Elements of ecology 8th edition smith test bank

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Elements of Ecology, 8e (Smith/Smith) Chapter 10 Life History 10.1 Short Answer Questions 1) An organism's ________ is its lifetime pattern of growth, development, and reproduction.

Answer: life history Topic: Introduction to Chapter 10 2) Allocation of energy to reproduction reduces the amount of resources available for ________.

Answer: growth Topic: Section 10.1 3) The objective of reproduction is to maximize the relative ________ of the individual.

Answer: fitness Topic: Section 10.2 4) Natural selection will favor the age at maturity that results in the greatest number of ________ produced over the lifetime of an individual.

Answer: offspring Topic: Section 10.3 5) ________ is the number of offspring produced per unit of time.

Answer: Fecundity Topic: Section 10.4 6) The total energetic costs of reproduction per unit of time are referred to as an individual's ________.

Answer: reproductive effort Topic: Section 10.4 7) Little parental care is required by ________ offspring, which are able to move about and forage for themselves shortly after birth.

Answer: precocial Topic: Section 10.5 8) Organisms that invest all their energy into growth, development, and energy storage, followed by one massive reproductive effort and then death, are called ________.

Answer: semelparous Topic: Section 10.6

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9) The set of phenotypes expressed by a single genotype across a range of environmental conditions is referred as the norm of ________.

Answer: reaction Topic: Section 10.7 10) The mating system most prevalent in birds is ________.

Answer: monogamy Topic: Section 10.8 11) The type of mating system in which an individual female pairs with two or more males is known as ________.

Answer: polyandry Topic: Section 10.8 12) ________ selection occurs when members of the same sex compete for access to the opposite sex.

Answer: Intrasexual Topic: Section 10.9 13) Communal courtship grounds, or ________, are areas where males congregate to display to females.

Answer: leks Topic: Section 10.10 14) Habitats that are variable in time or short lived will favor ________-strategists.

Answer: r Topic: Section 10.11 15) ________-strategists are competitive species with stable populations of long-lived individuals.

Answer: K Topic: Section 10.11 16) The number of seeds produced by a plant is ________ correlated with the size of the seeds.

Answer: negatively Topic: Quantifying Ecology 10.1: Interpreting Trade-offs

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10.2 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Reproductive success of an organism is best measured by its A) fitness.

B) ability to attract a mate.

C) number of offspring that survive to reproduce.

D) life span.

Answer: C Topic: Section 10.1 2) The behavioral, physiological, and energetic activities involved in current reproduction result in A) reduced future survival, fecundity, and growth.

B) reduced future survival and fecundity but increased future growth.

C) reduced future survival but increased future fecundity and growth.

D) increased future survival, fecundity, and growth.

Answer: A Topic: Section 10.2 3) In long-lived species of organisms, the primary advantage of delaying reproduction (late maturity) is A) increased survivorship.

B) obtaining a better quality territory.

C) increased number of mates.

D) larger initial body size during the first reproduction event.

Answer: D Topic: Section 10.3 4) Guppies were moved from stream A, with a fish that preyed upon adult guppies, to stream B, with a fish that preyed upon juvenile guppies. After 30 to 60 generations, the guppies responded to the increased predation on juveniles relative to adults by A) feeding less frequently.

B) increasing age at maturity.

C) increasing the number of individuals in a school.

D) becoming smaller in body size.

Answer: B Topic: Section 10.4 5) Altricial young are relatively A) independent at birth and require relatively little time for incubation and gestation.

B) independent at birth and require a relatively long time for incubation and gestation.

C) helpless at birth and require relatively little time for incubation and gestation.

D) helpless at birth and require a relatively long time for incubation and gestation.

Answer: C Topic: Section 10.5

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6) Parental care is best developed among A) ants and bees.

B) fish.

C) salamanders.

D) snakes and turtles.

Answer: A Topic: Section 10.5 7) The reproductive strategy in which relatively few young are produced at repeated intervals during an individual's life is referred to as A) semelparity.

B) iteroparity.

C) altricial.

D) precocial.

Answer: B Topic: Section 10.6 8) In which of the following groups of organisms are most species iteroparous?

A) annual plants B) perennial plants C) periodical cicadas D) salmon Answer: B Topic: Section 10.6 9) When one male mates and stays with one female, the relationship is called A) polygamous.

B) monogamous.

C) monoecious.

D) promiscuous.

Answer: B Topic: Section 10.8 10) The mating system in which males and females mate with one or many of the opposite sex and form no pair bond is known as A) monogamy.

B) polygyny.

C) polyandry.

D) promiscuity.

Answer: D Topic: Section 10.8

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11) The preferential selection by a female of a male peacock with the longest tail feathers and the most eyespots on the tail feathers is an example of A) polandry.

B) polygyny.

C) intrasexual selection.

D) intersexual selection.

Answer: D Topic: Section 10.9 12) A female exhibits two major approaches in choosing a mate, selecting either the phenotypic characteristics of the mate or the A) number of other females the male has in his harem.

B) ability of the male to provide resources.

C) number of offspring the male has previously produced.

D) age of the male.

Answer: B Topic: Section 10.10 13) A lek is characterized by A) females displaying in small, clumped territories lacking resources.

B) males defending resources in small, clumped territories.

C) females mating with only a small percentage of displaying males.

D) a group of females defended by a single dominant male.

Answer: C Topic: Section 10.10 14) An r-strategist is characterized by A) slow population growth.

B) a slow rate of development.

C) a long life expectancy.

D) density-independent mortality.

Answer: D Topic: Section 10.11 15) Small and short-lived plants that rapidly colonize disturbed sites are classified by J. Phillip Grime as A) C species.

B) R species.

C) S species.

D) X species.

Answer: B Topic: Section 10.11

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16) A male swordtail fish with a tail fin longer than its rivals is A) more likely to be selected by a female and to consume less oxygen while swimming.

B) more likely to be selected by a female and to consume more oxygen while swimming.

C) less likely to be selected by a female and to consume less oxygen while swimming.

D) less likely to be selected by a female and to consume more oxygen while swimming.

Answer: B Topic: Field Studies: Alexandra L. Basolo 17) The development of modern corn from teosinte, a group of large Central and South American grasses, is an example of A) selective breeding.

B) sexual selection.

C) natural selection.

D) random genetic drift.

Answer: A Topic: Ecological Issues: The Life History of Maize: A Story of Unnatural Selection 10.3 True/False Questions 1) Extrinsic ecological factors such as the physical environment and the presence of predators or competitors influence age specific rates of mortality and survivorship.

Answer: TRUE Topic: Section 10.1 2) Defending a breeding territory increases an animal's probability of future survival.

Answer: FALSE Topic: Section 10.2 3) Fecundity increases with body weight.

Answer: TRUE Topic: Section 10.3 4) As the number of offspring produced increases, the probability of their survival decreases.

Answer: FALSE Topic: Section 10.4 5) All species of animals provide parental care.

Answer: FALSE Topic: Section 10.5 6) Most species of vertebrates are iteroparous.

Answer: TRUE Topic: Section 10.6

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7) Semelparity is favored when the external environment imposes high adult mortality relative to juvenile mortality, and mature individuals are unlikely to survive much longer.

Answer: TRUE Topic: Section 10.6 8) The phenotype expressed by a single genotype can be affected by environmental conditions.

Answer: TRUE Topic: Section 10.7 9) Polyandry is more common than polygyny.

Answer: FALSE Topic: Section 10.8 10) Polygyny is more likely to occur as differences in territory quality increase between territorial males.

Answer: TRUE Topic: Section 10.8 11) Sexual dimorphism occurs when males and females are so similar morphologically that they are difficult to distinguish.

Answer: FALSE Topic: Section 10.9 12) In some species of birds, males with the brightest plumage have the fewest parasites.

Answer: TRUE Topic: Section 10.9 13) In polygynous species of animals, males usually choose their mates, and females, because they are smaller and weaker, must comply.

Answer: FALSE Topic: Section 10.10 14) Species that are r-strategists are usually larger than those that are K-strategists.

Answer: FALSE Topic: Section 10.11 15) Weedy plants are considered to be K-strategists.

Answer: FALSE Topic: Section 10.11 16) Natural selection should favor plants producing small seeds in wet environments and plants that produce larger seeds in dry environments.

Answer: TRUE Topic: Quantifying Ecology 10.1: Interpreting Trade-offs

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17) The major difference between ancestral teosinte and modern corn is the amount of resources allocated to seed production.

Answer: TRUE Topic: Ecological Issues: The Life History of Maize: A Story of Unnatural Selection 10.4 Essay Questions 1) Explain how current reproduction can affect future survival, growth, and reproduction.

Topic: Sections 10.1 and 10.2 2) Discuss the factors that affect the optimal age and size of an organism at maturity.

Topic: Section 10.3 3) Using examples, explain why some species provide parental care and others do not, and why some species require more parental care than others.

Topic: Section 10.5 4) Contrast semelparous and iteroparous reproductive strategies and explain the trade-offs of each.

Topic: Section 10.6 5) Explain why most bird species are monogamous while most mammal species are polygynous.

Topic: Section 10.8 6) Explain sexual dimorphism from a Darwinian perspective.

Topic: Section 10.9 7) Describe a lek. Is it a form of monogamy, polygyny, polyandry, or promiscuity?

Topic: Section 10.10 8) Discuss the differences between r-strategists and K-strategists. Give an example of each.

Topic: Section 10.11

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