Thirty years of Suffolk Geology - a short history of the Ipswich Geological Group

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THIRTY YEARS OF SUFFOLK GEOLOGY A SHORT HISTORY OF THE IPSWICH GEOLOGICAL GROUP ROGER DIXON Introduction The founder of the Ipswich Geological Group, Bob Markham, started working at Ipswich Museum in 1965 as Keeper of Geology, and taking over from Harold Spencer.

Bob first began studying geology while still at school, encouraged by Spencer, cycling around Suffolk to look at pits and collect fossils. He furthered his studies by doing a geology degree at Queen Mary College, London then spent three years working at the Norwich Castle Museum. Bob soon gathered a keen group of enthusiasts (John Norman, ‘Mac’ MacFarlane, Peter Grainger, Claude Garrod and Susan Olley), who formed the nucleus of the group. Together, sometimes with others, they embarked on a programme of geology digs and fossil hunts, with field trips further afield or with other societies, evening talks and slide shows. The arrangement was formalised a year later, in 1966, with subscriptions, accounts, a newsletter and reports written up in a Bulletin. A variety of names was suggested for group – such as the Megalodon Club – before settling on the Ipswich Geological Group.

The aims of the group were clear: to encourage interest and research into local geology. Field work was thus a key element, with ‘digs’ proving useful and popular.

Reports, descriptions, essays, notes and comments were published in a more formal Bulletin, while information about local geo-events – forthcoming talks, field trips and so on – were disseminated through a Newsletter.

Finance and Membership The first set of accounts was published in Bulletin No.3 and annually thereafter, with the financial year running from September. The early subscription was 10/-, with concessions at 6/- introduced for students and retired people and, later, Associate Members, who were not eligible to receive the Bulletin, half price. The reduced subscriptions were finally abandoned in 1969 as unworkable and with few subscribers.

During the first year, subscriptions raised £11.3.0d, with a further 15/- raised through sales of the Bulletin and a donation of 8/8d. The annual expenditure of £12.6.8d was entirely to finance the production of Bulletins and Newsletters.

Peter Grainger took over from John Norman as Treasurer in 1968, followed in 1971

by R.J. Markham. In 1973 the subscription was increased to 75p for ordinary members, 50p for students and OAPs, and a family rate of £1. There was a further increase in 1977 to £1 for ordinary members, 75p for students and OAPs, and £1.25 for families. The last increase was in 1988 to £1.50 for ordinary members.

There were 26 members in the first year, increasing to 41 members within two years, a number which subsequently remained fairly constant. The majority had no geological training, but there were several who were, or became, academics, for example Richard West, Peter Norton, Charles Turner and Peter Long. Some went on to become ‘professionals’ by using geology in their later careers – Liz Harper at the Sedgwick Museum, Peter Grainger at Exeter, and Caroline Markham and Roger Dixon both taught geology.

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Field trips Local: The first recorded field trip was on January 8th, 1967 to Battisford, a site interpreted as a Red Crag beach deposit on top of Chalk, and visited subsequently many times.

The group of 12 excavated the base of an old disused pit to expose shelly pebbly sands, digging down below the water table in harsh wintry, snow-storm conditions.

Shelter was provided by a temporary plastic ‘tent’, and lunch of hot oxtail and chicken soup was provided by Bob’s father, cooked on camping gas stoves. Visitors included a member of the local constabulary. Material was collected for later analysis and faunal lists were included in the final report written up for the Bulletin, which ran for four pages and included extracts about the site from other publications [3, 1-4]. It wasn’t until nine years later that it was proudly announced in a Newsletter (20.03.76) that Geological Group ‘diggers’ finally broke through to the Chalk, 7 feet and 10 inches below the pit bottom, “no mean feat” as digging was through coarse gravel and with a huge inflow of ground water.

Another favourite site was at Sudbourne Park, first visited on May 14th in the same year, to collect from the Coralline Crag. 16 members attended – it is recorded that they “managed to appreciate the delights of a large box of chocolates during the afternoon’s heavy rain” and one member displayed “his musical talents, not perhaps to the approval of others” [3, 16-18].

The Bulletin records many reports of local field trips, including some no longer accessible. Tattingstone Hall farm pit, for example, was flooded by the Alton Water reservoir and was the subject of several ‘digs’ to record the sections and collect. The site was important as the southernmost Coralline Crag exposure and displayed the Coralline/Red Crag boundary [15, 6-8; 17, 29]. Excavations at Bucklesham and Levington are other examples. Many temporary exposures were visited and recorded, such as to the Ipswich Western By-pass excavations, where members were guided by a Balfour Beatty engineer on August 11th, 1984. There were many sites no longer available for study, which were visited by the Group.

Christmas ‘digs’ were a feature. That of December 28th, 1969 was to Bramford to clear a reference section through the Chalk, Lower London Tertiaries, London Clay, Crag and gravel. Others included Badgers Bank (Ipswich), Wrabness, Walton-on-theNaze and Tattingstone (a 2-day meeting advertised in the Newsletter with the comment “the site may be cut off by snow-drifts”).

There are many reports of field trips and ‘digs’ in the Bulletin, some run jointly with other societies, such as the Geological Society of Norfolk, Tertiary Research Group and the Suffolk Naturalists’ Society, and some where members could attend by invitation. Inevitably some excursions were cancelled because of lack of interest or other factors, such as the Christmas 1967 ‘dig’ during a ‘foot and mouth’ epidemic.

Closer to home, walks in Ipswich demonstrated building stones [19, 13-17; 20, 2-3].

By and large the trips were self-financing. Occasionally, however, when coach or minibus transport had been arranged, trips ran at a loss because people did not show up at the last moment – such as a loss of £5.10.0d on September 10th, 1967 – which was covered by ‘private donation’ (actually made by Bob!). At the start of every field Trans. Suffolk Nat. Soc. 52 (2016)

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trip Bob insisted that all attendees sign a ‘blood chit’, a risk disclaimer, the wording of which was based upon that of various commercial organisations.

Plates 5–9 illustrate some of the work that the Group was doing on local field excursions.

Further afield: One of the most ambitious trips took place September 14-19th, 1968. Nine members left Ipswich at 11 o’clock in the evening, driving through the night in two vans to Cornwall and Devon. A camping trip, everyone contributed food, which was cooked on a butane stove, but curry at St. Erth and Christmas pudding for breakfast at Buckfastleigh provided no doubt light relief. Visits were made to see the Culm Measures, Lizard Series, Land’s End Granite, Devonian rocks and the St. Erth and Bovey Tracey Beds. The cost was a remarkable £4 per person, the only problem being a stop for a brake repair in west London [6, 1-2].

Other trips included a day-trip to Reading by train [7, 2] and, taking advantage of special rates, a railway day excursion to Llandudno and the Great Orme [RADM pers. com.]. Other planned destinations included Sevenoaks (at a cost of 18/-), Aberystwyth (£2; “it may be necessary to leave Ipswich at 5a.m.”), Brighton and Scarborough. A suggestion was even made, in 1972, for an overseas trip to Majorca or Tunisia, and the prospect of a trip to see the Tertiary deposits of the Paris and Loire Basins cropped up several times.

London was visited several times, for example to Kew Gardens (9.11.79) and the Natural History and Geology Museums (13.7.80).

The Bulletin also records other members’ trips attended. Examples are Grainger’s account of a Quaternary Field Study Group (QRA) trip to Ireland in 1968 [5, 7-10] and Markham’s account of an undergraduate QMC trip to Assynt in 1959 [6, 7-11] are examples.

Indoor meetings: Sieving crag and identifying fossils were often done in evening sessions at Ipswich Museum, and faunal lists from sites compiled. Informal discussion evenings, slide shows and specimen-bringing and handling sessions also took place, many of which were specifically aimed at children. Often members adjourned to a local Chinese or Indian restaurant afterwards. Such meetings were often themed, such as ‘Lower Chalk fossils’ [9, 15] and ‘Crag Bivalve Molluscs’ [9, 16], and there was a ‘Colchester Earthquake Centenary Meeting on September 1st, 1984. Social functions were not ignored: there was a trip to Ipswich Theatre to see Ben Travers’ “Rookery Nook”, followed by a visit ‘behind the scenes’ on November 26th, 1976.

The Bulletin The first Bulletin was published on Fri 16th September (for August), 1966, duplicated on an old Roneo machine and produced in museum. The opening article was by H.E.P. Spencer: “Geographic and Geological Notes on the Ipswich District” – it was an introductory outline of the Cretaceous to Recent geology of East Suffolk [1, 1-3]. This first Bulletin, the flagship of the group, became the model for future editions, which

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were all produced on a voluntary basis. They commonly ran to over 20 pages and up to 30 pages of foolscap. The articles were varied, but provided general accounts of the group’s activities during the year. Many of the contributors were regular, and often included were short general accounts of the group’s activities and the financial accounts.

Many articles were aimed for the beginner, designed to encourage interest – Markham’s simplified local stratigraphy [1, 20], notes for beginners [3, 22, 24], introduction to Suffolk geology [15, 6-8] and check lists of fossils and notes [1, 8-10], Grainger’s hints on section recording [7, 10-11] and many more. Reports of field trips and ‘digs’ were prominent, together with faunal lists, illustrated sections and other results of field work. Reviews of more scientific papers encouraged readers to broaden their reading.

Essays were a regular feature of the Bulletin. Doug Whitten’s fabled take on the origin of granite, “Migma and Magma” was light-hearted, but most were more serious and penetrating. These included Allen’s “Geography of the Crag Sea” [2, 10-11], Collins’ “Thoughts on Palaeocarcinology” on fossil crustaceans [8, 3-6], Dixon’s account of the Budleigh Salterton Pebble Bed, written as an undergraduate [9, 5-10, 17-18] and review of “Work on the Crags up to 1950, Part 1” [22, 16-19], and Wymer’s account of the Stoke Bone Bed [19, 2-5] are just some of them. Some articles were of a more general natural history orientation: Finlay’s on conservation of Languard Common [18, 2-4], the historic document “The Green Children of Woolpit” [18, 4-5], and Simpson’s “The Ipswich Scene Then and Now” [20, 8-11; 21, 611].

Bibliographies, too, were regularly published, almost all of them compiled by Markham. The sources included journals not normally available to most geology students, such as The Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society of East Anglia [1, 16-19].

Some bibliographies were of specific journals, eg. The Geological Society of Norfolk, and some were themed, e.g. Lower and Middle Palaeolithic Industries [10, 4], Foraminifera [11, 15-16; 13, 5-7] the Lower Tertiary of East Anglia [20, 3-7]. Many of these bibliographies have subsequently been re-published by GeoSuffolk as ‘Notes’.

Short notes or comments on aspects of geology or interest were common, often only a few lines long: “A Forest Bed Pig”, for example [2, 14], “Celestine” [3, 6] and “Some Examples of Recent Induration from the North Norfolk Coast” [3, 6]. Short extracts and quotations from other publications were also included. R.J. Markham’s analysis of phosphate nodules and bones to determine the phosphate content, bearing in mind the importance of the C19th coprolite industry in coastal Suffolk, exemplified a more practical aspect of the Bulletin.

Naturally, being based at Ipswich Museum, there were many articles relating to its history and the collections, as well as describing other local scientific societies.

Indeed, some of these doubled as Markham’s lecture notes for talks on the subject [see: 4, 10-14; 6, 2-3; 8, 7-8; 14, 5-8; 23, 2-8; and many more]. They all served to remind us of our geological heritage in and around Ipswich.

No. 23 was the last Bulletin published, in June 1982. Escalating costs prohibited further production although others were prepared in draft, up to No. 28, destined for Trans. Suffolk Nat. Soc. 52 (2016)

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1993, which would have included an obituary of Colin Ranson, a good friend of East Anglian geology, and an article by Markham on “The Kyson Monkey”, actually the discovery of Hyracotherium from the London Clay at Kyson Point, on the River Deben near Martlesham.

The Newsletter The first Newsletter appeared on June 18th, 1966, consisting of three pages of foolscap, and set the tone for future issues. Therein was noted that Bob was Secretary and Editor, J. Norman was Treasurer and H.E.P. Spencer, “the well-known local geologist”, was President. The Newsletter was mainly a vehicle for listing future events – field trips, talks, slide shows, not only for the Group but also for other societies, such as The Suffolk Naturalists’ Society, Paramoudra Club (The Geological Society of Norfolk), Conchological Society and Ipswich & District Natural History Society. The list grew in later years to include the Geologists’ Association, Quaternary Research Association and many others, and included their addresses.

Most Newsletters were of only one page and were typed, but from the mid-1980s many were hand-written. At that time also was the change from foolscap to A4 sized paper. There was an initial aim to produce six Newsletters each year but this was often not the case in later years. Occasionally a Newsletter was incorporated into a Bulletin (eg. No. 10, 29.6.68).

The Newsletter included other material as well: lists of off-prints for sale, short notes about items of geo-interest, short field meeting reports and even a report on preliminary results of rock analyses from the Sea of Tranquility on the moon (No. 18, 30.11.68). Such material became less frequent in later issues. RIGS (Regionally Important Geological & Geomorphological Sites) was first mentioned in 1993 (No. 116) as a collaboration between English Nature, Ipswich Borough Council Museum (also representing Suffolk Naturalists’s Society, Ipswich Geological Group and the Suffolk Biological Records Centre), Suffolk County Council, Suffolk Wildlife Trust, Diss Museum, Otley Agricultural College and London Guildhall University, but little activity was subsequently recorded. Records of members’ deaths were also noted: that of H.E.P. Spencer on 26th January, 1985 was later celebrated by an indoor meeting, “The Photography of Mr. H.E.P. Spencer”, in the Library of the Friends Meeting House on 15th March, 1985, followed by a meal at a local Chinese restaurant.

Ipswich Geological Group Birthdays were specially noted in the Newsletter. The Annual Indoor Meeting of January 1st, 1971 featured a slide show of the first five years of Group activities presented by Bob and Peter Grainger, “an opportunity to relive those ‘digs’”, and was followed by an informal dinner at a local Chinese restaurant. The indoor meeting of 31st December, 1976 celebrated ten years of the Group, “research, discovery and fun”, followed by a dinner at the Crown & Anchor hotel. A slide show entitled “20 years of the Ipswich Geological Group” was given at a meeting on 28th February, 1986; and a 21st birthday celebration meal was held at a local Indian restaurant on 3rd April, 1987, followed on June 26th by a special picnic tea at a ‘dig’ at Sudbourne Park. “IGG 25” was noted in 1991, but no special events seem to have been held.

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A brief Newsletter, No. 124, the last under the Ipswich Geological Group heading although strictly under the wing of the Suffolk Naturalists’ Society, was published in April 1996. It advertised forthcoming field trips to Broom Pit (Orford), Aldeburgh, Bramford (with the Tertiary Research Group) and Nacton Shore. Bob’s final words were: “I wish to thank members for their support over the past thirty years, and now look forward to future times”.

Site Records Detailed records, often including detailed measurements, faunal lists and granulometric analyses, were made of temporary as well as more permanent exposures. The first such record was by S. MacFarlane of a temporary Red Crag exposure, excavated for a ‘drainage appliance’ on Rushmere Heath, and included illustrative sketch sections [1, 5-6]. There were many more: Grainger’s account of a temporary exposure at Tattingstone [4, 8-10] and Markham’s on the ‘Tattingstone Digs’, a site soon to be flooded with the creation of Alton Reservoir [15, 6-8]; Grainger’s account of some sand-filled pipes at Sudbourne Park [10, 2-4]; Dixon’s review of the Chillesford Beds at a site enlarged for sand and gravel by the U.S.A.F. for Bentwaters Air Base in 1967 [11, 2-9]; Long’s article on the fossiliferous coastal exposure at Covehithe [9, 5-13]; Stidwell’s record of a temporary excavation at Little Oakley [17, 11-16]; and Dixon’s record of the Neutral Farm Pit, Butley to cite a few.

Other site records were also recorded in the Bulletin, such as the finding of a few plates of Marsupites in Mason’s Quarry, Great Blakenham; or auger traverses such as the one at Belstead by MacFarlane [3, 22] and Markham’s descriptions of the geology of boreholes in the Coralline Crag between Aldeburgh and Orford [4, 3-6].

Sadly, almost all the good exposure in the pits of the 1960s and 1970s are now overgrown and temporary exposures, so important a record then, are now rarely made.

Fossils In an area of abundant Crag shells, it is only natural that much attention was focused on fossils, particularly molluscs. The earliest faunal lists from a Crag site was Markham’s from Stratton Hall based on material collected in 1955-7 while he was still at school [8, 10-11]. Such lists, however, were only one aspect of the fossil records, as a glance through the contents will show: Collins’ report on the cirripedes found at Beggar’s Hollow [4, 1-2] (Plate 5) and description of a swimmer crab (Portunus depurator) from the Coralline Crag [4, 2], Christie’s record of belemnites at Lackford [4, 15], Markham’s notes on hippopotamus in England [5, 11-12] and list of fossil hominid sites worldwide [8, 11-15], and Irwin’s description of insects from pieces of amber in Ipswich Museum, are just a few.

Systematic palaeontology was also considered: Leeder’s account on Belemnitella praecursor and B. mucronata, for example, and Markham’s guide to the taxodont molluscs of the Crag [17, 22-29]. And, in an area blessed with a long, estuarine coastline, lists of recent [7, 5-7] and immigrant shells [10, 15] were sometimes included in the Bulletin. Quirky items also appeared, such as Christie’s note on a poem about Nucula Cobboldiae [20, 2], offering a degree of light relief and entertainment.

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The End The March, 1995 Newsletter, in somewhat sad terms, announced that circumstances had changed. Ipswich Borough Council was cutting its museum services and the post of Keeper of Geology, which Bob held, became redundant. The news was devastating.

Comments were directed to Councillor Sheila Baguley, Chair of Leisure Services, but to no avail. Bob still had a summer programme of talks, walks and activities arranged, which he dutifully carried out, and R.I.G.S. enquiries were directed to Martin Sanford of the Suffolk Biological Records Centre.

Secondly, insurance to cover the Group’s activities, particularly field work, was becoming increasingly prohibitive. First insured with Commercial Union in 1991, the premium for Public Liability was £50. But increases in premium were rapid and the Group, with its limited resources, could no longer afford the insurance premiums – indeed, within five years premiums outstripped income from subscriptions.

The final Newsletter, Number 123, was produced in July that year. Bob approached the Geological Society of Norfolk to see if a merger could be arranged with the Ipswich Geological Group, and was rebuffed. This was not the first time a merger had been attempted, for in Newsletter No. 12 it was recorded that “informal discussions have been taking place” between the Geological Society of Norfolk and the Ipswich Geological Group with a view to amalgamation. The matter was to be discussed at the Geological Society of Norfolk’s AGM on 30th November, 1968. That merger never happened.

However, the Suffolk Naturalists’ Society (S.N.S.) stepped in and agreed to shelter the Group under its umbrella, while allowing the Group to keep its name and retain a large measure of independence. Importantly, the Group had a vehicle for publication through the S.N.S. ‘Suffolk Natural History’, their flagship annual publication, and ‘White Admiral’ newsletter. By the same token, field trips could be organised as the Group was covered by SNS insurance. Further, Group members could attend S.N.S. meetings, receive their publications and other Society benefits. The arrangement was described as ‘very favourable’.

Postscript The Suffolk Geological Group, as the Ipswich Geological Group was sometimes called under the S.N.S. banner, became independent once more in 2002, re-incorporating RIGS to become GeoSuffolk. It has gone from strength to strength.

Roger Dixon St. Andrew’s Cottage, 45 Meads Street, Eastbourne BN20 7RN

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THE BULLETIN OF THE IPSWICH GEOLOGICAL GROUP: CONTENTS As the primary publication of the Ipswich Geological Group, a complete run of Bulletins is available at the Ipswich Museum. Copies were also sent to the Suffolk Record Office, BGS and the Natural History Museum.

No. 1. September 1966 (for August 1966) H.E.P. Spencer Geographic and Geological Notes on the Ipswich District 1-3 R. Agas An Account of Dunwich in 1589 [reprint] 4 S.J.J. MacFarlane The Crag Exposure to the West of the Water Tower on Rushmere Heath 5, 7 R. Markham Marsupites from the Gipping Valley Chalk 6 R. Markham Note of some Crag fossils in the Museum of the Geology Dept. of Birmingham University 6 R.M. Illustrations of Common Crag molluscs 8 - 10 C. Holcombe Section through junction of Red and Coralline Crags, ‘The Rocks’ Ramsholt 10 - 12 R.M. Bibliography: Paramoudra Club Bulletin, Nos. 1 - 14 11, 13 J. Frere Account of Flint Weapons discovered at Hoxne, Suffolk [reprint] 14 W. Smith Extracts from Strata identified by Organised Fossils [reprint] 15 R.M. Bibliography: Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society of East Anglia 16 - 19 C. Allen Fossils collected from the London Clay, 1963 19 - 20 R.M. Simplified Table of Local Strata 20 R. Markham An excavation in the Coralline Crag at Tattingstone 21 - 23 R. Markham Waldringfield Crag 24 - 25 R. Markham Notes on Weavers Pit, Tuddenham St. Martin 25 - 27

No. 2. March 1967 R.M. R. Markham C. Allen R.M. R.M. R.M. C. Allen C. Allen H.E.P. Spencer R. Markham R. Markham R. Markham R. Markham R. Markham

Fossils recorded from the Gipping Valley Chalk 1-3 Fossils from the Gipping Valley Chalk and a note on the Zones 3-4 Chalk in the Orwell Valley 4 Bibliography: Transactions of the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists’ Society: Vol. 1 – Vol. 10, No. 1 5-7 Bibliography: W.G. Clarke 7 Bibliography: Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society Vol. 1 - Vol. 32 8-9 The Geography of the ‘Crag Sea’ 10 - 11 Red Crag Barnacles at Bramford 11 Sizewell Norwich Crag; Rifle Range Site, 1953 12 Crag Fossils from Broome, 1963 12 - 13 Notes on Nucella in the Weybourne Crag April 1963 14 A Forest-Bed Pig 14 Notes on the Forest-Bed Deer Jaws in the Norwich Castle Museum 14 -18 Upper Pleistocene Mammals of Norfolk 18 - 22

No. 3. August 1967 R. Markham R. Markham P. Grainger R. Markham R. Markham

Battisford Red Crag ‘Dig’ Interglacial Beds at Beetley, Norfolk Celestine (Strontium Sulphate Note on ‘William’s Pit’, Claydon Some examples of recent induration from the Norfolk coast

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R. Markham R.M.

A Forest Bed Horse Jaw from Paston, Norfolk 7, 25 Bibliography: The Advancement of Science, Volumes VII - XX1 1950 - 1965 7-8 R.M. Bibliography: Antiquity, 1927 - 1965 8 R.M. Bibliography: The Journal of the Ipswich and District Field Club 8-9 R.M. Bibliography: The Journal of the Ipswich and District Natural History Society 9 R.M. Bibliography: Norfolk Research Committee Bulletin, 1 - 16 9 - 10 R.M. Bibliography: Transactions of the Suffolk Naturalists’ Society Vol. 7 - Vol. 13, Part 5 10 - 13 S.J. MacFarlane The Bourne Park Trench Exposures 13 - 14 R. Markham Note on a deformed elephant tooth from the Forest Bed 15 - 16; 25 R. Markham Sudbourne Park Coralline Crag Dig. 14th May 1967 16 - 18 S.J. MacFarlane Observations at the site of the St. Albans Secondary School, Ipswich August 7th 1965 18 R. Markham Some Meat Equivalents of Bones from a Roman Rubbish Pit 18 R. Markham The Foxhall Mandible 18 - 21; 25 S.J. MacFarlane An Auger Traverse near Blacksmiths Corner, Belstead 22, 23 R.M. Notes for Beginners 22, 24 R.M. Comment and Notes on 1966 - 1967 26 - 27

No. 4. June 1968 (for February 1968) J.S.H. Collins J.S.H. Collins R. Markham P. Cambridge P. Cambridge P. Grainger R. Markham P. Christie R. Markham J.S.H. Collins R. Markham P. Grainger Editorial

A Report on the Cirripedes found in an exposure of the Red Crag at Beggar’s Hollow, Ipswich 1-2 Portunus depurator (Linne.) from the Coralline Crag of Suffolk 2 Preliminary note on Coralline Crag from boreholes between Orford and Aldeburgh 3-6 A derived brachiopod from the Red Crag 6 Reviews 7-8 A Temporary Exposure at Tattingstone (O.S. TM 134379) 8 - 10 An Introduction to the Geological Collections of Ipswich Museum 10 - 14 Belemnites at Lackford 15 Some References 15 - 16 Cirrepedes of the Chalk (U. Cretaceous) of Norfolk 16 - 17 A Scalaria from St. Erth, Cornwall 17 - 18 A Section through the Basement-Bed of the London Clay at Grovelands Pit, Reading (for comparison with that in the Ipswich Area) 18 19

No. 5. April - June 1969 M.R. Leader J.S.H.Collins P. Grainger R.M. R. Markham

The Systematics of Belemnitella praecursor Stolley and its distinction from Belemnitella mucronata senior Schlotheim 1813 1-4 A Guide to the Indentification of Crag (Plio/Pleistocene) Acorn Barnacles of the genus Balanus s.1..

3-6 Coastal Glacial Deposits in Cork, Waterford and Wexford (S.E. Ireland) 7 - 10 Some Bibliographies 10 Notes on the Hippopotamus in England 11 - 12

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No. 6. July 1969 R. Markham R. Markham R.M. R. Markham R. Markham P. Grainger

Field trip to Cornwall & South Devon, September 1968 Notes on Museums and Societies in Norfolk, Suffolk and Essex Comments and Notes on 1967 - 1968 The Blackheath Beds Fauna of Abbey Wood Geology of parts of North-West Scotland Notes on two boreholes near Felixstowe

1-2 2-3 4-5 5-7 7 - 10 10

No. 7. Autumn 1969 Contents 1 Report of the Ipswich Geological Group Field Meeting at Reading, 22nd June 1969 2 P. Grainger Report of the Ipswich Geological Group Field Meeting at Levington Creek, 8th July 1969 2-3 J. Holden Report of the Ipswich Geological Group Meeting on Sunday, 21st September at Great Blakenham boulder clay pit 3 H.E.P. Spencer The Crag Elephant: Archidiskodon meridionalis. New localities 4 P.E.P. Norton A Preliminary Note on the re-opened Crag Pit at Hill Farm, Wangford, NG: TM 462777 4-5 R. Markham A List of East Anglian Recent Bivalve Molluscs 5-7 T. Pain & D. Beatty The Viviparidae 8-9 R. Markham Note on the Geology of Stonehaven, Kincardineshire 9 - 10 P. Grainger ... to encourage interest and research into local geology, I.G.G. Bull. 1. 1966 10 - 11 P. Grainger Radio-carbon Dating and the Weichselian 11 - 12 R. Markham Notes for Amateur Mineralogists 12 - 13 R. Markham Bibliography: Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association 1960 - 1969 13 - 14 R. Markham Comment and Notes on 1968 - 1969 15 - 16 P. Grainger

No. 8. September 1970 J. Wymer

J.S.H.Collins R. Markham R. Markham R. Markham R. Markham D. Whitton R.M. R. Markham R.M.

P. Grainger

Contents 1 Clacton-on-Sea, Essex. Archaeological excavations conducted by the Dept. of Anatomy, University of Chicago by Prof. Ronald Singer and Mr. John Wymer.

Notes on results of first season: July - September 1969 2-3 Thoughts on Palaeocarcinology 3-6 Notes on Early Scientific Societies in Ipswich 7-8 Introduction to the Mull Leaf Beds of Scotland 9 A Collection from the old crag pit at Stratton Hall, Levington 10 - 11 List of Fossil Hominid Sites 11 - 15 Migma and Magma 15 - 16 Bibliography: Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society 1949 - 1965 17 Aldeburgh. Beachcombing.

17 - 18 Notes taken from Current Trends in Palaeobotany by C.A. Arnold in ‘Earth Science Reviews’, Vol. 4 No. 4 Dec. 1968 (Publ. by Elsevier, Netherlands) 18 - 19 Swanscombe. Note taken from ‘Swanscombe, 1968’ by J. d’A. Waechter and B.W. Conway, Proc. R. Anthrop. Inst., 1968, pp. 53 - 61 19 - 20

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No. 9. January 1971 Contents 1 A description of exposures in a pit at Stowmarket, Suffolk 2-4 The Budleigh Salterton Pebble Bed 5 - 10, 17 - 18 Report on the Quaternary Research Association meeting in East Anglia, 3 - 7th April, 1970 10 - 11 G.E. Fletcher Notes on a temporary exposure at Mark’s Tey, Essex 11 - 13 P Grainger & J. Holden A short note on the Post Office site at Martlesham 13 R.A.D. Markham Introductory notes on the local Eocene deposits 14 R.A.D. Markham Notes on the pits at Bramford & Great Blakenham 15 R.M. Publications and meetings in 1969 - 1970 15 - 16 R.M. & P.G. Finance: September 1969 - August 1970 16 P. Grainger R. Dixon P. Grainger

No. 10. August 1971 Contents 1 A note on sand-filled pipes in the Coralline Crag at Sudbourne Park, Suffolk 2-4 P. Grainger Bibliography: Lower and Middle Palaeolithic Industries 4 P.E. Long Notes of fossiliferous coastal exposures at Covehithe, Suffolk 5 - 13 R.A.D. Markham Some Norwich Crag - Westleton Bed junctions in the Southwold Area 13 - 15 R.A.D. Markham Notes on immigrant shells in Britain 15 P. Grainger Sections exposed in a pit at Aldham, near Hadleigh 16 - 18 P. Grainger

No. 11. December 1972 Contents 1 R.G. Dixon A Review of the Chillesford Beds 2-9 J.J. Wymer The Lower Palaeolithic Deposits at Hoxne, Suffolk [reprint] 10 -14 R.A.D. Markham A Bibliography of the Foraminifera of the Crag 15 - 16 C.E. Ranson & R. Markham Reports of Field Meetings with the Suffolk Naturalists’ Society [reprint] 16 - 18 List of Geological Group Members, 1966 - 1971 18 - 19 R.A.D.M. Financial Statement: Geological Group, 1970 - 1971 20 P.G. Editor’s Note 20

No. 12. September 1973 R.A.D. Markham R.G. Dixon R.A.D. Markham R.A.D. Markham R.A.D. Markham P. Grainger R.G. Dixon

Contents Crag from a borehole at Overstrand, Norfolk Notes on Foraminifera from the Scrobicularia Crag at Chillesford Fossils found at some Red Crag sites Hunstanton Cliff Report of the Field Meeting to the Pliocene of Suffolk, April 24 th, 1971 Walton-on-the-Naze field trip report, December 30th, 1972 Report of Field Excursion to Ramsholt (The Rocks), April 29th, 1973

1 2 3-5 5-6 6-7 7-8 8 9

No. 13. December 1974 Contents Brief Description of Silurian (?) Sediment from a borehole sample at Ipswich Museum C. Radley & R.M. Cheesman Orwell Park Observatory R. Markham Neogene Foraminifera: Further References

1

R.G. Dixon

2-3 3-5 5-7

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Suffolk Natural History, Vol. 52 Financial Statement: Geological Group, 1971 - 1972 Bibliography: Transactions Suffolk Naturalists’ Society and Suffolk Natural History. 1967 - 1974

8 8

No. 14. March 1975 R. Markham R. Markham R. Markham R.A.D.M.

Contents Notes on some Gipping Valley Sites Preliminary Note of the Section at Blake’s Pit, Bramerton The Ipswich Scientific Society and Others Financial Statement: Geological Group, 1973

1 2-3 4 5-8 8

No. 15. August 1975 R. Markham R.M. R. Markham

Contents 1 Notes on some Red Crag Exposures 2-4 Bibliography: the printed Bulletin of the Geological Society of Norfolk.

Nos. 19 - 27 (1971 - 1975) 5-6 The Tattingstone Digs: Preliminary Notes 6-8

No. 16. January 1976 Contents 1 R.M. Bibliography: Ipswich Geological Group Bulletins, Nos. 1 - 15 2-6 R. Markham Introduction to Suffolk Geology 6-8 K. Hammond Divers find North Sea interesting 9 S.J.J. MacFarlane Stoke Tunnel Boreholes 9 - 11 J. Cooper Sections recorded by Tertiary Research Group at Bramford 11 - 12 R. Markham A list of Norwich Crag Fossils from Wangford Wood 13 J. Llewellyn Jones List of recent Marine Molluscs picked up at Bawdsey 13 P. Cambridge On the Comparative age of the Crags of East Anglia and the Antwerp Area14 J.E. Rayner Fossils ‘Down Under’ 15 - 16 R.A.D.M. Financial Statement: Geological Group, 1974 16

No. 17. May 1976 P.G. Cambridge A.G. Irwin W.I. Stidwill R.L. Forsdike R.M. R.A.D. Markham R.M.

Contents 1 A Review of the Neogene and Lower Pleistocene Deposits in East Anglia 2 - 9 Inclusions in Amber 10 Little Oakley Excavation, 1973 - 1975 11 - 16 A Prehistoric Settlement at Stone Point, Walton-on-the-Naze 17 - 18 Bibliography: The Coast of East Anglia 19 - 22 A guide to the Taxodont Bivalve Molluscs of the Crag 22 - 29 Addenda: Tattingstone Hall 29

No. 18. September 1976 Contents 1 S. Finlay Landguard Common, Felixstowe, Suffolk 2-4 William of Newburgh, translated by R. Wingfield The Green Children of Woolpit [reprint] 4-5 R.M. Bibliography: Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Vol. 33 (1903) - Vol. 89 (1959) 5-6 R. Markham Notes on Geological Group ‘digs’ at Gedgrave, Battisford and Wangford 6 - 9 T. Pain The Genus Neptunea in Britain 9 - 11 R. Markham Notes on Itinerary I, Geologists’ Association Guide No. 12 11

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THIRTY YEARS OF SUFFOLK GEOLOGY A.R.C. Boatman R.A.D.M. R. Markham R.A.D. Markham R. Markham J.B. Eaton

Sedimentary Characteristics of the Red Crag Financial Statement: Geological Group, 1975 Notes on Edward Charlesworth, 1813 - 1893 Geology of the Solar System Suffolk Brickearths Coastal Studies at Orford Haven

89 12 - 13 13 14 - 16 17 - 24 25 - 28 29 - 30

No. 19. Autumn 1977 Contents 1 The Stoke Stone Bed, Ipswich, Suffolk 2-5 Neutral Farm Pit, Butley 6 - 12 Bricks and Buildings - Observations in High Street, Anglesea Road, Alan Road and Cemetery Road 13 R.M. Ipswich Brickyards recorded in the Geological Survey Memoirs of 1885 and 1927 13 - 14 M. Garwood, J. Lisardi, B. Robinson, A. Garstang, and Anon Some Ipswich Houses: Dates of Building and Colours of Bricks used 15 - 17 R.M. Bibliography: Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 1967 - 1976 18 J.J. Wymer R.G. Dixon M. Walker

No. 20. April 1980 (for 1977 – 8) P. Christie R.M. R.A.D.M. R.M. F.W. Simpson

Contents A Poem on a Crag Fossil Ipswich Geological Group Walk, Sunday 30 January 1977: Ipswich Building Stones Bibliography: Lower Tertiary of East Anglia, 1815 - 1971 Bibliography: Antiquity, 1966 - 1976 The Ipswich Scene Then and Now

1 2 2-3 3-7 7 8 - 11

No. 21. May 1980 (for 1979) Contents R.A.D.Markham Objects of Attachment for Barnacles in the Red Crag of Bucklesham R.M. Bibliography: ‘Man’, 1908 - 1941 R.M. Bibliography: Some references on Molluscs of the Mediterranean Neogene F.W.Simpson The Suffolk Scene - Past and Present: From Ipswich to the Stour

1 2 3-4 5-6 6 - 11

No. 22. May 1982 (for 1980) R.G. Dixon R.J. Markham

Contents 1 Work on the Crags up to 1950. Part One: Coralline Crag, Lenham Beds, St. Erth Beds, Coprolite Bed 2 - 15 Analysis of Phosphatic Nodules and Bones from the Crags to determine Phosphate content 16 - 19

No. 23. June 1982 (for 1981) Contents R.A.D. Markham Notes on the Growth of Ipswich Museums, with a few diversions D.L. Jones Ipswich Museum and its Foundation: A Study in Patronage J.E. Taylor The Non-Local Palaeontology Display at Ipswich Museum 1871 [reprint] R. Markham A note on Geology at Ipswich Museum

1 2-8 9 - 16 17 - 20 21

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Plate 5: Beggars Hollow, Ipswich: sieving for Red Crag shells; this once prolific site is now unavailable. 21.04.1968 (p. 82).

Plate 6: Nacton Shores: an excellent exposure of London Clay with its volcanic ash bands; septaria litter the foreshore. 27.06.1986 (p. 79).

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Plate 7: Watson & Whelham’s site, Bucklesham: another very interesting but now unavailable Red Crag site. March 1970 (p. 79).

Plate 8: Bullockyard Pit, Sutton: exploratory excavations in the Coralline Crag with Bob Markham; the Sutton SSSI is still being researched by academics today. 05.08.1977 (p. 79).

Plate 9: Chillesford Church Pit: Chillesford Beds and Scrobicularia Crag on Red Crag, Claude Garrod (left) and Roger Dixon digging. 13.05.1976 (p. 79).

Trans. Suffolk Nat. Soc. 52 (2016)