Worms Schistocephalus solidus

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WORMS SCHISTOCEPHALUS SOLIDUS, Müller. solidus is a tapeworm of fish-eating birds and has a somewhat complex life history. T h e egg falls into the water with the faeces of the bird-host and soon releases a ciliated embryo or coracidium. If this is swallowed by a " water-flea " it makes its way into the tissues of its host and there develops into a stage called a procercoid. When the water flea is eaten by a fish, usually a stickleback, the procercoid makes its way through the wall of the fish's intestine into the body cavity where it develops into a plerocercoid, a flat white fluke-like creature about ^-in. long and J-in. across. U p to ten of these have been found in a single stickleback and even a smaller number can make it difficult for the fish to swim so that it is more easily caught and eaten by a bird. When the infested fish is swallowed by a bird the plerocercoid develops into the adult worm in the bird's intestine, to the walls of which it attaches itself like other tapeworms, by suckers and hooks. J. D. Smyth has shown (Journal of Experimental Biology, 1946) that the plerocercoid larvae of S. solidus mature rapidly when cultured aseptically in suitable media at a temperature of 40° C., the average body temperature of a bird, and more recently (loc. cit. 1952) that when cultured at 30° C., the worms do not mature. If, therefore, an infested stickleback is eaten by another fish the plerocercoids, not being raised to the necessary temperature, do not develop into the adult tapeworm and cannot, therefore, attach themselves to the intestinal wall of their new host. They can, however, resist the action of the digestive juices—as they would in any case have to resist those of a bird—remain alive in the fish's alimentary canal and are presumably eventually voided with the fish's faeces, still alive. No one so far as I know, has fed an infested stickleback to a predaceous tropical fish—if such there be—that normally lives in water at a temperature of 40° C. S. solidus has not so far been recorded from Suffolk either in the adult form from a bird or as a plerocercoid from a stickleback : it is probably not uncommon and well worth looking for. C.

B I R D PARASITES. N E W to Suffolk. T h e worms Choatonaenia infundibulum, Block, in Red Legged Partridge and Porrocaecum depressum, Zeder, in Kestrel are recorded from Suffolk by Dr. A. H. Bayles in Ann. & Mag. Natural History I, 10 (1928). H.

C.

GRANT.


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