man.”
STEWART UDALL
Innovative Education for Sustainable Design: Shaping Creative Architects and Designers
Higher education plays a vital role in fostering sustainability by equipping future architects and designers with the knowledge, skills, and ethical foundations necessary to create a more sustainable built environment Institutions worldwide are increasingly embedding sustainability within their academic frameworks, ensuring that students receive comprehensive training in energy-efficient design, resource conservation, and eco-conscious digital media By integrating a holistic approach that combines research, practice, and collaboration with industry professionals, educational institutions are shaping the next generation of sustainability-driven designers.
According to the American Institute of Architects (AIA), 80% of architects want to specify more sustainable materials, yet only one in three feels they are meeting that responsibility today This gap underscores the need for a stronger emphasis on sustainability within architectural education and industry practices. Architectural programs are evolving, integrating new materials and construction techniques, such as carbon-neutral materials, digital fabrication, and climate-responsive designs
Author: Dr. Noorh Albadi
Empowering Future Architects and Designers Through
By integrating sustainability-focused research, interdisciplinary learning, and real-world applications, higher education institutions prepare students to address urbanization and climate change challenges Workshops, studio projects, and research initiatives enable students to transition from theoretical knowledge to practical applications, fostering solutions that incorporate passive design strategies, renewable energy solutions, and material innovations More importantly, educators are emphasizing the need for circular design strategies, where materials can be reused and repurposed, reducing environmental waste and enhancing resource efficiency.
Faculty-led research explores climate-responsive design, urban resilience, and digital storytelling for environmental awareness Engaging in these projects allows students to shape sustainable futures while developing technical proficiency in architecture, interior design, and digital media The application of parametric design and artificial intelligence in sustainability-related projects is also emerging, equipping students with data-driven approaches to environmental challenges. Architecture master’s students have actively contributed to real-world applications by collaborating with the Al Madina Region Development Authority on the urban redevelopment of Bir Al-Ihn This project allowed students to apply sustainable urban planning strategies, integrating heritage conservation with modern infrastructural enhancements to revitalize historical areas while maintaining cultural authenticity.
Applying Sustainable Strategies in Student Projects, Research, and Competitions
Many architecture programs emphasize sustainability through innovative student projects BuildingIntegrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) are utilized as functional façade elements, generating renewable energy while providing thermal insulation and noise reduction. Sustainable façade systems showcase kinetic façade and retractable shading systems that optimize daylighting and ventilation, reducing reliance on artificial cooling. Transparent concrete and patterned façades facilitate controlled natural lighting and passive cooling, while strategically placed urban voids and ventilation openings promote natural airflow
Students also work on sectional perspectives that illustrate the overall environmental performance of the entire mass through green roofs that contribute to heat mitigation and offer pleasant outdoor spaces. These projects incorporate advanced structural systems with environmental treatments that promote energy-efficient building envelopes while enhancing aesthetic appeal
Students participate in prestigious competitions that challenge them to apply sustainability principles to urban design. Research projects explore sustainable packaging, thermal performance in office building envelopes, and biophilic workplace configurations that improve employee productivity and indoor air quality. Such competitions and research initiatives not only enhance students’ technical abilities but also instill a sense of responsibility towards creating environmentally conscious and socially inclusive spaces
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Architectural Education
To align academic efforts with global sustainability standards, many institutions have established SDG-driven initiatives to integrate sustainability across educational and community activities These programs prepare students to advocate for sustainable practices and contribute to research and innovation Through international collaborations, students gain exposure to global sustainability initiatives, enhancing their role as young sustainability leaders Institutions are also expanding their coursework to include sustainability policies, ethics in design, and environmental psychology, ensuring that students grasp the social impact of their architectural interventions.
Industry Collaborations, Knowledge Exchange, and Collaborative Learning Initiatives
Institutions worldwide collaborate with sustainability-driven organizations, ensuring that students and faculty stay at the forefront of global advancements. Collaborative studio initiatives enhance students' skills by fostering cooperation and exposing them to diverse teaching methodologies and design approaches Partnerships with major sustainability organizations provide students access to cutting-edge research, hands-on training, and mentorship opportunities
A significant milestone in this effort is the role of industry symposia and knowledge-sharing platforms. Sustainability conferences bring together experts, researchers, and industry leaders to discuss regenerative and energy-efficient systems, reinforcing the importance of academia’s role in sustainability education These interactions foster a deeper understanding of real-world industry needs, helping students bridge the gap between theory and practice
A recent roundtable discussion on design-led innovation economies featured insights from Prof Carlos Teixeira and Deaa Bataineh from the Institute of Design at Illinois Tech and 15 different experts from various sectors in Saudi Arabia The discussion explored Saudi Arabia’s innovation landscape through design thinking, economic diversification, public-private collaboration, and multiintelligence systems integration. Attendees discussed how innovative design can drive the creative economy, enhance cross-disciplinary collaboration, and support national development strategies
The conversation highlighted how economic transformation is redefining design, with Vision 2030 creating new disciplines beyond traditional fields Data-driven design is emerging as a key element, replacing conventional materials and influencing urban planning and behavioral economics. The importance of interdisciplinary collaboration was emphasized, as architects, technologists, economists, and policymakers must work together to drive sustainable growth The shift from traditional infrastructure to digital and economic platforms is also shaping new approaches to smart cities and integrated services These discussions explored design’s role in fostering resilient cities, creating economic opportunities, and integrating local heritage into modern architectural practices
The roundtable took place just one day before the launch of the Riyadh Creative District at King Abdullah Financial District (KAFD) by the Royal Commission for Riyadh City (RCRC) Designed to seamlessly integrate into Riyadh’s dynamic cultural landscape, this ambitious project aligns with the city’s vision to establish itself as a global powerhouse in economic and creative industries The Creative District is a vibrant hub bringing together local and international creative businesses, visionaries, and industry leaders. It serves as a melting pot of art, culture, media, and technology, fueling cross-sector collaboration, innovation, and knowledge exchange. At the heart of this initiative is a commitment to celebrating Saudi Arabia’s rich cultural identity while opening doors to global partnerships The roundtable discussion showcased a strong foresight into emerging trends, emphasizing the importance of keeping pace with global transformations in design and creative industries
Sustainability and Innovation in Architectural Education
As sustainability becomes central to academic development, institutions are aligning with global sustainability goals to ensure that graduates emerge as industry leaders, integrating sustainability into their professional work Whether in architecture, interior design, or graphic design, students are equipped to address global environmental challenges through innovative solutions and responsible design practices. Architectural education continues to evolve, incorporating smart technology, datadriven design solutions, and resilient infrastructure planning to meet contemporary challenges The future belongs to those who believe in the beauty of their dreams – Eleanor Roosevelt The shift toward sustainability-driven education calls for collective action By fostering innovation, interdisciplinary collaboration, and industry engagement, higher education institutions contribute to shaping a more sustainable, resilient, and creative future for architecture and design. Encouraging knowledge exchange between academia and industry, leveraging emerging technologies, and fostering global partnerships will be crucial in advancing sustainable architectural education and practice
“Climate change is the greatest threat to our existence in our short history on this planet. going to buy their way out of its effects.”
Mark Ruffalo
Utilizing Steel Fiber Concrete as a Key Component in Sustainable Construction
The rapid and continuous expansion of construction projects in the Gulf Region, particularly in Saudi Arabia, has significantly increased the demand for sustainable construction solutions Saudi Arabia’s ambitious Vision 2030, which aims to transform its economy and infrastructure, aligns closely with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that advocate for a greener, more environmentally conscious future. To meet these objectives, the construction industry must focus on reducing carbon emissions, particularly those associated with embodied carbon in building materials, while integrating innovative practices and sustainable materials into all stages of development
One such material that has gained prominence in recent years is steel fiber concrete Widely used in various concrete structures and both structural and non-structural applications, steel fiber has proven to be a versatile and sustainable alternative to traditional reinforcement methods Its unique properties, including enhanced ductility, durability, and adaptability, make it a key player in the move toward greener construction practices.
The Role of Steel Fiber in Concrete Structures
Author: Ahmad Mandalawi
Steel fibre’s ability to enhance the ductility of concrete allows structures to absorb and redistribute stress more effectively, reducing the likelihood of cracking and failure under load Unlike conventional steel reinforcement, which requires precise placement and labour-intensive processes, steel fibres are mixed homogeneously with concrete, ensuring even distribution throughout the structure This feature not only simplifies construction processes but also contributes to the overall efficiency and sustainability of projects
One of the most significant advantages of steel fiber is its remarkably low corrosion rate compared to traditional steel reinforcement. Corrosion is a major factor contributing to the deterioration of concrete structures, often necessitating costly repairs and replacements. By minimizing corrosion risks, steel fiber concrete extends the lifespan of structures, reducing the need for frequent maintenance and lowering the long-term environmental and economic costs associated with construction
Steel Fiber and Sustainability
The sustainability benefits of steel fiber extend beyond its durability and corrosion resistance Its integration into concrete mixtures significantly reduces the carbonization rate of concrete, a key factor in minimizing the environmental impact of construction Traditional concrete production is a major source of carbon emissions globally, with the manufacturing of cement a primary component of concrete being particularly energy-intensive. By optimizing concrete’s composition and reducing reliance on traditional reinforcement methods, steel fiber helps to lower the overall carbon footprint of construction projects
Moreover, steel fiber offers structural engineers and designers greater flexibility in optimizing materials, logistics, and assembly processes. This flexibility allows for the creation of more efficient designs that use fewer resources while maintaining or even improving performance. For example, steel fiber concrete can be used to reduce the thickness of slabs or structural elements without compromising strength, leading to material savings and lower transportation costs Such optimizations contribute to a more sustainable and cost-effective construction process
The Future of Steel Fiber Concrete in Saudi Arabia
As Saudi Arabia continues to prioritize sustainable construction in line with its Vision 2030, the role of innovative materials like steel fiber concrete is expected to become increasingly significant Encouraging regulatory authorities, industry leaders, and code developers to explore and promote the use of steel fiber concrete will be crucial in driving its adoption By investing in research and development to better understand its properties and applications, the Saudi construction industry can unlock the full potential of this material and establish itself as a leader in sustainable building practices
Additionally, adopting steel fiber concrete aligns with the global trend toward green building certifications, such as LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) and BREEAM (Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method). Structures built with sustainable materials are more likely to meet the stringent criteria of these certifications, enhancing their market value and appeal to environmentally conscious investors
Reshaping the Industry Mindset
The widespread adoption of steel fiber concrete has the potential to reshape the construction industry’s approach to sustainability By emphasizing its ability to enhance performance, reduce carbon emissions, and lower total cost of ownership, stakeholders can shift the industry mindset toward prioritizing long-term environmental and economic benefits over short-term gains.
Collaboration between government entities, private sector companies, and academic institutions will play a critical role in advancing the use of steel fiber concrete Public awareness campaigns, training programs for construction professionals, and the development of updated building codes that incorporate sustainable materials are essential steps in this process By fostering a culture of innovation and sustainability, Saudi Arabia can position itself at the forefront of the global movement toward greener construction practices.
Conclusion
Steel fiber concrete represents a transformative opportunity for the construction industry to align with sustainable development goals and reduce its environmental impact. Its unique properties, including enhanced durability, reduced carbonization rates, and increased design flexibility, make it a key contributor to sustainable construction As Saudi Arabia moves forward with its ambitious infrastructure plans, embracing steel fiber concrete and integrating it into the industry’s practices will be instrumental in achieving a greener, more sustainable future This innovative material not only addresses the immediate challenges of reducing carbon emissions but also paves the way for longterm economic and environmental benefits, solidifying its role as a cornerstone of modern sustainable construction.
SHIFTS TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY
How many shifts does it take for transition into Sustainability?
Over the past century, there was a major shift in business worldwide, that was a drive for the evolution of sustainability frameworks the way we know it today, I believe it all started with shifting the definition and criteria od business success and fulfilment, from a simple net profit value in an accounting balance sheet to making impact on society, environment and community, form Making Profit Only to making profit and positively impact the environment and people
The first and major shift was adding and highlighting the human and environment factors into business success equation That was pretty much embodied into organizations CSR concepts and activities.
Another milestone shift was the further definition of human needs and basic goals, in a broader conceptual framing, covering people relationship with their communities, daily life needs, activities, aspirations, rights and their global earth environment. This shift was clearly manifested into the UN 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in 2015
Author: Alia Elbeialy
These shifts were enough drivers for shaping the green sustainability mindset of generations who evolved in a breakthrough data gathering and analytics and communication technologies, as the tools were developing in massive steps to serve hungry minds for innovation and analysis, that poured into a game-changer shift towards science-based targets and data-driven decision making
I believe the empowerment of data collection and analysis powerful tools, paved the path for more concrete quantitive approaches for addressing global sustainability issues especially the environmental ones, as well as the social issues, that emphasized the seriousness and criticality of sustainability.
That was a powerful shift in management of organizations, and implementation of targets and plans, that’s where Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) frameworks evolved and began its development maturity journey ESG was a breakthrough driver towards the shift in customers and consumers aptitudes and trends, another business and market steering force, a mindset that embraces sustainability as a cause and adopts it as an orientation force towards buying, investment and even career decisions.
That shift enhanced another shift in economy, the shift from liner to circular economy A magical gate towards a compound impact on materials, markets and products marketing, waste management, products specifications and functionality
And another shift to be compatible and adaptive enough with the previously mentioned shift, is the shift in acquiring skills and knowledge sharing, from limited and static educational channels to more dynamic forms of education and green skills development
The evolution of sustainability roadmap is a long journey, yet dynamic and fast growing Along my short yet exciting passionate journey in sustainability areas, I realized it requires agility in many aspects; agility, from teams’ formation and structure, to team skills profiling and capacity building, to types and channels of communicating your needs, objectives, ideas and messages with different disciplines and various stakeholders, to ongoing and continuous learning and updating your skills, to prioritizing and business materiality assessments
The core agility requires lies in the agility of mindset that can seamlessly and dynamically adapt to and adopt sustainability shifts.
What other shifts did you encounter in your journey of sustainability?
“Progress is impossible without change, and those who cannot change their minds cannot change anything.”
George Bernard Shaw
Guest Experiences: How Circular Practices Elevate Hospitality in Saudi Arabia
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and most of the Middle East have emerged as a global hub for luxury hospitality, with world-class hotels and resorts setting new standards for prosperity However, as the industry grows, so does the importance of sustainability a critical priority in today’s world where environmental awareness shapes consumer choices and business practices.
In the hospitality sector, sustainability offers immense opportunities from resource efficiency to enhancing guest loyalty but it also comes with a hidden challenge: the vast amount of waste generated by hotels From lavish buffets to single-use amenities, this waste not only strains the environment but also undermines operational efficiency, making it crucial for the industry to embrace innovative, sustainable practices to balance luxury with responsibility
The circular economy offers a transformative solution, turning waste into value and promoting resource efficiency. This approach aligns with global sustainability goals and regional priorities, such as Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 and the UAE's Net Zero by 2050 initiative, positioning the hospitality sector as a key driver of sustainable development in the Middle East
Author: Asim Widatalla
The Magnitude of the Waste Problem in Hotels
The scale of hotel waste is staggering Consider the example of Bali, Indonesia, where each hotel room generates an estimated 9 2 kg of waste daily over ten times the per capita waste in the country’s large cities, which ranges from 0 65 to 0 83 kg This stark contrast highlights the immense environmental footprint of the hospitality industry, emphasizing the urgent need for sustainable practices to tackle waste while maintaining luxury.
In Saudi Arabia and neighboring GCC countries, the hot climate exacerbates the problem High demand for bottled water leads to an overwhelming amount of plastic waste, alongside leftover food from buffets and other disposable items This reliance on single-use plastics and the overuse of resources create significant operational inefficiencies and environmental harm.
Improper waste handling can degrade service quality, as inefficiencies drive up costs and affect guest satisfaction Environmentally, the consequences are severe: plastic pollution, methane emissions from food waste, and resource depletion strain ecosystems in an already arid region Addressing these issues is not just essential for aligning with sustainability goals but also for preserving high-quality service standards.
The Case for Circular Economy in Hospitality
The circular economy presents a transformative opportunity for the hospitality sector, emphasizing resource efficiency, waste reduction, and sustainable growth. By rethinking how materials are used, hotels can minimize waste while creating value from discarded resources, such as turning food waste into compost or fostering community engagement through food donations and partnerships with local suppliers
This approach not only aligns with global sustainability goals but also enhances operational efficiency, reduces costs, and improves guest experiences For Middle Eastern hotels, embracing the circular economy supports regional priorities like water conservation and reduced reliance on single-use plastics, offering a pathway to resilience in a competitive market It’s a model that combines environmental responsibility with economic and social benefits, making sustainability a core business strategy
How Circular Economy Becomes a Competitive Advantage
Adopting the circular economy provides hotels with a powerful competitive advantage in today’s sustainability-driven market. By eliminating waste and maximizing resource efficiency, hotels can significantly reduce operating costs while appealing to eco-conscious travelers who increasingly prioritize sustainable accommodations
Circular practices, such as upcycling waste, reducing single-use plastics, and implementing efficient waste management systems, enhance brand reputation and guest loyalty. In Saudi Arabia, where environmental stewardship aligns with national goals like Vision 2030, the circular economy positions hotels as leaders in innovation and sustainability This not only differentiates them in a competitive industry but also prepares them to meet evolving regulations and global sustainability standards
Practical Steps for Hotels to Address the Problem
To address the waste challenge, hotels can start by conducting a thorough waste audit to identify major sources of waste and inefficiencies Implementing smart waste management systems, such as real-time tracking of food waste, helps optimize kitchen operations and reduce overproduction Replacing single-use plastics with biodegradable or reusable alternatives and offering refillable water stations can significantly cut plastic waste, especially in countries like Saudi Arabia where disposable water bottles are heavily relied upon.
Beyond operational changes, hotels can engage guests and staff in sustainability initiatives Offering incentives for guests to participate in towel and linen reuse programs or encouraging them to avoid food waste through portion control options fosters a shared responsibility. Staff training on sustainable practices, alongside partnerships with local organizations for food recovery or recycling, further strengthens circular economy efforts. Together, these steps help create a sustainable, wasteconscious hospitality model that aligns with both environmental goals and guest expectations
The Hospitality Sector's Moment to Act
The hospitality sector stands at a critical crossroads where the choice to embrace sustainable practices is no longer optional but essential. By adopting circular economy principles, hotels can transform waste from a liability into an opportunity, ensuring long-term operational efficiency, environmental stewardship, and guest satisfaction
The path forward demands commitment from innovative waste management systems to engaging guests and staff in sustainable practices. Now is the time for the hospitality industry to lead by example, demonstrating that luxury and responsibility can go hand in hand. Together, we can build a future where hotels not only serve as places of comfort and elegance but also as beacons of sustainability, contributing to a cleaner, greener planet for generations to come
“WE CAN NEVER HAVE ENOUGH OF NATURE.”
Henry David Thoreau
The Role of Solar Power in Saudi Arabia’s Renewable Energy Transition
Saudi Arabia has long been a global powerhouse in the energy sector, with vast reserves of oil that have fueled not only the Kingdom’s economy but also global energy markets for decades However, as the world pivots toward sustainable energy solutions in response to climate change, Saudi Arabia is actively seeking to diversify its energy mix and reduce its reliance on fossil fuels. One of the most promising renewable energy resources in the Kingdom is solar power an energy source that aligns perfectly with Saudi Arabia’s natural climate, abundant sunlight, and ambitious sustainability goals
Author: Brian Kabenah Mwaniki
Solar Power Potential in Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia’s geographic location provides it with an extraordinary advantage for harnessing solar energy. The Kingdom experiences an average of 3,000 hours of sunshine per year, a factor that places it among the sunniest regions globally This abundant sunlight presents a unique and costeffective opportunity for large-scale solar power generation, positioning Saudi Arabia to become a leader in renewable energy According to recent studies by the King Abdullah City for Atomic and Renewable Energy (KACARE), solar energy could contribute up to 200 gigawatts (GW) of electricity by 2030. This amount is equivalent to powering millions of homes, drastically reducing the Kingdom’s reliance on fossil fuels, and advancing its goal of diversifying its energy mix.
The potential of solar power goes beyond just meeting domestic energy demands The strategic geographical positioning of Saudi Arabia also places it in a prime position to export solar energy to neighboring regions, further boosting its role in the global renewable energy market. Furthermore, the availability of vast desert landscapes, which cover nearly 95% of the country, offers expansive areas suitable for large-scale solar farms, making the Kingdom a prime candidate for solar energy development
Technological Advancements in Solar Energy
In recent years, the rapid advancement of solar energy technologies has paved the way for greater efficiency and affordability Research and development efforts in Saudi Arabia have contributed significantly to improving solar energy systems, making them more cost-effective and efficient For instance, the King Saud University Solar Research Center has been at the forefront of solar technology research, focusing on next-generation photovoltaic (PV) materials such as perovskite solar cells. These next-gen materials have shown a 25% increase in efficiency over traditional silicon-based solar panels, providing a significant boost to solar energy production.
This breakthrough is particularly important for Saudi Arabia, where vast desert regions are ideal for deploying solar arrays Perovskite-based solar cells are lightweight, cheaper to produce, and more flexible in terms of installation, making them ideal for large-scale installations in remote areas As a result, the integration of such innovative materials could help Saudi Arabia meet its ambitious renewable energy targets while also lowering the overall cost of solar power.
In addition to photovoltaic advancements, solar thermal energy has garnered significant attention in the Kingdom This technology involves the use of mirrors or lenses to concentrate sunlight onto a central receiver, which then converts the heat into electricity Solar thermal systems have the potential to provide a continuous and stable energy supply, even during nighttime hours or overcast days when photovoltaic panels may not perform optimally. This capability makes solar thermal power an attractive option for regions like Saudi Arabia, where the sun’s intensity is abundant, but energy storage solutions are still evolving
Conservation Benefits of Solar Energy
The environmental benefits of solar power extend well beyond the realm of energy production. As Saudi Arabia continues to diversify its energy resources, the shift to solar power provides significant conservation benefits, particularly in addressing water scarcity and reducing greenhouse gas emissions
Traditionally, fossil fuel-based power plants, especially thermoelectric plants, require vast amounts of water for cooling. These water-intensive operations are particularly problematic in water-scarce regions such as Saudi Arabia, where water is a precious and limited resource In contrast, solar energy systems, whether photovoltaic or thermal, require minimal to no water for operation, offering a major advantage in terms of water conservation As Saudi Arabia increasingly adopts solar power, it could significantly reduce its overall water consumption in power generation, freeing up valuable water resources for agricultural and domestic use.
Furthermore, solar energy is a clean energy source with virtually no direct emissions Unlike coal or natural gas, solar power generation does not produce harmful greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide or methane, which are major contributors to global warming and climate change. By transitioning to solar energy, Saudi Arabia can reduce its carbon footprint and contribute to the global fight against climate change, while also improving air quality and reducing pollution from traditional power generation methods
Challenges and Opportunities
Despite the enormous potential of solar power, several challenges remain that could hinder its fullscale implementation One of the primary obstacles is the high upfront capital cost associated with large-scale solar installations Although the cost of solar technology has decreased over the years, significant investments are still required to establish vast solar farms and the necessary infrastructure to support them However, these initial costs are expected to decline further as technology continues to improve, and the scale of global production grows.
Another challenge lies in the integration of solar power into existing grid systems Solar power generation is intermittent it is dependent on sunlight, and energy production can fluctuate throughout the day and year To address this, researchers and policymakers in Saudi Arabia are focusing on the development of energy storage technologies such as batteries and smart grids that can store excess energy produced during the day for use during non-sunny hours. As storage technologies improve and costs decrease, the integration of solar energy into the national grid will become more reliable, ensuring a consistent and stable supply of power
Moreover, while the Kingdom’s solar power ambitions are ambitious, the scale of the transition requires coordination between government agencies, private investors, and the international community. Saudi Vision 2030, the national roadmap for economic diversification, recognizes the importance of renewable energy and has established several initiatives to support solar energy development, including the National Renewable Energy Program (NREP), which aims to generate 50% of the Kingdom's electricity from renewable sources by 2030
Conclusion
The findings of recent research strongly suggest that solar energy has the potential to play a transformative role in Saudi Arabia’s energy sector. The Kingdom’s abundant sunlight, combined with ongoing technological advancements and government support, positions solar power as a cornerstone of the country's energy future Through continued investment in solar energy, Saudi Arabia can not only achieve its sustainability goals but also set an example for other oil-rich nations on how to transition to a cleaner, greener future
As Saudi Arabia moves forward in its efforts to diversify its energy mix and reduce its reliance on fossil fuels, solar energy will play a crucial role in securing a sustainable and resilient energy future By embracing the opportunities offered by solar power, Saudi Arabia stands poised to become a global leader in renewable energy, demonstrating that even nations with vast fossil fuel reserves can embrace clean energy solutions and contribute to global sustainability efforts
“SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IS A FUNDAMENTAL BREAK THAT’S GOING TO RESHUFFLE THE ENTIRE DECK. THERE ARE COMPANIES TODAY THAT ARE GOING TO DOMINATE IN THE FUTURE SIMPLY BECAUSE THEY UNDERSTAND THAT.”
Francois-Henri Pinault
Women in Smart Energy UK (WiSE UK) Research Report
“75% Clean Energy Users Report Higher Happiness and Health”
Women in Smart Energy UK: A thorough study into the correlation between lifestyle choices that lead to long-term happiness and energy preferences The study aimed to find out if people who support renewable energy sources, especially wind and solar power, also favor sustainable methods like local and organic farming. In addition, the study sought to determine whether these short-term energy thinkers are found to be more likely to engage in addictive behaviors smoking, alcohol intake and unhealthy sexual activity which is often linked to dopamine-driven rewards
We also challenged the assumption that clean energy supporters engage in holistic lifestyle practices (e.g., yoga, plant-based diets, puree supplements, essential oils) that are frequently linked to sustainable and health-conscious lifestyles
Author: Dr Elif Selin Calik CEO of WiSE UK
Methodology
The poll was completed by 1,000 members of Women in Smart Energy UK or those working in the renewable energy and sustainability sectors. Participants were asked about their energy preferences, their support of sustainable farming, their overall satisfaction with life, and how they behaved in terms of short-term rewards, such as smoking alcohol use and sexual proclivities They were questioned about how many times they practiced yoga and engaged in health-conscious habits like dieting and the use of essential oils
The key questions included:
1. Would you rather clean energy sources (wind, solar) or fossil fuels (oil, coal, natural gas)?
2 Do you think local and sustainable farming should be supported?
3 From 1 to 10, how would you rate your overall life satisfaction?
4 Do you smoke or drink alcohol regularly, or engage in unhealthy sex?
5. Wealth: Do you partake in holistic health practices like yoga, plant-based diets, or essential oils?
Results
1. Energy Preferences:
* Clean Energy (Wind, Solar): 72% preferred renewable sources like wind and solar.
* Fossil Fuels (Oil, Coal, Natural Gas): 28% wanted traditional fossil fuels to address their energy requirements now
2. Help for Sustainable Agriculture:
* Substantial Support for Local & Sustainable Farming: 68% of clean energy supporters indicated strong support for sustaining the local organic farming economy, including community-supported agriculture (CSA) models.
* Moderate to Low Support for Sustainable Farming: Of those who prefer fossil fuels, 32% strongly supported sustainable farming (the lowest of all options)
3. Life Satisfaction:
* High Life Satisfaction (8-10 on a 10-point scale maximum): 75% of respondents, who preferred clean energy and solid sustainable farming, rated their life satisfaction at 8-10
• Moderate to Low Life Satisfaction (1-7 on the scale): In comparison, the share reporting life satisfaction of 8 or more among those preferring fossil fuels with low sustainable farming support is only 45%.
4. Substance Abuse (Smoking, Alcohol, and Excessive Sexual Activities):
* High Correlation with Addictive Activities: 58% of fossil fuel enthusiasts confirmed partook in habits associated with temporary dopamine rewards like smoking, frequent alcohol consumption, and sex
* Low Correlation with Addiction Patterns: Conversely, 18% of clean energy and sustainable farming supporters reported engaging in the same addictive habits.
5. Holistic Health Practices (Yoga, Diet, Essential Oils)
• Practive Holistic:
o Yoga: 65% of clean energy supporters engage regularly in yoga or meditation
o Plant-Based or Reduced-Meat Diets: 58% of clean energy proponents followed a plant-based or reduced-meat diet, compared to just 22% of fossil fuel supporters.
o Essential oils and natural therapies: 62% of clean energy supporters engaged in these practices as part of their health regimen compared to only 18% of fossil fuel supporters.
Analysis
This poll's results show a very strong connection between clean energy preferences, backing for sustainable farming, and long-term happiness Most importantly, a large proportion of those who support renewable energy and sustainable practices showed greater life satisfaction and lower engagement in addictive behavior This means that they have more serotonin puberty and it is focused on long-term harmony and welfare instead of its immediate preservation such as dopamine addiction. Moreover, those who emphasized clean energy were also more likely to participate in holistic health activities like yoga and plant-based diets, plus the application of essential oils These habits have been associated with their sustainable and deliberate lifestyle, so it makes sense that they also look for clean, renewable energy sources
By contrast, participants who preferred fossil fuels and indicated lesser support for sustainable farming were more likely to engage in addictive behaviors (smoking, drinking or unhealthy sexual practices) This suggests that you have a penchant for short term potencies, which is more of a dopamine-centric way of living They also had lower life satisfaction, indicating that seeking instant pleasures could come at an expense of one’s greater mental and physical health
Conclusion
Women in Smart Energy UK report showing a stark contrast between those who strive for clean energy, and sustainable practices and those who are more likely to focus on short term energy solutions and show addictive behaviours Those who opt for clean energy sources, such as wind and solar, tend to be more in favor of sustainable farming, and participate in holistic health practices like yoga and plant-based diets, and have higher life satisfaction. Which denotes a serotonin-driven mentality (seeking long-term respect and a healthier lifestyle) By contrast, fossil fuel enthusiasts are more prone to dopamine-seeking behaviors with short-term rewards like smoking, drinking alcohol and engaging in unhealthy sex, they report lower life satisfaction
Key Findings:
* 72% of the respondents favor clean energy sources (wind, solar)
* 68 percent of clean energy advocates also support sustainable farming
* Three-quarters of clean energy backers experience high well-being (8-10 scale)
* 65% of clean energy supporters do yoga or meditation
* 58% of clean energy advocates are on a lesser-meat or plant-based diet.
* 62% of premises-based on clean energy supporters use essential oils and natural therapies.
* 58% of fossil fuel supporters are addicts, while only 18% of clean energy supporters are
• 45% of fossil fuel supporters have a high life satisfaction
Recommendations:
* Policy predication: Governments must be seen to promote clean energy as part of broader public health agendas and tie the benefits of renewable energy as much to the environment as to individual well-being and healthier lifestyle choices
• Publicity: Publicity around the link between renewable energy decisions, long-term fulfillment, holistic wellness and avoiding addictive behaviors
•Further Research: Additional research could explore how energy preferences are related to other physical and mental health components, shifting from an individual focus towards societal impacts.
Contact: womeninsmartenergyuk@wseuk com
“We don’t have to engage in grand, heroic actions to participate in change. Small acts, when multiplied by millions of people, can transform the world.”
Howard Zinn
Microalgae the green alchemy for Sustainable fuel
Every year on October 12 the world celebrates this green colour organism called as Algae When we talk about algae, mostly people thinks it as the plant-like organisms floating in water bodies Algae are majorly divided into two categories: microalgae and macroalgae. Microalgae are unicellular species of microscopic size, invisible to the naked eye. They are experts in using light to convert CO into high-grade molecules, for example nutrients like proteins and lipids, whereas other one is macroalgae better known as seaweed including calcifying algae that make up corals Just like their physiological diversity, all species of algae provide a wealth of uses and services- often as the source of energy within the marine and intertidal ecosystems in which they bloom “Algae are standing out to be our lifeline in near future because of their ability to utilize CO₂ like haemoglobin in human beings An economist can name algae as ‘green gold’ for becoming high in worth, and like ‘black gold’ coal, algae have the opportunity to revolutionise society- and the carbon in the atmosphere and ocean. th
Author: Dr. Velentina Das Research Associate at Department of Biotechnology, IIT Madras, Chennai, India PhD in Energy, Fulbright Scholar 2018-19
Google Scholarhttps://scholar.google.com/citations ?hl=en&user=SHna4C4AAAAJ
As a researcher working enormously in the area of algae bioprocessing out of many uses of algae my research focused on using microalgae as a source for CO mitigation as it uses it for production of its food in the presence of sunlight and water Secondly algae is used for waste water treatment coupled with algal cultivation and thirdly our research also focused on extraction of lipid from microalgae to produce biodiesel These works are already been reported I remember my journey as Fulbright Scholar when I was proudly called as mother of microalgae by my fellow mates in USA. The reason behind this cute name was my involvement with algae was very deep and contagious. As wherever I have worked I have made a non microalgal laboratory to a microalgal laboratory Can’t help to spread the beauty of this amazing organism 2
To start with let’s talk about what is microalgae Microalgae are the microbial eukaryotes that are awesomely used as the biomass feedstock for biodiesel production because of its remarkable availability in any part of the ecosystem. These are known for its higher lipid content, mitigation CO emission; faster growth rate and it can be cultivated in the non-arable land These characteristics uniquely present microalgae as beneficial over various other feedstocks which are utilized for biofuel production Moreover, microalgae has no competition with food producing crops making it a superior alternative to the all the feedstock of food crops 2
Other advantages of microalgae as a source of lipid for biofuels include their ability to grow at faster rates showing a rapid biomass doubling time (1–6 days) and producing about 10–20 times more oil (per ha per year) than any oil crop plant Also, it has more photosynthetic rates of almost 6 9×10 cells/ml/h having nearly 50 algae biomass constituent of carbon with the ability to convert solar energy with the capacity of 4 5% Microalgae are inbuilt with a complex composition and require very sophisticated harvesting systems. They consist of a big group of heterotrophic, photosynthetic organisms from different phylogenetic groups, comprising many taxonomic divisions in the plant hierarchy They are unicellular microscopic sunlight driving cell factories which utilizes CO as carbon source for producing biomass 4 2
Being photosynthetic in nature it is lower most species in the plant kingdom with more yields compared to other photosynthetic plants. They are disseminated globally, inhabiting primarily in fresh and seawater ecosystems. The capacity of algae to adjust to environmental conditions is shown in an extraordinary variety of lipids as well as a number of uncommon compounds These oleaginous species have been considered as convincing sources of oil for biofuels, such as proxy of kerosene, gasoline and diesel, being both carbon neutral, renewable and necessary for economic and environment sustainability with their biotechnological features Harvesting process of microalgae includes three important steps namely recovery of biomass, dewatering and drying of the biomass. There are many techniques that can be utilized but the choosing the harvesting technique adopted is solely dependendable on nature of microalgae, e g size of the algae, density, lipid content( in our study)and the value added target products
According to Rainer, harvesting of microalgae can be done using micro-screens essentially via flocculation method, centrifugation method, gravity sedimentation, filtration, screening, electrophoresis or floating techniques In general, lipid from feedstock used in producing biodiesel comprises of triglycerides that can be converted into biofuels by three main processing techniques which include pyrolysis, micro-emulsification and transesterification. Out of all the production methods, transesterification is the most approachable and commercially used method for biodiesel production and has proved outstandingly beneficial for various types of feedstock
The wide scope of biomass resource has made renewable energy production very attractive and a promising source of energy because of its advantage over fossil fuel. Implementation of microalgae for various engineering solutions is in bounty. Among such of the techniques includes waste water treatment Cultivation of algae to waste water treatment by bioremediation techniques is an excellent process of controlling environmental pollution which removes phosphorus, nitrogen and heavy metals such as zinc, cadmium, nickel, and lead By coupling algae cultivation and wastewater treatment, lower concentration of nitrogen and phosphorous concentrations in the effluent can be achieved. Nutrients present in the wastewater treatment sludge can be treated and recycled to produce algal biomass and oils that can be harvested to make valuable products. This entire process is environmental loving and does not create secondary pollution in the environment It is also applied in eutrophication prevention, sewage treatment, bio fertilizers production and greenhouse gas emission mitigation by CO scrubbing 2
One of the most critical challenges today for businesses and governments worldwide is to capture CO .The capability of microalgae to trap and assimilate CO during cultivation process makes it environmentally sustainable way for mitigating carbon dioxide emissions The large amounts of flue gas emissions from the industries during their operations can also utilize microalgae for CO capture and thereby produce useful by-products at the same time from the microalgae Microalgae are the superior quality feedstock for renewable biofuels such as biodiesel and bioethanol As discussed in the above microalgae can also be utilized in generating miscellaneous biofuels such as biohydrogen by photobiological process, bioethanol by fermentation, biomethane produced by anaerobic digestion, liquid oil by thermal liquefaction and biodiesel by transesterification process Basically it is the utilization of acid or basic catalyst in the transesterification process but there is a very major inclusion of nano-catalytic processes and application in the production of biodiesel from microalgal lipid Nano-catalysts are classified as the new drift of catalysts that play a pivotal role in modifying the product quality and achieving excellent operating conditions in biodiesel production. Nanocatalyst have high catalytic activity, high specific surface area,good rigidity and high resistance to saponification, making it more efficient compared to other class of catalysts such as heterogeneous catalysts which have some disadvantage of mass time consumption, transfer resistance, fast deactivation and inefficiency With the advantages of nano-catalysts, there is tremendous increase in research towards development of new types that can be preferably used in place of conventional commercially availablecatalysts. Presently, research approach towards biodiesel production uses the nano-catalysts predominantly due to the bottleneck of conventional homogeneous and heterogeneous catalyst
According to Veillette etal, to disadvantages of homogeneous catalysts are requirement of large quantity of water, difficulty in product isolation, and environmental pollution by the liquid wastes while heterogeneous catalyst are usually time consuming, mass transfer resistant, and inefficient
Biodiesel production from microalgae
Biodiesel can be defined as the liquid fuel containing of mono alkyl esters (methyl or ethyl) of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats or micro and macro algal oil Similarly, biodiesel is the name given to fuel for diesel engines formed by the chemical conversion of vegetable oils or animal fats. It can also be described as the biofuel consisting of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids, produced from renewable bio-lipids via transesterification process. It is an eco-friendly, clean-burning, non-toxic and biodegradable fuel produced mainly from animal fats and plant oils Biodiesel can be produced from lipid sources such as oil producing crops, waste cooking oil, microalgae and animal fat, microalgae, which grows on sludge, saltwater, contaminated or wastewater on non-arable or marginal lands, has been prioritized to be more dominating and a rich source of lipids for biodiesel production as it does not compete with food production neither agricultural land nor fresh water areas.
Lipid content and fatty acid of
microalgae
Basically, lipid content and fatty acid composition of every biodiesel feedstock are crucial factors to consider in the process of biodiesel production. The fatty acid composition and lipid content have a very important effect on quality and yield of biodiesel produced. The important properties of biofuel such as cold-flow properties, cetane number (ignition quality), oxidative stability, and iodine value are determined by the structure of fatty esters Furthermore, the properties of fatty esters are determined by the length of carbon chain, its unsaturation level, and the alcohol moieties that consist of a fatty ester On that account, the microalgae species which will be suitable for biodiesel production needs to have elevated lipid productivity and significant fatty acid (FA) composition. The fatty acids composition of microalgae can be either saturated or unsaturated. Some algae have the potentiality to produce medium-chain fatty acids such as C10, C12 and C14 as the predominating species, whereas others species can produce very-long-chain fatty acids (>C20) Biodiesel produced from saturated fatty acids has good quality of oxidative stability, poor low-temperature properties, higher cetane and they are more favorable to gel up with the ambient temperatures whereas biodiesel produced from feed stocks that are high in PUFAs has better cold flow properties but they are susceptible to oxidation which could result to degradation of the biodiesel and instability problems during prolonged storage Study suggests that quality biodiesel should contain comparatively low concentrations of both long chain saturated fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and polyunsaturated FAME for operability in low temperature and oxidative stability This postulates that the suitability of microalgae biodiesel feedstock is solely related to the length and degree of saturation of each fatty acids as specified by the four important factors iodine value, oxidation stability, cetane number, and the cold filter plugging point.
Biodiesel production from microalgae via nanocatalysis
Generally, biodiesel has been produced using heterogeneous, homogeneous, and enzymatic catalyst like NaOH, KOH, MgO, ZnO zeolites, zymases, lipases etc But present research scenario implements the utilization of nano-catalyst in the transesterification process because of its superiority over the homogeneous and heterogeneous catalyst that is normally used. Also, the activity of CaO nanoparticles shows high biodiesel yield from 90 to 96%. Besides combined catalyst utilization is better than nano CaO catalyst alone as described in the study of MgO and CaO heterogenic nanocatalyst application on transesterification reaction which gave biodiesel yield of 98 95% of weight from waste cooking oil In another study on algae based biodiesel produced via nanocatalytic transesterification process, the results showed that the highest FAME yield of 99 0% obtained with 3 wt% of Ca (OCH ) (nano calcium methoxide) catalyst loading at methanol to oil molar ratio of 30:1 and reaction time of 3 h at 80 C.
2 o
Additionally, the solid base nano-magnetic catalyst, CaO/Fe O , used in the production of biodiesel from date palm seed oil gave a good result Another study show FAME yield of 97 7 ± 2 14% for 15 wt % loading of KF on nano catalyst Al O applied on Canola oil for transesterification It was also discussed using Magnetic Cs/Al/Fe O as a nano-catalyst for transesterification reaction of sunflower oil with biodiesel yield of 94.8% was reported. Application of ZnO nano-rods showed better catalytic activity than that of the normal ZnO when applied for production of biodiesel from Olive oil New strategies has been implemented in terms of utilization of nano catalysts for biodiesel production from microalgae in the extraction of algae lipid without breaking their cell walls and then converts to biodiesel without destruction of the cell
According to another study a new mechanism to harvest fatty acids from algal culture is developed which involves a chain of, sponge like mesoporous biocompatible nano-particles that have the capacity to absorb hydrophobic molecules Some researchers developed certain type of nanoparticles which extracts oils from living algae without killing them Some of the catalysts such as oxides of calcium strontiumcan be implemented into the pore structure of these nano-particles which facilitates the transesterification in-vitro way by enmeshed lipids in the microalgal cells. Presently there are certain nano-porous carbons and a range of other inorganic derivatives which act as adsorbents for biofuel separation Microalgae being multifunctional biomass that has diverse economic benefits It has magnificent energetic capability to be utilized as a sustainable feedstock for the production of third generation biofuels, such as biodiesel Nano-catalytically transforming the algal lipid to biodiesel by transesterification is a convincing approach that can minimize the demerits of using convectional catalyst. Homogeneous catalysts are favourably reactive and commercially implemented for the production of biodiesel but separation of the reaction by-products is difficult. Hence, utilization of heterogeneous catalysts simplifies downstream processing of biodiesel
There are different types of heterogeneous catalysts, including the metal oxides, solid bases, solid acids, and enzymes These catalysts have several advantages including reusability and easy disposal over the homogeneous catalysts Different types of metal oxides, metal chlorides which are BaO, SrO, CaO, ZnO, TiO , ZrO , CeO , MgO, CaO/SiO , BaO/SiO transition metal complexes, MgO/SiO , ZnCl ,AlCl , SnCl ,Sn , Zn Pb and Hg have been used for production of biodiesel The base catalysed transesterification reaction can convert the 90% of the fatty acids to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) by using 6: 1 molar ratio of methanol to TAG at of 65 °C. CaO obtained from various natural sources like waste chicken eggshells, quail eggshells, snail (Turbonilla striatula) shells, mud crab shells, oyster shells, freshwater mussel and capiz extensively used as heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production In a recent work, it has been reported that utilization of CaO as a catalyst has resulted in 80% biodiesel yield Whereas the yield with tungsten and molybdenum doped CaO yield about 96% biodiesel. The biodiesel production efficiency from Nahor oil (Mesua ferrea Linn) with lithium doped CaO is about 94%. The motivation for using calcium oxides as a form of heterogeneous catalysts is their low cost, reuse of the waste material and their higher efficiency for biodiesel synthesis via transesterification process
India’s Scenario in Algal biofuel production
According to annual report (2006–2007) of Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (MoPNG), India has imported about 99 Mt of crude oil during the year 2005–2006, causing a heavy burden of Rs 171,702 cores on foreign exchange For the 2007–2008, the crude oil import bill was Rs 272,699 cores ($68 billion), having more than 75% of oil import dependency) At the end of 2007, India produced 37 3 Mt of crude oil, i e 1% of the world’s total crude oil while consumed 128 5 Mt of crude oil, i.e. 3.3% of the total world’s consumption. At the end of year 2007, the proved oil reserve of India was 0.7 thousand (Mt) and India’s share was about 0.4% of the world’s total oil reserves with the reserve-to production (R/P) ratio of 18 7 years Proved oil reserve is the quantities that can be recovered in the future from known reservoirs under existing economic and operating conditions Reserve-to-production (R/P) ratio is the length of time that remaining reserves would last if production continued at current rate India’s transportation fuel requirements are unique in the world India consumes almost five times more diesel fuel than gasoline, whereas, almost all other countries in the world use more gasoline than diesel fuel. Diesel burns roughly 64 Mt, or 450 million barrels, a year, as opposed to about 84 million barrels of gasoline During the last two decades, diesel consumption has increased enormously Thus, in India, search for alternatives to petro-diesel is of special importance and the use of biodiesel is comparatively much more important for us than for rest of the countries Due to higher demand for fuel it is expected that crude oil production will start declining from the beginning of 2012. Therefore, alternative biodiesel is the only option to fulfil the requirements in future.
“Be like the honey bee. Anything it eats is clean, anything it drops is sweet, and the branch it sits upon does not break.” –
Imam Ali (AS)
Innovative Climate Finance Models: Accelerating Saudi Arabia's Green Transition
Saudi Arabia's commitment to achieving net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2060 through the Circular Carbon Economy (CCE) approach marks a significant shift in the Kingdom's climate policy (Alshehry and Belloumi, 2024). This ambitious goal requires substantial financial resources and innovative financing mechanisms to support the transition to a sustainable, low-carbon economy This article explores the innovative climate finance models that can accelerate Saudi Arabia's green transition, examining the current landscape, challenges, and opportunities for sustainable finance in the Kingdom.
Author: Dr. Rubhesh Jha, Founder of ClimateActionX com
Current Landscape of Climate Finance in Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia has made notable progress in recent years towards aligning its financial system with sustainability goals. The Kingdom's Vision 2030 strategy emphasizes economic diversification and sustainable development, providing a framework for green finance initiatives (AlSarihi, 2023) In 2024, Saudi Arabia established its Green Financing Framework, a significant step towards issuing green bonds and attracting sustainable investments (Ministry of Finance, 2024).
The Saudi Green Initiative, launched in 2021, aims to reduce carbon emissions by 278 million tons annually by 2030 and increase the share of renewable energy in the power mix to 50% by 2030 (Saudi Green Initiative, 2023). These ambitious targets require substantial investments, estimated at around $186 billion by 2030 (IRENA, 2023)
Innovative Climate Finance Models
Green Bonds and Sukuk
Green bonds have emerged as a popular instrument for financing climate-friendly projects globally Saudi Arabia issued its first sovereign green bond in 2022, raising $2 5 billion for sustainable projects (Saudi Ministry of Finance, 2023). The potential for green sukuk, or Islamic green bonds, is particularly promising in Saudi Arabia, given the country's strong Islamic finance sector (Alam et al., 2023)
Blended Finance
Blended finance, which combines public and private capital, can be an effective tool for de-risking green investments and attracting private sector participation. The Saudi Industrial Development Fund has implemented blended finance mechanisms to support renewable energy projects, demonstrating the potential of this approach (SIDF, 2024)
Carbon Pricing and Trading
While Saudi Arabia has not yet implemented a carbon pricing mechanism, the development of a domestic carbon market could provide significant financial incentives for emissions reduction projects (Alshehry and Belloumi, 2024). The Kingdom's participation in international carbon markets under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement could also generate climate finance flows (Zakkour and Heidug, 2023)
Results-Based Climate Finance
Results-based financing models, where payments are made upon achievement of pre-defined climate outcomes, can incentivize effective implementation of mitigation and adaptation projects. Saudi Arabia could explore this approach to finance its ambitious afforestation plans under the Saudi Green Initiative (World Bank, 2023)
Challenges and Opportunities
Regulatory Framework
The integration of climate risks and sustainability goals into Saudi Arabia's financial regulatory framework remains a key challenge (Alshammari et al , 2024) Developing comprehensive green finance guidelines and taxonomies aligned with international standards is crucial for attracting global green investments (Belahmidi and Al-Sarihi, 2024)
Capacity Building
Enhancing the capacity of financial institutions to assess and manage climate-related risks is essential for scaling up green finance Training programs and knowledge-sharing initiatives can help build expertise in sustainable finance practices (UNEP FI, 2023)
Data and Transparency
Improving the availability and quality of climate-related financial data is crucial for informed decisionmaking and risk assessment Saudi Arabia could benefit from implementing mandatory climate risk disclosure requirements for companies and financial institutions (TCFD, 2023)
Technology and Innovation
Leveraging technological innovations, such as blockchain and artificial intelligence, can enhance the efficiency and transparency of climate finance flows Saudi Arabia's investments in smart city projects, like NEOM, provide opportunities to pilot innovative fintech solutions for sustainable finance (NEOM, 2024)
Policy Recommendations
1.
Develop a comprehensive national sustainable finance strategy that aligns with Vision 2030 and the Saudi Green Initiative (Al-Sarihi, 2023)
2
Establish a green taxonomy and disclosure requirements to provide clarity for investors and financial institutions (Alshammari et al , 2024)
3
Implement capacity-building programs for financial sector professionals on climate risk assessment and sustainable finance practices (UNEP FI, 2023).
4.
Explore the potential for a domestic carbon pricing mechanism and participation in international carbon markets (Zakkour and Heidug, 2023)
5
Promote the development of innovative financial products, such as green sukuk and sustainability-linked bonds (Alam et al , 2023)
6
Enhance public-private partnerships to leverage blended finance for large-scale green infrastructure projects (SIDF, 2024).
7.
Invest in climate-related data collection and reporting systems to improve transparency and decision-making (TCFD, 2023)
Conclusion
Saudi Arabia's commitment to a green transition presents significant opportunities for innovative climate finance models. By leveraging its strong financial sector and embracing sustainable finance practices, the Kingdom can accelerate its progress towards its climate goals while promoting economic diversification and growth The successful implementation of these innovative financing mechanisms will require coordinated efforts from policymakers, financial institutions, and the private sector, supported by a robust regulatory framework and capacity-building initiatives
As Saudi Arabia continues to refine its approach to climate finance, the Kingdom has the potential to become a regional leader in sustainable finance, setting an example for other oil-producing nations transitioning to low-carbon economies The innovative climate finance models discussed in this article can play a crucial role in mobilizing the necessary capital to achieve Saudi Arabia's ambitious green transition goals, contributing to global efforts to combat climate change while ensuring sustainable economic development
“It’s not that the world hasn’t had more carbon dioxide, it’s not that the world hasn’t been warmer. The problem is the speed at which things are changing. We are inducing a sixth mass extinction event kind of by accident and we don’t want to be the ‘extinctee.”
Bill Nye, 'The Science Guy'
Using Sustainable approaches for protection of Heritage
Heritage is known as an invaluable asset of human being, which portrays his achievements over centuries The need for identification and preservation of heritage is generally known and experts‟ attempt is to exploit any possible method to fulfil this aim. With the development of human and invention of new approaches, the concept of the conservation of heritage has changed considerably The new technologies such as biotechnology have opened new windows and bestowed new opportunities in the process of conservation of heritage In this regard, it is important to review one of the most important one nowadays in order to make the best advantage in the preservation of heritage field
Author: Eman M. Taha
This research explores the potential of biopolymers as a sustainable alternative to traditional chemical preservatives in the conservation of cultural heritage artifacts Biopolymers, derived from renewable sources, offer a more environmentally friendly approach to preserving precious historical objects while minimizing the risk of chemical degradation
The findings of this study contribute to the development of sustainable and effective preservation strategies for safeguarding cultural heritage and promoting its long-term preservation, reduce the environmental impact of conservation practices by minimize the use of harmful chemicals and promote sustainability, and advance sustainable conservation practice
Sustainable Approaches for Heritage Science
Sustainability was first defined in relation to environmental issues, but it now refers to a wide range of aspects of reality, and as a result, definitions of sustainability can be found in a variety of fields in literature, including economics, health, business, and tourism Sustainability should include actions we take today to extend the life of a system (a building, a painting, or a statue). This definition seems adequate if applied to the main goal of the science of cultural heritage conservation, which is to guarantee the preservation of artistic and historical heritage for the widest period of time, assuring its use for future generations
We are heading towards a future where a number of societal facets will need to be more sustainable. It has been acknowledged that culture and cultural heritage are essential to the longterm development of society. The attainment of exceptional achievements and the development of new technologies for the conservation of cultural assets have emphasized the basic need for a strategy of sustainable conservation In this commentary paper, discuss element that can contribute to sustainability in the future of conservation science: the application of novel green products for preservation of Heritage
The International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) declared that the preventive conservation efforts must be emphasized This means a minimum impact on historical and artistic materials, when this is feasible to be actuated The fundamental distinction between treating artworks and other materials is the necessity for preserving both their artistic and material characteristics Researchers have so far offered solutions and materials to ensure the preservation of the artistic surface while maintaining its original appearance.
Current protective coatings such as silanes and siloxanes, waxes, and acrylic polymers have some limitations (Ocaka, 2009; Manodius et al , 2009) Biopolymers have recently been investigated as alternative protective agents due to their properties as renewable, re-treatable, and removable polymers (2004) (Auraset al ) These characteristics are critical for the preservation of monument authenticity Ocaka et al , 2014; Sacchi et al , 2012; Zong-Ming and Cheng-Yang, 2006; Belchior and Dos Santos Rosa, 2017).
Application of Biopolymers in preservation of Heritage
The use of biopolymers began in 1980 in many fields, including medicine, agriculture, and food industries Recently, they have been used in the field of Conservation and maintenance of monuments. Biopolymers have become a good alternative to manufactured polymers extracted from petroleum derivatives, these are materials that are not renewable or degradable, which affects the surrounding environment) Environmental concerns have recently increased significantly regarding the use of non-renewable petrochemicals as raw materials for the production of chemicals, as biopolymers are polymers extracted from renewable and sustainable sources, which helps reduce emissions Toxic, energy conservation During recent years, great progress has been made in the use and development of biodegradable polymeric materials for life applications, and the use of biomaterials has become preferred because these materials have physical, chemical and biological properties that allow them to be used in wide ranges of life applications
Definition of Biopolymers
Biopolymers are polymers produced from renewable natural sources in the surrounding environment. They are molecules consisting of repeating chemical blocks, and they can be very long They are an alternative to chemical polymers produced from petroleum derivatives They are non-toxic polymers Sacchi, B et al (2012) and ((Tanase et al , 2014) It may also be produced by microorganisms
“We
don’t have time to sit on our hands as our planet burns. For young people, climate change is bigger than election or re-election. It’s life or death.”
Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, US Politician & Activist
Lessons from the Pacific for Sustainable Tourism in Saudi Arabia
Tourism is a rapidly growing industry globally, accounting for an estimated $9 9 trillion USD in 2023 and projected to increase rapidly While historically dominant destinations like France, Japan, and the United States account for much of this figure, destinations like Saudi Arabia are quickly emerging as popular alternatives While this is a major economic opportunity for the Kingdom, and one which ought to be taken full advantage of, it is important that this be done in a way which is future-thinking and responsible Tourism is growing, but so too is awareness of climate change. Increasingly, tourists are prioritising sustainable options when they look to go overseas. In its Vision 2030 plan, Saudi Arabia has identified sustainable tourism as a key part of its future growth strategy This has complemented a significant investment in tourism more broadly and shows a degree of promise However, achieving success with sustainable tourism is difficult. Drawing on experiences in the Pacific Islands, this article will suggest steps to prioritise in the drive for a more sustainable Saudi tourism experience
Author: George Shafi Lethbridge
The first priority relates to governance. A successful sustainability approach requires rigorous planning and policy which can help facilitate change This imperative starts at the top, and must make its way down to local governments, providing an internally consistent policy framework with a shared aspirational goal Across the Pacific region, some countries are explicitly planning for sustainable tourism while others have focused solely on tourism growth. Where there is no alignment between government policies, companies get mixed messages. In countries where there is an explicit sustainable tourism strategy, the government is able to support businesses with either guidance or funding to ensure that they prioritise sustainable goals An example of this is Fiji, which has seen strong growth in tourism arrivals and spend in recent years Here, tourism policy is focused on sustainability and aligns not just with existing national policies on climate change but also regional sustainable tourism frameworks. This regulatory clarity makes it easier for businesses to operate and grow within the government’s sustainability targets. For Saudi, this will require the creation of sustainable destination management strategies for high tourism areas and for the country more broadly While initially this may seem intimidating, it is also an exciting chance to imagine how a sustainable future will look These plans will work in tandem with existing planning legislation and growth plans, streamlining the ease of business
Key to ensuring a cohesive governance strategy for sustainable tourism transformations is monitoring. Before you plan a sustainable future, you need to know what your present looks like. This means a comprehensive analysis of emissions at all levels, understanding where they are coming from and how to reduce them This is best achieved at a more local level but must include factors such as transportation which will be a significant cause of emissions, but which can sometimes be left off localised monitoring. Once you know what the problems are, you can identify which of these can be solved easiest and which will require more effort. For example, in the Pacific, transport is a major source of emissions but one which is hard to address due to the distance between islands Instead, the focus has been on reducing travel emissions by getting fewer people to stay for longer While such a strategy may be less feasible for Saudi Arabia, which with its enormous importance in the Muslim world will always attract large numbers of visitors, transportation between cities is an area where Saudi Arabia has enormous potential. The Haramayn High Speed Railway is an example of low-emission, high passenger travel, and should inspire further rail development across the Kingdom.
Once emission sources have been identified and a policy framework is in place, the state plays a key role as a facilitator of the sustainable transition On a regional scale, the Pacific has seen success facilitating entrepreneurship programs which reward up and coming local enterprises with funding and training. Where possible, you want to keep messaging positive, rewarding businesses which push for sustainable outcomes like reducing emissions or eradicating single use plastics. This allows the market to celebrate its successes and encourages good behaviour However, these positive policies must sometimes be accompanied by regulation Encouraging responsible tourism, as has been seen in Niue’s code of conduct for tourists, is part of the approach But so too can be carbon taxes, or other restrictions on problematic behaviour. While they may have ESG considerations, a company’s priority is its bottom line and so there must be a balance between encouraging good and forbidding bad practice.
Finally, sustainability is not only about the environment In the Pacific, a big focus has been not only preserving the pristine environment of the islands, but also their unique cultures and ways of life Indeed, the strong cultures of hospitality and family values are a major selling point for these destinations, promising a getaway from an otherwise prevalent western monoculture. This is not just a sales pitch. It is a commitment to protect what makes these countries unique. Saudi Arabia is a country with rich local customs, which can be a massive draw for tourism Mall tourism is one thing, but you can get that anywhere Unique local offerings, like visiting the Buraydah Date Festival or camping out in the desert and enjoying a plate of slow-cooked Kabsa, are what people will remember and talk about with their friends. As Bilad al-Haramayn, Saudi Arabia will always be a favoured destination for Muslim tourists. Diversifying their experiences and incentivising pilgrims to extend their stay to see other parts of the country will help raise the country’s standing across the ummah
Sustainable tourism is the tourism of the future, and few countries are as well placed to capitalise on this change than Saudi Arabia. Drawing on experience planning for sustainability in the Pacific tourism sector, this article has suggested some key points to ensure that Saudi Arabia, and indeed the rest of the gulf region, are able to make the most of this opportunity.
From Waste to Wealth: The Future of E-Waste Management Worldwide
Imagine a world where mountains of discarded electronics are transformed into valuable resources, fueling economic growth and protecting our environment. This is not a distant dream but a tangible reality within our grasp. In 2022 alone, the world generated a staggering 62 million tons of e-waste, yet only 22 3% were formally collected and recycled The remaining e-waste, laden with toxic substances like lead and mercury, poses severe environmental and health risks.
But what if we could turn this challenge into an opportunity? What if e-waste could be a goldmine, providing yielding precious metals and rare earth elements essential for modern technology? This article delves into explore the transformative potential of e-waste management, with a special focus on Saudi Arabia's innovative approaches and the best practices from around the globe.
E-Waste Management Challenges Worldwide
Author: Prof. Laila Khodeir
Author: Prof. Ayman El-Faham
E-waste, or electronic waste, is one of the fastest-growing waste streams globally The improper handling of e-waste poses significant environmental and health risks due to the release of toxic substances like lead and mercury. Key challenges include:
Lack of Awareness: Many consumers are unaware of the harmful effects of improper e-waste disposal.
Unregulated Recycling: In many regions, especially developing countries, e-waste recycling is often unregulated, leading to unsafe practices
Complexity of Recycling: The diverse materials in electronics make recycling processes complex and inefficient.
The Case of Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia has indeed been taking significant strides in e-waste management The country has launched several initiatives to regulate and manage e-waste effectively For instance, the Communications, Space, and Technology Commission (CST) has partnered with the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) to develop global framework for e-waste management regulations. Additionally, Saudi Arabia has established the National Center for Waste Management to oversee and regulate waste management activities.
Role of Management in E-Waste
Management plays a crucial role in e-waste handling, differing significantly from other types of waste management Key aspects include for managing e-waste includes Regulatory Frameworks, Engineering Solutions and Public Awareness and Education (Figure 1).
Best Practices in Managing E-Waste Worldwide
Several best practices have emerged globally to manage e-waste effectively: Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR): Manufacturers are held responsible for the entire lifecycle of their products, including take-back and recycling
Public-Private Partnerships: Collaboration between governments and private sectors to establish efficient recycling systems
Consumer Participation: Encouraging consumers to participate in e-waste collection events and proper disposal methods.
Frameworks for E-Waste Management
Effective e-waste management frameworks typically include three levels, Legal and Regulatory Frameworks, Institutional Frameworks and Resource Allocation (Figure 2)
Figure2:EfficientE-WasteManagementFramework
Figure1:RoleofManagementinE-Waste
Emerging Technologies in E-Waste Recycling
Emerging recycling technologies are being explored as a solution to the challenges posed by demanding materials, promoting a sustainable and circular economy These technologies can effectively repurpose waste materials while generating minimal emissions, establishing a system where waste products are transformed into inputs for manufacturing processes, thereby reducing their environmental footprint.
Furthermore, these initiatives facilitate a sustainable and economically viable strategy for resource management, reducing reliance on non-renewable energy sources and natural resources By leveraging existing waste streams, these technologies provide an effective approach to achieving environmental sustainability and fostering economic development
Discarded electronics (e-waste) represent one of the world’s fastest-growing waste streams. The increasing volume of electronic equipment nearing the end of its useful life poses significant challenges, Figure 3 Hazardous components in electronic waste, such as lead, mercury, and cadmium, can contaminate soil and water resources Improper disposal can also lead to air pollution from the release of noxious gases during the burning of components
It is crucial to seek proper disposal methods for electronic waste and raise awareness about its potential effects Printed circuit boards (PCBs), for example, contain varying proportions of metals (30-35 wt%), refractories (35-42 wt%), and resins (24-30 wt%) The metallic content in PCBs includes:
8-38% Fe
10-27% Cu
2-19% Al
1-3% Pb
0 3-2% Ni
200-3000 ppm Ag
20-1200 ppm Au
10-300 ppm Pd
Smartphones and laptops present a complex ecosystem where the extraction of valuable metals like gold, silver, and copper is essential However, batteries and circuit boards pose environmental dilemmas due to their lead and mercury content. This highlights the interconnected factors within the electronic waste recycling industry.
Numerous research endeavors have explored innovative pathways for utilizing e-waste. Traditional methods like pyrolysis for fuel production, along with landfill disposal, have been common However, the conventional hydrometallurgical approach for extracting precious metals from e-waste is often time-consuming and costly
To tackle these challenges, non-traditional methodologies such as mechanical and physical processes, biological treatments, and microwave-based approaches have emerged as promising alternatives These environmentally friendly techniques aim to enhance the recovery of valuable metals from e-waste
Bioremediation is one of the most promising technologies for treating hazardous pollutants It utilizes biological systems to reduce or eliminate contaminants, offering a low-cost solution with high public acceptance. This technique can often be performed on-site and is particularly effective for cleaning up soil polluted by e-waste Studies have focused on understanding microbial behavior as it interacts with toxic contaminants to render them less harmful Bioremediation for e-waste encompasses resource recovery facilitated by microorganisms, cost-effectiveness, and long-term sustainability This technique also holds potential for developing countries, where e-waste management remains a significant challenge due to limited disposal infrastructure.
Metals can be recovered from e-waste through various methods, including:
Pyrometallurgy
Chemical leaching
Biological leaching
Hybrid leaching approaches
Pyrometallurgical pathways are recognized for their cost-effectiveness and environmental sustainability, although they do have limitations
Microwave processing stands out as a cutting-edge technique in the realm of e-waste recycling By using microwave radiation, this method can rapidly heat electronic waste, making it easier to extract valuable metals such as gold, silver, and copper. This method not only expedites resource recovery but also reduces the environmental impact of recycling procedures. Its development aligns with sustainable and environmentally conscious e-waste management principles By adopting such innovative techniques, we can significantly reduce the environmental footprint of electronic waste and contribute to a greener future
Existing Initiatives in Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia has implemented several initiatives to manage e-waste:
National Center for Waste Management: The National Center for Waste Management has been pivotal in regulating and supervising waste management activities This center promotes sustainable practices and encourages investment in recycling initiatives. One of their key projects includes developing a comprehensive e-waste management framework that aligns with international standards
TADWEER Recycling Programs: TADWEER, a leading recycling company in Saudi Arabia, specializes in the recycling of electronic waste Their programs focus on the reuse and refurbishment of electronic devices, significantly contributing to raising awareness and promoting proper e-waste disposal methods.
Global Initiative for E-Waste Management Regulations: In partnership with the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), Saudi Arabia is developing global e-waste management regulations This initiative aims to promote a circular economy and mitigate the environmental impact of e-waste The collaboration focuses on creating standardized guidelines for e-waste management that can be adopted globally
Conclusion
The integration of these emerging technologies is a significant step toward creating a more sustainable electronic waste management system By focusing on innovative recycling methods, we can effectively address the challenges posed by e-waste while promoting environmental sustainability and economic development
Recommendations
Develop Benchmark Indicators: There is a need to develop standard indicators and evaluative criteria for the sustainability and circularity of e-waste recycling These measures should include material recycling, social effects, energy utilization, and emissions These results will help in making a more detailed assessment of the efficiency of recycling approaches
Increase Green Techniques: Increasing green techniques for the extraction of precious and rare earth materials. Bioleaching, bio-recovery, microwave methods, and other methods of employing green solvents are among the virtually indispensable approaches for reclaiming precious and scarce minerals from used electronics
Call to Action
DAU University is currently leading a seed initiative that includes both the Scientific Research and Innovation Committee from the College of Architecture, Engineering, Interior Design, and Graphics, and Innovation and Entrepreneurship Unit This initiative urges innovators and researchers to work on the crucial need of establishing an agile framework for e-waste management in Saudi Arabia By fostering collaboration between academia and industry, DAU University aims to develop innovative solutions that address the pressing challenges of e-waste management and promote a sustainable future. As Prince Abdulaziz bin Salman, the Saudi Minister of Energy, aptly said, "Our commitment to sustainability and innovation will pave the way for a greener and more prosperous future for all." This call to action is a step towards realizing that vision
“One thing leads to the other. Deforestation leads to climate change, which leads to ecosystem losses, which negatively impacts our livelihoods – it’s a vicious cycle.”
Gisele Bundchen
Addressing ESG Challenges in Cryptocurrency
Digital assets encrypted resources existing solely in the digital realm have revolutionized finance, offering significant economic benefits such as reducing transaction costs, enabling faster crossborder payments, and fostering financial inclusion These assets also facilitate green finance liquidity through tokenization, which can drive investments in sustainable projects like renewable energy and carbon capture initiatives. Additionally, tokenizing plastic credits provides an opportunity to empower low-income communities to participate in the circular economy, addressing environmental challenges while generating income
Author: Muayaed Qasim
However, as cryptocurrency adoption increases, so do concerns about Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) factors. This article explores how ESG issues are shaping the future of sustainable cryptocurrency practices.
Environmental Concerns:
Cryptocurrency mining, particularly those using Proof-of-Work (PoW) algorithms like Bitcoin, has a considerable environmental impact A 2022 University of Cambridge report revealed that Bitcoin mining consumes more electricity than some countries, while the White House estimated that it emits 140 million metric tons of CO2 annually. This contributes to climate change, underscoring the urgent need for sustainable practices within industry.
To mitigate these environmental impacts, cryptocurrencies must prioritize the implementation of energy-efficient mining methods This includes increasing reliance on renewable energy and adopting advanced hardware and cooling technologies Carbon offsetting initiatives, such as reforestation projects and the development of renewable energy infrastructure, are also crucial. Blockchain protocols like Proof-of-Stake (PoS) offer a promising shift by requiring far less energy. Ethereum's successful transition to PoS in 2022 serves as an effective model for reducing the cryptocurrency sector's carbon footprint
Additionally, the cryptocurrency sector can play a significant role in the carbon market by tokenizing carbon credits. Tokenized carbon credits can be traded on blockchain platforms, making it easier for businesses to offset their carbon emissions. By simplifying the process of buying, selling, and tracking carbon credits, cryptocurrencies can help accelerate the transition to a low-carbon economy and drive more investments into carbon reduction projects
Social Implications:
Cryptocurrencies hold significant potential for advancing social equity, particularly through enhancing financial inclusion Blockchain technology enables microloans and cross-border remittances, providing underserved populations access to essential financial services The tokenization of plastic credits further empowers individuals in low-income communities to earn income by recycling plastic waste, contributing to a circular economy
However, the decentralized nature of cryptocurrencies introduces risks, including cybersecurity threats such as phishing and fraud In these scenarios, users may have little recourse in the event of a loss To address these concerns, it is essential to implement robust user education and security measures, including hardware wallets, two-factor authentication, and transparent platform verification Consumer protection frameworks, supported by regulatory oversight, will be vital for building trust and reducing risks.
Governance Challenges:
Effective governance is essential for the long-term sustainability of cryptocurrencies The sector faces challenges related to regulatory uncertainty, compliance with anti-money laundering (AML) and know-your-customer (KYC) regulations, and reputational risks linked to fraud, hacks, and environmental concerns. Industry stakeholders must work alongside governments to establish clear, consistent regulatory frameworks. Transparency in governance structures and regular audits will help foster trust and accountability, mitigating the risks of illicit activities and promoting responsible decision-making
For cryptocurrencies to successfully address ESG challenges, businesses and investors must prioritize sustainability by utilizing renewable energy, improving technological efficiency, and supporting eco-friendly projects Social responsibility should focus on financial inclusion, user education, and robust consumer protection Clear regulatory compliance and ethical decisionmaking are essential for strengthening governance
Standardized metrics for measuring and reporting ESG impacts will be critical for assessing the social and environmental effects of digital assets. By adopting these principles, the cryptocurrency industry can reduce its environmental footprint, enhance social equity, and contribute to a more sustainable financial system Companies that prioritize sustainability, cybersecurity, and compliance will be best positioned for success in this evolving landscape Trust, transparency, and a commitment to ESG principles will be pivotal for the industry's long-term growth
"Make a big impact by making a little impact"
The Transformation of Al Ahsa Wastewater Lakes: From Problem to a Model for Sustainable Development in Saudi Arabia
The Al Ahsa region of the Saudi Arabia is known for its acting agriculture wastewater accumulations among the dry landscape (mainly sand dunes), with Al Asfar and Al Uyoun's two large lakes for wastewater in the form of lakes These water bodies formed by the discharge of untreated Agri-wastewater have long been seen as a problematic result of urbanization and expansion of agriculture. However, before increasing environmental considerations and commitment to Saudi Arabia's green development, these lakes provide a unique opportunity for carbonization, as to unlock their ability to promote sustainable growth in the region
Author: Wael Fathi Galal
Al Ahsa (Al Hofuf) Agri-wastewater lakes is a strategic initiative that matches Saudi Arabia 2030 Vision, which emphasizes environmental and resource conservation as the most important columns in the country's development agenda By reintroducing lakes such as property for carbon and ecological restoration, the authorities contribute to the country's efforts to reduce carbon emissions and promote sustainable practice. This change not only addresses environmental challenges, but also provides financial benefits, such as an increase in tourism opportunities and improves agricultural productivity
The Problematic Legacy of Al Ahsa Wastewater Lakes
The formation of two wastewater lakes of Al Asfar and Al Uyoun in Al Ahsa is primarily responsible for the rapid urban and agricultural development in the region With increasing population and intensive agricultural practices, the amount of wastewater that occurs increased sharply Traditional wastewater infrastructure has often been inadequate, causing partial treatment or even untreated waste in the scenario, leading to the formation of these artificial water bodies.
During winter, the total surface area of Lake Asfar expands to approximately 48 km², with a water depth of around two meters, holding an estimated 282 million cubic meters of water In contrast, during summer, the lake's area shrinks to nearly 30 km², with its water volume decreasing to about 42 million cubic meters due to high temperatures and evaporation Similarly, Al Uyoun Lake covers a total area of approximately 25 km².
These lakes, while in some ways seem favorable, pose significant environmental and health risks. A major problem is water quality Lakes often contain high-level nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus, which occur from the drainage and runoff of agriculture These nutrients lead to utilization, leading to an extreme increase This process reduces oxygen in water, damages aquatic life and produces misunderstandings dishonest. In addition, the presence of pathogens and heavy metals in wastewater induces the risk of human health and local ecosystem.
Another challenge is the possibility of pollution of groundwater In Al Ahsa, the underlying groundwater aquifers susceptible to the wastewater lakes to leak downward from the lakes This can affect the quality of limited groundwater resources in the region, important for watering and drinking water. In addition, the presence of large, exposed water surfaces in a warm, dry environment can contribute to an increase in evaporation, leading to loss of water in soil and potential salt hazards. The uncontrolled expansion of these lakes also give rise to organic questions. They often serve as a mosquito affecting public health and attracted to other disease vectors In addition, converted water regimen can interfere with natural drainage patterns, affect local vegetation and affect biodiversity In short, wastewater lakes, in their current position, represent a sufficient environmental challenge, which requires immediate and innovative solutions.
The Potential for Carbon Sequestration: Turning Waste into Opportunity
While the challenges generated by wastewater lakes of Al Ahsa are important, their unused ability is the growing belief, especially in the extent of carbonic sequestration. Carbon sequestration refers to the process of capturing atmospheric carbon dioxide and storing it in terrestrial or aquatic ecosystems Here, lakes of wastewater provide complicated opportunities when controlled strategically
First algae-based carbon capture
The large presence of water bodies encourages the growth of water plants, such as algae and macrophytes. These photosynthetic organisms absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during development, converting it to biomass This process, known as a biological carbon sequestration, can be expanded by introducing specific plant species showing high carbon absorption speeds In a controlled environment, these plants can be treated to harvest and create biochar or biofuels, which can increase the carbon absorption and provide price-added products.
Second, the sediments
Wastewater can also have a role in the carbon with the bottom of the lakes When organic matter is arranged and decomposed in this oxygen-limited environment, it forms carbon-rich sediment The degradation process is slow under anoxic conditions, which means carbon can be stored for extended periods. This process may be more optimized through bioaugmentation, introducing specific microorganisms can be introduced that can storage carbon in wastewater lakes bottom deposits.
Third, water
The treated water with these lakes can also be re-used for watering vegetation in nearby areas
Watering trees and other plants, can increase terrestrial carbon sequence and promote green infrastructure in the area. This approach also creates a closed loop system where water is reused promotes further permanent use of water resources. In addition, vegetation can help remove soil, causing heavy metals and other environmental toxins to be spread by impairment
Therefore, lakes for wastewater, often regarded as environmental impact, can become a powerful tool for carbon sequestration. However, it requires a change for a more active and strategic management plan from the traditional, reactive perspective on wastewater management to achieve this that benefits from natural processes in these ecosystems.
Sustainable Development Opportunities: A Holistic Approach
Changing wastewater lakes of Al Ahsa's from a problem on the occasion of carbonization is significant implications for sustainable development in the region It is possible to integrate environmental protection with social and economic benefits by using a holistic approach
Afforestation, or Green Belt Initiative:
Green Belt initiative, which aims to create a permanent buffer zone around different wastewater lakes This initiative focuses on planting trees and shrubs capable of completing salt water and semidrought conditions, which are widespread in the region The option of vegetation is important, as it needs to withstand the unique environmental challenges generated by the region
The process of planting trees in areas where there was no one before is one of the most effective strategies for carbon sequence. Trees absorb carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere through photosynthesis and store it in the biomass In the case of Al Ahsa, efforts for forestry planting can be particularly favorable due to the previous erosion of the dry climate and natural habitats in the region
While considering forest planting in Al Ahsa, the nature of the native tree should be prioritized. These species are adapted to local climate and soil conditions, making them more flexible and reducing the requirement for excess water and fertilizer For example, studies have shown that species such as Acacia and Ziziphus are able to end in dry environment by providing important carbon absorptions According to a study from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), a wellmanaged forest species and development status can create a sequester of approximately 10 to 30 tons of CO2 per hectare per year.
Water Resource Management:
A main aspect of permanent management is to improve the technology of water treatment Investment in advanced healing processes can reduce the load with environmental toxins that enter into lakes significantly, which can reduce utilization and health risk. Treated wastewater can be reused again for watering, industrial cooling and even charging groundwater, which can reduce the dependence on the reduction of freshwater resources. Use of the constructed artificial wetlands can also help treat wastewater naturally, further reuse and improve the ability to provide habitat for wildlife
Agriculture and Food Security:
The treated wastewater can be used to promote permanent agriculture in the area, especially in dry and semi-dry areas. Irrigation of crops with treated wastewater can reduce the need for groundwater extraction and reduce the general environmental impression of agricultural production In addition, the cultivation of specific crops for biofuels or bio-production can create a link between permanent agriculture and carbon sequestration
Ecotourism and Recreation:
Carefully managed wastewater lakes can be a valuable entertaining area, providing opportunities for fishing, boating and bird watching Developing parks and paths around the lakes can provide social and economic benefits for local communities, while increasing awareness of environmental protection and promoting environmental environments Such development should prefer protection and balance use with delicate ecosystems in and around lakes.
Circular Economy:
Using circular economics principles in handling wastewater lakes can help reduce waste and maximize use of resources By capturing biogas from the anaerobic digestion of organic matter in the lake sediments, we can generate clean energy. In addition, by recovering nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen from lake water, can create fertilizers or other value-added products, which reduces the requirement for external input.
Education and Capacity Building:
The successful changes to Al Ahsa wastewater lakes require connection with the local community and important capacity building efforts. Investment in educational and training programs can help raise awareness of the management of water resources, environmental protection and possible benefits of permanent practice In addition, promoting society's participation in the management process can ensure long-term stability and success for the project
Conclusion: A Path Towards Sustainability
Al Ahsa wastewater lakes, originally a source of concern and representation of unstable development, the ability to become a lighthouse for permanent progress It can convert these agriculture wastewater accumulations into important carbon absorb by embracing innovative technologies, implementing overall management strategies and taking advantage of natural processes within these unique ecosystems. By using responsible water management, integrated agriculture, increased ecotourism and circular economy principles, Al Ahsa wastewater lakes can contribute significantly to Saudi Arabia's commitment for a solution-oriented approach from a problem centered point of view, waste is not a burden, but an opportunity to promote more flexible and environmentally conscious future
"Use it up, wear it out, make it do, or do without"
Electronic Waste in Saudi Arabia: Challenges and Solutions
Electronic devices have become essential in daily life, but their frequent replacement generates increasing amounts of e-waste. These discarded electronics contain hazardous materials that can harm the environment and human health if not properly managed Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 prioritizes e-waste management, promoting recycling and sustainable practices to reduce negative environmental impacts.
Objective of the Article:
This article raises awareness about e-waste risks and highlights local solutions to reduce its impact By understanding its causes, challenges, and sustainable management strategies, individuals and institutions can contribute to minimizing its effects.
Modern consumption habits contribute to e-waste buildup. Many upgrade personal devices frequently, store unused electronics, dispose of devices improperly, avoid repairs, or discard entire gadgets due to non-replaceable batteries.
Damages of E-Waste Accumulation:
E-waste pollution contaminates soil and water with toxic materials like lead and mercury, affecting ecosystems. Health risks include respiratory diseases and cancer. Additionally, wasted resources and improper disposal contribute to increased carbon emissions and climate change.
Strategies to Reduce E-Waste Impact:
Key strategies include enforcing strict disposal laws, encouraging eco-friendly manufacturing, and improving recycling technologies to recover valuable materials
Raising Awareness: Role of Individuals, Society, and Governments: Individuals can minimize waste by making thoughtful purchases, recycling properly, and spreading awareness Communities can organize awareness campaigns and provide collection points Governments can enforce responsible disposal laws, support recycling projects, and mandate manufacturer take-back programs
Local Success Stories:
Saudi Arabia’s 'Recycle Your Device' initiative, launched in 2022, successfully collected and recycled thousands of electronic devices, supporting schools and charities while reducing carbon emissions
Conclusion
E-waste poses an environmental challenge, but sustainable practices like recycling and responsible consumption can reduce its impact Collaboration among individuals, society, and governments is essential for a greener future Initiatives like 'Recycle Your Device' demonstrate how collective efforts can contribute to achieving Saudi Vision 2030’s sustainability goals
“Earth provides enough to satisfy every man's need, but not every man's greed.”
Mahatma Gandhi
Salmon farming in RAS Systems: Innovation and Sustainability for the Aquaculture of the Future
What is a RAS system?
A recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) allows fish to be grown in a controlled environment, using a minimal amount of water and recycling up to 99% of the resource The water is continuously filtered and treated to remove solid waste, ammonia, and other compounds, maintaining optimal conditions for fish growth (Martins et al , 2010)
Key components of a RAS system
RAS systems are made up of a number of interconnected technologies that ensure an optimal environment for salmon growth:
Mechanical and biological filtration
Mechanical filters remove suspended particles, reducing the accumulation of organic matter
Biological filtration converts ammonia excreted by fish into less toxic nitrates by nitrifying bacteria (Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter) (Van Rijn, 2013).
Oxygenation and water quality control
Artificial oxygenation ensures optimal levels of dissolved oxygen to maximize the growth rate of salmon
pH adjustment and CO₂ removal systems ensure stable and healthy water quality
Biosecurity and disease control
The application of ultraviolet (UV) light and ozone minimizes the presence of pathogens.
Biosecurity is improved thanks to the absence of disease vectors present in open systems (Colt et al , 2008)
Author: Franco. A. Cerda Dubó
Advantages of salmon farming in RAS systems
1 Environmental sustainability
Efficient water use: RAS drastically reduces the need for large volumes of fresh water, making them ideal for water-scarce regions (Badiola et al , 2012)
Emission control: As they are closed systems, they allow efficient waste management and minimize pollution of nearby bodies of water.
Less impact on marine ecosystems: They prevent the dispersion of organic waste and the proliferation of diseases in natural environments
2 Optimizing Growing Conditions
Real-time monitoring: Temperature, water quality, and oxygen levels can be adjusted to maximize salmon growth
Higher survival rate: Reduced stress and a controlled environment result in lower mortality and better feed conversion.
3 Enhanced biosecurity
Disease reduction: Being isolated from the environment, RAS systems minimize exposure to pathogens and parasites such as sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) (Colt et al , 2008)
Escape prevention: Eliminate the risk of non-native species affecting local biodiversity
4. Proximity to the market
Carbon footprint reduction: RAS allows salmon production close to consumption centers, reducing transport costs and emissions (Davidson et al , 2016)
Opportunities for improvement in RAS
1. Energy consumption
One of the biggest challenges of RAS is its high energy demand However, advances in renewable energy, pump optimization, and energy-efficient filtration systems are improving operational efficiency (Blancheton et al., 2013).
2. Waste management
While RAS reduces environmental impact, managing sludge and other waste remains a challenge Emerging technologies such as bioreactors and the use of waste for biogas production can make these systems even more sustainable (Van Rijn, 2013).
3. Advanced Automation and Monitoring
The integration of smart sensors, artificial intelligence, and big data in RAS will allow for more precise adjustments in water parameters and improve production efficiency (Engle et al , 2019)
Success Stories in Salmon Production with RAS
The development and expansion of RAS has been led by various companies in different parts of the world. Below are some of the most innovative and successful projects.
Atlantic Sapphire (U.S. & Denmark): Innovation & Business Expansion
Atlantic Sapphire is one of the pioneers in the production of land-based salmon using RAS systems Its facility in Hvide Sande, Denmark, served as a model for its plant in Miami, USA, the largest salmon RAS facility in the world, with a projected capacity of 220,000 tonnes annually (Atlantic Sapphire, 2022).
Success factors:
Economy of scale: The plant in the USA has been designed to supply the North American market without the need for imports.
Sustainability strategy: The RAS system reduces the use of fresh water and minimizes environmental impact.
Market access: Its location in Florida allows for a reduction in the carbon footprint of transportation compared to imports from Norway or Chile
Challenges faced:
Initial technical problems: The company has faced challenges in controlling water parameters, which has led to some production losses.
High operating costs: Energy efficiency remains a challenge, although the company is investing in technology optimization (Atlantic Sapphire, 2023)
Nordic Aqua Partners (China): Strategic Production for the Asian Market
Nordic Aqua Partners has established an RAS system in Ningbo, China, with the aim of producing fresh salmon within the country, reducing dependence on imports from Norway and Chile (Nordic Aqua Partners, 2023).
Success factors:
Access to a growing market: China has a growing demand for salmon, and RAS allows for the continuous supply of fresh fish
State-of-the-art technology: The company has implemented advanced filtration and biosecurity systems.
Challenges faced:
Initial investment costs: Implementing a RAS system in a country with no prior experience in this technology has required significant investment
Superior Fresh (USA): Aquaponics and RAS Integration
Located in Wisconsin, USA., Superior Fresh has developed an innovative system that combines RAS with vegetable production in aquaponics (Superior Fresh, 2021).
Success factors:
Resource efficiency: Salmon waste is used as fertilizer for vegetable production
Sustainable production: The company focuses on the use of renewable energy and waste reduction.
Challenges faced:
Limitations in production scale: Its capacity is lower compared to companies like Atlantic Sapphire
Swiss Blue Salmon (Switzerland): Hydropower for Sustainable Production
This Swiss company has opted for the use of hydroelectric energy to operate its RAS systems, guaranteeing low-carbon production (Swiss Blue Salmon, 2023).
Success factors:
Strategic location: Switzerland has access to clean energy sources and premium markets that value sustainability
High product quality: Focus on high-end salmon production.
Saudi Arabia and its potential for trout farming in RAS
Favorable factors
Saudi Arabia is exploring the potential of RAS for trout production, due to:
Availability of desalinated water: Investment in desalination plants allows for a constant supply of water for aquaculture.
Government support: Plans such as Vision 2030 incentivize economic diversification and boost aquaculture (Saudi Vision 2030, 2023)
Access to advanced technologies: Companies like NEOM are developing infrastructure for aquaculture in controlled systems
Challenges to successful production
Despite the potential, Saudi Arabia faces certain obstacles to developing a sustainable RAS industry for trout farming:
High energy costs: Water cooling is essential for species such as trout, which increases energy expenditure
Availability of inputs: The production of balanced feed and the importation of juveniles require an efficient logistics infrastructure.
Training and specialization: The success of aquaculture in RAS depends on having qualified technical personnel in biosecurity and advanced systems management (FAO, 2022)
Conclusion
RAS systems represent the future of salmon farming and aquaculture in general, combining technological innovation, sustainability, and profitability. As advances in energy efficiency, automation, and waste management continue, their adoption is likely to expand globally In particular, regions such as Saudi Arabia have the potential to become leaders in closed-system aquaculture, provided they manage to overcome the technical and economic challenges that this entails. The implementation of RAS not only ensures more efficient and environmentally friendly production but also reinforces aquaculture's role as a key pillar for food security in a world affected by climate change.
Franco. A. Cerda Dubó
Corporate Sustainability Top Voice f cerda@tilad com sa
Innovative Leader in Aquaculture | Expert in Business Model Establishment and Sustainable Product Development | Director of Marine Operations & Production | Doctorate and MRES Student in General Industry Management
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