OBSERVATIONS O N THE FLORA AND ORIGIN OF REDGRAVE AND LOPHAM FENS S u m m e r 1973 SALLY A . HEATHCOTE
Introduction THE area which is the subject of this paper is a valley-fen associated with the River Waveney. The site lies about miles west of Diss, Norfolk, and runs along both banks of the River Waveney for 11 miles from its source. Little, Middle and Great Lopham Fens, Norfolk, lie on the north bank and Redgrave Fen, Suffolk, on the south bank; together they cover 300 acres. The area described will be referred to as the Fens in the following paper. The Fens are leased and managed by the Suffolk Naturalists' Trust* and are scheduled as a Site of Special Scientific Interest, since the area contains the best example of valley-fen Vegetation remaining in Suffolk. The area originally escaped destruction by cultivation, on account of its extreme flatness and low elevation in relation to the water table, which makes efficient drainage difficult and expensive. However, man's influence has been feit in several ways; dykes have been cut and embankments of dredging thrown up. T h e partially drained areas behind the dykes have been subjected to the practice of peat cutting known as turbary, and to reed cutting. Also, the area has been damaged by fire. Field work was carried out on the valley-fen as part of a training scheme for junior members of staff in July and September, 1973, by the Department of Botany, British Museum (Natural History). It involved a preliminary study of the dominant ecological units in the surface Vegetation, and exploratory peat borings in the fen basin of Middle Fen. Initial data were also collected for the production of a vegetative key to the phanerogamic flora of Redgrave and Lopham Fens, and a check-list of the vascular plants and bryophytes encountered (supplemented from the records of F. J. Bingley and R. Carter) appears as an appendix. History of the Fens There has been some confusion over the ownership and status of the Fens. Rose and Bellamy (1960) State that designation of the Fens as unenclosed common land has afforded them protection. However, the Fens have not been designated as common land since the Enclosure Act of 1815-1818. Tithe maps of 1845 and 1847 show Redgrave and South Lopham Fens to be owned by the • N o w called Suffolk T r u s t for Nature Conservation.