Jason Soh
PRAISE FOR CAREER & EMPLOYABILITY
by Vanitha Satchithanadan, Director, Australian Matriculation, Sunway College To quote Confucius, “Choose a job you love, and you will never have to work a day in your life.” This book supports students studying for the Year 12 General Career and Enterprise subject as per the Western Australian curriculum. Students will benefit greatly from this book by author and award-winning senior lecturer Jason Soh. The topics covered, along with worksheets designed to prompt reflection and gather knowledge, are helpful for both teachers and students exploring the subject matter. I believe this book, or sections of this book, should be introduced early to young adults to help them reflect on their personal strengths, explore various career pathways, and develop strategies to prepare for the 21st-century workforce. This book will undoubtedly provide comprehensive coverage of hands-on practical applications for young adults who aspire to achieve their career goals. I wish I was armed with this added knowledge back in those days! Jason Soh is a passionate educator who believes in the importance of developing students to be employable and building a solid foundation of the subject matter via effective teaching and learning. I truly think that the insights provided in this book will be invaluable in helping students understand career and enterprise topics in preparation for their future careers.
by Adawiah Norli Yusuf, Director, Sunway Diploma Studies Career & Employability is an important resource for the teaching and learning of the Employability course at Sunway Diploma Studies. It is a book which complements and supports the core text of the course. The book describes critical techniques and components of enterprising and career development. It covers topics on concepts, critical skills, and strategies for career development. It also provides opportunities for practice in identifying personal and professional skills, attributes which link to career development. It provides guidelines in developing strategies for career development such as self-branding, job-seeking skills, and identification of job and learning opportunities to support career goals. This book also includes global employment trends which relate to the nature of work and work skills such as workplace diversity, cross-cultural communication, decision-making skills, and problem-solving skills in identifying and addressing workplace issues. This book supports the learning outcomes of the Employability course in terms of readiness for both employment and enterprise.
Jason Soh
Copyright © 2023 by Sunway University Sdn Bhd Published by Scola Books An imprint of Sunway University Sdn Bhd No. 5, Jalan Universiti Bandar Sunway 47500 Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia press.sunway.edu.my All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, now known or hereafter invented, without permission in writing from the publisher.
ISBN 978-967-5492-68-6
Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia
Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
Soh, Jason CAREER & EMPLOYABILITY : A Practical Guide to Building a Successful Future at Work / Jason Soh. ISBN 978-967-5492-68-6 1. Career development. 2. Personnel management. 3. Applications for positions. I. Title. 650.14
Edited by Hani Hazman Designed and typeset by Rachel Goh Printed by Vinlin Press, Malaysia
All information in this publication is correct at the time of printing and may be subject to changes.
Cover image: Master1305/Shutterstock.com Image used under licence from Shutterstock.com
CONTENTS Foreword 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
Personal and Social Competencies Professional Competencies Career Choice Self-Management Strategies Strategies for Career Development Job Opportunities Cold Canvassing Innovative Strategies Job Advertisement Résumé Writing Job Application Job Interview Equity in the Workplace Respect in Communication Cross-Cultural Communication Global Trends Risk Management Training and Retraining E-Networking Decision-Making Work-Life Balance Employment Opportunities Being Enterprising Resource Management Problem-Solving Conflict Resolution Organisational Structures Organisational Restructuring and Workplace Reform Managing Changes Efficiency and Sustainability Health and Safety Work Rights
Further Reading Acknowledgements
iv 1 6 12 17 22 26 31 35 38 43 44 47 51 55 58 62 67 72 75 77 80 85 90 93 95 99 102 108 111 113 118 120 123 124
FOREWORD After graduating, many young people look forward to starting on the careers of their choice and being successful at their chosen vocation. To achieve success, one must of course be willing to work hard, maintain focus, and continually increase their knowledge and skill set. As with all aspects of life, one must first set their priorities before starting anything. Here I am reminded of a quote by Stephen Covey, author of The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People, who said, “The key is not to prioritise what’s on your schedule, but to schedule your priorities”. In this regard, I trust our young graduates will find this book most handy as it aims to provide them with valuable knowledge and understanding to prepare them for their careers. In the current ever-changing world, preparation is key to achieving success. I am sure students will gain valuable insights from the author, Jason Soh, who has had many years of experience teaching Career and Enterprise subjects, as well as Accounting and Finance. A dedicated lecturer who aims to create positive impacts in his students’ lives, his book should undoubtedly provide added insights for those just venturing out into the working world. This practical guide is easy to understand and a must-read for all students.
Professor Elizabeth Lee Chief Executive Officer Sunway Education Group
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Personal and Social Competencies
Learning Objective Identify personal and social competencies, and understand their link to career development
Competencies and Skills 1. The terms “competencies” and “skills” are often used interchangeably as both refer to abilities you acquire from experience or training. 2. However, the two concepts are markedly different: • Competencies These are intangible yet observable qualities or traits that help you succeed in your job. A competency can be made up of various abilities, experiences and knowledge. • Skills These are specific abilities you learn to do a job well. These can range in complexity from welding to performing surgery. Employers can determine whether your training and experience prepare you for a specific job based on your skills.
Competencies
Skills
Intangible qualities and observable traits
Specific learnt abilities
Problem-solving
Computer programming
Creativity
Language proficiency
Teamwork
Data analysis
Leadership
Accounting
Multitasking
Repair work
Figure 1.1 Competencies versus skills 1
2
Career & Employability
Personal and Social Competencies 1. Your traits, behaviours and attributes can influence your employability as they allow you to work well with others. 2. To map your future pathway and develop into an enterprising and dependable person, you need to recognise your personal and social competencies that can be applied to future work environments. Your values and beliefs will strongly influence these competencies. •• Personal competencies These reflect your inner self, personality and values. Personal competencies are demonstrated through tasks or activities that you are naturally good at and enjoy doing. This natural ability or interest to do something is called aptitude. With training, aptitude can be shaped into valuable work skills.
Aptitude
Training
Work skills
Figure 1.2 Companies often use aptitude tests to determine employability and training needs •• Social competencies These reflect your abilities to deal with people and social situations. Social competencies are slightly different from personal competencies, which focus on the self rather than others. Your personality, experience and involvement in social events will help develop your social competencies, which are vital for networking. Understanding cultural differences is also essential when interacting with people of diverse backgrounds.
Transferable Skills 1. As you begin looking for employment, you may come across the term “transferable skills”. This term refers to the personal and social competencies you have developed through education, training or employment that you can apply at a workplace. Transferable skills are general competencies that are useful in every job. Examples of transferable skills include the ability to communicate well and solve problems.These skills will increase your employability in the industry. 2. Transferable skills will increase your employability in any industry. So, it is essential to highlight them in your job applications and during your interviews!
Personal and Social Competencies
3
Exercise 1.1 Competencies Coding 1. Look through the list of competencies and examples in the table below. You may already possess some of the competencies listed. 2. Develop a key for the different categories of competencies. For example, you could use four different colours or symbols to represent different categories: Red: Blue: Green: Grey:
Very good Can do Would like to develop Does not apply to me
3. Now, code the list of competencies in the last column of the table according to your key. 4. You might like to do further research and add competencies that are not in the table. Competency
Example
Working with a team
Working with others on a group project; helping a new student settle into your class
Working with numbers
Saving pocket money or wages; balancing a bank account
Being creative
Writing stories; designing using computer graphics; painting; drawing
Staying fit
Practising and playing sports
Communicating with others
Listening and talking to friends and teachers respectfully; conveying messages to others clearly
Developing technological skills
Operating a smart device; using a computer
Planning and organising
Arranging a team for a local competition
Information gathering and researching
Finding information for a school assignment
Problem-solving
Solving puzzles; overcoming issues with a schoolmate
Designing new things
Creating handicrafts; designing clothes
Assembling or repairing things
Repairing tyre punctures; assembling a small machine
Learning new skills
Picking up new dance steps; learning how to play football
Managing
Managing time, money, or people
Following instructions
Following a recipe to prepare a meal
Showing initiative
Getting on with things without having to be told
Colour
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Career & Employability
Reflection 1.1 Competencies Checklist Use this sheet to keep an up-to-date list of your competencies. 1. Look at the competencies you have already worked through in the previous table. 2. Now, complete this checklist by writing down all the things you are very good at.
My personal competency
How I learnt and currently apply this competency
A job that requires this competency
Personal and Social Competencies
My social competency
How I learnt and currently apply this competency
A job that requires this competency
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Professional Competencies
Learning Objective Identify professional competencies and understand their link to career development
Professional Competencies 1. Professional competencies refer to the skills, knowledge, and traits valued by professional bodies and organisations related to your future career. All occupations require you to develop these competencies and apply them to the job. 2. However, some jobs require you to be more developed in certain employability skills and industryspecific competencies than others.
•
Employability skills These are the core traits and transferable skills valuable in nearly every job. You develop employability skills through education, training and work experience. Even while interacting with others through your hobbies and extracurricular activities, you develop and enhance many of the skills employers look for when deciding who they want to work with.
Critical thinking Flexibility and adaptability
Communication Examples of Employability Skills Creativity
Collaboration Negotiation
Figure 2.1 Employability skills are generic skills (not job-specific) that are needed in most work roles 6
Professional Competencies
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•• Industry-specific competencies These are developed by industry training boards and form the basis of competency-based training, such as the Vocational Education and Training and Technical and Further Education courses. You will need to show competence in tasks related to your specific industry or profession (such as accounting or computing).
Job Analysis 1. Job analysis is a systematic and detailed examination of jobs. It involves information gathering about a job through direct observation, questionnaires and interviews with current jobholders. 2. Companies perform job analysis from time to time to identify the duties and responsibilities that a job entails and the attributes, skills, and qualifications required. 3. The immediate outcomes of this analysis are job descriptions and job specifications, which help managers and human resource professionals recruit the best people, evaluate employee performance, and develop effective training programmes. •• Job descriptions A job description shows an overview of the job’s essential functions. It usually lists the job title, job position, location, duties to perform, reporting line and work environment. The general work skills and competencies (such as teamwork, problem-solving and communication) required may be set out in the job description. •• Job specifications Job specifications detail the educational qualifications, work experience, training, specific work skills and personal characteristics needed to perform a particular job. Job specifications will also include the industry-specific competencies required.
Table 2.1 Job analysis is a complete and careful study of the knowledge, skills and experience needed to carry out a job effectively Job Analysis Job Description
Job Specifications
1. Title, position, location
1. Education, work experience
2. Duties, reporting line
2. Training, skills
3. Work environment
3. Personal characteristics
4. General competencies
4. Industry-specific competencies
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Career & Employability
Exercise 2.1 Occupational Tasks 1. Choose an occupation you are interested in. 2. List 5–10 tasks that you would be required to perform as someone engaged in this occupation. 3. List down the employability skills and industry-specific competencies necessary for those tasks. Occupation that I am interested in:
(e.g. Graphic Designer)
Employability skills and industry-specific competencies
Tasks required to perform (e.g. Design)
(e.g. Creativity)
Professional Competencies
Tasks required to perform
Employability skills and industry-specific competencies
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10 Career & Employability
Exercise 2.2 Occupational Research 1. Research the occupation you are interested in. 2. Analyse its job description and job specifications. 3. What other additional information would you require as the job applicant? Occupation that I am interested in: Job description
Job specifications
Professional Competencies
Other additional information I need
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