THESIS REPORT

SWEVEN WITH FORESIGHT BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE, YELAHANKA. THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE (Department of Architecture, School of Built Environment) SUBMITTED BY

S.SUKHBIR SINGH DAYAL UniversityRoll No.14615788

SUPERVISED BY AR. DAMANDEEP KAUR Assistant Professor

May/ 2019

I.K.G PUNJAB TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY MOHALI CAMPUS II, SECTOR 115, MOHALI

I.K.G PUNJAB TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY,MOHALI CAMPUS II, MOHALI

CANDIDATE'S DECLARATION I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the thesis entitled “BANGLORE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE” by “SUKHBIR SINGH” in partial fulfillment of requirements for the award of degree of B Arch submitted in the Department NAME OF THE INSTITUTE under PUNJAB TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY,KAPURTHALA,is an authentic record of my own work carried out during a period fromto under the supervision of NAME OF SUPERVISOR The matter presented in this thesis has notbeen submitted by me in any other University Institute for the award of B Arch Degree Signatureof the Student S.SUKHBIR SINGH DAYAL. This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of my/our knowledge.

Signature of the Supervisor Damandeep Kaur The B.Arch Viva Voce Examination of (SUKHBIR SINGH) has been held on and accepted.

Signature of H.O.D Dr.Gurkripal Singh

Signature of Thesis Guide Ar.Damandeep Kaur Signatureof Director.

Dr. Prabhjot Kaur

Signature of External 1

Signature of Visiting Faculty Ar.Jit Kumar Gupta

Signatureof External 2

Signatureof Visiting Faculty 2 Ar. Preeti Bhatia

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to place on record my deep sense of gratitude to Prof Damandeep Kaur, Dept of architecture, I K G PTU Mohali campus II, Mohali, India for her generous guidance, helpand and useful suggestions.

I express my sincere gratitude to Prof Dept of architecture, I K G PTU Mohali campus II,Mohali, India, for his stimulating guidance, continuous encouragement and supervision throughout the course of present work. i thank my family, classmates, and my juniors (Gurekam,Tanya and Siddharth) without whom this project could not had been completed.

Signature S.Sukhbir Singh Dayal

I Thesis Synopsis II Literature Review / Library Study

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

CONTENTS

III Reading of the site Analysis IV Case studies V Detailed Requirements VI Concepts /thought process VII Drawings VIIIBibliography

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T

he title “Bamboo as portrait of nature” is a phrase which explains that nature is creator as well as destroyer of the things happen around us and bamboo is part of the nature in which every bamboo has different faces and textures with high tensile strength.

“Sweven with foresight” is the subtitle for the design which is phrase that is made from two different words, sweven (a dream or vision) with foresight(future) This research project explores the possibility of applying bamboo as a primary material in architecture.

The proposed design is for Bengaluru International Convention Centre, located in Yelahanka, India. The facility is a complex of three distinctly different buildings, dedicated to experimentation, innovation, demonstration and promotion of sustainable construction. The project investigates how such a facility can be constructed by predominantly using bamboo. The Centre is necessary because the current, carbon intensive building practices in India are not sustainable in the long term.

Bamboo use begins by investigating bamboo as a material, its characteristics, advantages and sociocultural implications. Current knowledge, use of techniques and similar objectives of showcasing the true potential of this ‘green gold’ are some of the important characteristics reflected in the precedents.

The array of precedents yielded a selection

of possible construction systems and details. The investigated precedents, coupled with existing information, are significant to the research in providing strategies and guidelines for design. The site and its analysis, and the program development led to organising the site in the form of a campus with three key buildings- a Learning Centre, a Workshop and an Exhibition Centre.

Use of concrete and mortar only mostly in the plinth and uplifting the project from the ground to preserve the bamboo from the insect and oxidising the bamboo through bamboo treatment can enhance the utility and quality of the bamboo.

The intention is to change the public perception of bamboo.

The goal of the ecological centre is for developing communities to gain and disseminate knowledge and skills for optimising the use of locally sourced materials in a sustainable,

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

Abstract

socially acceptable and culturally appropriate manner.

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1.Thesis Synopsis: 1.1Introducing the proposed project and the clients.Brief objectives of the promoters and the user groups of the project.

1.3Research Question 1.4.Outline of Project 1.5.Aims And Objectives 1.6. Scope And Limitations 1.7Site Statement: 1.7.1alidity 1.7.2Location 1.7.3.Scope 1.7.4.Site details for development

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

Introduction

T

he development of convention centres, sport facilities and performing arts venues are increasingly being acknowledged for their role in simulating local economies and improving the quality of life of a nation’s citizens, conference and business tourism is hence a very important sector of the global tourism industry.

The booming convention market necessitates creation of not merely a convention centre but a convention destination with exhibition facilities, shopping plazas,clusters of hotels backwardforward linkages with international airports, mass transit systems and adequate parking.

1.1. Understanding Convention Centres: A convention centre is a large builiding that is designed to hold a convention where individuals and groups gather to promote and share there common interests. A convention centre is designed in most cases for the purpose of conducting meetings, rallies or seminars.It may also be adapted for specific events such as appearances by well known speakers or musicians. In some cases, meetings or other events take place in centres or building not specially designed for conventions, but large enough to accomodate attendees.

Convention centres recieve guests from local national and international

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markets.The various market segments that visit these facilites are dedicated by the types of events that are hosted.

1.2. The MICE Industry: MICE is a type of a tourism in which large groups, usually planned well in advance are brought together for a particular purpose. MICE is an acronym for the meetings, incentives, conventions and exhibitions tourism segment.

This is therefore a business oriented segment, involving obligatory (or nondiscretionary)travel. The incentives part of MICE is the odd one out though its related to business as it is usually provided to employees or dealers/distributors as a reward it tends to be leisure based.

1.4.Outline of Project: Bamboo has played a significant role in the lives of people in numerous countries in Asia, Africa and South America.Traditionally, it has been used to construct houses, bridges and other buildings, and has many other utilitarian applications. In recent times, concrete, steel and glass have replaced bamboo as a primary building material in these cultures.

Thereafter, bamboo was considered to be a ‘poor man’s’ wood.

However, bamboo has been released from this stigma as people are increasingly reviving regional, sustainable technologies.

The prospect of using bamboo as a building material in architecture is particularly promising. In this context, the project intends to rediscover the numerous advantages of using bamboo as a primary material in architecture and educate communities in emerging economies to embrace sustainability.

The centre, proposed in Bengaluru, India, will perform multiple functions of showcasing green design and sustainable technology, educating the people through community events, seminars and

workshops and promote bamboo construction techniques. The building project will particularly promote bamboo architecture by involving skilled local artisans and inviting design professionals, architects, engineers and students to attend collaborative design build workshops.

The significance of this project is that not only will it raise the level of ecological awareness of people at a local and international level, but support the local economy of the resident communities.

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

1.3.Research Question: How can bamboo architecture be used to design and build a facility as a showcase for sustainability?

Can such an architecture inspire communities and instil an awareness of sustainability in them?

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BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE 14

1.5.Aims And Objectives:

1.6. Scope And Limitations:

Many people in developing countries are oblivious of the detrimental effects of unsustainable practices in their daily lives, particularly in the construction industry.

• At a local level, the project’s main purpose is to educate and train local communities and craftsmen to confidently combine the use of their traditional building methods with sustainable technologies simultaneously maintaining an ecological balance.

• By pioneering an awareness of sustainable living, the aim would be to open new avenues to sustainable building and endeavour to bring bamboo centred building technologies into the conventional construction industry.

• The hub will commit to teach communities about their relationship with the land and its resources.

• By showcasing sustainable architecture through embracing the use of green and easily available materials, including bamboo, the proposed scheme will make an extensive effort to accentuate all the advantages of the material over others; eventually leading to the argument that bamboo can demonstrate itself to truly being a rediscovered material of the future.

• This project deals predominantly withusing bamboo as a primary material in architecture. The scope involves the scheme for an ecological facility in Bengaluru, committed to research and innovation, demonstration and promotion of sustainable (bamboo) construction.

• The emphasis is to design buildings of different scales and typologies, to showcase the potential possibilities of bamboo architecture.

• The project strives to address sociocultural and economic concerns. When these and other implications begin to overly influence and modify the investigation, priority is diverted to the architectural design and aesthetics of the facility.

• Additionally, the site is a limitation, because of its location in which is just beside the Bengaluru Airport due to which huge noise will be recieved as well as there will be limitation over the height of the buildings.

1.7.1.VALIDITY: According to the Karnataka State Industrial & Infrastructure Development Corporation limited this proposed site for the construction of the DEVELOPMENT OF BENGALURU SIGNATURE BUSINESS PARK is one of the part of the proposed site development for all the tourist as well as traders and groups gather together to promote and share common interests. (attached fig-1.).

1.7.2.LOCATION: The Project Site forms part of “Bengaluru Signature Business Park” proposed in about 407 acres land owned by KSIIDC and is strategically located adjacent to Kempegowda International Airport (KIA) in Devanahalli, in North Bengaluru.

The Project Site is about 40 km distance from Bengaluru CBD and is accessible through NH-7 connecting Bengaluru to Hyderabad. The land earmarked for the development is 35 acres and lies towards the North West of KIA as in figure below.

1.7.3.SCOPE: Using off-site workdays to motivate staff and improve their productivity is gaining popularity in the corporate world. Companies are also realizing the benefits to their business when regional dealer conferences, incentive trips and focused business meetings are organized in exotic locations which include sightseeing, recreation and shopping.

The Meetings, Incentives, Conventions and Exhibitions (MICE) segment of tourism caters to such corporate programmes which are tailor-made to suit the client’s requirements. MICE is used to refer to a particular type of tourism in which large groups, usually planned well in advance, are brought together for some particular purpose.

Considering the emerging urban centres of the state such as Yelahanaka, Mysore, Mangalore, Hubli which are being considered as next IT hubs of the state,

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

1.7Site Statement:

Figure -6: Site Marked adjacent to Bengaluru Airport 15

1.7.4.SITE DETAILS FOR DEVELOPMENT : • SITE AREA – 35 Acres • BUILT UP AREA – 60% GROUND COVERAGE AREA • FAR – 2.5 • HEIGHT RESTRICTION – 25M 1.7.5.INTENT: BANGALORE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE, YELAHANKA is the place for the gathering of all the people to hold a covnvention, where individuals and groups gather to promote and share common interests.

In which the Centre has to have sufficient FLOOR AREA to accommodate several thousand attendees which include Auditorium, Concert Halls, Lecture Halls, Meeting rooms, Conference rooms and also resort/hotel for the people coming from outside the city. Yelahanka is one of the fastest growing city as it is on outskirts of Bangalore and the site is nearest to the Airport which allows a number of International groups as well as the National groups to come and share their interests.

BANGALORE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE which covers a wide range of spaces and gives an opportunity to create a better space for living that leads to the SWEVEN with FORESIGHT.

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Figure -7: Master plan of the Kempegowda Area

Photograph Study of Site in Bengaluru,Yelahanka

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

the demand for MICE facilities near these urban centres is going to shoot up tremendously within few years.

Topic Selection And Justification

• Breif understanding of the topic selected.

• Defining the aims and objectives.

• Listing down the attributes and challenges of the project.

• Understanding various user group of project

Literature Study

• Design standard and guidelines • Study of bye laws and specialised services

Theoritical Studies Case Study

Site Anylasis

• Net studies • Live case studies

• Study of various aspects of the site at micro, macro and nano levels

Area Formulation

• Division of areas on the basis of standards derived from library study

Site Zoning

• Placement of various different building blocks on the site.

Concept Development

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

1.7.6.Methodology:

Design Process

Final Design Proposal

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Theoretical Study: Understanding conventions and their types. User analysis as per the various space requirements.

2.1 Understanding conventions 2.2. Types of conventions 2.3. User and space analysis 3.1.Public movement pattern for convention centres 3.2. The auditorium 3.3. Conference rooms 3.4. Exhibition galleries 3.5. Restaurants 3.6. Central kitchens 3.7. Fire norms by NBC 3.8. Vertical circulation 3.9. Parking 4.1.About Bamboo 4.2.Various uses of bamboo.

4.3.Harvesting and selection 4.4.Tools 4.5.Joinery 4.6.Bamboo treatment for Longer life 4.7.Shelter

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

2.1.Understanding Conventions: A convention is a gathering of individuals who meet at an arranged place and time in order to discuss or engage in some common interest.

Conventions are often planned and coordinated by professional meeting and convention planners, generally by staff of the convention’s hosting company.

Most large cities will have a convention centre dedicated to hosting such events. The term MICE- meetings incentives. Conventions and exhibitions- is widely used in Asia as a description of the industry.

2.2. Types of conventions: The most common conventions are based upon industry, profession and fandom.

Along with them, • Trade conventions: It typically lays focus on a particular industry or industry segment, and feature keynote speakers, vendor displays, and other information and activities of interest to the event organizers and attendee.

• Professional conventions: They focus on issues of concern to the profession and advancements in the profession. Such conventions are generally organized by societies dedicated to promotion of the topic of interest.

• Fan conventions: They usually feature displays, shows, and sales based on pop culture and guest celebrities.

• Seminars: They are meetings organized to inform a group of people 20

about a specific topic, or to teach a specific skill. Expert speakers and teachers are usually invited to speak on various topics.

• Social events: A large gathering organized to celebrate major life events and religious ceremonies.

Common social events include: anniversaries, weddings and birthdays.

• Trade shows/Exhibitions: They are an opportunity for companies to exhibit some of their latest products, as well as yet to be released prototypes to journalists as well as others in the industry.

Figure 8-Trade Conventions

Figure 9 - Professional Conventions

Figure 10-Fan Conventions

Components Public Use

Space analysis

1

Entrance Hall

Users: Delegates,performers and staff.

Description: 1. The major connectivity between the various components of the convention centre.

2. It acts as an ideal space for delegates to network.

3. Spaces like information kiosk and waiting lounges form a part of the entrance hall.

2

Registration centre

Users: People taking part in various conventions.

Description: 1. It acts as a space where people attending various events register themselves.

3

Toilets

4

Exhibition Halls

Users: All occupants.

Description: 1. The size and quantity of toilets to be provided shall be in accordancw with the NBC standards.

2. They shall be provided for peak capacity.

Users: All occupants.

Description: 1.Trade relative promoters take part in the trade shows to promote their products.

2. Large span structures and column free spaces are required for these promotions.

3. Crowd management of such components becomes necessary.

1

Auditorium/ Plenary hall

Users: Performers, delegates and local people.

Description: 1. The purpose of the auditorium is to accommodate large scale gatherings for various events like dance, drama and delegations.

2. The design of the auditorium shall be evolved in accordance to various standard guidelines subjected to auditorium design.

2

Conference Rooms

3

Seminar Rooms

4

Public Amenities

Users: Delegates and staff.

Description: 1. They hold meetings and small company training sessions for 20-30 people.

Users: Delegates and staff.

Description: 1. They are ideal for small-scale events like workshops, training sessions, press conferences, etc.

2. They are large enough to seat attendees in theatre configurations ranging from 50-200 people.

Users: Delegates Description: 1. They include smoking lounges, ATMs, phone boths, etc.

2. Only people attending any eventin the convention centre shall have an access to these amenities.

1

Administrative offices

Users: Staff of the convention centre.

Description: 1. It contains offices for the convention centre which handles the general functioning.

2

Control Room

Users: Staff.

Description: 1. The control room will monitor the overall functioning of the convention centre.

1

Parking

Users: Anyone visiting ICC. Description: 1. Car and bus parking as per norms laid by NBC and DDA.

2

Loading docks/ Bays

3

Service Block AC Plant Room; Electrical substa; Maintenance Deptt.

Back of House: The Kitchen

Users: Staff Description: 1. They form a crucial part for loading/unloading purpose in the exhibition pavillions.

Users: Staff

Semi Public Use

Private Use

Service Areas

4

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

2.3. Space and user analysis:

Users: Staff Description: 1. It shall serve all the events hosted by the convention centre.

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BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

6. Space standards Segregation of the public movement pattern and the details of the anthropometric standards of the various components of the project.

3.1.Public movement pattern convention centres 3.2. The auditorium 3.3. Conference rooms 3.4. Exhibition galleries 3.5. Restaurants 3.6. Central kitchens 3.7. Fire norms by NBC 3.8. Vertical circulation 3.9. Parking

for

3.1. Public movement pattern for Convention Centres: Communication and functionality can be improved by implementing efficient circulation patterns in a convention centre. People visiting or working in a convention centre can be divide into 5 broad categories: • • • • •

Public Flow Delegate Flow VIP Flow Journalist Flow Staff Flow

3.1.1. Delegates Flow: Delegates form the important group of users for a convention centre. The parking shall lead them to the main entrance foyer which further directs them to their destination. An unobstructed movement is very important.

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3.1.2. Public Flow: Dignified personalities are invited depending on the nature of the conference. It can also have relatives and public guests invited by the organisation. The public guests also have access to the exhibition areas and hence these areas shall a separate access to manage the public flow during peak hours efficiently.

3.1.3. VIP Flow: They shall either directly lead to the dais of the main hall or shall enter through the VIP entrance which is connected to a VIP lounge.

3.1.4. Staff Flow: The staff can be divided into two categories namely the technical staff who are responsible fpr the efficient working of the convention centre while the others are the administrative staff who are exposed to the people coming to the centre.

The paths of the technical and administrative staff diverse at the staff entrance.

3.1.5. Journalist Flow: It includes press people, cameraman and diplomats. They shall have a direct access to the documentation centre and the TV studio of the convention centre.

3.2. The Auditorium: The three – dimensional volume or an auditorium is conditioned by the need for all members of the audience to be able to see the whole of the platform or stage; and to hear the actor, singer, musician or speaker. Seating density, floor rake and seating layout are partly determined by this, partly to give the audience an appropriate level of comfort and essentially to ensure a means of escape

3.2.1. Seating :

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

the section also set an arc centred on the performer.

(a)

in an emergency, such as a fire, within the time required by safety considerations and by legislation. (a)

(b)

(b) Figure 12: Auditorium Seating: definitions of terms and dimensional information (to be read in conjunction with table I): (a) Plan, (b) Section.

Figure 11: Visual and Aural limitations: (a) Plan: for a performer to centre stage Y beyond which Visual and aural perceptions are impaired.

However, for performers neared the side of the stage A and C Produce more restrictive curves X(b) Section: similarly, visual and aural limits in Dimension

Description

Mini Maxi mum mum( Drawn as (mm) mm)

F G H

Overall seath depth Tipped seat Seatway Back to back seat spacing Seat width for seat with arms Annrest height Seat height Armrest height

50 430 600

450

50 440 600

I

Seatback height 800

850

800

J K

Seat Inclination Back Inclination

9 20

7 15

A B C D E

600

720

650

425 305

500

450 400

760

850

500

750

525

17 15

Table - 5 : Dimensions for Tablet Chair

• Writing surface: Conference use may require a writing surface for note-taking. The writing surface may be: - A tablet fixed to each seat.

- A fixed table with fixed pivoting or sliding seat.

Figure 13-Tablet Chair 23

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

Fig.14: Invented by A. F. Krueger. chair with a folding tablet arm and to a tablet arm.

Figure 15: (a) Fixed table form (b) Fixed writing surface, individual pivoting seats, section and plan.

(b)

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(a)

- Number of seat in a row: With traditional seating the maximum number is 22if there are gangways at both ends of the row and 11 for gangway at one end. Rows with more than 22 seats are permitted if the audience is not there by impaired.

- Row to row spacing: Spacing is controlled by the clearway between the leading edge of the seat and the rear of the back of the seat in front. For traditional seating the minimum clearway for people to pass along the row is 300 mm and the dimension increases with the number of seats in a row. For continental seating the clearway is not less than 400mm and not more than 500 mm

- Seating geometry: Seating is usually laid out in straight or curved rows focused towards the platform or stage. Further forms are the angled row, straight row with curved change of direction and straight rows within emphasised blocks of seats

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

- Audience requirements: Every member of the audience should be able to see and hear clearly whatever is happening on every part of the stage or platform. The greater the encirclement of the audience of platform or stage, more people can be accommodated within the aural and visual limitations up to 180-degree encirclement, with a full encirclement, the distance from platform or stage is restricted to six rows.

of seats served. The minimum is 1100 mm. they can be ramped up to 10% if the seating rake is sleeper, gangways must have steps extending the full width and these must have consistent treads and risers in each run.

Figure 16: Alternative arrangement for Auditorium

3.2.2. Auditorium Design:

- Gangways: As gangways are essential escape routes, their widths are determined by the number 25

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

- Seating density: Seats with arms and tippable seat can occupy a space as small as 500 mm wide with a row-to-row dimension of 760 mm; but can be as large as 750 mm wide by 1400 mm . the area per seat therefore varies between 0.38 m2 and 1.05 m2.

(b)

(b.)

Horizontal sightlines of the performer.

Figure 20: Determining the Width of an Auditorium

3.2.3. Means of escape:

Figure 17: seating density, from 0.38m2 to 1.05m2 per person.

- Sightlines for a seated audience: For every member of the audience to have an uninterrupted view of the platform or stage over the heads in front and clear of overhangs the section and plan of the auditorium to certain limitations set by vertical and horizontal sightlines.

Figure 18: Graphic representation of vertical sightlines at a transversal gangway.

Figure 19: sightlines

(a) 26

Horizontal

(a.) The maximum comfortable amount the head can be turned from the seat centre line is 30o.

• Travel distance: The maximum travel distance from seat to exit within the auditorium is determined by the need to evacuate from each level of the auditorium within 2 ½ minutes. For traditional setting the maximum travel distance is 18m measured from the gangway, for continental seating 15m from any seats.

• Exits: From each level of the auditorium two separate exits must be provided for the first 500 seats with an additional exit for each further 250 seats.

• Stairs: Staircase flights should have at least 2 risers and not more than 16. All treads should be 275 mm and risers 180 mm.

• Ramps: Wheelchair users should be provided with flat or ramped escape routes which may be separate from other routes. Ramps should not be longer than 4.5 m or steeper than 8.5%.

upto 200 201-300 301-400 401-500 751-1000 1001-2000

Minimum total exit widths(m)

3.3.2 Space standards

2.2 2.4 2.8 3.2 6.4 14.4

Consideration must be given to clearances and circulation around the larger conference table, as indicated in the adjoining figure.

Table - 6 : No. of Exit According to no. of pax

3.3. Conference Rooms: A conference hall or conference room is a room provided for singular events such as business conferences and meetings.

Sometimes other rooms are modified for large conferences such as arenas or concert halls. Conference rooms can be windowless for security purposes.

Type Dimension

A B C D E F

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

Number of people

Figure 22: Boardroom style of Conference room

1210-1520 100-150 510-610 150-255 460-610 790-910

Table - 6 : Dimension and standards for seating Figure 21: Seating standards for conference table

6.3.1 Types of seating: Type

Figure 23: Theatre style of Conference room

Description

1

U shaped

1.Seating around three sides of the room.

2. It is good for presentations from front.

3.Presentation space in the middle of the room.

4. Can be used for up to 50 persons.

5. Per seat area is 3.25 metre square.

2

Boardroom style

1. Centrally located table.

2.Classic layout ideal for debate and discussion.

3. Seating capacity 5-30 persons.

4. Per seat area is 3.71 metre square.

3

Cabaret style

1. All delegates facing front-centre on round tables.

2. Large space in the middle of the room.

3. Ideal for small-group work.

4. Per seat area is 1.57 metre square.

4

Theater style

1. Used for product launches, presentations, displays.

2. Used to present to large numbers of delegates.

3. Can be used for 100-250 persons.

4. Per seat area is 0.83 metre square.

Layout

Table - 7 :Types of Conference rooms 27

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

3.4 Exhibition Galleries: An exhibition is an organized presentation and display of a selection of items. In practice, exhibitions usually occur within museums, galleries and exhibition halls, and World’s Fairs. Exhibitions can include many things such as art in both major museums and smaller galleries, interpretive exhibitions, natural history museums and history museums, and also varieties such as more commercially focused exhibitions and trade fairs.

3.4.1 General Planning The relationships between functions are common to all museums and art galleries. Figure 23 shows collection item movements in the operation of collection services, but note that not every operation necessarily requires a separate space, and some services may be provided by outside agencies.

As far as possible, collection movement and public circulation should be kept separate. Figure 24 shows one approach to zoning and expansion based on this principle.

3.4.2. Space Standards: a. Aisles: • Must be a minimum width of 3 metres.

• Must equal total width of existing exits.

• Must have 2 exits.

• Must have no dead ends. b. Fire exits/ Clearways: Designated fire exits and clear ways cannot be encroached upon under any circumstance. Storage of materials or equipment in these areas is not permitted. It is the responsibility of the event organizer to ensure that stand holders comply with this requirement.

Figure 25: Flow diagram of collection item movements in the operation of collection services: exhibitions, conservation and collections management.

Figure 24: A layout concept showing a clear relationship between museum functions and an approach to zoning and expansion.

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BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

c. Pedestrian mobility :

Figure 26: Figure depicting various scenarios for pedestrian mobility for various types of exhibit spaces

d.Queue management: Figure 27: Figure depicting various entrance and exits required and the types of entrances permissible for any exhibit area based on user group.

Figure 28: Figure depicting various queuing area requirements both during light and heavy traffic.Also, buffer areas need to provide to accomodate various types of visitors.

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BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

3.5. Restaurants: A place where people pay to sit and eat meals that are cooked and served on the premises. Various types of restaurants are classified based upon menu, style, preparation methods and pricing.

3.5.1. Types of restaurants Type

Description

1 Fine dining restaurants with bar

1.These are full service restaurants with specific dedicated meal courses.

2. Décor of such restaurants features higher-quality an eye towards 2 Casual dining materials, 1. A casualwith dining restaurant is restaurants a restaurant that serves moderately-priced food in a casual atmosphere.

2. Except for buffet-style restaurants, casual dining restaurants typically provide Table - 8 :Types of Restaurants

30

• To eat comfortably, one person requires a 600 mm wide and 400 mm deep table.

• Service aisles should be minimum 900 mm to 1350 mm wide if used both by trolleys and guests.

• Area required per person ranges from 1.3-1.9 m2.

• There must be clarity in organisation between self-service, fast food, etc.

3.5.2. Relationship of main elements: The layout and relationship between different areas is dependent on the type of facility.

The kitchen and preparation areas will equal about 50% of the dining space and ancillary and storage will be about 1.5-2 times the kitchen area.

3.5.3. Space standards:

Figure 29: Circular tables with diagonal layout.

• Restaurants should be planned so that a variety of seating arrangements is possible (e.g. tables for two and four).

Figure 30: Square and rectangle tables with horizontal and diagonal layout.

Figure 31: Circulation space requirements

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE Figure 32: Different types og dining layouts

Type

A B C D E F G H

Dimension Table - 9 :Bar dimesions

1370 450-610 610 760 400-450 610-760 760-910 710-960

supported by bar store and place for seating should be provided.

• Cocktail lounge (comfortable) 1.82.0m2 per person.

• General bar (some standing and on stools) 1.3-1.7m2 per person.

Figure 33: Bar Circulation dimensions

and a separate smoking area.

3.5.4. Bar service: • To encourage business from non-diners the main bar may have an external entrance.

• A fairly long bar counter

Figure 34: Circulation space requirements 31

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

3.5.5. Toilet facility:

Sanitary Appliance

Male

Female

1

WC

1 per 100 up to 400 2 per 50 up to 200 females. For males. For over 400 over 200, add at the rate of 1 males, add at the rate of per 100 females.

1 per 250 males.

2 3

Urinals Wash basins

4

Toilets for disabled

1 per 50 males.

1 per WC and in addition 1 per WC 1 per 5 urinals.

1 unisex compartment should be reasonably close by.

Table - 10 :Requirements of Toilets

3.6 Central kitchen: Kitchen requirements vary depending on preparations methods used. The capacity of the kitchens primarily dependent on the number of the customer seats, customer expectations and the proportion of raw materials which have to be freshly prepared.

Group catering for large number of people requires labour saving mechanization and automatic units i.e. a programmed kitchen for meal plan, through goods procurement to meal distribution and crockery cleaning for more than 800-1000 table places.

• Allow approximately 50%extra for staff toilets (0.4m2/person), locker and changing room (0.6 m2 per person).

• The kitchen should be planned on one level to serve all catering outlets.

• If this is not possible, the main kitchen should be on the same level as the main restaurant, with preparation and stores on a different level.

• Banqueting service area not next to kitchen should be linked by service lifts and stairs and have their own

Figure 35: Graph representing area calculation for various zones in kitchen and programmed kitchen function.

32

safety norms by the national building code of India.

Figure 36: Conventional kitchen schematic layout with direct meal server.

forward service equipment.

Certain of the preparation processes may be located in separate floors. A bakery, for example, may be tucked out of the way but thought must be given to the flow of materials to and away from this area.

Generally, the plan is a continuous process, always moving forward from one step to the next, with back-tracking and cross ovens limited as far as possible.

Every building shall be constructed, equipped, maintained and operated as to avoid undue danger to the life and safety of the occupants from fire, smoke, fumes or panic during the time period necessary for escape.

3.7.1.General exit requirements: • An exit may be a doorway to an external staircase or internal staircase or terraces which have

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

3.7.Fire

accesses to the street or to the roof of a building or a refuge area.

• All exits shall provide continuous means of egress to the exterior of a building or open space leading to a street.

• Exits shall be so arranged that they may be reached without passing through another occupied unit.

3.7.2.Capacity of exits: • The unit of exit width used to measure the capacity of any exit shall be 500mm. a clear width of 250 mm shall be counted as an additional half unit. Clear widths less than 250 mm shall not be counted for exit widths.

• In an assembly building (convention centre) the capacity per storey per unit width of exit of stairways, ramps and doors is 40,50 and 60 respectively.

• The travel distance to an exit from the dead end of the corridor shall not exceed 30m in case of 33

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

assembly buildings.

3.7.3.Doorways: • No exit doorway shall be less than1000mm in width except assembly buildings where door width shall be not less than 2000mm. Doorways shall not be less than 2000mm in height.

3.7.4.Stairways and ramps: • The minimum width of tread shall be 300mm and the maximum height of riser shall be 150mm for assembly buildings.

• The minimum width for a staircase shall be 2m.

• The minimum headroom in the passage under the landing of a staircase and under the staircase shall be 2.2m • The slope of the ramp should not exceed 1 in 10. In certain cases, steeper slopes may be permitted but in no case greater than 1 in 8.

6.7.5.Horizontal exits: • For buildings more than 24m in height, refuge area of 15 m2 or an area equivalent to 0.3 m2 per person to accommodate the occupants of two consecutive floors.

Figure 37: Cross section of an escalator.

34

3.8.Vertical circulation: 3.8.1.Escalators: • Escalators are required for continuous mass transportation of people. The standard dimensions for various depths of an escalator are prescribed in the table below: • Angle of inclination of an escalator from the horizontal shall not exceed 300 , but for rises not exceeding 6m the angle of inclination is permitted to be increased up to 350.

• In accordance with the worldwide standards, the width of the steps to

• • • •

be used is 60cm (for one person), 80cm (for one to two people width) and 100cm (for two people width).

A 100cm step provides proper space for carrying goods.

Calculation for length in plan for an escalator: With 30deg. Escalator = 1.732 storey height With 35deg. Escalator = 1.428 storey height • The landing area of escalator shall have a surface that provides

Figure 38: Esclator width .

• COURSE

YEAR

BOARD/UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL/COLLEGE

PERCENTAGE

BBA

2017-2020

BANGALORE UNIVERSITY

MS RAMAIAH COLLEGE OF ARTS, SCIENCE AND COMMERCE

85.42%

12

2017

ISCE

10

2015

ICSE

Table - 11 :Dimension for Esclator

SAINT AGNES SCHOOL, KHARAGPUR SAINT AGNES SCHOOL, KHARAGPUR

Figure 39: Superimposed

Figure 40: Crossover

Figure 41: Double Crossover

84.50%

87.67%

3.8.2.Elevators • Location : Passenger lifts should be within a reasonable walking distance from the furthest part of the floor areas served (say 70m maximum) and where they are the only or main lifts near an entrance. The location of goods and service lifts will depend on their function, but they should not open into passenger lift lobbies or public areas.

• Planning a passenger lift: Cul-de-sac or recessed lobbies

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a secure foothold for a minimum distance of 0.85 m measured from the roof of the comb teeth.

, are essential to get the maximum performance from lift groups. Clearly, having called for lift service the waiting passengers should not have to walk further than necessary to the responding lift car, and should not be obstructed be passers-by.

Figure 42:(a)plan of recessed lobby and machine room for multi lift installation(b)plan of cul-de-sac lobby and machine room.

Figure 43: Different types of Door opening 35

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

Selecting the size of an Elevator: Type General purpose passenger traffic (speed 1m/s) Intensive passenger electric traction(speed:2.5m/s) General purpose goods lift electric traction(speed:0.5/0.63/1m/s) Heavy duty good, electric traction

Capacity/load Persons/kg

Shaft size mm

Car size mm

Door mm

Pit mm

13/1000

2400X2300

1600X1400

1100

1800

16/1250

2600X2300

1950X1400

1100

1900

21/1600

2600X2600

1950X1750

1100

1900

13/1000

2400X2300

1600X1400

1100

2800

16/1250

2600X2300

1950X1400

1100

2800

21/1600 13/100

2600X2600 2100X2100

1950X1750 1400X1800

1100 1400

2800 1500

26/2000

2600X2900

1700X2000

1700

1500-1800

26/2000

2900X2500

2000X2100

1800

1500-1800

Table - 12 :Dimension for Elevators

3.8.3.Ramps: • These are used to allow wheeled vehicles such as trolley, wheel chairs and buggies to change levels.

• A ramp when provided should not have a slope greater than 1 in 20 or maximum of 1 in 12 for short distance up to 9000mm.

Figure 44:Location of landing in straight external ramp

• Each ramp shall have at least 1800mm of straight clearance at the bottom.

• At least one entrance usable by individuals in wheelchairs shall be on a level that would make the elevators accessible.

• Width of ramp: It is determined according to type and intensity of use. One-way travel requires a minimum width of 900mm clear, whereas the two way travel needs 1500mm. where turns occur at landing adequate space for maneuvering wheel chairs must be provided.

36

3.8.4.Internal staircase: • All assembly buildings having area more than 500m2 on each floor shall have a minimum of two staircases.

• The minimum width of a staircase in an assembly building shall be 1500mm.

• The formula for most staircases of twice the rise plus the going lies between 600 and 630 mm will give a suitable relationship.

• The rise should not exceed 190mm , and the going should not be less than 250mm.

• The top of the handrail should be between 900 and 100mm above the pitch line.The minimum headroom in a passage under the landing of a staircase and under the staircase shall be 2.2m.

Maximum pitch

Rise

Going

32.7degrees

Minimum 135 Minimum 280 16 risers Maximum 180 Maximum 340

Table - 13 :Dimension for Stairs

Maximum risers per flight

3.9.1.Surface parking: • Parking stalls should be built to accommodate the larger cars frequently used, although not necessarily the very largest. Parking spaces may be parallel, perpendicular or angled to the driving lane or aisle, area per ECS for surface car parking as per DDA is 23m2..

3.9.2.Basement parking: • Every basement shall be in every part at least 2.4m in height from the floor to the underside of the roof slab or ceiling.

• Adequate ventilation shall be provided for the basement.

• The access to the basement shall be separate from the main and alternative staircase providing access and exit

from higher floors.

• Area per ECS for basement car parking as per DDA is 32m2.

Type Perpendicular

Description Layout 1.Effective in low turn over rate or long term parking areas .

2.Most efficient and economical since it accomodates the most vehicles per linear meter

Advantages/disadvantages

Angled-60 degree

1.This parking configuration is ideal for a fast turnover rate.

2.This is often offset by difficulties of inefficient circulation patterns and one way aisles.

Advantages: 1.Easy maneuvring in and out of parking spaces.

2.Good visibility.

3.Lend itself to either one or two way aisles.

Disadvantages: 1.Requires more pavement per vehicle than perpendicular configuration.

Angles 45 degree

The 45 degree angled parking configuration displays similar benefits and limitations as the 60 degree.

Advantages: 1.Reduces width requirements for layout.

2.Easy maneuvring in and out of parking spaces.

3.Good visibility to the rear.

Disadvantages: 1.Does not work well with two way aisles.

2.Requires more pavement per vehicle than perpendicular parking configuration.

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

3.9.Parking:

Advantages: 1.Works well with either one or two way aisles.

2.Handles the most vehicles per square meter of pavemant.

Disadvantages: 1.Requires widest area .

2.Two way traffic can create visibility problems.

Table - 14 :Parking 37

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

3.9.2.1.Ramp systems:

Type Clearway ramp systems

Adjacent ramp

Description · Interfloor travel path completely separated from potentially conflicting parkingunparking movements. · Provide safest movement with least delay. · Preferred for self park design. · Part or all of ramp travel is performed on access aisles. · Requires less area per parking stalls · Twofold use of travel paths. · More susceptible to traffic movement delays.

Layout

Table - 15 :Ramp systems

3.9.2.2.Ramp designs:

Type

Opposed ramp design

Description

· Vehicles rotate in the same direction. · Up and down ramps in the opposite direction. · Required ramp surfaces to be opposed.

Parallel ramp · Up and down ramp slope in the design same direction. · Ramp surfaces are parallel. · Vehicles must rotate in opposite directions · Cheaper to construct.

Table - 16:Ramp Designs

38

Layout

Type Split level or staggered floor systems

Description Floor levels in one section is staggered vertically by one half storey from those in adjacent sections.

Advantage/disadvantages Advantages: 1.Construction is relatively simple.

2.The design fits well on rectangular sites.

3.Efficient in terms of floor space per vehicle parking stall Disadvantages: Frequent conflicts may arise between circulating traffic and parking and unparking vehicles.

Sloping floor systems

1. Consist of sloping levels.

2.Contains two adjacent parking modules tilted in opposite directions.

Advantages: 1.The relatively flat floor slope permits comfortable parking and pedestrian walking.

2.Floor to floor travel distance is greater in sloping floor garages than in other types of ramp garages.

Disadvantages: Cause congestion during peak out bound movements.

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

3.9.2.3.Floor systems:

Figure 46 : Sloping floor systems

Figure 45 : Split level or staggered floor systems

Table - 17 :floor systems

39

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

4.1. About Bamboo:

4.2. Various use of bamboo:

Bamboo is woody and fast growing grass, which occurs naturally on every major continent except Europe. There are almost 1200 species of bamboo in the world, distributed across 110 genera.

Bamboo is grass, typically woody, and fast growing.The bamboo plant has an extensive underground network, of which the singular

Figure 48 : Bamboo Knives

feature is the rhizome.

Over the ground, a stem (or culm) arises from the rhizome. The culm is normally a hollow cylinder, tapering towards its top. An emerging culm is called a shoot. It is protected bysheaths that stay with the culm till it develops fully.

The growing rhizome is similarly protected

Figure 49 : Bamboo Broom

by a sheath,which is however not normally visible since it is below the ground.Roots extend from the nodes of the rhizome and fromthat part of the culm which is closer to the soil surface.

Most bamboos are monocarpic plants; they flower (andfruit) once in their lifetime and then die.Bamboo is widely adopted by different culture for itsversatility across the world. Use of bamboo evolve withthe different culture and community

40

and its still evolving.

Figure 50: Bamboo Suspension bridge

Figure 47 : Bamboo plant

Figure 51: Bamboo Muda

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE Figure 52: Mould made of Bamboo Slates

Figure 57: Bamboo as Basket

Figure 53: Bamboo Soft Board

Figure 58: Bamboo as chair

Figure 54: Bamboo Veneer Board

Figure 56: Bamboo Shelf

Figure 59: Bamboo as Raft

Figure 55: Bamboo as Flower pot 41

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

4.3. Harvesting And Selection: 4.3.1. Harvesting: • It is important to follow good harvesting practices to ensure sustainable yields: Do not cut culms younger than three years.

• Do not harvest in the rainy season. In India it is advisable to harvest in the winter season when the soluble sugars are the lowest .

• Do not harvest from a flowering grove.

• Do not cut lower than the second node, or higher than 300mm above the ground.

• Remove branches, culm tips, and all harvest debris. Waste material obstructs growth, encourages disease and makes later harvests more difficult.

• Retain leaves for mulch. Their 6% silica helps harden later culms.

• Leave a minimum of six mature culms uncut in each clump to sustain grove vitality and ensure a steady yield. As new culms grow around the edge a solution is to use the horseshoe method by cutting a narrow path into the grove and harvest the mature culms from within.

• The best natural protection will result by harvesting mature culms during the winter months, leaving them upright for a few days after harvesting and then soaking them in water for 4-12 weeks.

7.3.2. Grading of bamboo: • The shape size and quality of bamboo can vary greatly even within a given species. The following grading rules will help in selecting the best material for

42

Figure 60: Bamboo to be selected and harvested

•

•

•

•

•

construction.

Straightness- the bamboo culms should be as straight as possible. A line stretched between the tip and butt ends should not fall outside of the culm.

Taper- or change in diameter over length should be kept to a minimum. A maximum taper of 10mm per meter is acceptable for lengths up to 3 meters.

Nodes- nodes are the strong points in the culm and should be used to advantage especially at critical joints. (Follow details as given in drawings).

Splitting- it is a good practice to cut bamboo lengths longer than required to allow cutting away of split ends that can have a serious effect on the strength of the bamboo Insect/fungal attack- bamboo culms that show signs of insect or fungi attack should be avoided.

7.4. Tools:

Figure 61: Hand tools for planting bamboo and care

Figure 65: Different size of Splitters for the Bamboo

Figure 62: Hand tools for shaping bamboo with hexo

Figure 66: Cutting Machine for Bamboo.

Figure 63: Different types of Katari

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4.3.3. Selection and Size of Bamboo: • Only bamboos with at least three-year maturity shall be used in construction.

• For the main structural elements of the house particularly posts and beams, Bambusa Balcoa or similar in the region can be used.

• For roofing elements like rafters and purlins Bambusa Tulda or Bambusa Balcoa or similar in the can be used.

• Bambusa Nutans or other bamboos shall be used for the lattice work in wattle and daub walls.

• Columns and roof members should be a minimum of 70-100 mm in diameter at thin end of bamboo and wall thickness of bamboo not less than 1012 mm. The distance between nodes (internodes length) should not exceed 300-600 mm.

Figure 64:Traditional Handtools

43

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE 44

4.5. Joinery of Bamboo : All the joinery in the structure is based on four types of lashing and three types of shear keys. The following terminologies will describe the joinery.

1. Lashing: Lashing is used for joining two or more poles together with a tying material.

2. Wrap: A wrap is a turn around two or more poles.

3. Frap: A frap is turn made between two poles to pull the wrap together.

4. Dowel: Dowel is a pin (wood or bamboo with fibers in longitudinal direction) of 10 mm. Diameter inserted right through the pole 5. Clove Hitch: Clove hitch lashing is used for joining two or more poles together with a tying material.

6. Square Lashing: Square lashing shall begin and end in a clove hitch. It shall be used in a condition where there is no tendency for poles to spring apart.

7. Diagonal Lashing: The square lashing shall begin with timber hitch and end in a clovehitch. It shall be used in condition where there is tendency for poles to spring apart.

8. Shear Lashing: A shear lashing shall begin and end with a clove hitch. Two ore more poles shall be first wrapped and then frapped to tighten the poles together.

9. Figure of Eight Lashing: Lashing shall begin and end with a clove hitch. Three poles shall be first wrapped and then frapped to tighten the poles together.

Figure 67: Square Lashing

Figure 68: Diagonal Lashing

Figure 69: Sheer Lashing

Figure 70: Figure of Eight Lashing

If there is not a node, the bamboo becomesflattened. It is recommended to insert a wood cylinder in order to avoid the flattening.

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

Pressure

Fill up the internode with cement mortar 1:2

In order to avoid the flattening of the beam in Fig. A, is necessary that the beam has node at the end. And to fill up the internode with cement mortar in case that the wall thickness is small Bamboo section with node

Wood cylinder

Figure 71: Avoid the crushing of horizantal members

45

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

Detail: 01

Detail: 02

Detail: 03

Detail: 04

Detail: 05

Figure 72: Fixing horizontal and vertical members with Bolts,nuts and dowel 46

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

Detail: 01

Detail: 02

Figure 75: Column Beam joint

Detail: 03

Detail: 04

Figure 73: Double And Quadruple Beams

Figure 76: Column Beam joint with steel clamps

Figure 74: Simple Single Beam Examples 47

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

7.5.2 Foundation and Plinth: The practice of putting bamboo post directly in the ground shall not be permitted. Bamboo posts shall be fixed into the plinth.

The distance between two pedestal footings/ Piles shall not be more than 2.0 m for bamboo based superstructure.

Figure 78: Don’t Place Bamboo direct in Soil

Minimum diameter of bamboo posts at thinner and shall not be less than 70 mm.

Unsupported height of the post shall not be more than 3.0 m. if the height of the post is longer, a horizintal tie of bamboo shall be provided.

Tar or Creosote treatment at the bottom of the post is required that needs to be embedded in the plinth.

A 300 mm deep and 100mm diameter hole shall be made in the plinth beam and the foundation pile/pier below to embeded and fix the bamboo post. The post shall be erected in this hole and clean sand shall be filled and compacted around the post in the hole. A shear key of split bamboo shall be fixed through the plinth beam and the bamboo pos

Figure 77: Fixing detail of bamboo post into plinth masonbry

48

Figure 79: Do Place Bamboo embedded in RCC foundation

Figure 80: Alternatively, the bamboo postcan be fixed with bolts to the plinth. In this case, bolst shall be embedded at appropriate places at the time of casting plinth beam.

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

Figure 81: Fixing detail of bamboo to plinth using bolted connection Figure 84: Foundation with Brick Pedestral

Figure 82: Pile Foundation Plan Figure 85: Excavating for Pile foundation

Figure 83: Pile Foundation Sections 49

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

Figure 86: Columns after the 4’ height to bamboo

Figure 88: Plinth with Precast Piles

Figure 89: Plinth level 1’6”

50

Figure 87: Bamboo and RCC joint

Of Shelter: Bamboo has very little natural toxicity and therefore, is easily prone to fungi and insect attack. The objective of treatment is to remove the starch and other carbohydrates (soluble sugars) that attract fungi and insects and replace it with chemicals in the cells of the bamboo thereby increasing the life of the bamboo. Well treated bamboo has a life expectancy of 50 years without losing its structural properties.

The efficiency of the chemical treatment is influenced by anatomical structure of the bamboo culm. There are no radial pathways in the culm tissue, like the ray cells in wood, and lateral cell-to-cell movement of preservative depends on a slow diffusion process. Freshly cut culms are easier to treat due to the water-filled cells providing a continuous transportation channel. Both ends of the culms should

be cut up to the next node in order to remove the blockage of vessels.

Whereas there are several indigenous treatment systems like limewash and smoking of bamboo, chemical treatments are known to have longer effect against fungi and insects. The use of water as a solvent to carry the preservatives into the cells of the bamboo. Water-soluble salts are dissolved in water, on treatment

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

4.6. Bamboo Treatment forLonger Life

the water evaporates leaving the salts inside the bamboo.

The recommended salts are boric acid, borax and copper sulphate. Boron salts are effective against borers, termites and fungi (except soft rot fungi).

High concentrations of salts have fire retardant properties as well. They are not toxic.

Figure 90 : Necessary Tools Required for Bamboo Treatment 1

2

3

4

7

8

9

5

6

1. Rubber Gloves, 2. Adjustable Wrench, 3. Tape 4. Hardwood back saw, 5. Funnel, 6. Clamp, 7. Adjustable Spanner, 8. Screwdriver, 9. Hand Operated Pump 51

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

7.6.1.Hand Operated Pump Detail: A. Nozzle connection bamboo with envelop B. Pressure Regulator C. Solution regulator D. Hose pipe E. Pressure gauge F. Solution Input G. Solution outlet H. Handle for pumping

Figure 91 : Hand operated pump Detail

7.6.1.1. Bamboo Treatment Step by Step:

Fill up the Pump Fill up the Pump Cylinder up to 3/4 with Borax / Boric Acid Solution using a funnel

Figure 92 : Filling up Pump with chemical solutions.

Prepare Bamboo Make a fresh cut on the bamboo with the Hardwood back saw about 10 cm away from the node

Figure 93 : Cutting Fresh Bamboo Leaving node .

52

Figure 94: Placing Pump clamp on end of Bamboo.

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

Place firstly the clamp and then the Hose Nozzle.

Tighten the clamp so that the Nozzle becomes air tight.

Figure 95: Fixing and tightening Pump clamp.

Pump until the presssure is between 20-25 psi.

Figure 96: Pumping with Pressure

Pump until the presssure is between 20-25 psi.

Figure 97: Pumping All similarly 53

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

Chemical for Treatment: For treatment of Bamboo total chemical should be used at 5% of total desolve chemical.

Example: For 14 Litre capicity of pump chemcal to be used 700 Grams.

For Structural Bamboo for pole, beam etc Boric acid, Copper sulphate and sodiaum or potesium dicromate to be used in proporstion of 1.5:3:4 i.e. for 14 litre of tank

Figure 98: Hand operated pump

Na2Cr2O7(325 gm.)+CuSO4(250 gm.)+H3BO3(125 gm.)= 700 gm

For Non Structural member like, wall lattice, Splits Boric acid and Borex to be used in 1:1.5: Proportion. i.e. for 14 liter of tank

Figure 99: Filling with chemical solutions Borex(420 gm.)+Boric Acid(280 gm.)=700gm

Figure 101: Chemical Plant for small pieces of Bamboo 54

Figure 100: Cutting of Bamboo

Figure 102: Fixing of clamp

Figure 103: Pumping

Drying bamboo poles requires more time than wood of similar density. This because bamboo possess hygroscopic materials (compound that easily absorbs moisture) that may contain 5060% moisture content, depending on the felling season, area of growth and species.

When bamboo dries it contracts and shrinks. This shrinkage starts from the moment the bamboo is cut, and can reduce the diameter of the bamboo poles with 10% to 16%, and its wall thickness with 15% to 17%.

Green bamboo poles should not be used in construction.

Since green bamboos are subject to shrinkage, joints and terminals may loosen after just a few weeks. Green bamboo is also more attractive to insects and microorganisms, than dry bamboo.

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

Drying Bamboo Poles:

Figure 104: After the treatment

Figure 105: Similarly all are treated

Figure 106: Seasoning of Bamboo Vertically raised 55

SITE ANALYSIS: 5.1About Karnataka 5.2Bengaluru overview 5.3Connectivity 5.4.Climate 5.5.Macrroanalysis 5.6.Mesoanalysis 5.7.Microanalysis 5.8.Nanoanalysis

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

5.1. About KARNATAKA: Karnataka is the eighth largest State in the Indian Union and hosts 5% of the national population. The state is the largest base for the IT / ITES sector and is also a major investment destination for other sectors such as biotechnology, aerospace, automobile, engineering, sericulture and floriculture, mining and renewable energy. Karnataka is home to several forts, architectural marvels and is blessed with a rich cultural heritage.

Other diverse visitor attractions in the state include pilgrim sites, coastal landscape and wildlife / national parks. The state also offers a variety of tourism products that cater to the demand from different visitor segments, such as, eco-tourism, wellness tourism and adventure tourism.

Figure -2: Karnataka State.

Figure -1: Karnataka State and Bengaluru.

57

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

5.2. BENGALURU overview: Bengaluru is the capital city of Karnataka, located at an altitude of 3,000 ft above sea level. This Garden City of India, is easily accessed from anywhere in India by road, rail, or air. Bengaluru, with a population of 8.474 mn. (Census 2011) is one of the fastest growing metropolitan cities of India and has rapidly emerged as the Information Technology hub of the country over the last decade. Most of the top international computer, telecom, software companies and the BPO units have wholly owned subsidiaries or joint ventures with Indian companies based in Bengaluru. The large software companies such as IBM, Microsoft, Intel, Sun, Infosys and Wipro are also headquartered here.

Bengaluru by road and rail, the target market for the subject property would largely comprise of air travellers and corporates at Bengaluru. Road is however an important means of transport for businessmen and tourists from the closer southern destinations.

The city also has a concentration of heavy industries (largely public sector) that are significant generators of traffic, especially for the mid-market hotel segment. These include Hindustan Aeronautics, BHEL, BEL, Railways Wheel & Axle Plant, HMT, BEML, NGEF, ISRO, NAL (British Aerospace), etc. It is also a centre for the thriving readymade garments and the silk industry. Bio-Technology is another thrust area and the city is also attracting a lot of bio-tech companies.

Figure -3: Karnataka State and Bengaluru.

Bengaluru is also well connected to other cities in the south by road, rail & air and on to the rest of the country. There are a number of express trains and deluxe buses providing convenient connections.

Even though more people arrive in 58

Area Population (2011)

741 Sq.mt.

8.474 mn (2011 Census), 5th largest urban agglomeration in India after Mumbai,Kolkata, Delhi & Chennai.

Population Density

4,378 / Sq. km.

Population Growth (CAGR over 1971-2011)

4.2% VS 1.9% for Mumbai – The most populous city in the country

% in Migrants to Total Population

13%

Literacy Rate

83% (higher than the national average of 74%)

Economic Growth Rate

10.3%, fastest growing metropolis in India

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

Bengaluru Statistics

Per Capita Income – Urban INR 271,387 (2016) Foreign Direct Investment Inflow to City (%)

6.8% (Yr 2000 – 09) IT / ITES & BPO sectors

Leading Sectors / Room Financial Services Nights Demand Generators Biotechnology

City Infrastructure is inadequate to support rapid growth witnessed over past few years.

Challenges

Heavy traffic as road network is not designed to support present capacities.

Table - 1 : Bengaluru Statistics

59

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

5.3.1. CONNECTIVITY: Road Connectivity: NH7 and NH4 (part of North South Corridor and Golden Quadrilateral, respectively) pass through Bengaluru forming the important radial roads within the Bengaluru Metropolitan Area. Apart from the above NH209 which links State Highways link Bengaluru with Mysore, Bannerghatta, Magadi form other major radial corridors. The main highways include: •NH4 (National Highway 4) running from Mumbai to Chennai; •NH7 from Varanasi to Kanyakumari; •NH209 connecting Kanakapura and Kerala; and •SH17 connecting Bengaluru to Mysore

Figure -4: International Air connectivity 60

Rail Connectivity : Bengaluru is well connected to all major Indian cities by a number of daily express trains thus making the city accessible from major cities in the country.

Air Connectivity: The Kempegowda International Airport at Devanahalli is located at a distance of about 35 km from the Central Business District (CBD). The city is well connected to all the major international and domestic destinations. Around 26 International Airlines (including 8 Freighters) operate from the airport to 16 International Destinations. Further 34 Domestic destinations are connected by 9 Domestic Airlines (including 1 Freighter).

Airline traffic to the city and historic occupancies actually achieved are considered to be the most appropriate indicator of present and likely future demand. The compounded annual growth rate in passenger traffic has been 11% (2009-10 to 2015-16) for Bengaluru v/s 10% for all India which can be seen in the table below

Currently, there are 39,478 domestic air seats and 6,168 international seats to Benguluru daily (February 2017), compared to 19,672 domestic and 3,539 international seats per day in 2007.V

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

5.3.2.Air Passenger Traffic to Bengaluru:

Table - 2 : Bengaluru International flight Statistics

International & Domestic Passenger Traffic to Bengaluru International flights have commenced to Bengaluru since 1997. Currently (2017) the city is connected by air to 15 international cities. Table below provides details of various international destinations to Bengaluru and the daily seat capacity. The compound rate of growth in international seat capacity from 2012 to 2017 has been 7.8%.

Table - 3 : Bengaluru International flight Statistics 61

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

5.4. CLIMATE: Bangalore lies in the southeast of the South Indian state of Karnataka. It is in the heart of the Mysore Plateau at an average elevation of 900 m (2,953 ft) and is located at 12.97°N 77.56°E . Bengaluru’s climate has little temperature variance between seasons due to its latitudinal location and being on the mainland.

Climatic conditions for the Garden City, based on data collected from the local Meteorological station are graphically presented in table below

The climate of Bangalore is classified as the tropical wet and seasonally dry.

•Dry season - December to February.

•Summer season - March to May. •South-West September.

monsoon-June

Figure -5: Climate strata

to

•Temperature -mean m aximum -33.4 ° C in April/May •Mean minimum of 15 ° C in December/ January.

•Relative humidity - mean monthly - 44% (min) in March - 85% (max) in October.

•The mean annual rainfall is 889 mm.

•Wind easterly and predominant directions.

westerly

•May to September - WSW to W. November to March -ENE to ESE. •Bangalore city is located in a seismically stable region (Zone II).

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TEMPERATURE: Maximum average temperatures over a 30year history are 350 Celsius in the months of April / May and minimum average temperature of 120 Celsius in the months of December / January.

Rainfall is heavy, approx. 200 mm in monsoons which are concentrated in the period from July to October.

The coolest month is January with an average low temperature of 15.1 °C (59.2 °F) and the hottest month is April with an average high temperature of 35 °C (95 °F) The design should consider these extreme variations by implementing passive design principles that respond to local climate and site conditions.

EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS:

Bangalore receives rainfall from both the northeast and the southwest monsoons and the wettest months are September, October and August, in that order. The summer heat is moderated by fairly frequent thunderstorms, which occasionally cause power outages and local flooding. Most of the rainfall occurs during late afternoon/evening or night and rain before noon is infrequent.

•The highest temperature ever recorded is 39.2 °C (103 °F) (recorded on 24 April 2016)

Annual rainfall has varied from as low as 500 mm to as high as 1350 mm, while the city’s average rainfall is 970 mm. The lowest rainfall was 24.3 mm (1984). in Bangalore, rainfall peaks during the premonsoon in May, and later in SeptemberOctober. While the pre-monsoon season has short spells of intense rains, monsoons bring longer spells of recurring rains.

•The lowest ever recorded is 7.8 °C (46 °F) in January 1884.

•November 2015 (290.4 mm) was recorded as one of the wettest months in Bangalore with heavy rains causing severe flooding in some areas,

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RAINFALL:

•The heaviest rainfall recorded in a 24-hour period is 179 millimeters (7 in) recorded on 1 October 1997.

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THREATS :

MACRO SCALE MACRO SCALE

Threat from airport. Air accident might take place.

Macro scale analysis is the overview of site at the macro level. To obtain the data of the site related from its past to present.

Macro is the Macro scale scale analysis consists of the overview larger siteof as site at the macro level.

To well as surrounding contextobtain of thethe site data of on the typology,past,present site related from its pastand to based present. future development, Macro scale consists of the larger site as well as surrounding context of the site based on typology,past,present and future development,

MICRO SCALE MICRO SCALE

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Bengaluru Airport due to which huge noise showcasing sustainable architecture will be recieved as well as there will be through embracing the use of green limitation over the height of the buildings. and easily available materials, including OPPORTUNITIES: bamboo, the proposed scheme will make showcasing sustainable architecture an extensive effort to accentuate all the through embracing the useover of green advantages of the material others; and easily leading availabletomaterials, including eventually the argument that bamboo, the proposed scheme will make bamboo can demonstrate itself to truly an extensive effort tomaterial accentuate the being a rediscovered of theall future. advantages of the material over others; THREATS : eventually leading to the argument that Threat from airport. Air accident might take bamboo can demonstrate itself to truly place. being a rediscovered material of the future.

Micro scale analysis is focused on the selected area of architectural intervention and the re use of existing infrastructure Micro scale analysis is focused on The analysis the selectedinclude area : of architectural -Developingand site atthe micro leveloftoexisting contain intervention re use capacity to fullfill its needs. infrastructure -Reuse,recycle and remove The analysis include : -Developing site at micro level to contain capacity to fullfill its needs.

-Reuse,recycle and remove

I.K.G.P.T.U. CAMPUS-II KHUNNIMAJRA. I.K.G.P.T.U. CAMPUS-II KHUNNIMAJRA.

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BENGALURU INTERNATIONA CUM CONVENTION C BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CUM CONVENTION CE

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

MESO SCALE MESO SCALE NANO SCALE NANO SCALE

-It is geological study ofoverview area Meso scale analysis is the of site atBangalore the topographical level : -North lies and plateau and South Bangalore have hills -It is geological and valleys study of area -North Bangalore lies and plateau and South Bangalore have hills and valleys

Nano scale analysis is the natural elements occurring on site. This analysis compromises of natural Nano scale analysis is the natural flora and fauna that occurred on elements occurring on site. This the site comparing the current analysis compromises of natural conditions and the impact of the flora and fauna that occurred on mining activities the site comparing the current conditions and the impact of the mining activities

THESIS GUIDE : AR.DAMANDEEP KAUR THESIS GUIDE : AR.DAMANDEEP KAUR

S.SUKHBIR SINGH DAYAL(1461588) S.SUKHBIR SINGH DAYAL(1461588)

INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION CONVENTION CENTRE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION CONVENTION CENTRE

• Wind - easterly and westerly (max) in October. predominant directions.

• The mean annual rainfall is 889 • May to September - WSW to W. mm.

November to March -ENE to ESE. • Wind - easterly and westerly • Bangalore city is located in a predominant directions. stable region (Zone II).

•seismically May to September - WSW to W. November to March -ENE to ESE. : city DETAILS •SITE Bangalore is located inFOR a DEVELOPMENT seismically stable region (Zone II).

• SITE AREA – 35 Acres SITE : AREA DETAILS FOR • BUILT UP – 60% GROUND DEVELOPMENT COVERAGE AREA • FARAREA – 2.5– 35 Acres • SITE • HEIGHT • BUILT UP RESTRICTION AREA – 60%– 25M GROUND COVERAGE AREA • FAR – 2.5 • HEIGHT RESTRICTION – 25M Meso scale analysis is the overview of site at the topographical level :

01

01

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5.5.MACROANALYSIS PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE OF YELAHANKA

PAST OF YELAHANKA:

YELAHANKA TODAY:

To study the past of this town, we need to go deep down to the roots of Karnataka. The recorded history of Karnataka goes back to more than two mellinia. Karnataka was ruled by significant dynasties and empires.

They have contributed greatly to the historical culture and development of Karnataka. Various dynasties and empires that ruled this place are Kadamba, Badami Chaulakya, Rashtrakuta, Western Chaulakya, Hoysalas, Tipu Sultan and at the end the British empire.

Yelahanka lies to the north of Bengaluru. It was a Municipal council and Taluk (lies below the District level in administrative setup),and now forms a part of greater Bengaluru

The city of Yelahanka had been in existence prior to 12th century. The region was called 'Ilaipakka Naadu' during the rule of Cholas.

Later, during Hoysala rein, the city came to be known as 'Elavanka' and gradually shifted to 'Yelahanka'.

Hiriya Kempe Gowda (Kempe Gowda the First) built a fort in the adjoining village of Bengaluru and developed it as his new capital, probably due to its strategic location and slightly cooler climate being at a higher altitude.

Some Temples in Yelahanka—like the Venugopala Swamy Temple—have remained as a testimony to its rich past.

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National Highway NH7 passes through Yelahanka and newly constructed NH7 passes through the north eastern fringes of Yelahanka. State Highway 9 (Bangalore - Hindupur) passing in the south of Yelahanka bisects the suburb into Old Town and New Town.

Yelahanka has several lakes surrounding it, adjoining: Old Yelahanka, Puttenhalli, Attur, Ananthapura and Allalasandra. The lake at Puttenahalli (3 km up the SH 9) has been declared a bird sanctuary.

Kempegowda International Airport is located off Yelahanka Kempegowda Airport is the third-busiest airport by passenger traffic in the country, behind the airports in Delhi and Mumbai, and is the 29th busiest airport in Asia FUTURE: Yelahanka is on the verge of being the prime real estate hub in North Bengaluru owing to its vast undeveloped areas and easy access to the Kempegowda International Airport.

GEOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE AREA

TOPOGRAPHY: The topography of Bangalore is undulating with a central ridge running NNE-SSW. The highest point is Doddabettahalli, which is 962 m (3,156 ft) and lies on this ridge. No major rivers run through the city, though the Arkavathi and [Dakshin Pinakini river] cross paths at the Nandi Hills, 60 km (37 mi.) to the north. River Vrishabhavathi, a minor tributary of the Arkavathi, arises within the city at Basavanagudi and flows through the city. The rivers Arkavathi and Vrishabhavathi together carry much of Bangalore's sewage. A sewerage system, constructed in 1922, covers 215 km² (133 mi²) of the city and connects with five sewage treatment centers located in the periphery of Bangalore.

Outflow from Bellandur lake and Varthur lake valleys go to Ponnaiyar river that flows towards Hosur.

Bangalore has two unique Topography terrains—North Bangalore taluk and the South Bangalore taluk.

NORTH BANGLORE TALUK: •The North Bangalore taluk is a relatively more level plateau and lies between an average of 839 to 962 meters above sea level.

•The middle of the taluk has a prominent ridge running NNE-SSW.

•The highest point in the city, Doddabettahalli, (962m) is on this ridge.

•There are gentle slopes and valleys on either side of this ridge.

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5.6.MESOANALYSIS

•The low-lying area is marked by a series of water tanks varying in size from a small pond to those of considerable extent, but all fairly shallow.

THE SOUTH BANGLORE TALUK: •The South Bangalore taluk has an uneven landscape with intermingling hills and valleys.

•The southern and western portions of the city consist of a topology of granite and gneissic masses.

•The eastern portion is a plane, with rare minor undulations •There are no major rivers flowing through the city. However, rivers Arkavathi and Kaveri merge within the proximity of Mekedatu, which lie 60 km south of Bangalore.

•The rock types prevalent in the district belong to the Saugar, Charnokite and Peninsular Gneissic Complex (PGC) groups. The soils in Bangalore vary from red laterite to clayey soils.

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5.7.MICROANALYSIS

Farming in Yelahanka

Airport

•Crops like paddy, rice and Raagi (millet) were being cultivated at small scale in the area with irrigation from numerous lakes in the area.

Kempegowda International Airport is located off Yelahanka Kempegowda Airport is the third-busiest airport by passenger traffic in the country, behind the airports in Delhi and Mumbai, and is the 29th busiest airport in Asia

•The villages surrounding Yelahanka, especially Allalasandra, was famous for Guava fruit and grapes.

•Governmental research facilities exist around Yelahanka in the form of Gandhi Krishi Vigyana Kendra (GKVK) under the University of Agricultural Sciences

Defence Establishments •The Indian Air Force has a presence in Yelahanka with an Air Force Station and a defence airport situated on NH7.

•The BSF (Border Security Force) has a training center in Yelahanka. The Special Operations Training center is located on NH7, towards the northern part of the suburb, on the road leading to BIAL. •CRPF (Central Reserve Police Force) has a training school for their officers and troops at Yelahanka, with residential campuses for the troops. CRPF campus is located in lush green environment on Doddaballapur Road.

•Karnataka State Reserve Police has its Training facility at Yelahanka

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Spread over 4,000 acres (1,600 ha), it is located about 40 kilometres (25 mi) north of the city near the village of Devanahalli. It is owned and operated by Bengaluru International Airport Limited (BIAL), a public–private consortium.

Industries in Yelahanka Yelahanka is a traditional place of weavers. The silk handloom has been the lifeline of Yelahanka people for over 2 centuries It has the largest milk dairy of Karnataka State, known as 'Mother Diary', a processing unit of the state run Karnataka Milk Federation (KMF) www.kmfnandini.coop/.

It houses the Rail Wheel Factory,a Production Unit of Indian Railways. It is the largest manufacturer of Railway Wheels and Axles Other industry includes Astra Zeneca Pharmaceuticals, Esanosys Technologies,

FLORA AND FAUNA Yelahanka is at a height of about 915 meters (3000 feet) above mean sea level. Due to its higher altitude from mean sea level, it is lush green and rich in flora and fauna. It borders the Avalhalli forest range to the west which is rich in eucalyptus trees. It also has a small lake called Puttenhalli lake , which is home to several species of birds like darters, painted storks, black-crowned night herons, purple herons, pond herons, egrets, and other water-birds Over 70 species of birds and four species of owl, typical to the Deccan Plateau are found in the forest range surrounding Yelahanka. The forest houses plant species such as native acacia, albesia, pterocarpus, pongamia, amla, neem and ficus,” The villages surrounding Yelahanka are famous for Guava fruit and grapes.

Some of our important wild trees of Yelahanka are: •Alstonia scholaris •Artocarpus heterophyllus (Jack fruit) •Azadirecta indica (Neem) •Bombax cieba (Red silk cotton) •Butea monosperma, •Ficus bengalensis (Alada mara

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5.8.NANOANALYSIS

Some of the gracious exotic trees are: •Delonix regia (Gulmor), •Enterolobium saman (Rain tree) •Parkia biglandulosa (Badminton ball tree) •Peltophorum pterocarpum (Coppar pod), •Spathodea compannulata (African Tulip tree), •Tabebuia spectabili Some flowering shrubs and medicinal plants are: •Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) •Hibiscus sp (Dasavala) •Lawsonia inermis (Goranti 69

Case studies : 6.1.Green school Bali 6.2.meti Handmade School 6.3.Bengaluru international convention centre 6.4.manpho convention centre.

6.5.white feather Convention centre 6.6.White orchid Convention centre 6.7.Indian Habitat centre 6.8.Heydar Aliyev centre Inference

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6.Precedent Bamboo Buildings: 6.1. Green School Bali,Indonesia (IBUKU) • • • • •

Location : Sibang Kaja,Bali Client: Green School Site Area: 45,000 sqm Floor Area: 2,740 sqm Bamboo Material Use (structure): 37000 m • Build Time: 12 months ( May 2008 – May 2009) • Completion: May 2009 • Designer: John Hardy / PT Bambu.

Figure 107: Central Column spreading Radially.

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Environmentalists and designers John and Cynthia Hardy, who have been residing in Indonesia wanted to encourage its people to embrace sustainability. Their aim was to show them how to build with sustainable resources, particularly bamboo. They instituted the Green School, an educational village community, to spread this noble message through an alternative education system. The School’s mission is “Empowering global citizens and green innovators who are inspired to take responsibility for the sustainability of the world.”Hardy founded PT Bambu, a company which endorses the use of bamboo as a primary building material. Its team of talented architects, designers and craftsmen have built various bamboo structures on the sustainable campus neighbouring the Green School.

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6.1.1.Building Material/ Technique used : • Locally available bamboo made into the Primary part of the constructions and using it in organic manner to create something magnificent.

• Array and repeation of spiral shape to create spaces for the different classrooms as well as providing the meeting Figure 109: Exterior view of Green school Bali area seperately.

• use of Thatch roof which is one of the traditional form of creating stucture in indonesia.adapting the feature to develop a organic structure.

• large interior spaces organized radially around the central columns Figure 110:View from the Playground

Figure 108: Central Column

Figure 111:Array of Radiallly oriented super structure 73

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Figure 112:Ground Floor Plan

Figure 113:First Floor Plan

Figure 114:Second Floor Plan 74

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE Figure 115:Section

Figure 116:Elevation

Figure 117:Interior Spaces

Figure 119:Picture from centre of Column

Figure 118:Interior Spaces

Figure 120:Mepantigan roof structure 75

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

6.2.Meti Handmade School :

Figure 121:Front view of Meti Handmade School 76

• Architects: Anna Heringer & Eike Roswag • Location: Rudrapur, Dinajpur district, Bangladesh • Category: Schools • Structural Engineering: Ziegert Roswag Seiler Architekten Ingenieure Bürogemeinschaft • Construction: Dipshikha / METI (Modern Education and Trainig Institute) with local labourers and own training workshop • Footprint: Area 275 sqm • Area: 325.0 m2 • Project Year: 2007 It is particularly important to improve the quality of living in the rural areas in order to counteract the continuing popula- tion migration to the cities.

The primary potential for developing building in the rural areas is the low cost of labour and locally available resources such as earth and bamboo.

The project’s main strategy is to communicate and develop knowledge and skills within the local population so that they can make the best possible use of their available resources. Historic building techniques are developed and improved and the skills passed on to local tradesmen transforming in the process the image of the building techniques.

Figure 122:At the time of construction

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6.2.1. Building materials/technique used : • Platform raised till the first floor using mud and raw earth with cowdung and thatch to make it stable bamboo was used as reinforced • Mud molded in organic form to make cave like shape on the west side to avoid the harsh sun as well as creating space for childrens playing.

• Bamboo used in triplet for beams and to create the building stable the joints were pivoted as well as they were tied with the nylon rope.

• Buildings first floor opened from the north and sound for the circulation of air.

• Aside from the foundation, the damp proof course was the other most fundamental addition to local earthen building skills. The damp proof course is a double layer of locally available PE-film. The ground floor is realised as load-bearing walls using a technique similar to cob walling. A straw-earth mixture with a low straw content was manufactured with the help of cows and water buffalo and then heaped on top of the foundation wall to a height of 65cm per layer.

Figure 123:Front View of School

Figure 124:First floor jalli and learning area.

Figure 125:Dowels and ropes used for tieing beams 77

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

Figure 126:Site Plan

Figure 127:Geound floor Plan

Figure 128:First floor Plan 78

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

Figure 129:Front Elevation

Figure 130:Rear Elevation

Figure 131:North Elevation

Figure 133:Beams tied together and then placed

Figure 132:Section

Figure 134:After the Structure is Placed 79

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6.3. Bangalore International Exhibition and

Convention Centre: Pirojsha Godrej International Exhibition & Conference Centre.

Figure 135:BIEC Conference centre Figure 137:Satelite Image

BIEC is developed and managed by Indian Machine Tool Manufacturers’ Association (IMTMA), and dedicated to the memory of Late Mr. Naoroji Pirojsha Godrej, a former President of the Association. The complex is thus named as ‘IMTMA Naoroji

Figure 136:Site Plan 80

Figure 138:Route Map

No. of hall 9

Total Area 5600

EXHIBITION HALL No. of hall 5

Total Area 77200

FOOD COURT -7500 SQMTS BUILT UP SPACE IN TWO FLOORS Levels Ground Floor First Floor

Type of Food Served Fast Food and Take Away Fine Dining

Figure 139:Entrance Plaza

ENTRANCE PLAZA Place Total Area (Sqmts) Outdoor Area

10000

Halls are of state of the art technology : • 40,000sqm of covered area in 3 • • • • •

• • •

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CONFERENCE CENTRE

Exhibition Halls Halls 1 & 2: 10,000 sqm each(air-cooled and air-conditioned) Hall 3:20,000 sqm air - conditioned.

Floor loading capacity of 0.75 to 30T/ sqm.

Vaccum De-watered RCC flooring.

Under floor ducts for power, water, compressed air and telecommunication facilities column-less structure spanning 60m Ceiling height is 18 mts at the centre and 9 mts at the Eaves.

Roof Desoign Provide Adequate Daylight.

Figure 140:Satellite image of plaza and helipad

Figure 141:Exhibition Hall

Entrance Plaza: The State of the art plaza, offers multiple facilities under one roof: Registration facility, Security and Vigilance, Medical Assistance, Multiple work stations to cater to large number of visitors, Clearing and Forwarding, ATM and Florist and other support services Figure 142:Amphitheatre 81

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9.1.1.Conference Hall :

Figure 143:Conference Hall Building 82

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

Conference Centre Highlights : • Six Air Conditioned Halls of different Dimensions with seating capacity for 14000,700,250,100,40 and 20 • Flexible seating arrangements to suit classroom, theatre and roundable type seating.

• Elegantly Designed Protocol Lounge for VIPs. • Network Lounge • Adequate space for registration Figure 144:Jarcanda Conference hall and information counters.

• Open area for lunch/dinner,tea/ Coffee and entertainment programmes • Board room with Video conferencing facilities • Office Space for event organisers • Green Room Facilities • CCTV link between four conference halls.

Figure 145:Gulmohar Conference hall 83

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

Food Court: • Three floors, catering to a large number of visitors: • Ground floor hosts several fast food joints • Seating capacity of 200-250 people • Spacious meeting facility • Extended outdoor facility to cater large number of visitors

Figure 146:Food court

Figure 147:Interior atrium of Food Court

Figure 148:Front View of Food Court 84

Figure 149:Convention Hall

Figure 150:Middle Mezzanine floor

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Exhibition halls: • No. of Halls : 3 • Total area :40000sqm • Halls with state-of-the-art technology : • Floor loading capacity of 0.75 to 30 MT/sqm.

• Under floor ducts for power, water, compressed air, telecommunication facilities • Column-less structure spanning 60 mts width • Floor to roof is 18 mts at the center and 9 mts at the sides • Designed to offer flexibility in layout planning • Adequate passageway for large trucks carrying exhibits, to access the stall location right into the halls • Office space for organizer at every hall, Business Centre at Hall 1 and control rooms • Differently-abled friendly venue with access to every part of the venue • Infrastructure to provide adequate supply of power to exhibitions of any size

Figure 151:Administrative departments

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Figure 152:Plan Hall 1 Lower Level

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BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE Figure 153:Plan Hall 1 Upper Level

HALL-1 (LOWER LEVEL PLAN) AREA DETAILS: LOWER LVL: Floor area: 6638.4 Sqm (Excluding staircase, lift, escalator, toilets) Total gross floor area = 7705.80 Sqm

HALL-1 (UPPER LEVEL PLAN) AREA DETAILS: Upper LVL FLOOR AREA: 3892.90 sqm(excluding staircase, lift, escalator, toilets) Total gross floor area = 4307.48 sqm 87

Figure 154:Plan Hall 2 Lower Level

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BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE Figure 154:Plan Hall 2 Upper Level

HALL-2 (LOWER LEVEL PLAN) AREA DETAILS: LOWER LVL FLOOR AREA: 6091.43 sq.m (excluding staircase, lift, escalator, toilets) TOTAL GROSS FLOOR AREA = 7170.60 sqm

HALL-2 (UPPER LEVEL PLAN) AREA DETAILS: UPPER LVL FLOOR AREA: 4480.43 sq.m(excluding staircase, lift, escalator, toilets) Total gross floor area = 4848.43 Sqm 89

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HALL-3 (LOWER LEVEL PLAN) AREA DETAILS: LOWER LVL Floor area: 9800.68 Sqm(Excluding staircase, lift, escalator, toilets) Total gross floor area =10921.4Sqm

Figure 155:Plan Hall 3 Lower Level 90

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HALL-3 (MIDDLE LEVEL PLAN) AREA DETAILS: MIDDLE LVL Floor area: 5679.49 Sq.M (Excluding staircase, lift, escalator, toilets) Total gross floor area = 6261.83Sqm

Figure 155:Plan Hall 3 Upper Level 91

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

6.4.Manpho Convention Centre:

Figure 156:Manpho Convention Centre

Manpho attractive venues for Corporate Events, Exhibition Convention Centre has the finest venue for Conference & Concerts in Bangalore. It’s being spread over 15 acres and strategically in North Bangalore making it conveniently accessible by road, air and rail, thus chosen by most.They host various types of events by offering numerous amenities and allied services.

Figure 157:Route Map

Figure 158:Location map of Manpho

Manpho convention centre is a centre placed in the business park area so the scope of this convention centre is very high as it is in the central hub of the city.

There are different types of conference rooms of different sizes in this centre for small meetings to large halls for launching products as well as the exhibitions.

Figure 159:Entrance Porch

Figure 160:Front Elevation 92

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE Figure 161:Manchester Conference Room Figure 162:Richmond Conference Room

Figure 163:Hamilton Conference Room

Figure 164:Windsor Conference Room

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BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

Royals and legacy convention halls : • Royal convention hall is hall for 5500 seating in area of 32000 sqft and has an height of 25 foot.

• Has separate fire exits • Has provision for 12 separate ahu units provided for centralised air conditioning for the convention hall.

• Has 1 electicral room for the full hall to handle the electric supply • Materials used in the convention centre is concrete,brick and curtain glazing and false ceiling done to enhance the interior.

• Royal is only singly loaded hall it means hall is only on the ground floor • Royal is made with temparory structure and has brick wall support upto 4 feet of height and rest is made with the ply,pvc and plaster of paris • Legacy is a permanent structure.

• Which has three halls at three Floors as well as the food court.

Figure 166:Front view of Royals

Figure 167:Interior view of Royals

Figure 168:Exterior view of Legacy

Figure 165:Exterior of Legacy and royals 94

Figure 169:Interior view of Legacy

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

• Have limited amount fire exits.

• Height of the legacy hall is 15 feet.

• Have separate spaces for the VIPs

Figure 170: Floor Plan of Legacy and Royals hall

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BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

Figure 171: Different Convention Halls

Figure 172: Exterior Banquet in lawns 96

Figure 173: Stage Area

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

Figure 174: Mela for Kids outside Legacy

Figure 175: Mela for Kids outside Legacy

Figure 178: Separate Parking area

Figure 176: Open Lawn Infront of the Legacy

Figure 179: Separate Parking area

Figure 177: Open Lawn Infront of the Legacy

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6.5.White Feather Convention Centre:

can accommodate 3000 guests.

• White Feather is a executive business Special Podium for the occasion centre offer fully furnished serviced can be made available as per client office space with all facilities, prime request. Cocktail party or Concert, location business address, virtual office assured to have a blissful evening in for rent, meeting rooms, HD Video the Lawn. conference room. White Feather • Facilities: Centre provides Serviced & Virtual • Fully air-conditioned single structure Office Facilities, which are ready to with beautiful ambiance can use and fully equipped at the heart of conveniently accommodate 2500 Bangalore’s Business District, considered as the best locations for an office in Bangalore. What makes White Feather special, is the dedicated team of Hosts at White Feather that makes business a breeze for its customers.”

• Hall Size: The lawn area is a lush green exquisite place for an evening gathering. Spread over an area of 30,000 sq. ft adjacent to the main hall Figure 181: Location Plan of White Feather

Figure 180: Site Plan of White Feather Convention centre 98

Figure 182: Main Hall

•

Figure 183: Food Court

•

• • Figure 184: Creative ceiling work

•

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

•

guest in theatre style and 800 guests in cluster seating. Facilitated by two Green Rooms, spacious Rest Rooms and an isolated Smoking Zone; White Feather is a venue highly resourceful for diverse type of events.

Spread over an area of 30,000 sq. ft adjacent to the main hall can accommodate 3000 guest. Special Podium for the occasion can be made available as per client request. Cocktail party or Concert assured to have a blissful evening in the Lawn.

Centre has 12 self-contained AC rooms with moderate furniture and attached toilets, an added advantage for Wedding ceremonies and Social functions.

The Dining area which covers around 9000 sq.ft with a seating capacity of around650 to 700 and floating capacity of 2000 to 3000 is flexible for various theme parties.

We also provide separate space for culinary and catering needs.

Parking car during an event is truly a hassle. To minimize parking inconvenience White Feather has an exclusive and expansive parking facility, of over 2.5 acres. Approximately 550 to 600 cars can be parked at a time.

Wide range of Safety and Security systems including CCTV are in place to ensure maximum safety of our guests.

Figure 185: Exterior Lawns

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BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE 100

6.6.White Orchid Convention Centre: • It is one of the biggest A/C Convention Center in Bangalore and it is the Best place for the Corporate events, Conference, Exhibitions, Music concerts, Marriages and other social events.

• Hall Size : 100’ Width, 120’ ft length, and 21’ Height Facilities: • White orchid is 50,000′ sft, • one single structure with A/C. • Consists of 8 doors, • Big toilets for both men and women.

• 2 big green rooms with A/C and toilet.

• The entry is either from the main road or Manyata tech park • Can accommodate 8,000 people theatre style, and 3,000 people cluster seating • Clear height – 30′ • Big parking area

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BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

6.7.INDIAN HABITAT CENTRE Mixing work, commercial and social spaces, the Indian Habitat Centre is one of India’s most comprehensive convention centres.

It hopes to bring a holistic approach to problem solving in areas of environmental and regional planning, energy efficiency, appropriate technology options, transport and communication, lifestyle choices, sociocultural linkages and information technologies Location: The India Habitat Centre (IHC) is located along the Lodhi Road on the fringes of Lutyen’s Delhi. Spread over nine acres of land IHC has a built-up area of approximately one million square feet.

The L –shaped site has frontage on the three sides. It is bounded by the Max Muller Marg on west, the Vardhman Marg on south and the Lodhi road on the north.

The Fourth side is flanked by Bal Bharthi School. The complex is accessible from three sides, the major pedestrian entrance being from lodhi road on the north

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The Spatial organization:

The I.H.C. provides the following facilities for the use of member:

The habitat centre is organized as a series of four to seven storey blocks around linked shaded courtyards.

The built forms are grouped around climate tempered courts, shaded by overhead sunscreens and are enlivened by vertical gardens.

•40,000 square meters of accommodation for institutions.

office

•Conference rooms with a total capacity of 1000 in 10 locations of different configurations ranging from 30 to 450.

•60 Guest room, five suites, and five service apartments.

•Conference room, cafeteria, Restaurants and Private Dinning room to handle approximately 1500 persons at a time.

•A 700 sqm exhibition area with built in systems and structures for multimedia exhibitions.

•A 250seat amphitheater.

•An auditorium with 500 capacity.

•A unique library/resource center with e-mail links to Resources Centers abroad.

•Other facilities include an Art gallery, Executive fitness center, Bank, Travel agency, Gift shop, Dish antenna with multi-channel cable TV and piped music, corporate Post Office and underground parking 1000 cars and 2000 two-wheelers.

•With 97,000m2 of built up area, Habitat Centre provides a variety of related activities and institutions, with a density of approximately 1000-person/acre (total area= 9 acres).25 percent of the total area goes into the landscaped courts.

The complex has a very well planned segregation of spaces. All blocks /areas, which are expected to experience a large and regular inflow of public have been placed very close to the entrances; the office areas being given the access from the inside of the courtyards. Total plot area - 38,867.8 sqm/9.6 acre

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

Facilities:

Permissible Ground coverage – 25% Gross floor area – 53,241.7 sqm F.A.R - 140 Area of basement- 36,988.9 Area of office and service- 30,401 sqm(57.1% F.A) Area for recreational space- 2,182.9 sqm (4.1% F.A) Exhibition- 284 sqm Conference- 2084 Auditorium- 945 sqm Restaurant- 672 sqm Kitchen- 373 sqm library- 1313sqm

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The planning and important features: • The complex is accessed from all sides the major pedestrian entrance being from Lodhi Road on the north. The distribution of various functions on the site is simple • The two blocks on Lodhi road are handed over to offices on the top and reserved for public facilities on the ground floor.

• The third block on the south, houses common facilities like a conference center, a large auditorium, library and a guest house.

•Two basements house all the parking and services extend under the entire block.

Restaurants and exhibition spaces on the ground floor open out into the courts, with the courts also being used for the public exhibitions.

•Building blocks are grouped around climate tempered courts, shaded by overhead sunscreens and enlivened by vertical gardens.

•Another factor that governs the design was the effort to modify the climate as much as possible by nonmechanical means. Thus, the top two floors have been projected twice.

This results in a building shadow that is larger than its footprint it also creates a classical order of the pediment.

The ground was perceived as a vehicle-free environment, and a fairly elaborate system worked out to deny entrance to all motorized traffic except for repair and fire. All cars and scooters are directed into two levels of basements. The conference block is the only one that allows entry to vehicles. Building volumes are articulated to form interconnected internal courtyards that are the major

SOUTH BLOCK (AUDITORIUM, , CONFERENCE CENTER)

NORTH BLOCK (OFFICES ON TOP & PUBLIC FACILITIES ON GROUND FLOOR)

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Important spaces and their functions: The complex is planned and divided into two blocks: •North block •South block North block: The block adjoining the Lodhi Road and on the northern side of the site is this block.

North Block is further divided into four zones – 4, 5, 6 and 7. This block primarily comprises of office places supported by different areas like lift lobby, staircase, A.H.U. etc.

South block: This block is further divided into `two’ zones – 1 & 2, and houses most of ancillary facilities for the North block like residential guest rooms, conference, library, health club, swimming pool and restaurant etc. The zone 3 comprises of a 400 seats auditorium.

The blocks housing the offices are articulated to form the three courtyards, the ground floor of which contain public functions such as exhibition spaces, fast-food restaurants, banks,etc and access to the vertical cores. The blocks adjacent to the housing area have been progressively reduced in volume and the auditorium is set back substantially from the plot ine to create a distinct entry.

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AUDITORIUM BLOCK: This block comprises of auditoriums •Green room lacks the usual requirement of varying capacities and basement of toilets. theatres being used forth conference •Ground floor also has offices & coffee purposes. lounge.

MAIN AUDITORIUM •Main auditorium has the translation system for three languages. It is easily operable by the user as selection can be done from the seats itself. There is a provision for controlling volume too.

•The level difference between two-seat platforms is 1–6 which makes viewing bsolutely obstruction free. This auditorium has been provided with balcony seating too.

•Double wall system avoids sounds •Main auditorium is also provided ith disturbance from outside.

Mahagony room, a hall suited for small •Area of this auditorium is 6200 sq. ft. – gathering with attached kitchenette and it has a capacity of 537 persons and washroom apart from control rooms and projector room on the first floor.

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Convention Center Block:

• General office spaces are located The convention centre provides the mainly in the blocks adjacent to the main following: streets, and are provided as free flowing Several halls with varied capacities, spaces without internal partitions. multimedia and audio visual • Service core consisting of two lifts, equipment. one staircase, A.H.U. room, electric and •20 concurrent sessions are possible. telephone connections (adjustable), duct and toilets for both sexes- serve the •Inbuilt archival system. office space.

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

Office block:

•Built in projection facilities.

• All office spaces have the flexibility of •Secretariat and documentation providing their own wet areas apart from centre. those provided in the central court.

•Finest banquets and innovative • Office spaces measure approximately theme partie 14.15 m X 14.15 m, and 33.1 m X 14.75 m.

•Cultural and entertainment events • The entire building is air-conditioned diary and the basements are mechanically ventilated. ceiling, ceiling reduces to 3.0 •Covered parking for 1000 cars and 2000 two wheelers. m.

• The floor-to-floor height is 3.75 m, •A 535-seat auditorium apart from the but with A.C. Ducts running across the following meeting rooms has been height of office space with false . ceiling provided. reduces to 3.0 m.

• There is sufficient light in the interiors of the offices due to strip windows along the side-facing courtyard.

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First floor

Groundfloor

Lower Groundfloor 108

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ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTICS THE BRIDGES: The buildings are grouped around semicovered courts and linked at the 5th and 6th floor level and above by bridges to form huge gateways for entrance into various zones/ courts. These multi level bridges provide office spaces as well as links between various building zones. The bridges form framed views and vistas and complete the character of the enclosed courts.

SHADING DEVICES: •A system of open to sky, shaded canopies over the large paved courts, provide relief from tropical sun with fixed shade casting elements, devised to shade the courtyards in summer, and the let in the sun in the winter.

•A 1.2m deep galvanized steel tubular framework stretches edge to edge across the courtyard and is anchored to concrete overhangs at the edges.

•Shade casting leaves of PVC •Such a shading device reduces load on coated nylon fabric, approximately air conditioning system.

1.6x1.4m in size are anchored at the predetermined angles within this framework to provide shading element

Shading devices above

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6.8.HEYDAR ALIYEV CENTER The Heydar Aliyev Center is a 57,500 m2 (619,000 sq ft) building complex in Baku, Azerbaijan designed by Iraqi-British architect Zaha Hadid and noted for its distinctive architecture and flowing, curved style that eschews sharp angles SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT The continuous architecture contains three major programs: museum, exhibition halls, and convention centre It is mainly composed by rigid concrete structure grid free from external space frame with a single movement joint. The three spaces are separated from each other and have their own entry and security areas. Also, they share some common places under the continuous external skin. In order to make column free space, the certain wall and envelope serve as vertical elements.

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CONVENTION CENTRE

The multifunctional hall is divided into three smaller ones toward north in the garden.

The convention centre could be used for both convention and music performance with 1200 auditorium seats.

The hall spans about 27 meters with a height of 10.5 meters.

The ceiling of hall is constructed by steel open web trusses which have height of 2.2 meters, which is effective and could be used to resist deflections in a given size.

There are three meeting rooms with a concrete rigid system above the hall, which transfer gravity loads to the concrete floor slab that is approximately 0.8 meter and trusses by columns and shear wall.

Then the hall transfers loads to slab, beams and columns at the basement which has a grid and patterns system through shear walls in the east, west, and south.

This section of 4 levels embraces 2 multifunctional conference halls, meeting rooms and the media centre. The auditorium is 18 meters height and spans

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

MULTIFUNCTIONAL HALL

approximately 28 meters supported by concrete shear wall around the space. To reach a large span, the ceiling is constructed by two-way system and adopt steel space frame.

As for the internal surface of ceiling, it is created by gypsum board supported by cables to meet acoustical and lighting requirements.

The first floor and second floor have a continuous large space and transfer the self-weight to narrow reinforced concrete beams and columns at the base. Then the loads are transferred to the pile foundation.

Different sizes of cross bracing according to the height of seats are used to resist lateral force and stiffen structure.

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MUSEUM:

As for the basement, it is a grids patterns constructed by the concrete The museum occupies 9 floors with flat slab and columns. exhibition halls, administrative office, In the permanent collection gallery, restaurant and a cafeteria. the space is divided by element B, It consists of a permanent gallery and the tilt shear wall. a temporary exhibition gallery. In the temporary gallery, a double-height space Element D spans nearly 9.8 meters lobby is in the entrance with curve ceiling while element E spans 8.2 meters measuring 1.2 meter depth. This beam above. in turn supports both dead loads and It has a very thin slab of 8-13mm thickness live loads from roof and the floor of which covers the ceiling so they would exhibition and then transfer forces to have a very light self-weight transferring the mat foundation. to the foundation.

TEMPORARY GALLERY

The ceiling is made by steel trusses of nearly 1.5 meters height that support its self-weight as well, serving as a cantilever of 25 meters and transferring loads to the element B –the tilt shear wall with a wide of 1.4 meter.

Then the loads are carried by 3.1 meters thick mat foundation and 1.1 meter thick piles underground.

The element C is a cantilever floor that spans approximately 20.4 meters supported by the tilt shear wall.

In order to reach the large span, the structure could be two-way concrete waffle slab with a height of nearly 2.2 meters.

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PERMANENT GALLERY

Ground floor plan

First floor plan

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Second floor plan

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LIBRARY

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

The library is 8 stories seated in the north The Heydar Aliyev Center principally of site with a continuous external building consists of two collaborating systems: skin in the façade.

• A concrete structure The AHU room is a large space that sits • A space frame system on a 1.2 meter mat foundation spanning SPACE FRAME 21.6 meters with a height of 9 meters.

The 120-mm-thick reinforced concrete The space frame system enabled the slab is supported by shear wall in four construction of a free-form structure and saved significant time throughout directions. the construction process.

The beam in turn supports the reinforced concrete slab every 3.5 meters by 0.8 In order to achieve large-scale column-free spaces that allow the meter depth. visitor to experience the fluidity of the For the AHU room embeds in the finer interior, vertical structural elements are grid, heavy girders are needed to carry absorbed by the envelope and curtain more loads transferred from top elements wall system. like concrete columns, beams, slabs and The particular surface geometry fosters trusses of the ceiling. unconventional structural solutions.

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

CONCRETE

The building, whose distorted grid panels soft polyester reinforced fiberglass has no visible connections, is less “as built” and more like “if landed”.

Reinforced concrete is mainly used to construct shear walls as the partition to separate main spaces and to support the space frame. It also used to construct the footing of the building.

The construction has used 121,000 m3 of reinforced concrete, 194,000tn formwork and 19.000tn mild steel.

To shape the outer skin 5,500 tons of structural steel were needed, creating the 40,000 m2 basis area for panels made​​ from fiberglass reinforced polyester or with concrete, a total of almost 17,000 individual panels with different geometries.

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Inference Functions

Green School Bali

Meti Handmade School

Site area

45000 sqm.

325 sqm

Typology

Array and repitition of spiral shape to create spaces for classrooms

Positive features

Natural outdoors create an environment that inspires people to be innovaive and creative

Structure type

Organic structure

Building techniques

Use of bamboo in place of bricks and use of thatch roof

Planning

Spaces organized radially around the central columns

In both the cases learning spaces have been created in such a way that they blend in with the outer environment, which inpires the students to be as innovative and creative as the surroundings .

A good and sustainable design Maintains sustainability by harnessing local potential and can lead to socio cultural upliftment and improve the reinforcing regional identity economy and ecology of the society.

Organic structure is free flowing Geometric structure and blends well into the surruonding Usage of local and environment Use of local materials like friendly material like bamboo bamboo and earth. Building techniques like cob walling are helps in making the design more economical and sustainable. used Open learning spaces have a Geometrical planning huge impact on the learning process.

Classrooms are placed in a linear pattern except the mud moulded organic form in the west

Inferences

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Programme Formulation: Detailed list of spatial Requirements of all Indoor and Outdoor Spaces to be signed, Including standards of calculating size

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

Total site area = 1,41,640 m 2/35 acres F.A.R.= 2.5 = 3,54,100m 2 Total Height Restriction = 25m Permissible Built up area = 3,54,100m2/87.5 acres Pemissible Ground Coverage = 60%= 84,984m 2/21acres FUNCTIONAL COMPONENT 1

Proposed area (m2)

2250 3000

2 2 2

2925 4200 1680

Male: 2000 WC(1.2m2): 2/400 and 1/250 thereof U(0.63m2): 1/100 WB (0.92m2):1/WC

Male: 10 WC,40U, 10WB(2x)+2 Handicapped toilet

60

Female: WC: 2/200 and 1/150 thereof WB :1/WC

1000

Female: 40 10WC,10WB(2x)+ 2 Handicapped toilet

Min. 3m*4.5m Min. 3m*4.5m

-

1 1

13.5 13.5

0.8 1.2 0.3 30% of stage area 3.5

500 500 500 20M+20F

2 2 2 2 4

800 1260 315 100 140

Min. 3m*4.5m Male: 334 WC(1.2m2): 2/400 and 1/250 thereof U(0.63m2): 1/100 WB (0.92m2):1/WC

12 Male: 4WC,14U, 4WB

14 20

Female: WC: 2/200 and 1/150 thereof WB :1/WC

Female: 4WC,3WB

20

Public spaces Exhibition Halls Foyer i. Main Exhibit Area ii.Storage iii.Toilets

iv. Projection room v.Light/ Sound room Amphitheatre i. Foyer ii. Seating iii.Stage iv.Backstage v.Green rooms + Changing rooms + Toilets vi. Projection room viii.Toilets

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Occupancy No. of modules (Persons)

STANDARDS(m2)

0.65 1.4 20% of exhibit area

166

0.8 1.2 0.3 30% of stage area 3.5

500 500 500 10M+10F

2 2 2 1 4X2

800 1200 300 90 140

Min. 3m*4.5m Min. 3m*4.5m Male: 334 2 WC(1.2m ): 2/400 and 1/250 thereof U(0.63m2): 1/100 WB (0.92m2):1/WC

1 1 Male: 3WC,13U, 4WB + One handicapped toilet (2x)

13.5 13.5 82

Female: WC: 2/200 and 1/150 thereof WB :1/WC

Female: 5WC,5WB(2x)

60

1 1 1 1 1 1

75 36 22 22 30 600

2 1 2 5

220 20 9 250 450

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Auditorium i. Foyer ii. Seating iii.Stage iv.Backstage v.Green rooms + Changing rooms + Toilets vi. Projection room vii. Light /sound room viii.Toilets

Food Court Central kitchen i.Main Preparation ii.Washing area iii.Dry food store iv. Cold food Store v.Bar service vi.Dining area

0.1 0.03 0.01 0.01 2 2

750

Kitchen for Parties Medical room ATM booth Foodshops Dining area

110 20 4.5 0.1 2

300

500 225

Total Area for Public Spaces 2

15085

Semi Public Spaces Conference rooms Type 1(Theatre style) Type 2(Theatre style) Type 3(Theatre style) Type 4(Small seminar) VIP Lounge Storage area AHU

2 2 2 1.5 2

200 100 50 30 225

4 2 4 10 1

1600 200 650 450 500 120 90

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Toilets

Convention Hall Toilets

1133

Male: 3WC,12U, 4WB+2 Handicapped toilet

60

Female: WC: 2/200 and 1/150 thereof WB :1/WC

567

Female: 5WC,6WB

40

1.5 Male: WC(1.2m2): 2/400 and 1/250 thereof U(0.63m2): 1/25 WB (0.92m2):1/WC

1000 666

1 Male: 3WC,40U, 4WB

1500 60

Female: WC: 2/200 and 1/150 thereof WB :1/WC

334

Female: 6WC,4WB

40

Male: WC(1.2m2): 2/400 and 1/250 thereof U(0.63m2): 1/25 (0.92m2):1/WC

WB

Total Area for Semi public Spaces 3

Private Spaces Administrative Deptt. i.Estate Manager ii. PA to Estate Manager iii.General Manager iv.PA to General Manager v.Accounts vi.Administration Office vii.Toilets

viii.Pantry Total Area for Private Spaces

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5310

30 10 30 10

1 1 1 1 6

1 1 1 1 1

30 10 30 10 35

5m2/table Male: WC(1.2m2): 1/15 and thereof U(0.63m2): 1/7-20 WB (0.92m2):1/WC

6 8

1 Male: 1WC,1U, 1WB

35 5

Female: WC: 2/200 and 1/12 thereof WB :1/WC 9

4

Female: 1WC,1WB

5

2

1

10

5m2/table

170

Parking Car Parking @2 ECS per 100m2 floor area

Total built up area = 64930m2 F.A.R. achieved =0.45

32m2 for basement,28m2 for stilt and 23m2 for surface parking

800

1 levels of Basement 800; 70 cars on surface.

25600m2 for basement; 1610m2 on Surface Parking

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CONCEPT AND THOUGHT PROCESS

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BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

CONCEPT- HUMAN EYE FUTURISTIC VISION

The design of the convention centre is in the shape of an eye, which symbolizes vision – vision for the future with an eye on the present and the past. The design is apt for the convention centre, which is a hub of artistic and cultural activities. Such activities are a window to the future, an attempt to see the present and the past from different perspectives. So what better design other than an eye?

The eye also symbolizes light. On the pretext of several activities, a convention centre brings into focus certain facets of life that are sometimes overlooked. It helps us to get acquainted with the city closely and intimately.

126

S-II

EYE

EYE BALL

FRACTAL SYNTHESIS MULTI PURPOSE CONVENTION HALL

FRACTALS IN AFRICA

FOODCOURT AND RESTAURANT

EYE SHAPE SITE

EYE

AMPHITHEATRE

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

APE SITE

FRACTAL MULTI PURPOSE CONVENTION HALL

AUDITORIUMS

AMPHITHEATRE

EXHIBITION HALL

BUBBLE DIAGRAM

FRACTALS IN AFRICA

FOODCOURT AND

RESTAURANT FRACTALS IN NATURE

BUSINESS VILLAGE

AUDITORIUMS

ADMIN BLOCK

Moulding to shapes through addition and subtraction

Using Fractal Pattern

BUSINESS VILLAGE

FRACTALS IN NATURE

EXHIBITION HALL

ADMIN BLOCK

FRACTALS IN SITE

CONCEPT

SWEVEN WITH FORESIGHT: A DREAM WITH FUTURISITC VISION

Bubble diagram

PASSIVE DESIGN TECHNIQUES

SITE FOR MIDSCALE HOTEL

EYE SHAPE SEMISITE PUBLIC AREA

EYE

SITE ZONING

SEMI PUBLIC AREA(AUDI)

EYE BALL

(CONVENTION HALL)

FRACTAL SITE FOR MIDSCALE HOTEL

PUBLIC AREA

(EXHIBITION AREA AND DINING AREA )

FOODCOURT AND RESTAURANT

PRIVATE AREA

BUBBLE DIAGRAM

(ADMIN BLOCK )

FRACTALS IN AFRICA SEMI PUBLIC AREA(AUDI)

AMPHITHEATRE

PUBLIC AREA

SEMI PUBLIC AREA

(EXHIBITION AREA AND DINING AREA )

(CONVENTION HALL)

SITE FOR BUDGET HOTEL

AUDITORIUMS BUSINESS VILLAGE

MAIN ENTRANCE

SYNTHESIS

MULTI PURPOSE CONVENTION HALL

EXHIBITION HALL

PUBLIC AREA (EXHIBITION AREA

FRACTALS IN AREA NATURE AND DINING ) PRIVATE AREA (ADMIN BLOCK )

PUBLIC AREA

ADMIN BLOCK

(EXHIBITION AREA AND DINING AREA )

Using Fractal Pattern

Moulding to shapes through addition and subtraction

SITE FOR BUDGET HOTEL

Site zoning

MAIN ENTRANCE

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION CUM CONVENTION CENTRE

I.K.G.P.T.U. CAMPUS-II KHUNNIMAJRA.

S.SUKHBIR SINGH DAYAL(1461588)

PASSIVE DESIGN TECHNIQUES

THESIS GUIDEIN: SITE FRACTALS AR.DAMANDEEP KAUR

02

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION CUM CONVENTION CENTRE PASSIVE DESIGN TECHNIQUES Passive design techniques 127 SITE FOR MIDSCALE HOTEL

SEMI PUBLIC AREA(AUDI)

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

CONCEPT FRACTAL SYNTHESIS ANALYIZING FRACTAL PATTERNS Fractal patterns explain geometry of nature, where smaller parts mirror larger parts. This is also visible in the layout of African villages and the patterns that appear in African art. Fractal synthesis as seen in the African villages, is not just an integral part of the architecture but also of rituals and decorations. The combination of circles and dimensions perfectly mirror the intricate social hierarchy of the village. This is achieved by incorporating fractal scaling to create spaces with hierarchical values.

Natural

structures

transform,

are affected by, the environment to which they are exposed. Elements such as wind, temperature, sunlight and

water

affect

128

biological

processes and should, in a similar manner, be the driving force that transform the building to adapt and change according to its immediate environment.

Fractal Patterns In Africa Fractals are described by the fractal foundation as images of dynamic systems which consist of infinitely complex patterns that are self-similar across different scales. The core concept of fractal systems is based on the repeating of simple process over and over again. Zapulla considers that fractal patterns can be useful in a system of architectural relationships for establishing coherence and unity alongside constant change.

and

Natural Fractal patterns

The recurring fractal patterns generated the design concept of fractal synthesis where random or chaotic elements are put together to create a whole After the initial zoning process, the circular shape was choosen as the basic layout .

Separate circular patterns were rescaled to obtain fractal patterns. Separate elements forces and ideas were drawn

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

FRACTAL PATTERNS ON SITE

together .

The final form and layout was obtained by addition and substraction of forms and scaling the elements.

Fractal patterns can be seen on the site as the combinations of circles and dimensions..

The different blocks of exhibition halls , auditoriums, confernce halls and food court have been designed and scaled in such a way to form fractal patterns throughout the site.

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SITE DEVELOPMENT

SITE DEVELOPMENT SITE DEVELOPMENT

Development of design from scratch to the Final stage

HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOID COLUMN

BAMBOO GREEN TOWER

Main Block Elevation

THESIS GUIDE : I.K.G.P.T.U. CAMPUS-II BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOID BAMBOO GREEN TOWER AR.DAMANDEEP KAUR KHUNNIMAJRA. COLUMN

S.SUKHBIR SINGH DAYAL(1461588)

Development of design from scratch to the Final stage

05

CUM CONVENTION CENTRE

)

130

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE

SITE DEVELOPMENT

pment of design from scratch to theDevelopment Final stage of design from scratch to the Fin

Hyperbolic paraboloid column BAMBOO Bamboo green tower HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOID COLUMN GREEN TOWER

opment of design from scratch to the Final stage

Main Block Elevation

Main Block Elevation

Development of design from scratch to the Final stage

COLUMN

Bamboo green tower

BA

S.SUKHBIR SINGH DAYAL(1461588)

OLUMN

BAMBOO GREEN TOWER

HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOID COLUMN

BAMBOO GREEN TOWER

I.K.G.P.T.U. CAMPUS-II THESIS GUIDE : BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL EXHIB NGALURU INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION 05 KHUNNIMAJRA. AR.DAMANDEEP KAUR CUM CONVENTION CENTRE CUM CONVENTION CENTRE Main Block Elevation

Main block elevation

Main Block Elevation

131

Drawings

INTRODUCTION TO SITE

13°12’50.5”N 77°41’05.0”E

13°12’50.5”N 77°41’05.0”E

ABOUT SITE :

The Project Site forms part of “Bengaluru Signature Business Park” proposed in about 407 acres land owned by KSIIDC and is strategically located adjacent to Kempegowda International Airport (KIA) in Devanahalli, in North Bengaluru.

The Project Site is about 40 km distance from Bengaluru CBD and is accessible through NH-7 connecting Bengaluru to Hyderabad. The land earmarked for the development is 35 acres and lies towards the North West of KIA as in figure below.

SITE : CLIMATIC STUDY

Bangalore lies in the southeast of the South Indian state of Karnataka.

It is in the heart of the Mysore Plateau at an average elevation of 900 m (2,953 ft) and is located at 12.97°N 77.56°E . Bengaluru’s climate has little temperature variance between seasons due to its latitudinal location and being on the mainland.

The climate of Bangalore is classified as the tropical wet and seasonally dry.

• Dry season - Dec to FeB. • Summer season - March to May. • South-West monsoon - June to September.

• Temperature - mean maximum -33.4 ° C in April/May • mean minimum of 15 ° C in December/January.

• Relative humidity - mean monthly - 44% (min) in March - 85% (max) in October.

• The mean annual rainfall is 889 mm.

• Wind - easterly and westerly predominant directions.

• May to September - WSW to W. November to March -ENE to ESE. • Bangalore city is located in a seismically stable region (Zone II).

STRENGTHS :

Site near to International Airport is one of the biggest strength for the development of the scope of site.

As for long spans we need long horizontal members therefore bamboo which provides more strength than steel and long enough to hold the structure which acts good in tension as well as compression

13°12’50.5”N 77°41’05.0”E

WEAKNESS:

Its location in which is just beside the Bengaluru Airport due to which huge noise will be recieved as well as there will be limitation over the height of the buildings.

OPPORTUNITIES:

showcasing sustainable architecture through embracing the use of green and easily available materials, including bamboo, the proposed scheme will make an extensive effort to accentuate all the advantages of the material over others; eventually leading to the argument that bamboo can demonstrate itself to truly being a rediscovered material of the future.

SITE : DETAILS DEVELOPMENT

THREATS :

• SITE AREA – 35 Acres • BUILT UP AREA – 60% GROUND COVERAGE AREA • FAR – 2.5 • HEIGHT RESTRICTION – 25M

I.K.G.P.T.U. CAMPUS-II KHUNNIMAJRA.

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION CUM CONVENTION CENTRE

Meso scale analysis is the overview of site at the topographical level : -It is geological study of area -North Bangalore lies and plateau and South Bangalore have hills and valleys

Nano scale analysis is the natural elements occurring on site. This analysis compromises of natural flora and fauna that occurred on the site comparing the current conditions and the impact of the mining activities

THESIS GUIDE : AR.DAMANDEEP KAUR

S.SUKHBIR SINGH DAYAL(1461588)

MESO SCALE NANO SCALE

MICRO SCALE

Micro scale analysis is focused on the selected area of architectural intervention and the re use of existing infrastructure The analysis include : -Developing site at micro level to contain capacity to fullfill its needs.

-Reuse,recycle and remove

MACRO SCALE

Threat from airport. Air accident might take place.

Macro scale analysis is the overview of site at the macro level. To obtain the data of the site related from its past to present.

Macro scale consists of the larger site as well as surrounding context of the site based on typology,past,present and future development,

FOR

01

CONCEPT

SWEVEN WITH FORESIGHT: A DREAM WITH FUTURISITC VISION

EYE SHAPE SITE

EYE

EYE BALL

FRACTAL SYNTHESIS MULTI PURPOSE CONVENTION HALL FOODCOURT AND RESTAURANT

FRACTALS IN AFRICA

BUBBLE DIAGRAM

AMPHITHEATRE

AUDITORIUMS BUSINESS VILLAGE

FRACTALS IN NATURE

EXHIBITION HALL

ADMIN BLOCK

Using Fractal Pattern

Moulding to shapes through addition and subtraction

FRACTALS IN SITE

PASSIVE DESIGN TECHNIQUES

SITE ZONING

SEMI PUBLIC AREA(AUDI) SEMI PUBLIC AREA (CONVENTION HALL)

PUBLIC AREA

(EXHIBITION AREA AND DINING AREA )

PRIVATE AREA (ADMIN BLOCK )

PUBLIC AREA

(EXHIBITION AREA AND DINING AREA )

SITE FOR BUDGET HOTEL MAIN ENTRANCE

I.K.G.P.T.U. CAMPUS-II KHUNNIMAJRA.

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION CUM CONVENTION CENTRE

THESIS GUIDE : AR.DAMANDEEP KAUR

S.SUKHBIR SINGH DAYAL(1461588)

SITE FOR MIDSCALE HOTEL

02

SITE DEVELOPMENT

Development of design from scratch to the Final stage

BAMBOO GREEN TOWER

S.SUKHBIR SINGH DAYAL(1461588)

HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOID COLUMN

Main Block Elevation

I.K.G.P.T.U. CAMPUS-II KHUNNIMAJRA.

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION CUM CONVENTION CENTRE

THESIS GUIDE : AR.DAMANDEEP KAUR

05

SITE PLAN

FULL SITE PLAN SCALE - 1 : 1600

Restaurant Cum Bar Multipurpose Convention Hall Amphitheatre

Auditorium Block

Exhibition Block

Business Village

Admin and Reception Main entrance

S.SUKHBIR SINGH DAYAL(1461588)

ZOOMED IN SITE PLAN SCALE - 1 : 750

SITE SECTION “A-A” SCALE - 1 : 350

I.K.G.P.T.U. CAMPUS-II KHUNNIMAJRA.

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION CUM CONVENTION CENTRE

THESIS GUIDE : AR.DAMANDEEP KAUR

04

ADMIN AND EXHIBITION BLOCK

ADMIN BLOCK SCALE - 1 : 100

Shaded Portion enlarged

Key Plan

C

C

Shaded Portion enlarged

EXHIBITION HALL SCALE - 1 : 250

Key Plan

ELEVATION

SECTION “C-C” SCALE - 1 : 200

I.K.G.P.T.U. CAMPUS-II KHUNNIMAJRA.

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION CUM CONVENTION CENTRE

THESIS GUIDE : AR.DAMANDEEP KAUR

S.SUKHBIR SINGH DAYAL(1461588)

SCALE - 1 : 200

04

AUDITORIUM CLUSTER BUSINESS VILLAGE

AUDITORIUM CLUSTER

Shaded Portion enlarged

Key Plan

BUSINESS VILLAGE SCALE - 1 : 250

I.K.G.P.T.U. CAMPUS-II KHUNNIMAJRA.

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION CUM CONVENTION CENTRE

THESIS GUIDE : AR.DAMANDEEP KAUR

S.SUKHBIR SINGH DAYAL(1461588)

SCALE - 1 : 250

06

AUDITORIUM

Shaded Portion enlarged

AUDITORIUM GROUND FLOOR

AUDITORIUM UPPER FLOOR PLAN

SCALE - 1 : 100

SCALE - 1 : 100

Key Plan

AUDITORIUM SECTION “B-B” SCALE - 1 : 250

AUDITORIUM ELEVATION

S.SUKHBIR SINGH DAYAL(1461588)

SCALE - 1 : 250

I.K.G.P.T.U. CAMPUS-II KHUNNIMAJRA.

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION CUM CONVENTION CENTRE

THESIS GUIDE : AR.DAMANDEEP KAUR

07

MULTI-PURPOSE CONVENTIONAL HALL

THEATRE STYLE CONVENTIONAL HALL SCALE - 1 : 200

ROUND TABLE STYLE CONVENTIONAL SCALE - 1 : 200

Key Plan

ELEVATION SCALE - 1 : 100

I.K.G.P.T.U. CAMPUS-II KHUNNIMAJRA.

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION CUM CONVENTION CENTRE

THESIS GUIDE : AR.DAMANDEEP KAUR

S.SUKHBIR SINGH DAYAL(1461588)

Shaded Portion enlarged

08

AMPHITHEATRE FOODCOURT &RESTAURANT

Shaded Portion enlarged

Key Plan

AMPHITHEATRE SCALE - 1 : 100

Key Plan

Shaded Portion enlarged

RESTAURANT CUM BAR

RESTAURANT CUM BAR

SCALE - 1 : 250

Key Plan

SCALE - 1 : 250

ELEVATION SCALE - 1 : 150

I.K.G.P.T.U. CAMPUS-II KHUNNIMAJRA.

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION CUM CONVENTION CENTRE

THESIS GUIDE : AR.DAMANDEEP KAUR

S.SUKHBIR SINGH DAYAL(1461588)

Shaded Portion enlarged

09

BASEMENT & DETAILS

BASEMENT

SCALE - 1 : 500

S.SUKHBIR SINGH DAYAL(1461588)

BAMBOO DETAILS

I.K.G.P.T.U. CAMPUS-II KHUNNIMAJRA.

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION CUM CONVENTION CENTRE

THESIS GUIDE : AR.DAMANDEEP KAUR

09

Bibliography:

• Time saver and standards.

• Neufert.

• Arch daily • Wikipedia • National building code • Building bye laws bangalore • Airport authority bye laws bangalore • • Bamboo construction source book • Ibuku bali,indonesia

BENGALURU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE