TEST BANK for Introduction to Forensic Psychology; Research and Application 6th Edition by Curtis Ba

PART I • INTRODUCTION Chapter 1 • Introduction to Forensic Psychology

PART II • POLICE AND INVESTIGATIVE PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 2 • Police and Public Safety Psychology Chapter 3 • Psychology of Investigations

PART III • LEGAL PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 4 • Consulting and Testifying Chapter 5 • Consulting with Criminal Courts Chapter 6 • Family Law and Other Forms of Civil Litigation

PART IV • CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 7 • The Development of Delinquent and Criminal Behavior Chapter 8 • Psychology of Violence and Intimidation Chapter 9 • Psychology of Sexual Violence

PART V • VICTIMOLOGY AND VICTIM SERVICES Chapter 10 • Forensic Psychology and the Victims of Crime Chapter 11 • Family Violence and Child Victimization

PART VI • CORRECTIONAL PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 12 • Correctional Psychology in Adult Settings Chapter 13 • Juvenile Justice and Corrections

Chapter 1: Introduction to Forensic Psychology Multiple Choice 1. Which term is synonymous with forensic data recovery?

A. computer evidence recovery B. ink data discovery C. forensic document questioning D. handwriting analysis Ans: A Learning Objective: 1-2: Identify career areas in the forensic sciences.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Forensic Sciences Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Mark Smith, PhD, studies the feeding patterns of insects. His findings are often used to determine the cause of death in murder investigations. Dr. Smith would be considered a(n) ______.

A. forensic psychologist B. forensic entomologist C. insect analyst D. cephalic pathologist Ans: B Learning Objective: 1-2: Identify career areas in the forensic sciences.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Forensic Sciences Difficulty Level: Medium 3. What do forensic psychology, forensic linguistics, and forensic archaeology all have in common?

A. They are based on scientific principles.

B. They involve the study of human pathology.

C. They are based on an unknown, deceased subject.

D. They involve the study of crime.

Ans: A Learning Objective: 1-2: Identify career areas in the forensic sciences.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: The Forensic Sciences Difficulty Level: Hard 4. Dr. Roy is a forensic psychologist who is conducting a child custody evaluation in a divorce case. Dr. Roy is practicing the forensic psychology subspecialty of ______.

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A. legal psychology B. correctional psychology C. victimology D. linguistics Ans: A Learning Objective: 1-4: Identify and describe major subareas of forensic psychology.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Forensic Psychology Today Difficulty Level: Medium 5. What is the common link between the broad and narrow definitions of forensic psychology?

A. the inclusion of clinicians B. the legal system C. violent crime analysis D. empirical assessment practices Ans: B Learning Objective: 1-1: Define forensic psychology and trace its historical development.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Forensic Psychology: An Overview Difficulty Level: Hard 6. The text adopts a(n) ______ definition of forensic psychology.

A. broad B. practical C. clinical D. academic Ans: A Learning Objective: 1-1: Define forensic psychology and trace its historical development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Forensic Psychology: An Overview Difficulty Level: Easy 7. Which specialty is one of the five major areas in forensic psychology?

A. positive psychology B. social psychology C. legal psychology D. pathological psychology Ans: C Learning Objective: 1-4: Identify and describe major subareas of forensic psychology.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Research and Practice Careers in Forensic Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy

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8. The immigrant population in the United States tends to be at the highest and lowest ends of the ______ continuum.

A. adult violent crime B. educational C. violent bullying D. youth homicides Ans: B Learning Objective: 1-6: Illustrate roles and tasks performed by forensic psychologists.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Applied Specialties Difficulty Level: Medium 9. Which of the following definitions would be considered a narrow definition of forensic psychology?

A. Forensic psychology is the research and application of psychological knowledge to the legal system.

B. Forensic psychology is the research endeavor that examines aspects of human behavior directly related to the legal process and the professional practice of psychology within a legal system that embraces both civil and criminal law.

C. Forensic psychology is the application and practice of psychology as it pertains to the legal system.

D. Forensic psychology refers to professional practice by any psychologist working within any subdiscipline of psychology when applying the scientific, technical, or specialized knowledge of psychology to the law to assist in addressing legal, contractual, and administrative matters.

Ans: C Learning Objective: 1-1: Define forensic psychology and trace its historical development.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Forensic Psychology: An Overview Difficulty Level: Hard 10. Which statement supports the idea that courts often lean toward a medical model approach to mental disorder?

A. Many judges prefer the involvement of psychiatrists for insanity determinations.

B. Many attorneys prefer psychologists for child custody evaluations.

C. Many judges advocate for psychologists to have prescription privileges.

D. Many attorneys advocate for psychiatrists in correctional facilities.

Ans: A Learning Objective: 1-1: Define forensic psychology and trace its historical development.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Forensic Psychology, Forensic Psychiatry, and Forensic Social Work Difficulty Level: Hard

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11. A forensic psychologist who specializes in victimology would most likely perform which of the following tasks?

A. train police officers on how to deal with mentally ill citizens B. testify at a trial in which the defendant has pleaded not guilty by reason of insanity C. conduct research on the development of psychopathy D. assess, support, and counsel those who provide death notification services Ans: D Learning Objective: 1-6: Illustrate roles and tasks performed by forensic psychologists.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Forensic Psychology Today Difficulty Level: Hard 12. The largest worldwide association of psychologists is the ______.

A. American Psychological Association B. International Association of Forensic Psychologists C. International Society of Clinical Psychologists D. American Board of Professional Psychologists Ans: A Learning Objective: 1-5: Summarize the educational, training, and certification requirements to become a forensic psychologist.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Careers in Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy 13. Which statement most accurately summarizes a difference between forensic psychologists and forensic psychiatrists?

A. Psychologists can legally prescribe medication in all 50 states, whereas psychiatrists can only prescribe medication in the military.

B. Psychologists focus on research, whereas psychiatrists focus on application.

C. Psychiatrists hold a medical degree, whereas most psychologists do not.

D. Psychologists work primarily in institutional settings, whereas psychiatrists do not.

Ans: C Learning Objective: 1-3: Distinguish forensic psychology from other forensic sciences.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Forensic Psychology, Forensic Psychiatry, and Forensic Social Work Difficulty Level: Hard 14. Where would a forensic psychologist find the principles and standards for ethical practices?

A. The APA’s Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct B. Black’s Law Dictionary C. The Journal of Forensic Psychology D. Clinician’s Handbook of Psychological Behavior Ans: A Learning Objective: 1-5: Summarize the educational, training, and certification requirements to become a forensic psychologist.

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Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Ethical Issues Difficulty Level: Medium 15. The majority of new psychology doctorates are employed in ______ settings.

A. government B. business C. private practice D. human service Ans: D Learning Objective: 1-5: Summarize the educational, training, and certification requirements to become a forensic psychologist.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Education and Training Difficulty Level: Easy 16. There has been a global increase in forensic psychology graduate programs within the past few years. What conclusion can you make about the field of forensic psychology from this statement?

A. Crime is on the rise.

B. There is a need for trained mental health counselors in corrections.

C. The field has been overly glamorized in the media.

D. The field is growing.

Ans: D Learning Objective: 1-5: Summarize the educational, training, and certification requirements to become a forensic psychologist.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Educational and Training Requirements Difficulty Level: Hard 17. Jan is a second-year college student who is interested in becoming a police psychologist. Which path would you suggest that she take in order to reach her goals?

A. encourage her to transfer to a university accredited in police psychology B. encourage her to earn her undergraduate degree and then join the police academy C. encourage her to transfer to an undergraduate school with joint-degree training D. encourage her to earn a doctorate in psychology and gain ample exposure to police culture Ans: D Learning Objective: 1-4: Identify and describe major subareas of forensic psychology.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Police and Public Safety Psychology Difficulty Level: Hard 18. A forensic psychologist, who has earned a doctorate and is licensed, certified, and accepted by peers as being at the highest level of excellence has likely obtained ______ certification.

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A. MPH B. LPA C. diplomate D. joint-degree Ans: C Learning Objective: 1-5: Summarize the educational, training, and certification requirements to become a forensic psychologist.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Educational and Training Requirements Difficulty Level: Medium 19. Which of the following statements about prescription privileges for psychologists is correct?

A. Recent surveys indicate that almost all psychologists are in favor of prescription privileges.

B. Some states give psychologists prescription privileges.

C. No state allows psychologists to prescribe medication.

D. Military psychologists are the only psychologists who have prescription privileges.

Ans: B Learning Objective: 1-3: Distinguish forensic psychology from other forensic sciences.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Forensic Psychology, Forensic Psychiatry, and Forensic Social Work Difficulty Level: Medium 20. According to Heilbrun and Brooks (2010), which certifying body of board certification is the most rigorous?

A. American Board of Forensic Psychology B. American Board of Professional Psychology C. International Association of Correctional Psychologists D. International Society of Forensic Psychologists Ans: A Learning Objective: 1-5: Summarize the educational, training, and certification requirements to become a forensic psychologist.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Educational and Training Requirements Difficulty Level: Easy 21. Fitness for duty evaluations are to ______ psychology as child custody evaluations are to ______ psychology.

A. clinical; school B. social; criminal C. organizational; victim D. police; legal Ans: D Learning Objective: 1-6: Illustrate roles and tasks performed by forensic psychologists.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

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Answer Location: Research and Practice Careers in Forensic Psychology Difficulty Level: Hard 22. Which forensic psychology subspecialty would be concerned with visitation rights for a same-sex couple who were not legally married?

A. correctional B. family forensic C. police and public safety D. forensic school Ans: B Learning Objective: 1-6: Illustrate roles and tasks performed by forensic psychologists.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Family Forensic Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 23. Which statement concerning youth violence is most accurate?

A. Despite media attention, juvenile violent crime continues to decrease nationwide.

B. The steady increase in juvenile crime indicates Americans’ apathy toward the educational needs of children and teenagers.

C. One’s risk of being injured in school is significantly higher than one’s risk of being injured in the community at large.

D. The juvenile murder rate has been increasing at a rapid rate since 1990.

Ans: A Learning Objective: 1-6: Illustrate roles and tasks performed by forensic psychologists.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Forensic School Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 24. The study of persons who have experienced actual or threatened physical, psychological, social, and/or financial harm as the result of the actual or attempted commission of crime against them is called ______.

A. victimology B. rehabilitation psychology C. heuristics D. correctional psychology Ans: A Learning Objective: 1-4: Identify and describe major subareas of forensic psychology.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Victimology and Victim Services Difficulty Level: Easy 25. Evidence suggests that the effects of criminal victimization on adults are ______.

A. temporary and varied B. pervasive and persistent C. intense yet fleeting D. apparent yet untreatable

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Ans: B Learning Objective: 1-4: Identify and describe major subareas of forensic psychology.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Victimology and Victim Services Difficulty Level: Medium 27. What is the fastest growing branch of forensic psychology?

A. legal B. family C. correctional D. juvenile Ans: C Learning Objective: 1-4: Identify and describe major subareas of forensic psychology.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Correctional Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy 28. In their study of APA-accredited doctoral programs, Magaletta et al. (2013) found that graduate schools failed to adequately prepare students for which forensic psychology subspecialty?

A. legal B. family C. correctional D. juvenile Ans: C Learning Objective: 1-4: Identify and describe major subareas of forensic psychology.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Correctional Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 29. A psychologist who consults with school staff to identify potentially troubled and dangerous youth is likely practicing the forensic psychology subspecialty of ______ psychology.

A. legal B. forensic school C. victim’s witness D. correctional Ans: B Learning Objective: 1-6: Illustrate roles and tasks performed by forensic psychologists.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Forensic School Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 30. The history of forensic psychology can be traced back to late 19th-century experiments involving which topic?

A. serial murders

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B. prison violence C. child development D. eyewitness identification Ans: D Learning Objective: 1-1: Define forensic psychology and trace its historical development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Brief History of Forensic Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 31. The Food and Drug Administration’s forensic lab was instrumental in investigating the 1982 product tampering case involving ______.

A. the Unabomber B. cyanide-laced Tylenol capsules C. the Hillside Strangler D. a security breech at Target stores Ans: B Learning Objective: 1-1: Define forensic psychology and trace its historical development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Forensic Sciences Difficulty Level: Easy 32. Psychologists who use valid and reliable methods are engaging in ______.

A. evidence-based practice B. questioned document analysis C. risk assessment D. professional accountability Ans: A Learning Objective: 1-1: Define forensic psychology and trace its historical development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Forensic Sciences Difficulty Level: Medium 33. Which ethical issue would a psychologist be least likely to address?

A. answering the ultimate issue in a child custody evaluation B. determining the correct medication dosage for a psychotic prisoner C. conducting a risk assessment for a death penalty case D. participating in a military interrogation Ans: B Learning Objective: 1-1: Define forensic psychology and trace its historical development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Ethical Issues

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Difficulty Level: Medium 34. Which type of training can be offered at the undergraduate and graduate levels and provides students real-world exposure to the field?

A. diplomate B. dissertation C. licensure D. internship Ans: D Learning Objective: 1-3: Distinguish forensic psychology from other forensic sciences.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Education and Training Difficulty Level: Easy 35. Assessing the mental needs of incoming prison inmates is a task performed by a ______ psychologist.

A. police B. delinquent C. criminal D. correctional Ans: D Learning Objective: 1-6: Illustrate roles and tasks performed by forensic psychologists.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Correctional Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 36. Research on crime and delinquency suggests which factor leads to serious violent offending?

A. authoritative teaching B. rejection by peers C. excessive television viewing D. poor academic performance Ans: B Learning Objective: 1-6: Illustrate roles and tasks performed by forensic psychologists.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Psychology of Crime and Delinquency Difficulty Level: Medium 37. Which statement about forensic psychology is correct?

A. There is no consensus about how it should be defined.

B. It is a clinical specialization in psychology.

C. It is a research specialization in psychology.

D. There are no guidelines for the profession.

Ans: A Learning Objective: 1-1: Define forensic psychology and trace its historical development.

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Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Forensic Psychology: An Overview Difficulty Level: Medium 38. The American Psychological Association accepted forensic psychology as a specialization in the year ______.

A. 1991 B. 1995 C. 2001 D. 2005 Ans: C Learning Objective: 1-1: Define forensic psychology and trace its historical development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Brief History of Forensic Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy 39. Which specialization is considered an applied branch of psychology?

A. cognitive B. developmental C. experimental D. forensic Ans: D Learning Objective: 1-5: Summarize the educational, training, and certification requirements to become a forensic psychologist.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Education and Training Difficulty Level: Medium 40. The term LPA refers to ______.

A. a person with a master’s degree in psychology who has received clinical training and is licensed B. psychologists with PhDs who have gained wide recognition in the field C. social workers who are licensed as therapists and work in a forensic setting D. undergraduate students who work as assistants in an in-patient psychiatric hospital Ans: A Learning Objective: 1-5: Summarize the educational, training, and certification requirements to become a forensic psychologist.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Education and Training Difficulty Level: Easy 41. Dr. Brown is using an empirically supported intervention called cognitive–behavioral therapy with a group of unmotivated criminal justice clients. Dr. Brown is using a(n) ______ approach.

A. correctional

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B. victimless C. motivational D. evidence-based Ans: D Learning Objective: 1-4: Identify and describe major subareas of forensic psychology.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Correctional Psychology Difficulty Level: Hard 42. What is the difference between standards and guidelines?

A. Psychologists are expected to adhere to guidelines; standards are aspirational.

B. Psychologists are expected to adhere to standards; guidelines are aspirational.

C. Guidelines are legal; standards are psychological.

D. Standards are psychological; guidelines are legal.

Ans: B Learning Objective: 1-1: Define forensic psychology and trace its historical development.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Brief History of Forensic Psychology Difficulty Level: Hard 43. The authors state that psychology is a(n) ______ profession.

A. applied B. often litigated C. mundane D. doctoral-level Ans: D Learning Objective: 1-5: Summarize the educational, training, and certification requirements to become a forensic psychologist.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Education and Training Difficulty Level: Easy 44. Compared to the PhD, the PsyD degree is ______.

A. less research oriented B. declining in popularity among graduate students C. not offered by any major university D. popular in Canada and the United Kingdom, but not in the United States Ans: A Learning Objective: 1-5: Summarize the educational, training, and certification requirements to become a forensic psychologist.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Graduate Training, Doctoral Level Difficulty Level: Medium

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45. Graduates with master’s degrees in psychology and without a doctoral degree ______.

A. cannot legally practice psychology B. cannot call themselves psychologists in most states C. are not allowed to work in prison settings D. are not allowed to testify in federal courts Ans: B Learning Objective: 1-5: Summarize the educational, training, and certification requirements to become a forensic psychologist.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Education and Training Difficulty Level: Hard 46. A forensic psychologist who is licensed, certified, and accepted by peers as being at the highest level of excellence has likely obtained a ______ degree.

A. LPA B. diplomate C. doctorate (PhD) D. MD Ans: C Learning Objective: 1-5: Summarize the educational, training, and certification requirements to become a forensic psychologist.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Education and Training Difficulty Level: Easy 47. Which of the following is NOT one of the three major career roles of a forensic psychologist?

A. Criminal Profiler B. Consultant C. Expert witness D. Researcher Ans: A Learning Objective: 1-2: Identify career areas in the forensic sciences.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Forensic Psychology Today Difficulty Level: Easy 48. Which of the following is one of the duties of a forensic psychologist as an expert witness?

A. Advise law enforcement on the behavior and traits of an offender, such as the profile of a perpetrator, detecting deception, jury selection, and more.

B. Investigate psychological issues in the law, including jury decision-making, eyewitness testimony, false confessions, and more.

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C. Assess offenders’ mental health, IQ, personality traits, etc., to determine the mental state, competence, risk, and criminal responsibility of the offenders, and testify on these issues if necessary in court.

D. Profile criminals in order to advise law enforcement and the courts of potential suspects Ans: C Learning Objective:1-6: Illustrate roles and tasks performed by forensic psychologists.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Forensic Psychology Today Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False 1. This text focuses on the various fields of forensic science.

Ans: F Learning objective number: 1-2: Identify career areas in the forensic sciences.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Forensic Sciences Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Forensic psychology was first recognized as a specialty in 2008.

Ans: F Learning Objective : 1-1: Define forensic psychology and trace its historical development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Brief History of Forensic Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy 3. According to the text, one must obtain a forensic psychology degree in order to be a competent forensic psychologist.

Ans: F Learning Objective : 1-5: Summarize the educational, training, and certification requirements to become a forensic psychologist.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Education and Training Difficulty Level: Easy 4. Forensic psychology and forensic psychiatry are becoming increasingly distinct professions.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 1-3: Distinguish forensic psychology from other forensic sciences.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Forensic Psychology, Forensic Psychiatry, and Forensic Social Work Difficulty Level: Medium

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5. In 2009, psychologists were granted permission to prescribe medication in all states.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 1-3: Distinguish forensic psychology from other forensic sciences.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Forensic Psychology, Forensic Psychiatry, and Forensic Social Work Difficulty Level: Easy 6. The term forensic refers to anything pertaining or potentially pertaining to law, both civil and criminal.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 1-3: Distinguish forensic psychology from other forensic sciences.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Forensic Psychology: An Overview Difficulty Level: Medium 7. The five subspecialties of forensic psychology are mutually exclusive.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 1-4: Identify and describe major subareas of forensic psychology.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Forensic Psychology: An Overview Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Forensic psychiatry, forensic nursing, and forensic pathology are examples of forensic sciences.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 1-2: Identify career areas in the forensic sciences.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Forensic Sciences Difficulty Level: Easy 9. The five subspecialties of forensic psychology that are illustrated in the text are all research focused.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 1-4: Identify and describe major subareas of forensic psychology.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Forensic Psychology: An Overview Difficulty Level: Medium 10. Psychologists began to testify in courts in increasing numbers during the 1940s and 1950s.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 1-4 : Identify and describe major subareas of forensic psychology.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Brief History of Forensic Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy

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11. The minimum educational requirement for psychologists is the bachelor’s degree.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 1-5: Summarize the educational, training, and certification requirements to become a forensic psychologist.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Education and Training Difficulty Level: Easy 12. Forensic psychology is recognized by the American Psychological Association as an applied specialty.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 1-5: Summarize the educational, training, and certification requirements to become a forensic psychologist.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Education and Training Difficulty Level: Easy 13. Police psychology is synonymous with correctional psychology.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 1-4: Identify and describe major subareas of forensic psychology.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Police and Public Safety Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 14. Family forensic psychologists are concerned with issues involving adoptions, elder law, and juvenile justice.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 1-4: Identify and describe major subareas of forensic psychology.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Family Forensic Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 15. Psychologists who are not themselves recent immigrants cannot understand many of the cultural and social barriers that immigrants face.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 1-6: Illustrate roles and tasks performed by forensic psychologists.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Applied Specialties Difficulty Level: Medium 16. Properly trained psychologists are allowed to prescribed medications Ans: T Learning Objective:1-6: Illustrate roles and tasks performed by forensic psychologists Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Forensic Psychology, Forensic Psychiatry, and Forensic Social Work Difficulty Level: Medium

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Essay 1. Provide a detailed description of one forensic science (other than psychology) discussed in the chapter. Explain why this this science is considered “forensic.”

Ans: Answers may include forensic engineering, forensic linguistics, forensic oceanography, forensic medicine, forensic digital investigation, forensic social work, forensic nursing, forensic pathology, forensic anthropology, or forensic archaeology. All of these involve work that pertains to law, both civil and criminal.

Learning Objective: 1-2: Identify career areas in the forensic sciences.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: The Forensic Sciences Difficulty Level: Hard 2. Compare and contrast the PsyD and PhD degree.

Ans: The PhD degree (doctor of philosophy) requires a dissertation and is well accepted in the academic world as appropriate preparation for scientists and scholars in many fields across the globe. It is regarded primarily as a research-based degree. The PsyD (doctor of psychology) is a graduate degree designed primarily for students who wish to become practitioners or clinicians rather than researchers. PsyD programs usually place strong emphasis on clinical training, while PhD programs place strong emphasis on understanding and engaging in scientific research. However, the line of demarcation between these degrees is somewhat blurred.

Learning Objective: 1-5: Summarize the educational, training, and certification requirements to become a forensic psychologist.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Graduate Training, Doctoral Level Difficulty Level: Hard 3. Differentiate between the broad and narrow definitions of forensic psychology. Why is it important to distinguish between these two definitions?

Ans: The narrow definition may be too restrictive because it seems to imply a specialty called “forensic clinical psychology.” It excludes clinicians who perform correctionsrelated tasks. The broad definition includes not only clinicians (also called practitioners) but also social, developmental, counseling, cognitive, experimental, industrialorganizational, and school psychologists--some but not all of whom are clinicians. The American Psychology-Law Society endorses a broad definition.

Learning Objective: 1-1: Define forensic psychology and trace its historical development.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Forensic Psychology: An Overview Difficulty Level: Hard 4. Choose two of the forensic psychology subspecialties and discuss their similarities and differences. Include at least two tasks performed by each specialty.

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Ans: Answers may include two of the following: (1) police and public safety psychology, (2) legal psychology, (3) psychology of crime and delinquency, (4) victimology and victim services, and (5) correctional psychology.

Learning Objective: 1-4 | 1-6: Identify and describe major subareas of forensic psychology | Illustrate roles and tasks performed by forensic psychologists.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Research and Practice Careers in Forensic Psychology Difficulty Level: Hard 5. Define the following terms as they pertain to forensic psychology: joint degree, state certification, board certification, and diplomate.

Ans: A joint degree is a dual degree obtained at the same, or an associated, institution.

Students who are equally interested in law and psychology may earn both a PhD and a Juris Doctor degree in law (JD) or a PhD and a master’s degree in legal studies (MLS).

State certification is offered in approximately 17 states and permits the psychologist to engage in forensic practice, such as conducting competency evaluations for the courts or assessing sexually violent offenders who may be subjected to civil commitment proceedings. Board certification can add stature to an individual’s credentials if he or she is called to testify in court. On a national level, the predominant organization that provides board certification in forensic psychology is the American Board of Professional Psychology (ABPP), the American Board of Forensic Psychology (ABFP), and the American Board of Psychological Specialties (ABPS), which is affiliated with the American College of Forensic Examiners (ACFE). Criteria used by the various boards and organizations to grant credentials or titles vary widely. A diplomate is a professional designation signifying that a person has been certified as having advanced knowledge, skills, and competence in a particular specialty. Diplomate certification in forensic psychology attests to the fact that an established organization of peers has examined and accepted the psychologist as being at the highest level of excellence in his or her field of forensic practice. The psychologist must be licensed to qualify for diplomate status.

Learning Objective: 1-5: Summarize the educational, training, and certification requirements to become a forensic psychologist.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Educational and Training Requirements Difficulty Level: Medium 6. Identify three ethical issues that face forensic psychologists today.

Ans: Answers may include discussion of psychologists’ authority to prescribe medication, conflicts of interest, participation in military interrogations, making recommendations in child custody cases, conducting violence risk assessments in death penalty cases, labeling juveniles as psychopathic, establishing proper boundaries between assessment and treatment, and work with undocumented immigrants.

Learning Objective: 1-3: Distinguish forensic psychology from other forensic sciences.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Ethical Issues Difficulty Level: Medium

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7. Describe some of the psychological stressors that are unique to the immigrant population. What are the reasons for this?

Ans: Immigrants may experience anxiety, depression, suicidal ideation, serious mental illness, or posttraumatic stress. Many fear for the safety of relatives and friends facing persecution or violence in another country. The 21st century has become a time when many immigrant groups are viewed with suspicion, targeted for selective prosecution, subjected to hate crimes, and in some cases threatened with deportation. For example, immigrants faced mounting stressors in 2017, when presidential executive orders either barred travel from specific countries or halted entry into the United States for many refugees seeking sanctuary. Since the turn of the century, psychologists involved in assessing or treating members of immigrant groups have reported numerous issues in both adults and children, ranging from posttraumatic stress, anxiety disorders, language barriers, and problems with acculturation. Immigrants who are undocumented often fear reporting victimization—such as domestic violence, sexual assault, and sex trafficking— so as not to bring attention to themselves. There are also social and cultural barriers to seeking mental health services.

Learning Objective: 1-6: Illustrate roles and tasks performed by forensic psychologists.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Applied Specialties Difficulty Level: Hard 8. Describe the roles of a psychologist working withing the field of psychology of crime and delinquency Ans: Study how antisocial behavior is acquired, evoked, maintained and modified. Might examine ones thoughts, beliefs and values and how those relate to a life of crime.

Should include a discussion of either prevention, intervention or treatment strategies.

Learning Objective:1-6: Illustrate roles and tasks performed by forensic psychologists Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Psychology of Crime and Delinquency Difficulty Level: Medium

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Chapter 2: Police and Public Safety Psychology Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. The first full-time in-house psychologist was ______.

A. Martin Reiser B. Kim Rossmo C. Stephen Chandler D. Louis Terman Ans: A Learning Objective: 2-1: Define and describe the common activities and tasks of police and public safety psychologists.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Police Psychology: A Developing Profession Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Family therapy is to ______ as crisis negotiation is to ______.

A. consulting; assessment B. operational support; intervention C. assessment; consulting D. intervention; operational support Ans: D Learning Objective: 2-2: Discuss police culture, and emphasize that it is not necessarily homogeneous.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Police Psychology: A Developing Profession Difficulty Level: Hard 3. The rules, attitudes, beliefs, and practices that are thought to be accepted among law enforcement officers as an occupational group are known as ______.

A. operational support B. police culture C. candidate screening D. psychological assessment Ans: B Learning Objective: 2-2: Discuss police culture, and emphasize that it is not necessarily homogeneous.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Police Culture Difficulty Level: Easy

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

4. Imagine you are a psychologist who has been asked to complete a fitness-for-duty evaluation. What is the first step you would take?

A. assess whether the officer is fit to return to duty B. conduct a job analysis C. determine the officer’s physical fitness level D. establish departmental credibility Ans: B Learning Objective: 2-3: Summarize the concepts of job analysis and various types of validity as they relate to the assessment of police applicants.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Job Analysis Difficulty Level: Hard 5. A psychologist who participates in the selection and training of hostage negotiation teams is conducting a ______ evaluation.

A. fitness-for-duty B. critical incident C. special unit D. deadly force assessment Ans: C Learning Objective: 2-4: Review psychological assessment methods and instruments.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Special Unit Evaluations Difficulty Level: Medium 6. All of the following are included in Aumiller and Corey’s domains of practice except ______.

A. augmentation B. intervention C. operational support D. organizational consultation Ans: A Learning Objective: 2-1: Define and describe the common activities and tasks of police and public safety psychologists.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Police Psychology: A Developing Profession Difficulty Level: Easy 7. CISD stands for ______.

A. Correctional Institution Standardized Development B. Criminal Inmate Stress Disorder C. Canadian Institute for Stress Disorders D. Critical Incident Stress Debriefing Ans: D

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Post-Shooting Traumatic Reactions Difficulty Level: Easy 8. The systematic procedure for identifying the skills, abilities, knowledge, and psychological characteristics that are needed to do public safety work successfully is referred to as ______.

A. law enforcement screening B. job analysis C. preemployment screening D. comprehensive skills analysis Ans: B Learning Objective: 2-3: Summarize the concepts of job analysis and various types of validity as they relate to the assessment of police applicants.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Job Analysis Difficulty Level: Easy 9. Which statement best summarizes how law enforcement has changed during the past 20 years?

A. Agencies have become more specialized.

B. Officers are committing suicide at higher rates.

C. Agencies have become more accepting of the use of deadly force.

D. Officers are less receptive to mental health intervention.

Ans: A Learning Objective: 2-1: Define and describe the common activities and tasks of police and public safety psychologists.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Law Enforcement Numbers Today Difficulty Level: Hard 10. Which question could a police agency legally ask a candidate during the pre-offer stage of employment?

A. How long have you suffered from depression?

B. Do you have a physical or mental disability?

C. How would you handle a situation involving a suicidal citizen?

D. Do you require a wheelchair for long distances?

Ans: C Learning Objective: 2-3: Summarize the concepts of job analysis and various types of validity as they relate to the assessment of police applicants.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 and Beyond Difficulty Level: Medium

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

11. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission divides disability inquiries into two stages. These stages are ______.

A. medical and psychological B. performance-related and health-related C. pre-offer of employment and post offer D. accommodating and holding Ans: C Learning Objective: 2-3: Summarize the concepts of job analysis and various types of validity as they relate to the assessment of police applicants.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 and Beyond Difficulty Level: Easy 12. The screening procedure that assumes that there are traits, habits, reactions, and attitudes that distinguish outstanding from satisfactory police performance is called ______.

A. screening-in B. screening-out C. reasonable accommodation D. natural selection Ans: A Learning Objective: 2-3: Summarize the concepts of job analysis and various types of validity as they relate to the assessment of police applicants.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Screening Out and Screening In Difficulty Level: Medium 13. Which test has been found to be the most valid for the selection of law enforcement personnel?

A. the IPI B. the CPI C. the MMPI-2 D. the 16-PF Ans: C Learning Objective: 2-4: Review psychological assessment methods and instruments.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Conclusions on Psychological Testing for Police and Public Safety Personnel Difficulty Level: Medium 14. Why is it so difficult to predict success or failure in law enforcement work?

A. There are no standards for psychological testing.

B. Many law enforcement applicants have mental disorders.

C. Law enforcement activities are broad and heterogeneous.

D. Much of the work requires specific immeasurable personality traits.

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Ans: C Learning Objective: 2-4: Review psychological assessment methods and instruments.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Conclusions on Psychological Testing for Police and Public Safety Personnel Difficulty Level: Hard 15. Who owns a law enforcement fitness-for-duty evaluation (FFDE) report?

A. the evaluating psychologist B. the Federal Bureau of Investigation C. the agency that requested the report D. the chief of the police department Ans: C Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Fitness-for-Duty Evaluation Difficulty Level: Medium 16. Who typically requests a FFDE? A. a police psychologist B. the department head C. a family member of the officer D. the officer Ans: B Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Fitness-for-Duty Evaluation Difficulty Level: Easy 17. Compared to officers with only a high school diploma, officers with some college education have been shown to ______.

A. make better officers B. have better communication skills C. deal more effectively with adolescents D. respond more effectively to crisis situations Ans: B Learning Objective: 2-3: Summarize the concepts of job analysis and various types of validity as they relate to the assessment of police applicants.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Preemployment and Post-Offer Psychological Evaluations Difficulty Level: Medium

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

18. Which type of occupational stressor is often the most prevalent and frustrating for law enforcement personnel?

A. task-related stressors B. personal stressors C. external stressors D. organizational stressors Ans: D Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Organizational Stress Difficulty Level: Easy 19. Which source of stress would be considered an external stressor?

A. excessive shift work B. negative police–citizen interactions C. exposure to death D. substance abuse Ans: B Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: External Stress Difficulty Level: Medium 20. Officer Ludden is a 36-year-old father of twin girls who is called to the scene of an auto accident in which a drunk driver has killed a 4-year-old girl. Despite his anger and sadness, Officer Ludden stoically informs the child’s father that his daughter has died.

The officer is likely experiencing ______.

A. emotional dissonance B. cognitive subterfuge C. external stress disorder D. expressionless displacement Ans: A Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Organizational Stress Difficulty Level: Hard 20. Boredom and exposure to violent situations are examples of ______ stressors.

A. occupational B. external

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

C. personal D. task-related Ans: D Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Task-Related Stress Difficulty Level: Medium 21. A critical incident is characterized by an unanticipated and ______ event.

A. nonroutine B. violent C. confusing D. heroic Ans: A Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Task-Related Stress Difficulty Level: Easy 22. Which program is often considered a form of racial/ethnic profiling?

A. Stop and Frisk B. Critical Incident Stress Debriefing C. Community-Oriented Policing D. Peer Counseling Ans: A Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: External Stress Difficulty Level: Medium 23. Research has shown that when considering mental health services, many police officers prefer to work with ______.

A. competent mental health professionals who are not officers B. officers who have received training in critical incidents stress debriefing C. peer counselors who understand the cycle of violence D. same-gender professionals Ans: A Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings.

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Personal Stress Difficulty Level: Medium 24. Which statement is correct about post-shooting traumatic reactions?

A. Most officers will experience shooting a person in the line of duty at some time in their careers.

B. Most officers experience a marital separation or divorce after a shooting incident.

C. The majority of large police agencies deny the existence of post-shooting traumatic reactions.

D. The topic of post-shooting traumatic reactions has not been adequately studied.

Ans: D Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Post-Shooting Traumatic Reactions Difficulty Level: Medium 25. Research suggest that the overwhelming reason for most police suicides appears to be ______.

A. financial problems B. reactions to critical incidents C. easy access to weapons D. difficulties in intimate partner relationships Ans: D Learning Objective: 2-5: Examine the prevalence and risk factors for police suicide.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Police Suicide Difficulty Level: Medium 26. The majority of all hostage situations ______.

A. are relationship-driven B. end in death of the hostage taker C. end in death of the hostage negotiator D. are politically motivated Ans: A Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Hostage-Taking Incidents Difficulty Level: Medium 27. Which category of hostage taker often requires the involvement of federal officials and is considered the most difficult for police officers?

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

A. political terrorists B. individuals who have committed a crime C. individuals with mental disorders D. prisoners Ans: A Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Hostage-Taking Incidents Difficulty Level: Medium 28. Early warning systems are used to identify ______.

A. female officers at risk for sexual harassment B. potential problem behaviors in officers C. suspects who are vulnerable to coercion D. officers who are insensitive to diversity issues Ans: B Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Shooter Bias and Excessive Force Difficulty Level: Medium 29. What is the goal of an FFDE? A. to determine whether an officer is likely to use excessive force B. to determine whether an officer is corrupt C. to determine whether an officer has a mental disorder that would affect his or her job performance D. to determine whether an officer can perform the basic duties required for the job Ans: D Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Fitness-for-Duty Evaluation Difficulty Level: Medium 30. What are the three phases of crisis negotiation?

A. internal, external, and post-crisis B. buildup, acute, and resolution C. pre-incident, intra-incident, and post-incident D. organizational, task-related, and external Ans: C

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Crisis Negotiation Difficulty Level: Medium 31. Which of the following statements about diversity in law enforcement is correct?

A. Ethnic minorities are less well represented than women in law enforcement.

B. Women now comprise nearly one-third of all police officers nationwide.

C. The ethnic and racial makeup of a police department rarely reflects the makeup of the community it serves.

D. Non-Caucasian police officers make up under 5% of all police officers in most urban areas.

Ans: C Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Gender and Ethnic Minority Issues Difficulty Level: Medium 32. As a group, female officers are more likely than men to ______.

A. be motivated toward financial rewards of law enforcement B. become involved in incidents of excessive force C. work in small and rural departments D. possess better communication skills Ans: D Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Gender and Racial/Ethnic Issues Difficulty Level: Medium 33. Which of the following was a key finding of the National Institute of Justice’s 1999 report on police use of force?

A. Police force is prevalent in large U.S. cities.

B. Police engage in force infrequently.

C. Police force escalates quickly.

D. Police often take out their internal rage on available suspects.

Ans: B Learning Objective: 2-7: Review recent research findings on shooter bias and the use of excessive force by police.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Shooter Bias and Excessive Force

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Difficulty Level: Medium 34. A 1992 study of police corruption by the Defense Personnel Security Research Center found that the single best predictor of corruption was ______.

A. a history of intimate partner violence B. a pattern of violence that begins later in life C. misconduct early in the career D. immature and/or irresponsible behavior Ans: C Learning Objective: 2-7: Review recent research findings on shooter bias and the use of excessive force by police.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Police Corruption Difficulty Level: Medium 35. Tragedies, death, serious injuries, and life-threatening situations that police officers encounter are called ______.

A. target effects B. critical incidents C. dynamic calculus D. fear-of-failure events Ans: B Learning Objective: 2-4: Review psychological assessment methods and instruments.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Task-Related Stress Difficulty Level: Medium 36. Psychologists in the 20th century provided service to police agencies primarily in what area?

A. stress management B. hostage negotiation training C. family counseling D. cognitive and aptitude testing Ans: D Learning Objective: 2-1: Define and describe the common activities and tasks of police and public safety psychologists.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Police Psychology: A Developing Profession Difficulty Level: Medium 37. Selection, intervention, and post-intervention monitoring are the three basic phases of ______.

A. early warning systems B. police corruption C. hostage negotiation D. job analysis

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Ans: A Learning Objective: 2-7: Review recent research findings on shooter bias and the use of excessive force by police.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Shooter Bias and Excessive Force Difficulty Level: Medium 38. Excessive force is defined as ______.

A. a level of force that exceeds what is justifiable under the circumstances B. any illegal behavior demonstrated by an individual officer C. a pattern of unacceptable behavior inherent in a law enforcement agency D. the discharge of weapons outside the line of duty Ans: A Learning Objective: 2-7: Review recent research findings on shooter bias and the use of excessive force by police.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Shooter Bias and Excessive Force Difficulty Level: Medium 39. Which statement is the most accurate?

A. Psychological evaluations of potential law enforcement officers are required by the U.S. Constitution.

B. Psychological evaluations of potential law enforcement officers are required in the majority of states.

C. Psychological evaluations cannot be required if a law enforcement candidate refuses to participate.

D. Psychological evaluations of potential law enforcement candidates have no validity.

Ans: B Learning Objective: 2-4: Review psychological assessment methods and instruments.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Preemployment and Post-Offer Psychological Evaluations Difficulty Level: Hard 40. All of the following are considered critical traits for successful police officers except ______.

A. good judgment B. physical strength C. interpersonal skills D. decision-making skills Ans: B Learning Objective: 2-3: Summarize the concepts of job analysis and various types of validity as they relate to the assessment of police applicants.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Job Analysis Difficulty Level: Medium

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

41. The most common psychological problem experienced by officers after a serious critical incident is ______.

A. post-traumatic stress disorder B. chronic fatigue C. Munchausen syndrome by proxy D. substance abuse Ans: A Learning Objective: 2-4: Review psychological assessment methods and instruments.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Personal Stress Difficulty Level: Medium 42. Which of the following statements about screening-out and screening-in is correct?

A. Psychologists have been more successful at screening out undesirable candidates than at identifying desirable candidates.

B. Psychology is making little progress at identifying desirable candidates for law enforcement positions.

C. No psychological measures are available for use in screening in candidates.

D. Police psychologists have found it a great challenge to eliminate unsuitable candidates than to identify suitable candidates.

Ans: A Learning Objective: 2-4: Review psychological assessment methods and instruments.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Screening Out and Screening In Difficulty Level: Medium 43. If a psychological measure contains a sufficient number of items that are related to the work performed by law enforcement, it is said to have ______ validity.

A. true B. predictive C. concurrent D. face Ans: D Learning Objective: 2-4: Review psychological assessment methods and instruments.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Screening Out and Screening In Difficulty Level: Medium 44. Which type of validity is the most desirable yet most difficult to achieve?

A. true validity B. predictive validity C. face validity D. content validity Ans: B Learning Objective: 2-4: Review psychological assessment methods and instruments.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Answer Location: Screening Out and Screening In Difficulty Level: Medium 45. Face validity is synonymous with ______ validity.

A. true B. predictive C. concurrent D. content Ans: D Learning Objective: 2-4: Review psychological assessment methods and instruments.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Screening Out and Screening In Difficulty Level: Medium 46. Which of the following is not one of the common activities and tasks of police and public safety psychologist?

A. Operational support B. Intervention C. Consulting and research D. In Field Evaluations Ans: D Learning Objective: 2-1: Define and describe the common activities and tasks of police and public safety psychologists.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Police Psychology: A Developing Profession Difficulty Level: Easy 47. Which of following is not one of the most commonly used personality measures for law enforcement screening?

A. Psychopathy Checklist-Revised B. The Minnesota Multiphase Personality inventory C. The personality assessment inventory D. The sixteen personality factor questionnaire Ans: A Learning Objective: 2-4: Review psychological assessment methods and instruments Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Commonly used inventories in police screening Difficulty Level: Easy 48. A dual relationship is when A. A psychologist conducting an evaluation is also the psychologist providing treatment B. A law enforcement officer is also a victim C. A psychologist conducting an evaluation is also related to the officer D. A law enforcement officer is receiving treatment from a higher-ranking officer Ans: A

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Learning Objective: 2-1: Define and Describe the common activities and tasks of police and public safety psychologists.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Fitness-for-Duty evaluation (FFDE) Difficulty Level: Medium 49. ______ contributes to more errors in judgement and greater increases in stress than any other factor in the police environment.

A. Excessive shift work B. Work related trauma C. Work related stress D. The combination of work-related stress and personal stressors Ans: A Learning Objective: 2-5: Examine the prevalence and risk factors for police suicide Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Organization Stress Difficulty Level: Easy 50. It is estimated that ______ as many officers die by their own hand as are killed in the line of duty.

A. Two times B. Three times C. Five times D. Ten times Ans: A Learning Objective: 2-5: Examine the prevalence and risk factors for police suicide Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Police Suicide Difficulty Level: Easy 51. An understanding of ______ is a crucial element for effective police psychologists to possess.

A. The cycle of violence B. Victim’s rights C. Police culture D. The DSM Ans: C Learning Objective: 2-2: Discuss police culture and emphasize that is it not necessarily homogeneous Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Police Culture Difficulty Level: Easy 52. Officer Frantz is a 42 year old father of twin girls, called to the scene of a car accident where a drunk driver killed a 4 year old girl. Despite his anger and sadness,

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Officer Frantz stoically informs the child’s father that his daughter has died. According to the textbook, Officer Frantz is most likely experiencing: A. Emotional dissonance B. Post-traumatic stress C. Cognitive dissonance D. Expressionless displacement Ans: A Learning Objective: 2-5: Examine the prevalence and risk factors for police suicide Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Task-related stress Difficulty Level: Medium True/False 1. Research shows that the most effective police officers are physically strong.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 2-3: Summarize the concepts of job analysis and various types of validity as they relate to the assessment of police applicants.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Job Analysis Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Most law enforcement officers complete their career without ever firing a weapon in the line of duty.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 2-5: Examine the prevalence and risk factors for police suicide.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Post-Shooting Traumatic Reactions Difficulty Level: Easy 3. On July 31, 2013, police and public safety psychology was officially recognized by the American Psychological Association as a professional specialty.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 2-1: Define and describe the common activities and tasks of police and public safety psychologists.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Police Psychology: A Developing Profession Difficulty Level: Easy 4. At the post-offer/pre-hire stage, a police department may make direct inquiries about disabilities.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 2-4: Review psychological assessment methods and instruments.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 and Beyond Difficulty Level: Medium

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

5. Research shows that compared to other occupational groups, police officers have one of the highest suicide rates in the United States.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 2-5: Examine the prevalence and risk factors for police suicide.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Police Suicide Difficulty Level: Easy 6. Some police agencies implicitly encourage the use of excessive force within their ranks.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 2-7: Review recent research findings on shooter bias and the use of excessive force by police.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Shooter Bias and Excessive Force Difficulty Level: Easy 7. A hostage situation is synonymous with a barricade situation.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Hostage-Taking Incidents Difficulty Level: Easy 8. The use of psychologists in crisis negotiation is decreasing.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Crisis Negotiation Difficulty Level: Easy 9. The strongest reason for police suicide involves post-shooting traumatic reactions.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 2-5: Examine the prevalence and risk factors for police suicide.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Police Suicide Difficulty Level: Easy 10. Schedule changes and salary disputes are examples of organizational stressors.

Ans: T

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Organizational Stress Difficulty Level: Medium 11. Understanding the police culture is critical to effective police psychology.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 2-2: Discuss police culture, and emphasize that it is not necessarily homogeneous.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Police Culture Difficulty Level: Easy 12. The MMPI-2 was originally designed to measure psychopathology and behavioral disorders.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 2-4: Review psychological assessment methods and instruments.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–Revised (MMPI-2) Difficulty Level: Easy 13. Typically, the smaller the police department, the more specified the police duties.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 2-4: Review psychological assessment methods and instruments.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Conclusions on Psychological Testing for Police and Public Safety Personnel Difficulty Level: Medium 14. All police agencies have the same style, purpose, and mission.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 2-2: Discuss police culture, and emphasize that it is not necessarily homogeneous.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Police Culture Difficulty Level: Easy 15. At its worst, police bias leads to excessive or fatal force.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 2-7: Review recent research findings on shooter bias and the use of excessive force by police.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Shooter Bias and Excessive Force Difficulty Level: Medium

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

16. Police and public safety psychology is the research and application of psychological knowledge and clinical skills to law enforcement and public safety Ans: T Learning Objective: 2-1: Define and describe the common activities and tasks of police and public safety psychologists.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Law enforcement numbers today Difficulty Level: Easy 17. Training and experience are effective in minimizing the effect of implicit bias Ans: T Learning Objective: 2-7 Review recent research findings on shooter bias and the use of excessive force by police Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Shooter bias Difficulty Level: Easy 18. Psychologist often begin regular psychological treatments with officers after they complete their fitness for duty evaluations Ans: F Learning Objective: 2-1: Define and Describe the common activities and tasks of police and public safety psychologists.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Fitness-for-Duty evaluation (FFDE) Difficulty Level: Medium 19. Fitness-for-duty evaluations (FFDEs) are specifically for law enforcement agencies Ans: F Learning Objective: 2-4: Review psychological assessment methods and assessments Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Fitness-for-Duty evaluation (FFDE) Difficulty Level: Easy 20. It is not necessary for police psychologist to understand police culture in order to effectively do their job Ans: F Learning Objective: 2-2: Discuss police culture and emphasize that is not necessarily homogeneous Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Police Culture Difficulty Level: Medium 21. Police culture is similar despite an officer’s rank or agency Ans: F

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Learning Objective: 2-2: Discuss police culture and emphasize that is not necessarily homogeneous Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Police Culture Difficulty Level: Medium Essay 1. Why is it important for a police psychologist to be familiar with the Americans with Disabilities Act? Ans: The ADA prohibits discrimination and mandates equal treatment of all individuals regardless of physical or mental disabilities. Its sections on employment prohibit public employers and private employers with 15 or more employees from discriminating against any qualified person with a disability who can perform the essential (as opposed to marginal or incidental) functions of the job he or she holds or seeks. It’s crucial for police psychologists who design employment screening, selection, and promotional procedures for police agencies to be familiar with the act. For example, a police agency must not ask applicants any health or fitness questions that elicit information about disabilities. At the post-offer/pre-hire stage, a police department may make direct inquiries about disabilities and may require applicants to undergo medical and psychological examinations. The ADA affects receiving citizen complaints; interviewing witnesses; arresting, booking, and holding suspects; operating telephone (“911”) emergency centers; providing emergency medical services; and enforcing the laws.

Learning Objective: 2-3: Summarize the concepts of job analysis and various types of validity as they relate to the assessment of police applicants.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 and Beyond Difficulty Level: Hard 2. Choose one of the commonly used inventories in police screening. Describe the instrument, including what the test measures and what we know about its validity.

Ans: For example, the Inwald Personality Inventory (IPI) is a 310-item, true–false questionnaire that has 26 scales. The IPI was specifically designed to measure the suitability of law enforcement and public safety candidates based on a variety of personality traits and behavioral patterns. It was developed to measure both normal personality traits and deviant behavioral patterns, such as job difficulties, substance abuse, driving violations, absence abuse, and antisocial attitudes. The IPI has good face validity; however, little research has been conducted recently.

Learning Objective: 2-4: Review psychological assessment methods and instruments.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Commonly Used Inventories in Police Screening Difficulty Level: Hard 3. Describe three factors that make police work especially stressful when compared to other occupations. Include the category that each stressor falls under in your answer.

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Ans: For example, shift work is an organizational stressor that interferes with sleeping and eating and can wreak havoc on family life. The need to control emotions is a taskrelated stressor that requires the officer to master the art of constantly switching between human responses and emotional control. Another task-related stressor is dealing with critical incidents such as active shooter events or hostage-taking situations.

Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Stress Management Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Identify two critical incidents that a police officer may encounter. Explain how a police psychologist may be helpful to a law enforcement agency during these times.

Ans: Officers may encounter events such as the death of a colleague, the accidental killing or wounding of a citizen by the police officer; death or serious injury to a child or multiple children; or events involving a number of deaths, such as major fires, terrorist bombings, or far-reaching natural disasters such as hurricanes, earthquakes, or tornadoes. The police psychologist’s job is to help minimize the harmful effects of job stress as a result of very unusual crisis or emergency situations. Many departments offer pre-incident education in which officers are educated about the potential occurrence and effects of these events.

Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Task-Related Stress Difficulty Level: Hard 5. The available research suggests that suicide rates for law enforcement personnel are lower than that of the general population. What may explain this difference?

Ans: Suicide rates for law enforcement personnel may be lower due to sophisticated screening procedures and rigorous evaluations at the time of hiring, increased use of stress awareness training, better police training, increased counseling opportunities, and the many services provided by police psychologists and other psychologists working closely with police agencies.

Learning Objective: 2-5: Examine the prevalence and risk factors for police suicide.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Police Suicide Difficulty Level: Medium 6. Name four police psychology organizations.

Ans: Answers may include the Police Psychological Services Section of the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP-PPSS), Division 18 (Police and Public Safety Section) of the APA, the Society of Police and Criminal Psychology (SPCP), the American Academy of Police & Public Safety Psychology (AAPPSP), the

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

American Board of Police & Public Safety Psychology, and the Criminal Justice Psychology Section of the Canadian Psychological Association (CPA).

Learning Objective: 2-1: Define and describe the common activities and tasks of police and public safety psychologists.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Police Psychology: A Developing Profession Difficulty Level: Medium 7. Define early warning systems. What does research tell us about their effectiveness?

Ans: Early warning systems are data-based management tools, usually consisting of three basic phases: (1) selection, (2) intervention, and (3) post-intervention monitoring.

Preliminary research on the effectiveness of early warning systems suggests that they are effective, especially if used in combination with department-wide attempts to raise standards of performance and improve the quality of police services.

Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Shooter Bias and Excessive Force Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Compare and contrast screening-out and screening-in.

Ans: Screening-out procedures try to eliminate those applicants who appear to be poorly suited for work in law enforcement. Screening-out procedures are those most commonly used by police psychologists when screening police candidates. Screening-in procedures, on the other hand, are intended to identify those attributes that distinguish one job applicant as being potentially a more effective officer than another. Implicit in this approach is the ability to rank-order applicants, allowing agencies to select the top candidates from a pool that passed the initial screening procedures. This approach assumes that there are traits, habits, reactions, and attitudes that distinguish an outstanding officer from a satisfactory one.

Learning Objective: 2-3: Summarize the concepts of job analysis and various types of validity as they relate to the assessment of police applicants.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Screening Out and Screening In Difficulty Level: Hard 9. Discuss the factors that may contribute to the lack of women in law enforcement.

Ans: The major impediment to women gaining a greater proportion of representation in some of the law enforcement agencies across the country is the common perception that policing is a male-oriented profession, requiring physical strength and a display of physical prowess for many of the tasks. This perception seems to hold despite evidence to the contrary. Many women are reluctant to apply, especially when a department has the reputation of being hostile toward women or has a high female officer turnover rate.

Women have traditionally encountered resistance from police managers, supervisors, and administrators regarding promotions.

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Learning Objective: 2-4: Review psychological assessment methods and instruments.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Gender and Racial/Ethnic Issues Difficulty Level: Hard 10. Describe Scrivner’s profiles of officers who are prone to excessive force complaints.

What are the limitations of the study?

Ans: Scrivner identified five different officer profiles that are prone to excessive force complaints or charges. These include officers with personality patterns that reflect a lack of empathy for others and antisocial, narcissistic, and abusive tendencies; officers with previous job-related experiences such as involvement in justifiable police shootings; officers who experienced early career–stage problems having to do with their impressionability, impulsiveness, low tolerance for frustration, and general need for strong supervision; officers who had a dominant, heavy-handed patrol style that is particularly sensitive to challenge and provocation; officers who had personal problems such as separation, divorce, or perceived loss of status that caused extreme anxiety and destabilized job functioning. The study focused on psychological profiles of individual police officers and was not intended to measure entire police organizations that may implicitly (or explicitly) promote or condone excessive force within their ranks.

In some cases, the law enforcement agency itself might be a major factor in implicitly encouraging the use of excessive force by its officers.

Learning Objective: 2-7: Review recent research findings on shooter bias and the use of excessive force by police.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Nonfatal Excessive Force Difficulty Level: Hard 11. Compare and contrast the different types of validity Ans: Concurrent validity is the degree to which a test or an inventory identifies a person’s current performance. Predictive validity is the degree to which an inventory or test predicts a person’s subsequent performance on the dimensions or attributes the inventory is designed to measure. Face validity is when the questions appear relevant to the tasks needed in law enforcement. Answers should include that all of these are measuring how well-founded and accurate the inventories are. The differences should discuss the different ways that each type examines this accuracy.

Learning Objective: 2-4 Review psychological assessment methods and instruments Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Screening out and screening in Difficulty Level: Medium

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Chapter 3: Psychology of Investigations Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. Why do many professionals prefer the term behavioral analysis to profiling?

A. Behavioral analysis has five distinct categories, while profiling has one category.

B. Behavioral analysis is considered a more scientific activity than profiling.

C. Behavioral analysis refers to a broad range of crimes, while profiling refers to violent crimes only.

D. Behavioral analysis requires a doctorate degree and extensive training.

Ans: B Learning Objective: 3-1: Explore the many ways psychology contributes to investigations of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Profiling Difficulty Level: Hard 2. The United Kingdom’s Centre for Investigative Psychology focuses on a(n) ______ approach to criminal scene profiling, while the Federal Bureau of Investigation focuses on a(n) ______ approach.

A. behavioral; geographical B. geographical; behavioral C. clinical; actuarial D. actuarial; clinical Ans: D Learning Objective: 3-1: Explore the many ways psychology contributes to investigations of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Crime Scene Profiling Difficulty Level: Medium 3. While crime scene profiling is based on a(n) ______ individual; psychological autopsy is based on a(n) ______ individual.

A. unknown; known B. organized; disorganized C. first-time; repeat D. violent; nonviolent Ans: A Learning Objective: 3-2: Define and distinguish among five types of profiling.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Crime Scene Profiling Difficulty Level: Medium

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4. Which statement most accurately summarizes crime scene profiling?

A. It involves entering the evil mind of a serial killer.

B. It involves predictions about the offender’s personality.

C. It involves discovering how victims are selected.

D. It involves identifying a perpetrator beyond a reasonable doubt.

Ans: C Learning Objective: 3-2: Define and distinguish among five types of profiling.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Crime Scene Profiling Difficulty Level: Hard 5. All of the following are profiling types discussed in the chapter except ______.

A. crime scene profiling B. geographical profiling C. juvenile analysis D. psychological autopsy Ans: C Learning Objective: 3-2: Define and distinguish among five types of profiling.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Profiling Difficulty Level: Easy 6. A method of identifying crimes that are likely to have been committed by the same offender because of similarities across the crimes is referred to as ______.

A. psychological autopsy B. modus operandi C. criminal investigation D. linkage analysis Ans: D Learning Objective: 3-2: Define and distinguish among five types of profiling.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Crime Scene Profiling Difficulty Level: Easy 7. Devin is a 16-year-old who confessed to burglary because he just wanted to go home after a long interrogation. Devin is displaying ______.

A. reward sensitivity B. rectification C. false deception D. stratification Ans: A Learning Objective: 3-2: Define and distinguish among five types of profiling.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Interrogation of Juveniles Difficulty Level: Hard

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

8. Racial profiling is an example of ______.

A. suspect-based profiling B. geographical profiling C. juvenile analysis D. psychological autopsy Ans: A Learning Objective: 3-2: Define and distinguish among five types of profiling.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Suspect-Based Profiling Difficulty Level: Medium 9. Risk assessment is a type of ______ profiling.

A. geographical B. suspect-based C. juvenile D. psychological Ans: D Learning Objective: 3-2: Define and distinguish among five types of profiling.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Suspect-Based Profiling Difficulty Level: Medium 10. Jacob was a 23-year-old male with a history of depression who died after jumping from the third floor of the Pine Hills indoor mall. The death occurred on a Saturday morning and many shoppers witnessed the entire incident. Which type of psychological autopsy will most likely be performed on Jacob?

A. equivocal death autopsy B. critical incident autopsy C. physical reconstructive autopsy D. suicide psychological autopsy Ans: D Learning Objective: 3-2: Define and distinguish among five types of profiling.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Psychological Autopsy Difficulty Level: Hard 11. Which type of profiling is often performed for insurance purposes?

A. geographical profiling B. suspect-based profiling C. juvenile analysis D. psychological autopsy Ans: D Learning Objective: 3-2: Define and distinguish among five types of profiling.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Psychological Autopsy

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Difficulty Level: Medium 12. Which type of information, critical to a psychological autopsy, is most difficult to obtain?

A. educational records B. family relationships C. firearm history D. toxicological profile Ans: B Learning Objective: 3-2: Define and distinguish among five types of profiling.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Psychological Autopsy Difficulty Level: Medium 13. One of the major consumers of psychological autopsies is the ______.

A. Central Intelligence Agency B. Centers for Disease Control C. U.S. military D. Federal Bureau of Investigations Ans: C Learning Objective: 3-2: Define and distinguish among five types of profiling.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Psychological Autopsy Difficulty Level: Easy 14. According to the text, criminal profiling is often depicted in the media as more ______ than it is in reality.

A. complex B. lucrative C. scientific D. interesting Ans: C Learning Objective: 3-3: Examine the history, methods, limitations, and problems of profiling.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Profiling Difficulty Level: Medium 15. Why is Colleen R. LaRose significant to profiling?

A. She was known as Jihad Jane and didn’t fit the terrorist profile.

B. She was the first person to falsely confess to a crime.

C. She was the only person able to deceive the most-renowned polygraph examiner.

D. She was the first female serial killer.

Ans: A

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Learning Objective: 3-3: Examine the history, methods, limitations, and problems of profiling.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Suspect-Based Profiling Difficulty Level: Hard 16. Kim Rossmo developed a program that attempts to pinpoint the location of an offender’s residence and/or base of operations. This program is called ______.

A. CompStat B. Criminal Geographic Targeting C. Risk-Needs-Responsivity D. Global Positioning System Ans: B Learning Objective: 3-2: Define and distinguish among five types of profiling.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Geographical Profiling Difficulty Level: Easy 17. The term ______ refers to the tendency of investigators to prefer information that supports their own perspective, while ignoring other aspects that may not fit.

A. confirmation bias B. suspect bias effect C. contagion effect D. selective perspective Ans: A Learning Objective: 3-2: Define and distinguish among five types of profiling.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Crime Scene Profiling Difficulty Level: Easy 18. For unconscious transfer to occur, previous encounters with the innocent person must have been ______.

A. meaningful B. brief C. extraordinary D. painful Ans: B Learning Objective: 3-5: Review methods of police interviewing and interrogation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Unconscious Transference Difficulty Level: Medium 19. Which polygraph test is viewed the most favorably by researchers?

A. Comparison Question Test B. Reflective Accuracy Exam

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

C. Guilty Knowledge Test D. Relevant/Irrelevant Exam Ans: C Learning Objective: 3-8: Review the psychology of detecting deception.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Research on the Polygraph Difficulty Level: Medium 20. Which individual would be the most affected by the passage of the Employee Polygraph Protection Act? A. a suspected child sex offender B. a suspected terrorist who is planning to board a plane C. a job candidate applying for a job at Harris and Smith Accounting D. a job candidate at the Federal Bureau of Investigation Ans: C Learning Objective: 3-8: Review the psychology of detecting deception.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Polygraph Difficulty Level: Hard 21. Which hypothesis is a possible explanation for own-race bias?

A. false alarm hypothesis B. differential experience hypothesis C. unconscious transfer hypothesis D. double-blind hypothesis Ans: B Learning Objective: 3-4: Review research on eyewitness identification.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Own-Race Bias (ORB) or Cross-Race Effect (CRE) Difficulty Level: Medium 22. Before viewing a lineup, it is important that a witness be told that ______.

A. the suspect is definitely in the lineup B. identification of the suspect is crucial to the case C. the suspect may not be in the lineup D. the suspect is over age 18 Ans: C Learning Objective: 3-6: Examine the psychology of pretrial identification methods, such as lineups and show-ups.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Lineups and Photo Spreads Difficulty Level: Medium 23. In order to be legal in the United States, a show-up must ______.

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

A. occur immediately after the offense B. involve at least two suspects C. occur after a designated waiting period D. involve photographs of both the suspect and distractors Ans: A Learning Objective: 3-6: Examine the psychology of pretrial identification methods, such as lineups and show-ups.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Lineups and Photo Spreads Difficulty Level: Medium 24. Asking questions that the suspect does not anticipate, or asking for more detail, is an example of ______.

A. emotional interviewing B. cognitive lie detection C. behavioral administration D. full complexity regulation Ans: B Learning Objective: 3-8: Review the psychology of detecting deception.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Detection of Deception Difficulty Level: Medium 25. Which two adjectives most accurately describe the process of eyewitness identification?

A. scientific and stable B. inadequate and deceptive C. neutral and precise D. complex and error-ridden Ans: D Learning Objective: 3-4: Review research on eyewitness identification.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Identifying the Face Difficulty Level: Hard 26. Which statement is correct about the five categories of profiling discussed in the chapter?

A. They are mutually exclusive in that only one type can occur per case.

B. They can be practiced by licensed profilers only.

C. They often overlap, in that more than one may be relevant in a case.

D. They have been designated as such by the American Psychological Association.

Ans: C Learning Objective: 3-2: Define and distinguish among five types of profiling.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Profiling Difficulty Level: Medium

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

27. Which form of profiling has raised the most concerns about racial, ethnic, or religious discrimination?

A. crime scene profiling B. suspect-based profiling C. psychological profiling D. geographical profiling Ans: B Learning Objective: 3-2: Define and distinguish among five types of profiling.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Suspect-Based Profiling Difficulty Level: Medium 28. What does survey research tell us about the relationship between police psychologists and profilers?

A. Many police psychologists pursue certification in profiling early in their careers.

B. Many police psychologists engage in profiling activities on a frequent basis.

C. Many police psychologists do not wish to be considered profilers.

D. Many police psychologists earn most of their income through private consultation as profilers.

Ans: C Learning Objective: 3-2: Define and distinguish among five types of profiling.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Crime Scene Profiling Difficulty Level: Hard 29. An interrogator who wants to increase cognitive load on a suspect would take which of the following actions?

A. play loud music during the interview B. ask the suspect to recount events in reverse order of when they occurred C. challenge the suspect by asserting the story makes no sense D. request a second interrogator in front of the suspect Ans: B Learning Objective: 3-8: Review the psychology of detecting deception.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Detection of Deception Difficulty Level: Hard 30. Law enforcement agencies report the most commonly used method for eyewitness identification is the ______.

A. polygraph B. show-up C. photo lineup D. composite sketch Ans: C

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Learning Objective: 3-6: Examine the psychology of pretrial identification methods, such as lineups and show-ups.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Lineups and Photo Spreads Difficulty Level: Easy 31. Professional polygraphers prefer the ______, while researchers are more favorably disposed to the ______.

A. Control Question Test; Comparison Question Test B. Guilty Knowledge Test; Comparison Question Test C. Control Question Test; Guilty Knowledge Test D. Guilty Knowledge Test; Control Question Test Ans: C Learning Objective: 3-8: Review the psychology of detecting deception.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Research on the Polygraph Difficulty Level: Medium 32. Research suggests that the best way to detect deception is through ______ cues.

A. emotional B. behavioral C. physiological D. verbal Ans: D Learning Objective: 3-8: Review the psychology of detecting deception.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Detection of Deception Difficulty Level: Medium 33. Which statement about detecting deception is correct?

A. Nonverbal emotional cues are the best indicator that a person is lying.

B. Law enforcement officers have been successfully trained in detecting deception.

C. A person’s lack of eye contact with the questioner is the only sure way to determine that the person is lying.

D. Detecting deception is a complex activity.

Ans: D Learning Objective: 3-8: Review the psychology of detecting deception.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Detection of Deception Difficulty Level: Medium 34. All of the following are types of false confessions as identified by Kassin and his colleagues except ______ confessions.

A. voluntary B. coerced compliant C. coerced internalized

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

D. externalized Ans: D Learning Objective: 3-7: Discuss types and incidents of false confessions.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Police Interviewing and Interrogation Difficulty Level: Easy 35. Which statement about police interrogation is correct?

A. If a suspect is in custody, police must inform him of the right to remain silent before beginning to question him.

B. Police are not allowed to deceive suspects during the questioning process.

C. Police may not coerce a confession through physical means, but they may coerce one through psychological means.

D. Police cannot legally interrogate suspects for more than 6 hours.

Ans: A Learning Objective: 3-7: Discuss types and incidents of false confessions.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Police Interviewing and Interrogation Difficulty Level: Medium 36. What is the predominant method of interviewing and interrogation used by police in the United States?

A. the Reid method B. the Kassin method C. the PEACE model of interviewing D. the Canter method Ans: A Learning Objective: 3-7: Discuss types and incidents of false confessions.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Police Interviewing and Interrogation Difficulty Level: Medium 37. What is one criticism with the predominant method of interrogation used in the United States?

A. It rarely produces a true confession.

B. It is insufficiently accusatorial.

C. It has a high risk of producing false confessions.

D. It fails to obtain information about a crime.

Ans: C Learning Objective: 3-7: Discuss types and incidents of false confessions.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Police Interviewing and Interrogation Difficulty Level: Hard 38. Which of the following is NOT measured by a polygraph?

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

A. Body mass index B. Skin conductance C. Breathing rate D. Blood pressure Ans: A Learning Objective: 3-5: Review methods of police interviewing and interrogation Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Polygraph Difficulty Level: Easy 39. Which statement MOST accurately summarizes research findings on eyewitness testimony?

A. The more certain a witness is, the more accurate the ID B. Eyewitness testimony is often inaccurate C. Eyewitness testimony is often fabricated D. The less detailed the testimony, the more accurate the information Ans: B Learning Objective: 3-4: Review research on eyewitness identification Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Eyewitness Evidence Difficulty Level: Medium 40. If a weapon is present at a crime, we tend to focus on ______, thereby ______ our memory of the offender and the event.

A. The person holding the gun; increasing B. The weapon, not the offender; worsening C. The ongoing events in real time; improving D. The weapon, not the offender; improving Ans: B Learning Objective: 3-4: Review research on eyewitness identification Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Weapon Focus Difficulty Level: Easy 41. Crime scene profiling has to do with ______.

A. Discovering how victims are chosen B. What forensic evidence is left at the scene C. Entering the mind of the killer D. Discovering how victims are chosen Ans: C Learning Objective: 3-2: Define and distinguish among five types of profiling Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Crime Scene Profiling Difficulty Level: Medium

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

42. A profiler who analyzes spatial patterns of crimes committed by numerous offenders over time is conducting ______.

A. geographical profiling B. psychological profiling C. crime scene profiling D. offender profiling Ans: A Learning Objective: 3-2: Define and distinguish among five types of profiling Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Geographical Profiling Difficulty Level: Easy 43. The two primary procedures used in psychological profiling are ______.

A. Threat and risk assessments B. Violence and need assessments C. Cognitive and risk assessments D. Mental and threat assessments Ans: A Learning Objective: 3-2: Define and distinguish among five types of profiling Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Psychological Profiling Difficulty Level: Easy 44. The decreased ability to notice and remember features of a person of a race different than your own is called ______.

A. Race blindness B. Discrimination C. Racism D. Own-race bias Ans: D Learning Objective: 3-4: Review research on eyewitness identification Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Own-Race Bias (ORB) or Cross-Race Effect (CRE) Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False 1. The majority of police investigators believe that profiling can be useful.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 3-1: Explore the many ways psychology contributes to investigations of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Profiling Difficulty Level: Medium

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

2. The goal of profiling is to predict who will commit a crime.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 3-1: Explore the many ways psychology contributes to investigations of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Profiling Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Profiling is based on the assumption that human behavior is consistent across time and place.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 3-1: Explore the many ways psychology contributes to investigations of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Profiling Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Crime scene profiling was developed by the Central Intelligence Agency.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 3-2: Define and distinguish among five types of profiling.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Profiling Difficulty Level: Easy 6. Commitment bias refers to the idea that a witness who has initially identified a face, even an incorrect one, will be more likely to choose that face again.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 3-8: Review the psychology of detecting deception.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Lineups and Photo Spreads Difficulty Level: Medium 7. Research suggests that the great majority of individuals who confess to crimes are innocent.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 3-7: Discuss types and incidents of false confessions.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: False Confessions Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Polygraphs are no longer used in law enforcement.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 3-8: Review the psychology of detecting deception.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

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Answer Location: The Polygraph Difficulty Level: Easy 9. In a sequential lineup, neither the witness nor the person administering the lineup is aware of the identity of the suspect.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 3-6: Examine the psychology of pretrial identification methods, such as lineups and show-ups.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Lineups and Photo Spreads Difficulty Level: Easy 10. The psychological autopsy attempts to reconstruct the deceased person’s state of mind prior to his or her death.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 3-2: Define and distinguish among five types of profiling.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Psychological Autopsy Difficulty Level: Medium 11. Highly unique faces are easier to identify than plain or average faces.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 3-4: Review research on eyewitness identification.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Identifying the Face Difficulty Level: Easy 12. The earliest forms of crime scene profiling were based on clinical data.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 3-1: Explore the many ways psychology contributes to investigations of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Profiling Difficulty Level: Medium 13. Developmental and forensic psychologists have long known that adolescents are fundamentally the same as adults biologically, cognitively, and psychologically.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 3-7: Discuss types and incidents of false confessions.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Interrogation of Juveniles Difficulty Level: Medium 14. Police officers and psychologists are often no more accurate than laypersons in detecting deception in adults.

Ans: T

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Learning Objective: 3-8: Review the psychology of detecting deception.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Detection of Deception Difficulty Level: Medium 15. Case linkage analysis is a method of identifying crimes that are likely to have been committed by the same offender because of similarities across the crimes.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 3-2: Define and distinguish among five types of profiling Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Crime Scene Profiling Difficulty Level: Easy 16. Research indicates that people are better at distinguishing between faces that are different races or ethnicities than their own.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 3-4: Review research on eyewitness identification Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Own-Race Bias (ORB) or Cross-Race Effect (CRE) Difficulty Level: Easy Essay 1. Kassin contends that there are five myths of confessions that are prevalent in the criminal justice system. Identify these myths.

Ans: (1) Innocent people cannot be induced to confess through the use of legal and noncoercive interrogation tactics; (2) police investigators are often convinced they can identify truth tellers from liars during interviews, and consequently feel they are able to determine who should be interrogated; (3) relying on some combination of intuition and corroboration, many police officers and other criminal justice personnel believe they can distinguish between true and false confessions; (4) people facing interrogation are protected by their constitutional rights to silence and to counsel; and (5) if the confession was coerced and is erroneously admitted at trial, appellate courts can reasonably determine whether the error was harmless.

Learning Objective: 3-7: Discuss types and incidents of false confessions.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: False Confessions Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Describe the three processes involved in deception. What does the research tell us about how investigators can best detect deception in an individual?

Ans: The three processes are emotion, behavioral control, and cognitive load. A lie was traditionally associated with the emotions of fear and guilt. For years, it was assumed that emotions were the best indicator of deception. Deception could be indicated by nervous and anxious behavior such as shaking hands and eye contact avoidance.

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Recent research studies have consistently found that behavioral patterns are not reliable cues for deception. In fact, very few people--whether professional experts or laypersons--are able to detect deception (or honesty) with much accuracy when relying on emotion-based cues. The research on behavioral control cues has generally focused on what attributes make a good liar. Research suggests that verbal cues may well be better guides. For example, concentrating on the verbal patterns of the suspect and analyzing the manner in which the interviewer handles the questions will lead to improved deception detection. Interviewers should also create a cognitive load on the person being interviewed. In other words, interviewers and interrogators should try to increase the workload of the suspect when answering questions using an approach referred to as cognitive lie detection.

Learning Objective: 3-4: Review research on eyewitness identification.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Detection of Deception Difficulty Level: Hard 3. Identify the three broad categories of investigative psychology.

Ans: The nature of offender behavior, the social psychology of group crime and terrorism, and the cognitive psychology of investigative decision-making by law enforcement investigators.

Learning Objective: 3-1: Explore the many ways psychology contributes to investigations of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Medium 4. What three fundamental questions are central to the psychology of investigations in their early stages?

Ans: (1) What are the important behavioral features associated with the crime that may help identify and successfully prosecute the perpetrator? (2) What inferences can be made about the characteristics of the offender that may help identify him or her? (3) Are there any other crimes that are likely to have been committed by the same person?

Learning Objective: 3-1: Explore the many ways psychology contributes to investigations of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Hard 5. Explain how the case of the Central Park 5 pertains to the issue of false confessions.

Ans: Five teenagers were convicted of attacking and raping a jogger in 1989. They were later exonerated, but not before one had served 11 years and four had served 7 years in prison. Defense lawyers argued unsuccessfully that their confessions were false, produced by coercive interrogation techniques. Thirteen years after the crime a prisoner serving a sentence for three rapes and a murder confessed to the attack. His unique knowledge of the crime and a DNA match on the samples recovered from the victim resulted in the original convictions of the teenagers being vacated. Some of the original

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

suspects in the Central Park case apparently confessed at the urging of a parent or because they believed they would then be free to go home after being held at the police station for many hours.

Learning Objective: 3-7: Discuss types and incidents of false confessions.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: False Confessions Difficulty Level: Hard 6. What is the most controversial type of suspect-based profiling? Explain why this type of profiling is so controversial.

Ans: Racial profiling is the most controversial and is unconstitutional. It is illegal and the courts have determined that police action cannot be taken against a person based on race.

Learning Objective: 3-2: Define and distinguish among five types of profiling.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Suspect-Based Profiling Difficulty Level: Hard 7. Define sequential lineup, simultaneous lineup, double-blind lineup, and show-up.

Ans: A simultaneous lineup involves the placement of a suspect with two to five other individuals. A sequential lineup occurs when the suspect and other individuals are shown to the witness one by one. A show-up is an identification procedure in which a single suspect is presented to the witness. In a double-blind procedure, neither the witness nor the administering officer is aware of the true suspect.

Learning Objective: 3-6: Examine the psychology of pretrial identification methods, such as lineups and show-ups.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Lineups and Photo Spreads Difficulty Level: Medium

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Chapter 4: Consulting and Testifying Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. Which federal case was instrumental in allowing psychologists to serve as expert witnesses in matters involving criminal responsibility?

A. Jenkins v. U.S. B. Harlow v. U.S. C. Nixon v. Indiana D. Jackson v. U.S. Ans: A Learning Objective: 4-1: Describe the court system.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Until the 1960s, ______ were the only mental health experts recognized in many courts.

A. clergy B. social workers C. psychologists D. psychiatrists Ans: D Learning Objective: 4-1: Describe the court system.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 3. Most cases that reach the courts are ______ rather than ______.

A. criminal; civil B. appellate; geographical C. civil; criminal D. geographical; appellate Ans: C Learning Objective: 4-1: Describe the court system.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Civil and Criminal Courts Difficulty Level: Medium 4. The four stages of the judicial process are ______.

A. criminal, civil, appellate, and supreme B. pretrial, trial, disposition, and appeals

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

C. arrest, arraignment, deposition, and sentencing D. investigation, preliminary, intermediate, and incarceration Ans: B Learning Objective: 4-2: Explain the judicial process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Judicial Process Difficulty Level: Medium 5. In criminal law, a plea of nolo contendere is equivalent to a(n) ______.

A. deposition B. arraignment C. guilty plea D. not guilty plea Ans: C Learning Objective: 4-2: Explain the judicial process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Pretrial Stage Difficulty Level: Medium 6. Jurisdiction refers to a court’s ______.

A. authority B. constitutional basis C. geographical location D. structure Ans: A Learning Objective: 4-1: Describe the court system.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Court Structure and Jurisdiction Difficulty Level: Medium 7. All courts have subject matter and ______ jurisdiction.

A. limited B. general C. appellate D. geographical Ans: D Learning Objective: 4-1: Describe the court system.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Court Structure and Jurisdiction Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Which choice best explains the intention of the dual-court system?

A. to limit power of the federal courts and enhance power of smaller courts B. to address criminal cases and complex civil cases C. to simplify the federal court system D. to recognize the unity of the nation and the sovereignty of individual states

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Ans: D Learning Objective: 4-1: Describe the court system.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Court Structure and Jurisdiction Difficulty Level: Medium 9. What is the primary distinction between civil and criminal courts?

A. the type of case being heard B. the experience level of the presiding judge C. the stages of the judicial process D. the size of the court’s geographical jurisdiction Ans: A Learning Objective: 4-1: Describe the court system.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Court Structure and Jurisdiction Difficulty Level: Hard 10. A family dispute involving end-of-life issues will likely be considered a ______ case.

A. bench B. medical C. criminal D. civil Ans: D Learning Objective: 4-1: Describe the court system.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Civil and Criminal Courts Difficulty Level: Hard 11. Depositions are part of the ______.

A. arraignment B. discovery process C. nolo contendere plea D. initial appearance Ans: B Learning Objective: 4-2: Explain the judicial process.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Pretrial Stage Difficulty Level: Easy 12. What is the most common role of a forensic psychologist at the appellate stage?

A. providing profiling testimony B. testifying about competency issues C. evaluating a defendant’s competency to stand trial D. filing amicus curiae briefs Ans: D Learning Objective: 4-2: Explain the judicial process.

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Appellate Stage Difficulty Level: Medium 13. The central issue in Atkins v. Virginia involved ______.

A. scientific jury selection B. execution of intellectually disabled individuals C. mental health courts D. incarceration of juvenile sex offenders Ans: B Learning Objective: 4-2: Explain the judicial process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Appellate Stage Difficulty Level: Medium 14. A lawyer who strikes a potential juror due to a gut feeling that the person will not be sympathetic to a client is utilizing a(n) ______ challenge.

A. honorary B. action of retrospection C. challenge for cause D. peremptory Ans: D Learning Objective: 4-2: Explain the judicial process.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Trial Stage Difficulty Level: Hard 15. Which 1996 case recognized the importance of the psychotherapist–patient confidentiality?

A. Jaffe v. Redmond B. Frye v. U.S. C. Jenkins v. U.S. D. Bowers v. Hardwick Ans: A Learning Objective: 4-6: Examine confidentiality and ultimate issue testimony as they relate to expert witnesses.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Confidentiality Issue Difficulty Level: Medium 16. All of the following are concerns with actuarial instruments except they ______.

A. may include legally unacceptable risk factors B. often have a restricted definition of violence C. focus on a small number of factors D. are too generalizable to other contexts Ans: D

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Learning Objective: 4-7: Summarize forensic risk assessment.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Clinical Versus Actuarial Prediction Difficulty Level: Medium 17. Substance abuse and unemployment are examples of ______ risk factors.

A. dynamic B. static C. actuarial D. instrumental Ans: A Learning Objective: 4-7: Summarize forensic risk assessment.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Dynamic and Static Risk Factors Difficulty Level: Medium 18. Which of the following is an example of an acute dynamic risk factor?

A. parental criminality B. association with deviant peers C. anger D. education Ans: C Learning Objective: 4-7: Summarize forensic risk assessment.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Dynamic and Static Risk Factors Difficulty Level: Medium 19. Which violence risk assessment instrument is an actuarial measure designed for adult male sex offenders?

A. Static-99 B. ERASOR C. HCR-20 D. SAVRY Ans: A Learning Objective: 4-7: Summarize forensic risk assessment.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Risk Assessment Instruments Difficulty Level: Medium 20. The empirical literature has consistently supported the superiority of ______ data over ______ data.

A. clinical; antecedent B. clinical; actuarial C. actuarial; antecedent D. actuarial; clinical Ans: D

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Learning Objective: 4-7: Summarize forensic risk assessment.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Risk Assessment Instruments Difficulty Level: Medium 21. Focus groups and community surveys are associated with ______.

A. scientific jury selection B. the ultimate issue C. risk assessment D. the Tarasoff requirement Ans: A Learning Objective: 4-5: Discuss the legal standards for the admission of scientific evidence in the courtroom.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Scientific Jury Selection Difficulty Level: Comprehension 22. Which term is often preferred by forensic psychologists who are involved in predicting violent behavior?

A. prediction of dangerousness B. violent behavior assessment C. acute violence prediction D. assessment of dangerousness potential Ans: D Learning Objective: 4-7: Summarize forensic risk assessment.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Assessment of Risk Difficulty Level: Medium 23. In which situation would expert witness testimony be most influential?

A. a pretrial hearing involving competency to stand trial B. a jury trial involving child custody C. a jury trial involving the effects of pornography on adolescents D. a bench trial involving credibility of an eyewitness Ans: A Learning Objective: 4-6: Examine confidentiality and ultimate issue testimony as they relate to expert witnesses.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Ultimate Issue or Ultimate Opinion Testimony Difficulty Level: Hard 24. Witness education, attorney education, and modification of testimony delivery are components of ______.

A. expert testimony B. risk assessment C. witness preparation

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

D. jury selection Ans: C Learning Objective: 4-4: Define and describe what is meant by expert testimony.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Witness Preparation Difficulty Level: Medium 25. Which statement most accurately summarizes research findings on eyewitness testimony?

A. The more certain a witness is, the more accurate the information.

B. Eyewitness testimony is often fabricated.

C. Eyewitness testimony is often inaccurate.

D. The less detailed the testimony, the more accurate the information.

Ans: A Learning Objective: 4-4: Define and describe what is meant by expert testimony.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Witness Preparation Difficulty Level: Hard 26. Which three significant Supreme Court decisions comprise the Daubert standard?

A. Daubert v. General Electric, Frye v. Kumho Tire, Jenkins v. Joiner B. Daubert v. Frye, Jennings v. Kumho Tire, Joiner v. General Electric C. Carmichael v. Daubert, General Electric v. Hauser, Joiner v. Merrill Lynch D. Daubert v. Merrill Dow Pharmaceuticals, General Electric Co. v. Joiner, Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael Ans: D Learning Objective: 4-5: Discuss the legal standards for the admission of scientific evidence in the courtroom.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Legal Standards for the Admission of Scientific Evidence Difficulty Level: Medium 27. In federal courts, the Daubert standard for the admission of expert testimony has replaced the ______ standard.

A. Jenkins B. Kumho Tire C. Joiner D. Frye Ans: D Learning Objective: 4-5: Discuss the legal standards for the admission of scientific evidence in the courtroom.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Legal Standards for the Admission of Scientific Evidence Difficulty Level: Medium

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

28. Approximately how many states have adopted Daubert-like criteria for the admission of scientific evidence?

A. 6 B. 25 C. 30 D. 50 Ans: C Learning Objective: 4-5: Discuss the legal standards for the admission of scientific evidence in the courtroom.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Legal Standards for the Admission of Scientific Evidence Difficulty Level: Easy 29. The Frye standard is referred to as ______.

A. proof of intent B. the rejection rule C. the general acceptance rule D. risk of responsibility Ans: C Learning Objective: 4-5: Discuss the legal standards for the admission of scientific evidence in the courtroom.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Legal Standards for the Admission of Scientific Evidence Difficulty Level: Easy 29. Which statement is a significant finding from Kovera et al.’s study of judges and attorneys?

A. Both judges and attorneys were able to differentiate between valid and flawed research.

B. Judges were more apt to understand sample sizes and attorneys understood control groups.

C. Attorneys were more familiar with the scientific method than were the judges.

D. Judges admitted flawed research at the same rates as they admitted valid testimony.

Ans: D Learning Objective: 4-5: Discuss the legal standards for the admission of scientific evidence in the courtroom.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Legal Standards for the Admission of Scientific Evidence Difficulty Level: Medium 30. George is a 60-year-old male who has been a psychotherapy patient of Dr. Wood for 2 years. Which of the following scenarios would be most likely to cause Dr. Wood to break client/patient confidentiality?

A. George states he obsessively thinks about quitting his job.

B. George threatens to kill his ex-wife’s boyfriend.

C. George reports that he has a history of sleeping with prostitutes.

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

D. George acknowledges that he was institutionalized at age 20 for severe depression.

Ans: B Learning Objective: 4-6: Examine confidentiality and ultimate issue testimony as they relate to expert witnesses.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Confidentiality Issue Difficulty Level: Hard 31. Research suggests that expert testimony would be most influential in which situation?

A. expert testimony regarding whether or not to civilly commit a sex offender at the posttrial stage B. expert testimony about a defendant’s competence to be executed at the sentencing stage C. expert testimony concerning which parent should be given custody at the trial stage D. expert testimony pertaining to the dangerousness of a defendant at the pretrial stage Ans: D Learning Objective: 4-6: Examine confidentiality and ultimate issue testimony as they relate to expert witnesses.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Ultimate Issue or Ultimate Opinion Testimony Difficulty Level: Hard 32. What is the American Psychological Association’s stance on ultimate issue testimony?

A. The APA states that psychologists should only provide ultimate issue testimony when requested by the court.

B. The APA states that psychologists should only provide ultimate issue testimony on cases involving the welfare of a minor child.

C. The APA discourages psychologists from providing ultimate issue testimony.

D. The APA has not taken a stance on the matter of ultimate issue testimony.

Ans: D Learning Objective: 4-6: Examine confidentiality and ultimate issue testimony as they relate to expert witnesses.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Ultimate Issue or Ultimate Opinion Testimony Difficulty Level: Medium 33. The term shadow jury refers to ______.

A. a group of people similar in demographics to persons on the actual jury B. all of the potential jurors who were called but eventually rejected for jury duty C. the standby or alternate jurors who listen to the evidence and may eventually be involved in the deliberation D. jurors whose body language indicates they are leaning toward a guilty verdict Ans: A

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Learning Objective: 4-4: Define and describe what is meant by expert testimony.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Voir Dire Difficulty Level: Easy 34. Dr. Park has been called as an expert witness in a child custody case. Which of the following actions would best help her prepare for the witness stand?

A. make sure to not discuss the case with the consulting attorney B. develop well-organized PowerPoints C. defend herself against cross-examination by reciting her credentials and expertise D. mirror the facial expressions and body language of the presiding judge Ans: B Learning Objective: 4-6: Examine confidentiality and ultimate issue testimony as they relate to expert witnesses.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Surviving the Witness Stand Difficulty Level: Hard 35. The term bench trial is synonymous with the term ______.

A. criminal trial B. trial by jury C. preemptory challenge D. court trial Ans: D Learning Objective: 4-2: Explain the judicial process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Trial Stage Difficulty Level: Medium 36. The text divides the judicial process into ______ stages.

A. two B. four C. seven D. nine Ans: B Learning Objective: 4-2: Explain the judicial process.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Judicial Process Difficulty Level: Easy 37. What is the role of an expert witness?

A. to help the judge or jury make decisions that are beyond knowledge of the typical layperson B. to explain the myriad psychological effects of highly traumatic events C. to provide testimony on the ultimate issue D. to advocate for the rights of a falsely accused defendant

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Ans: A Learning Objective: 4-4: Define and describe what is meant by expert testimony.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Expert Testimony Difficulty Level: Medium 38. A proceeding in which a witness is questioned under oath and in the presence of a court reporter is called a(n) ______.

A. deposition B. disposition C. voir dire D. initial appearance Ans: A Learning Objective: 4-2: Explain the judicial process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Pretrial Stage Difficulty Level: Medium 39. Which forensic psychology practice has increased as a direct result of concerns about workplace and school violence?

A. ultimate issue testimony B. trial consulting C. jury selection D. risk assessment Ans: D Learning Objective: 4-7: Summarize forensic risk assessment.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Assessment of Risk Difficulty Level: Medium 40. The majority of trial consultants are ______.

A. psychiatrists B. psychologists C. attorneys D. physicians Ans: B Learning Objective: 4-3: Describe the roles of forensic psychologists at various stages.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Trial and Litigation Consultation Difficulty Level: Easy 41. Who is the client when the court asks a clinician to evaluate a defendant?

A. the judge B. the defendant C. the defense attorney D. the court

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Ans: D Learning Objective: 4-6: Examine confidentiality and ultimate issue testimony as they relate to expert witnesses.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Confidentiality Issue Difficulty Level: Medium 42. Which of the following is a primary difference between a lay witness and an expert witness?

A. A lay witness testifies under oath, whereas an expert witness does not.

B. A lay witness can be videotaped, whereas an expert witness cannot.

C. An expert witness can offer an opinion, whereas a lay witness cannot.

D. An expert witness must answer the ultimate issue question, whereas a lay witness does not.

Ans: C Learning Objective: 4-4: Define and describe what is meant by expert testimony.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Ultimate Issue or Ultimate Opinion Testimony Difficulty Level: Hard 43. When do judges typically apply the Daubert standard?

A. when an attorney challenges the introduction of evidence B. when the Frye standard does not apply C. when the science is flawed D. when the defendant pleads not guilty by reason of insanity Ans: A Learning Objective: 4-5: Discuss the legal standards for the admission of scientific evidence in the courtroom.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Legal Standards for the Admission of Scientific Evidence Difficulty Level: Medium 44. When preparing to testify in court, it is important that an expert witness ______.

A. provide obtuse answers when being questioned B. prepare a list of jokes to share in case levity is needed C. clearly identify his or her personal investment in the case D. maintain composure Ans: D Learning Objective: 4-6: Examine confidentiality and ultimate issue testimony as they relate to expert witnesses.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Surviving the Witness Stand Difficulty Level: Medium 45. Lawyers and judges exclude potential jurors from the jury during a process called ______.

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

A. venire B. voir dire C. pretrial matters D. master list Ans: B Learning Objective: 4-3: Describe the roles of forensic psychologists at various stages.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Voir Dire Difficulty Level: Easy 46. Research indicates that juries are more likely to accept testimony from ______ over ______.

A. Clinicians; expert witnesses B. Expert witnesses; clinicians C. Doctors; lay persons D. Expert witnesses; lay persons Ans: A Learning Objective: 4-4: Define and describe what is meant by expert testimony.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Expert Testimony Difficulty Level: Medium 47. Which of the following criteria is NOT required by the Daubert standard?

A. Studies and findings must be peer-reviewed (i.e. approved by other experts in the field).

B. The theory or technique must be testable.

C. The expert must be well-known.

D. Science must have a known error rate.

Ans: C Learning Objective: 4-5: Discuss legal standards for the admission of scientific evidence in the courtroom Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Legal Standards for the Admission of Scientific Evidence Difficulty Level: Medium 48. Which of the following is one of the major differences between a lay and expert witness?

A. Lay witness testimony must be taken into account by the jury/judge, while expert testimony may be dismissed by the jury/judge.

B. Expert witnesses may only express facts, while lay witnesses can express opinions.

C. Lay witnesses are qualified to testify based upon a variety of established professional criteria, while expert witnesses are ordinary observers of a fact or occurrence relevant to the case.

D. Expert witnesses can be cross examined, but lay witnesses cannot.

Ans: A Learning Objective: 4-4: Define and describe what is meant by expert testimony.

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Legal Standards for the Admission of Scientific Evidence | Ultimate Issue or Ultimate Opinion Testimony Difficulty Level: Medium 49. Which of the following are forensic psychologists NOT allowed to do an expert witness?

A. Judge the mental state of offenders B. Determine legal issues in criminal proceedings C. Testify to the ultimate issue in a criminal trial D. Predict future risk and sentencing mitigation factors Ans: C Learning Objective: 4-5: Discuss legal standards for the admission of scientific evidence in the courtroom.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Ultimate Issue or Ultimate Opinion Testimony Difficulty Level: Easy 50. Which is NOT one of the four criteria established in the Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals (1993) case?

A. Theory or technique used by an expert must be testable.

B. Methods and conclusions must be generally accepted in the scientific community.

C. The science behind the testimony must have a known error rate.

D. The subject of an expert witness’s testimony must have been published in a book.

Ans: D Learning Objective: 4-5: Discuss legal standards for the admission of scientific evidence in the courtroom.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Legal Standards for the Admission of Scientific Evidence Difficulty Level: Easy 51. In a custody case, the expert witness recommends that the child be placed with their father. This is an example of A. Ultimate issue testimony B. Reliable testimony C. Character witness testimony D. Witness testimony Ans: A Learning Objective: 4-5: Discuss the legal standards for the admission of scientific evidence in the courtroom.

Cognitive Domain: Applied Answer Location: Ultimate Issue or Ultimate Opinion Testimony Difficulty Level: Easy

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

True/False 1. The Jenkins standard is also referred to as the general acceptance rule.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 4-5: Discuss the legal standards for the admission of scientific evidence in the courtroom.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Legal Standards for the Admission of Scientific Evidence Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Most cases that reach the courts are criminal.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 4-1: Describe the court system.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Civil and Criminal Courts Difficulty Level: Medium 3. All states have trial and appellate courts.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 4-1: Describe the court system.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Court Structure and Jurisdiction Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Mental health court is a type of specialty court.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 4-1: Describe the court system.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Court Structure and Jurisdiction Difficulty Level: Easy 5. Amicus curiae briefs are filed at the disposition stage of the court process.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 4-2: Explain the judicial process.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Appellate Stage Difficulty Level: Easy 6. A well-trained psychologist can accurately predict whether or not an individual will be dangerous in all situations.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 4-7: Summarize forensic risk assessment.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Assessment of Risk Difficulty Level: Medium

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

7. A “not guilty” plea sets the trial process in motion.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 4-2: Explain the judicial process.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: The Pretrial Stage Difficulty Level: Hard 8. Violence risk assessments are primarily conducted in correctional institutions.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 4-7: Summarize forensic risk assessment.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Assessment of Risk Difficulty Level: Medium 9. Empirical literature has consistently supported the superiority of clinical data over actuarial data for the prediction of violence.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 4-7: Summarize forensic risk assessment.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Clinical Versus Actuarial Prediction Difficulty Level: Medium 10. The majority of criminal cases go to trial, while the majority of civil cases are resolved through negotiation.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 4-3: Describe the roles of forensic psychologists at various stages.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Trial and Litigation Consultation Difficulty Level: Medium 11. The process of scientific jury selection often includes focus groups and surveys.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 4-3: Describe the roles of forensic psychologists at various stages.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Scientific Jury Selection Difficulty Level: Medium 12. The first stage of the jury selection process is known as the voir dire.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 4-3: Describe the roles of forensic psychologists at various stages.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Voir Dire Difficulty Level: Medium

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

13. A history of research on juries indicates that the strength of the evidence presented to them is the main variable that affects their decision.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 4-3: Describe the roles of forensic psychologists at various stages.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Scientific Jury Selection Difficulty Level: Medium 14. Research with mock juries suggests that research-based testimony is favored over clinical testimony.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 4-4: Define and describe what is meant by expert testimony.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Expert Testimony Difficulty Level: Medium Essay 1. Define and provide an example of an amicus curiae brief.

Ans: An amicus brief is a document filed by interested parties who did not participate directly in the trial but either have a stake in the outcome or have research knowledge to offer the appellate court. They are typically filed by organizations on behalf of their members. For example, the American Psychological Association has filed numerous briefs with state and federal appellate courts on topics such as involuntary civil commitment, marriage equality, sexual orientation, eyewitness testimony, affirmative action, false confessions, professional licensing, child testimony in sexual assault cases, the forced medication of inmates, and the effects of employment discrimination.

Learning Objective: 4-2: Explain the judicial process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Appellate Stage Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Provide an example of an ultimate issue. Why is there considerable debate about whether or not mental health professionals should offer opinions on ultimate issues?

Ans: Examples include: Should the expert provide an opinion about whether the defendant was indeed insane (and therefore not responsible) at the time of his crime?

Should the expert recommend which parent should be awarded custody? Should the expert declare that a defendant is competent to be executed? Should the expert recommend that a juvenile’s case be transferred to criminal court? Ultimate issue testimony is highly subject to error. Experts may misunderstand the law or have biases that influence their conclusions. Undue influence of the expert is also a concern. On the other hand, many experts are becoming more sophisticated about possible sources of error. Improved training has resulted in higher quality evaluations. The APA has not taken a stand on ultimate issue testimony.

Learning Objective: 4-6: Examine confidentiality and ultimate issue testimony as they relate to expert witnesses.

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Ultimate Issue or Ultimate Opinion Testimony Difficulty Level: Hard 3. Explain the statement “In the courtroom setting, confidentiality is not absolute.”

Ans: Though the obligation to maintain confidentiality in the patient–therapist relationship is fundamental, when the court asks a clinician to conduct an evaluation, the clinician’s client is the court, not the individual being examined. The results of the evaluation are shared among the judge and the lawyers and may be discussed in the open courtroom if the clinician is called to the stand. Even the confidentiality of test data is not guaranteed if the client signs a release or if the court orders that it be released.

Learning Objective: 4-6: Examine confidentiality and ultimate issue testimony as they relate to expert witnesses.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: The Confidentiality Issue Difficulty Level: Hard 4. Compare and contrast the Daubert standard and the Frye standard for evaluating expert testimony.

Ans: The Frye standard was known as the general acceptance rule and held that an expert’s evidence must have been gathered using scientific techniques that had reached a general acceptance in the science field. Once that standard had been met, all relevant testimony would be admissible. In the Daubert case, the Supreme Court supported the standard set by the Rules of Evidence. It ruled that expert evidence must be relevant, reliable, and legally sufficient and that its probative value must outweigh its prejudicial value. In essence, the Court required that federal judges act as gatekeepers, scrutinizing expert evidence very carefully before admitting it into court. General acceptance by the scientific community could be taken into consideration in deciding whether evidence was reliable but should not be a necessary condition.

Learning Objective: 4-5: Discuss the legal standards for the admission of scientific evidence in the courtroom.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Legal Standards for the Admission of Scientific Evidence Difficulty Level: Hard 5. Describe structured professional judgment.

Ans: SPJ guidelines include gathering critical information, identifying the presence of risk factors, evaluating their relevance, and developing scenarios in which the person being evaluated might or might not be violent.

Learning Objective: 4-7: Summarize forensic risk assessment.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Clinical Versus Actuarial Prediction Difficulty Level: Medium 6. Identify one type of specialty court. Why are specialty courts often interesting to psychologists?

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Ans: Specialty courts include family, drug, mental health, veterans, domestic violence, and girls’ courts. These courts deal with matters that pertain to psychology such as substance abuse, family dynamics, mental health problems, and juvenile delinquency.

Learning Objective: 4-1: Describe the court system.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Court Structure and Jurisdiction Difficulty Level: Medium 7. How did the death of Justice Antonin Scalia result in a higher workload for many federal courts?

Ans: Following Scalia’s death, the Republican-controlled U.S. Senate refused to consider the candidate proposed by then Democratic President Barack Obama, and the Court worked with eight rather than nine Justices until April 2017, when Justice Neil Gorsuch was confirmed by a Senate that split sharply along political party lines. This caused backlogs and higher workloads in the federal system.

Learning Objective: 4-1: Describe the court system.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Court Structure and Jurisdiction Difficulty Level: Hard 8. Name two dynamic risk factors and two static risk factors associated with criminal behavior.

Ans: Dynamic risk factors include substance abuse, attitudes, deviant peers, and anger.

Static risk factors may be early onset of antisocial behavior, history of violence, and neurological issues.

Learning Objective: 4-7: Summarize forensic risk assessment.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Dynamic and Static Risk Factors Difficulty Level: Medium 9. Define and provide an example of subject matter jurisdiction.

Ans: Subject matter jurisdiction identifies the subject matter that each court has authority over. For example, a family court may have authority over divorce, custody, adoption, and delinquency matters.

Learning Objective: 4-1: Describe the court system.

Cognitive Domain: comprehension Answer Location: Court Structure and Jurisdiction Difficulty Level: Medium

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Chapter 5: Consulting With Criminal Courts Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. Competency to stand trial and competency to plea bargain are examples of ______ competencies.

A. institutional B. dual-purpose C. sanity D. adjudicative Ans: D Learning Objective: 5-1: Describe typical roles of psychologists consulting with the criminal courts.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Competency To Stand Trial Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Which term is synonymous with sanity evaluation?

A. competency assessment B. criminal responsibility evaluation C. risk assessment D. forensic amenability evaluation Ans: B Learning Objective: 5-1: Describe typical roles of psychologists consulting with the criminal courts.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Insanity Difficulty Level: Medium 3. The chapter focuses on which three areas of forensic assessment?

A. competency to stand trial, competency to waive one’s rights, and competency to serve as one’s own lawyer B. psychiatry, psychology, and social work C. competency, insanity, and sentencing D. restoration, restitution, and reestablishment Ans: C Learning Objective: 5-1: Describe typical roles of psychologists consulting with the criminal courts.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Medium

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

4. In Godinez v. Moran (1993), the Supreme Court ruled that the Dusky standards also apply to ______.

A. guilty pleas B. pre-arraignment proceedings C. waivers D. parole hearings Ans: A Learning Objective: 5-2: Explain the legal standards for competency and criminal responsibility.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Legal Standard for Competency Difficulty Level: Medium 5. The two-pronged Dusky standard specifies that a defendant must not only understand what is happening but also be ______.

A. agreeable to waiving his or her rights B. represented by a competent attorney C. able to assist in his or her own defense D. undergoing restorative treatment Ans: C Learning Objective: 5-2: Explain the legal standards for competency and criminal responsibility.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Legal Standard for Competency Difficulty Level: Medium 6. Which high-profile defendant suffered from a paranoid personality disorder, was competent to stand trial, and had a trial considered an embarrassment to the justice system?

A. Stephen Raucci B. Ted Bundy C. O.J. Simpson D. Colin Ferguson Ans: D Learning Objective: 5-2: Explain the legal standards for competency and criminal responsibility.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Legal Standard for Competency Difficulty Level: Medium 7. According to the text, outpatient ______ is more common than outpatient ______.

A. evaluation; treatment B. therapy; medication C. hospitalization; sentencing D. referrals; assessments Ans: A

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Learning Objective: 5-2: Explain the legal standards for competency and criminal responsibility.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Legal Standard for Competency Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Which standard of proof is required in all criminal proceedings?

A. beyond a reasonable doubt B. the Daubert standard C. preponderance of the evidence D. clear and convincing evidence Ans: A Learning Objective: 5-2: Explain the legal standards for competency and criminal responsibility.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Restoration to Competency Difficulty Level: Medium 9. Who gets the report when a defense attorney requests a competency evaluation for his or her client?

A. the defense attorney B. the judge C. the prosecutor D. all parties Ans: A Learning Objective: 5-2: Explain the legal standards for competency and criminal responsibility.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Evaluating Adjudicative Competence Difficulty Level: Medium 10. Which disorder is the predominant diagnosis of individuals found incompetent to stand trial?

A. narcolepsy B. schizophrenia C. depression D. psychopathy Ans: B Learning Objective: 5-2: Explain the legal standards for competency and criminal responsibility.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Evaluating Adjudicative Competence Difficulty Level: Easy 11. Restoration to competency for an individual found incompetent to stand trial should focus not only on decisional capacities but also on ______.

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

A. improving one’s physical health B. education about the legal system C. medication compliance D. family support Ans: B Learning Objective: 5-2: Explain the legal standards for competency and criminal responsibility.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Restoration to Competency Difficulty Level: Medium 12. The most common method of restoring competence in defendants is ______.

A. a combination of medication and therapy B. community-based treatment C. a combination of electroconvulsive therapy and antidepressants D. involuntary civil commitment for at least 6 months Ans: A Learning Objective: 5-2: Explain the legal standards for competency and criminal responsibility.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Restoration to Competency Difficulty Level: Medium 13. Which statement is true about the insanity defense?

A. It is allowed in all 50 states.

B. It is allowed in a majority of states.

C. It is allowed in two states.

D. It is not allowed in the United States.

Ans: B Learning Objective: 5-4: Discuss research on insanity and its outcome.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Insanity Difficulty Level: Medium 14. Sanity refers to mental state ______, whereas competency refers to mental state ______.

A. at sentencing; during pretrial B. at the time of criminal justice proceedings; at the time of crime C. at the time of crime; at the time of criminal justice proceedings D. during the evaluation; during the trial Ans: B Learning Objective: 5-4: Discuss research on insanity and its outcome.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Insanity Difficulty Level: Hard

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

15. Research suggests that insanity cases are often decided on ______ grounds.

A. legal B. moral C. psychiatric D. sacred Ans: B Learning Objective: 5-4: Discuss research on insanity and its outcome.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Insanity Standards Difficulty Level: Medium 16. Research has shown that defendants who plead not guilty by reason of insanity comprise ______ of criminal cases.

A. 1–3% B. 5–7% C. 13–15% D. 23–25% Ans: A Learning Objective: 5-4: Discuss research on insanity and its outcome.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Incidence of Insanity Defense Difficulty Level: Easy 17. Some states allow judge and jurors an alternative to NGRI. This middle ground verdict is called ______.

A. innocent but culpable B. guilty but mentally ill C. guilty but insane D. innocent but unstable Ans: B Learning Objective: 5-4: Discuss research on insanity and its outcome.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Incidence of Insanity Defense Difficulty Level: Easy 18. The R-CRAS is a forensic instrument used for assessing ______.

A. adjudicative competence B. criminal responsibility C. cognitive functioning D. competence to plead guilty Ans: B Learning Objective: 5-3: Summarize the psychological inventories and testing instruments used in evaluating competency and criminal responsibility.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Instruments for Evaluation Difficulty Level: Easy

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

19. What is the most frequent outcome for those found NGRI? A. The defendant is sent home under house arrest.

B. The defendant is hospitalized.

C. The defendant is sent home with case management services.

D. The defendant is set free.

Ans: B Learning Objective: 5-4: Discuss research on insanity and its outcome.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Treatment of Defendants Found Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity Difficulty Level: Medium 20. The law states that an individual found NGRI cannot be held solely based on dangerousness if there is no longer evidence of mental illness. Which group is the exception?

A. serial killers B. sexually violent predators C. law enforcement personnel D. juvenile delinquents Ans: B Learning Objective: 5-7: Outline the roles and dilemmas for psychologists in assessing sex offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Civil Commitment of Sexually Violent Predators Difficulty Level: Hard 21. Which type of sentencing attempts to make the punishment fit the crime?

A. dominant B. determinant C. intermittent D. indeterminate Ans: B Learning Objective: 5-5: Identify the role of forensic psychologists at the sentencing stage of criminal cases.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Sentencing Evaluations Difficulty Level: Medium 22. Historically, criminal sentencing was based on the ______ model of corrections.

A. punitive B. progressive C. reactive D. rehabilitative Ans: D Learning Objective: 5-5: Identify the role of forensic psychologists at the sentencing stage of criminal cases.

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Sentencing Evaluations Difficulty Level: Easy 23. Which individual would be eligible for the death penalty?

A. a juvenile sex offender who is under age 18 B. a 36-year-old female who is intellectually disabled C. a female business owner who stabs her husband to death D. a male serial rapist whose victims are all alive Ans: C Learning Objective: 5-6: Outline the roles and dilemmas for psychologists in capital sentencing.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Capital Sentencing Difficulty Level: Hard 24. Death penalty mitigation refers to ______.

A. absolving one of guilt B. rendering a crime heinous C. ensuring a defendant receives the death penalty D. reducing one’s sentence in order to avoid the death penalty Ans: D Learning Objective: 5-6: Outline the roles and dilemmas for psychologists in capital sentencing.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Capital Sentencing Difficulty Level: Medium 26. Which Supreme Court ruling is an example of a sexually violent predator statute?

A. Kansas v. Hendricks B. Loving v. Virginia C. Mapp v. Ohio D. Betts v. Brady Ans: A Learning Objective: 5-7: Outline the roles and dilemmas for psychologists in assessing sex offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Civil Commitment of Sexually Violent Predators Difficulty Level: Medium 27. Which of the following describes a concern with sex offender typologies?

A. They are not useful in clinical practice.

B. They are often too broad to be useful.

C. They have not received empirical support.

D. They are used primarily by psychiatrists.

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Ans: C Learning Objective: 5-7: Outline the roles and dilemmas for psychologists in assessing sex offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Sentencing Evaluations Difficulty Level: Medium 28. In regard to risk assessment, both the ethical code of the APA and the Specialty Guidelines for Forensic Psychology state that psychologists should ______.

A. not use risk assessment instruments to evaluate sex offenders B. use only validated risk assessment instruments to evaluate sex offenders C. not participate in death penalty sentencing of sex offenders D. use only clinical data when communicating their findings Ans: B Learning Objective: 5-7: Outline the roles and dilemmas for psychologists in assessing sex offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Sentencing Evaluations Difficulty Level: Medium 29. Civil commitment of sexually violent predators requires evidence of mental ______.

A. disorder B. abnormality C. disability D. disease Ans: B Learning Objective: 5-7: Outline the roles and dilemmas for psychologists in assessing sex offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Civil Commitment of Sexually Violent Predators Difficulty Level: Hard 30. Which statement is true about civil commitment of sexually violent predators?

A. It is allowed in every state but not the federal government.

B. It is a strategy that is supported by most psychologists.

C. It is a valid treatment option available in all states.

D. It is increasing in numbers across the United States.

Ans: D Learning Objective: 5-7: Outline the roles and dilemmas for psychologists in assessing sex offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Civil Commitment of Sexually Violent Predators Difficulty Level: Medium

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

31. Imagine you are a psychologist who is conducting a psychosexual assessment on a convicted sex offender. Which of the following should you refrain from including in your report to the court?

A. a sadistic rapist classification B. results of a validated risk assessment C. treatment recommendations D. background information on the offender Ans: A Learning Objective: 5-7: Outline the roles and dilemmas for psychologists in assessing sex offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Sentencing Evaluations Difficulty Level: Hard 32. Which of the following is least likely to be considered a mitigating factor at the sentencing stage in a death penalty case?

A. evidence of PTSD B. age of the offender C. gender of the offender D. history of abuse by parents Ans: C Learning Objective: 5-6: Outline the roles and dilemmas for psychologists in capital sentencing.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Capital Sentencing Difficulty Level: Hard 33. What is the primary concern with the GBMI verdict?

A. It does not guarantee treatment for the mentally ill individual.

B. It absolves a defendant of criminal responsibility.

C. It helps the defendant avoid a prison term.

D. It requires expensive modifications to the court system.

Ans: A Learning Objective: 5-4: Discuss research on insanity and its outcome.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Incidence of Insanity Defense Difficulty Level: Hard 34. Forensic psychologists are generally advised not to include ______ in their competency reports.

A. the defendant’s age B. suggestions for restoring competency C. diagnoses D. results of assessment instruments Ans: C

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Learning Objective: 5-2: Explain the legal standards for competency and criminal responsibility.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Restoration to Competency Difficulty Level: Medium 35. Which U.S. Supreme Court case dealt with the forced medication of incompetent defendants?

A. Loughner v. U.S. B. Sell v. U.S. C. Colorado v. Connelly D. Arizona v. Dusky Ans: B Learning Objective: 5-2: Explain the legal standards for competency and criminal responsibility.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Drugs and the Defendant Found Incompetent to Stand Trial Difficulty Level: Medium 36. Reports of competency evaluations should include all of the following EXCEPT ______.

A. the purpose of the evaluation B. details about the crime itself C. background information about the defendant D. scores on psychological measures Ans: B Learning Objective: 5-2: Explain the legal standards for competency and criminal responsibility.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Evaluating Adjudicative Competence Difficulty Level: Medium 37. The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that the standard for determining competency to stand trial applies to all of the following EXCEPT ______.

A. pretrial proceedings B. proceedings before a person was indicted C. habeas corpus proceedings D. competency to plead guilty Ans: C Learning Objective: 5-2: Explain the legal standards for competency and criminal responsibility.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Legal Standard for Competency Difficulty Level: Medium 38. In the typical criminal case where competency is in question, ______.

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

A. at least three competency evaluations are performed B. at least two evaluations are conducted by different clinicians C. the judge agrees with the recommendation made by the clinician D. the offender is released while the assessment is being conducted Ans: C Learning Objective: 5-2: Explain the legal standards for competency and criminal responsibility.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Evaluating Adjudicative Competence Difficulty Level: Medium 39. Which federal law sets the standard for determining insanity in federal courts?

A. the IDRA B. the Durham Rule C. the EEDIA D. the Dusky Rule Ans: A Learning Objective: 5-4: Discuss research on insanity and its outcome.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Insanity Standards Difficulty Level: Easy 40. When assessing risk in sexually violent predators, it is important for clinicians to be aware that ______.

A. the majority of SVPs are also substance abusers B. the majority of SVPs have been falsely accused C. comorbid mental disorders are rare in this population D. treatment may not be provided once the individual is civilly committed Ans: D Learning Objective: 5-7: Outline the roles and dilemmas for psychologists in assessing sex offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Civil Commitment of Sexually Violent Predators Difficulty Level: Medium 41. Which of the following is a commonality among all insanity standards?

A. a documented mental disorder B. the ability to understand right and wrong C. the presence of a guilty mind D. a capacity to follow the law Ans: A Learning Objective: 5-4: Discuss research on insanity and its outcome.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Insanity Standards Difficulty Level: Hard

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

42. Evaluations in which a clinician evaluates a defendant’s competency to stand trial and criminal responsibility at the same time are called ______.

A. insanity standards B. dual-purpose evaluations C. criminal responsibility screenings D. product tests Ans: B Learning Objective: 5-3: Summarize the psychological inventories and testing instruments used in evaluating competency and criminal responsibility.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Assessment of Criminal Responsibility Difficulty Level: Easy 43. Research indicates that ______ are more sympathetic to the insanity defense than are ______.

A. psychologists; psychiatrists B. psychiatrists; psychologists C. judges; juries D. juries; judges Ans: C Learning Objective: 5-4: Discuss research on insanity and its outcome.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Insanity Trials Difficulty Level: Easy 44. Which of the following illustrates a misconception that jurors have about the insanity defense?

A. the belief that medication does not effectively treat mental illness B. the belief that all assessment instruments have been validated through a series of empirical studies C. the belief that defendants found NGRI go free D. the belief that defendants have no remorse for their crimes Ans: C Learning Objective: 5-4: Discuss research on insanity and its outcome.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Insanity Trials Difficulty Level: Hard 45. In which year was the death penalty reinstituted in the United States?

A. 1976 B. 1987 C. 1994 D. 2001 Ans: A Learning Objective: 5-6: Outline the roles and dilemmas for psychologists in capital sentencing.

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Capital Sentencing Difficulty Level: Easy 46. If a person cannot understand the nature and purpose of legal proceedings and cannot participate in their own defense, they are ______.

A. Insane B. A psychopath C. Psychotic D. Not competent to stand trial Ans: D Learning Objective: 5-2: Explain the legal standards for competency and criminal responsibility.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Legal Standard for Competency Difficulty Level: Easy 47. When is competency required for an offender?

A. Each stage of all legal proceedings against a defendant B. Standing trial only C. Waiving Miranda Rights only D. Standing trial and waiving Miranda Rights, but no other legal proceedings Ans: A Learning Objective: 5-2: Explain the legal standards for competency and criminal responsibility.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Competency to Stand Trial Difficulty Level: Easy 48. ______ is the assessment most performed by psychologists who consult with criminal courts.

A. Competency evaluation B. Psychopathy (PCL-R) C. Sex offender evaluation D. Pre-sentencing evaluation Ans: A Learning Objective: 5-3: Summarize the psychological inventories and testing instruments used in evaluating competency and criminal responsibility.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Competency to Stand Trial Difficulty Level: Easy 49. Which of the following is used to establish a defendant’s competency?

A. Mchaughton case B. Durhan v. United states C. Reliable defendant assessment

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

D. Competency screening test Ans: D Learning Objective: 5-3: Summarize the psychological inventories and testing instruments used in evaluating competency and criminal responsibility.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Competency Screening Test (CST) Difficulty Level: Easy 50. Which of the following is NOT a mitigating factor in a death penalty case?

A. Post-traumatic stress disorder B. Drug addiction C. Neuropsychological deficit D. Use of automatic weapon Ans: D Learning Objective: 5-6: Outline the roles and dilemmas for psychologists in capital sentencing.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Capital Sentencing Difficulty Level: Easy True/False 1. Once a defendant is medicated and rendered competent to stand trial, medication during the trial is often unnecessary.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 5-4: Discuss research on insanity and its outcome.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Insanity Trials Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Most types of forensic mental health assessments require an appraisal of malingering.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 5-3: Summarize the psychological inventories and testing instruments used in evaluating competency and criminal responsibility.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Assessment of Malingering Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Restoration to competency must be done in an institution.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 5-2: Explain the legal standards for competency and criminal responsibility.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Restoration to Competency

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Difficulty Level: Easy 4. Most clinicians regard the evaluation of criminal responsibility as a complex issue.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 5-3: Summarize the psychological inventories and testing instruments used in evaluating competency and criminal responsibility.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Assessment of Criminal Responsibility Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Research suggests that the inclusion of a clinically diagnosed mental disorder is a strong predictor of a finding of incompetence.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 5-3: Summarize the psychological inventories and testing instruments used in evaluating competency and criminal responsibility.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Restoration to Competency Difficulty Level: Medium 6. Persons who are conditionally released are less likely than convicted offenders to commit new crimes.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 5-3: Summarize the psychological inventories and testing instruments used in evaluating competency and criminal responsibility.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Treatment of Defendants Found Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity Difficulty Level: Medium 7. Rehabilitation is the dominant concern in determinate sentencing.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 5-5: Identify the role of forensic psychologists at the sentencing stage of criminal cases.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Sentencing Evaluations Difficulty Level: Medium 8. The U.S. Constitution requires judges to consider mitigating factors in capital cases.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 5-6: Outline the roles and dilemmas for psychologists in capital sentencing.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Capital Sentencing Difficulty Level: Medium 9. A diagnosis of psychopathy is considered a mitigating factor in capital sentencing.

Ans: F

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Learning Objective: 5-6: Outline the roles and dilemmas for psychologists in capital sentencing.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Capital Sentencing Difficulty Level: Medium 10. A 17-year-old offender is not eligible for the death penalty.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 5-6: Outline the roles and dilemmas for psychologists in capital sentencing.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Capital Sentencing Difficulty Level: Medium 11. Research has found that many sex offenders do not suffer from a mental disorder.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 5-7: Outline the roles and dilemmas for psychologists in assessing sex offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Civil Commitment of Sexually Violent Predators Difficulty Level: Medium 12. In United States v. Comstock, 2010, the Supreme Court ruled that the federal government could not hold violent sexual offenders beyond their prison sentence if they were mentally ill.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 5-7: Outline the roles and dilemmas for psychologists in assessing sex offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Civil Commitment of Sexually Violent Predators Difficulty Level: Medium 13. Most modern psychoactive medications have few side effects.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 5-2: Explain the legal standards for competency and criminal responsibility.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Drugs and the Defendant Found Incompetent to Stand Trial Difficulty Level: Medium 14. Changes in the federal and state laws have made it more difficult for defendants pleading not guilty by reason of insanity to win acquittal.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 5-4: Discuss research on insanity and its outcome.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Incidence of Insanity Defense

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Difficulty Level: Medium 15. Psychosexual assessments are evaluations conducted by psychologist to help the court determine punishment for sexual offenders.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 5-7: Outline the roles and dilemmas for psychologists in assessing sex offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Sentencing Evaluations Difficulty Level: Easy Essay 1. What do Theodore Kaczynski and Colin Ferguson have in common? How does Indiana v. Edwards (2008) pertain to both men?

Ans: Both were high-profile criminal cases that led scholars to question the wisdom of allowing criminal defendants who are presumably mentally disordered to take such an approach. Years after both cases, in Indiana v. Edwards (2008), the Supreme Court ruled that a defendant who was competent to stand trial was not necessarily competent to serve as his own lawyer. A judge can deny the request of a defendant who wants to serve as his own lawyer, but who is clearly mentally disordered but still competent to stand trial.

Learning Objective: 5-2: Explain the legal standards for competency and criminal responsibility.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Legal Standard for Competency Difficulty Level: Hard 2. List three reasons why competency evaluations are so common.

Ans: Competency evaluations can occur at many different stages of the criminal process. Some defendants are reevaluated after years because they are charged with additional crimes. The evaluation process has been made simpler due to the development of competency assessment instruments and increased training.

Learning Objective: 5-2: Explain the legal standards for competency and criminal responsibility.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Legal Standard for Competency Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Explain SVPs and discuss concerns associated with them.

Ans: SVPs are sexually violent predator statutes that allow for the commitment of violent sex offenders to mental institutions for indeterminate periods, against their will, after they have completed their prison sentences. The Supreme Court has allowed civil commitment of sex offenders; however, there have been many issues raised about ethics. For example, most state statutes don’t guarantee treatment and commitment

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

seems to result in very lengthy confinement. Involuntary commitment is exceedingly expensive. Concerns with risk assessment also apply to the civil commitment of SVPs. The American Psychiatric Association has publicly denounced the practice of civil commitment for sex offenders; however, the American Psychological Association has taken no position on the practice and evaluations of civil involuntary commitments of sex offenders.

Learning Objective: 5-7: Outline the roles and dilemmas for psychologists in assessing sex offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Civil Commitment of Sexually Violent Predators Difficulty Level: Hard 4. Compare and contrast restoration to competency in an outpatient and inpatient setting.

Ans: This is usually achieved through the administration of psychotropic medications.

Defendants are typically admitted to state psychiatric hospitals and are kept institutionalized as long as some progress is being made. Research suggests that competency restoration in the community is effective, cost efficient, and less likely to fail compared to inpatient restoration.

Learning Objective: 5-3: Summarize the psychological inventories and testing instruments used in evaluating competency and criminal responsibility.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Restoration to Competency Difficulty Level: Hard 5. Why is guilty but mentally ill a controversial verdict? What does this verdict often mean for defendants?

Ans: Guilty but mentally ill allows judges and jurors a middle ground, supposedly reconciling their belief that the defendant “did it” with their belief that he or she “needs help.” It makes little difference in the life of the person who obtains this verdict, however.

Defendants found guilty but mentally ill are still sent to prison and--on the whole--are no more likely to receive specialized treatment for their disorder than other imprisoned offenders.

Learning Objective: 5-4: Discuss research on insanity and its outcome.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Incidence of Insanity Defense Difficulty Level: Hard 6. Define malingering.

Ans: Malingering is a response style in which the individual consciously fabricates or grossly exaggerates his or her symptoms.

Learning Objective: 5-3: Summarize the psychological inventories and testing instruments used in evaluating competency and criminal responsibility.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Assessment of Malingering Difficulty Level: Medium

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

7. Describe what is involved in a psychosexual assessment. Include the reasons why clinicians are discouraged from using a typology to label a sex offender in a written report.

Ans: Psychosexual assessments are typically very broad based and include test results, observations, risk assessments, and recommendations for treatment and for managing any risk believed to be posed by the offender. Clinicians are discouraged from using typologies in their reports because of the negative consequences associated with these labels. The typologies have little validity and unjustly confine an offender or limit his opportunities for programs or early release.

Learning Objective: 5-7: Outline the roles and dilemmas for psychologists in assessing sex offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Sentencing Evaluations Difficulty Level: Hard 8. Why do you think some psychologists have moral objections to participating in a death penalty case?

Ans: Varies but should mention that capital sentencing evaluations are among the most detailed and demanding type of forensic assessment. There are also concerns about deficiencies of both actuarial and clinical predictions of dangerousness in death penalty cases. Some psychologists are comfortable documenting the existence of mitigating factors.

Learning Objective: 5-6: Outline the roles and dilemmas for psychologists in capital sentencing.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Capital Sentencing Difficulty Level: Hard 9. Identify three insanity tests and identify the question each test asks.

Ans: Examples may include the right/wrong test, which asks “Did the person know the difference between right and wrong?” The right/wrong test with volitional prong asks “If the person knew the difference, was he unable to appreciate the criminality of his actions or control his conduct to conform to the requirements of the law?” The model penal code asks “Did the person lack the substantial capacity to appreciate the wrongfulness of his actions or to conform his conduct to the requirements of the law?”

The IDRA asks “Did the person lack the capacity to appreciate the wrongfulness of his actions?”

Learning Objective: 5-4: Discuss research on insanity and its outcome.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Insanity Difficulty Level: Medium

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Chapter 6: Family Law and Other Forms of Civil Litigation Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. A forensic psychologist who has been appointed by family court to provide emotional support during a divorce proceeding is playing the role of ______.

A. coach B. review expert C. consultant D. mediator Ans: A Learning Objective: 6-1: Describe the roles and responsibilities of psychologists working with civil courts.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Family or Domestic Courts Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Why are family courts often considered dangerous places for court officers, other court personnel, and participants?

A. They are often the setting for the most violent types of crimes.

B. Litigants are often represented by overzealous attorneys.

C. There is typically little security, especially at entry points.

D. The issues involve a high degree of emotion and stress.

Ans: D Learning Objective: 6-1: Describe the roles and responsibilities of psychologists working with civil courts.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Family or Domestic Courts Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Who makes the custody decision in the majority of divorce cases involving dependent children?

A. the consulting psychologist B. the parents C. the judge D. the child(ren) Ans: B Learning Objective: 6-2: Examine the roles of psychologists and other mental health professionals in family and probate courts, including child custody evaluations, visitation arrangements, and relocation requests.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Child Custody Evaluations

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Who governs the rules for obtaining a divorce?

A. state laws B. mental health professionals C. federal laws D. the courts Ans: A Learning Objective: 6-2: Examine the roles of psychologists and other mental health professionals in family and probate courts, including child custody evaluations, visitation arrangements, and relocation requests.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Child Custody Evaluations Difficulty Level: Easy 5. Research suggests that ______ are the most common examiners involved in custody evaluations.

A. psychiatrists B. attorneys C. psychologists D. social workers Ans: C Learning Objective: 6-2: Examine the roles of psychologists and other mental health professionals in family and probate courts, including child custody evaluations, visitation arrangements, and relocation requests.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Child Custody Evaluations Difficulty Level: Easy 6. Alex and Sam are working together on a divorce case that involves one minor child.

Alex is a family law attorney representing one of the litigants and Sam is the forensic psychologist conducting the custody evaluation. Which component of Sam’s evaluation will Alex find most important?

A. psychological testing of the child B. psychological testing of the parents C. recommendations concerning custodial arrangements D. recommendations to collateral sources such as schools Ans: C Learning Objective: 6-2: Examine the roles of psychologists and other mental health professionals in family and probate courts, including child custody evaluations, visitation arrangements, and relocation requests.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Child Custody Evaluations Difficulty Level: Hard

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

7. Which standard for determining child custody presumes that the child is best left in the care of the mother?

A. best interest of the child standard B. tender years doctrine C. least detrimental alternative standard D. golden nurturer doctrine Ans: B Learning Objective: 6-2: Examine the roles of psychologists and other mental health professionals in family and probate courts, including child custody evaluations, visitation arrangements, and relocation requests.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Custody Standards Difficulty Level: Easy 8. Today, the ______ has replaced the ______ as the child custody standard.

A. best interest of the child standard; tender years doctrine B. tender years doctrine; best interest of the child C. least detrimental alternative standard; golden nurturer doctrine D. golden nurturer doctrine; least detrimental alternative Ans: A Learning Objective: 6-2: Examine the roles of psychologists and other mental health professionals in family and probate courts, including child custody evaluations, visitation arrangements, and relocation requests.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Custody Standards Difficulty Level: Medium 9. Dr. Goodman is a forensic psychologist who has been asked to answer the ultimate issue question in a child custody case. What is this question?

A. Which parent should be given custody of the child?

B. Does the child have potential for future violent behavior?

C. Does the child meet criteria for juvenile psychopathy?

D. Which parent has committed a crime?

Ans: A Learning Objective: 6-2: Examine the roles of psychologists and other mental health professionals in family and probate courts, including child custody evaluations, visitation arrangements, and relocation requests.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Custody Standards Difficulty Level: Hard 10. What significant change occurred in child custody evaluations between 1997 and 2008?

A. an increase in the use of personality measures B. an increase in projective instruments that didn’t meet the Daubert standard C. the more frequent use of intelligence and aptitude testing of children

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

D. the more frequent use of interviewing extended family members Ans: B Learning Objective: 6-2: Examine the roles of psychologists and other mental health professionals in family and probate courts, including child custody evaluations, visitation arrangements, and relocation requests.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Methods of Evaluation in Child Custody Cases Difficulty Level: Hard 11. What is a criticism of many testing instruments that are used for custody evaluations?

A. They cause numerous adverse effects for children.

B. They don’t address the ultimate issue.

C. Their reliability has not been demonstrated.

D. They are not used appropriately by evaluators.

Ans: C Learning Objective: 6-2: Examine the roles of psychologists and other mental health professionals in family and probate courts, including child custody evaluations, visitation arrangements, and relocation requests.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Methods of Evaluation in Child Custody Cases Difficulty Level: Medium 12. In which situation would a psychologist most likely be asked to conduct a visitation risk assessment?

A. when a custodial parent challenges the visitation rights of a noncustodial parent B. at the beginning of the divorce proceeding and before custody has been determined C. when parents separate and were never married D. during a child custody evaluation Ans: A Learning Objective: 6-2: Examine the roles of psychologists and other mental health professionals in family and probate courts, including child custody evaluations, visitation arrangements, and relocation requests.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Visitation Risk Assessments Difficulty Level: Hard 13. Which of the following is an example of legal parental authority?

A. allowing a child to play at a friend’s house B. permitting the child’s involvement in school sports C. letting a teenager borrow the car D. choosing a child’s pediatrician Ans: D Learning Objective: 6-2: Examine the roles of psychologists and other mental health professionals in family and probate courts, including child custody evaluations, visitation arrangements, and relocation requests.

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Research on Custody Arrangements Difficulty Level: Medium 14. What is the most common custody arrangement in the United States?

A. divided custody B. sole custody C. joint custody D. split custody Ans: B Learning Objective: 6-2: Examine the roles of psychologists and other mental health professionals in family and probate courts, including child custody evaluations, visitation arrangements, and relocation requests.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Research on Custody Arrangements Difficulty Level: Easy 15. Which statement is correct about termination of parental rights?

A. It is a court decision that has increased dramatically in recent years.

B. Parental rights are terminated while a parent is imprisoned.

C. Termination is rare and requires exceptional circumstances.

D. A mother’s rights may not be terminated, but a father’s rights may be.

Ans: C Learning Objective: 6-2: Examine the roles of psychologists and other mental health professionals in family and probate courts, including child custody evaluations, visitation arrangements, and relocation requests.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Research on Custody Arrangements Difficulty Level: Medium 16. In Troxel v. Granville (2000), the Supreme Court denied ______ a constitutional right to visit their minor relative.

A. legal parents B. grandparents C. incarcerated parents D. siblings Ans: B Learning Objective: 6-2: Examine the roles of psychologists and other mental health professionals in family and probate courts, including child custody evaluations, visitation arrangements, and relocation requests.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Child Custody Evaluations Difficulty Level: Easy 17. Which statement accurately summarizes research findings on the effects of divorce on children?

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

A. Sole custody is the optimal custody arrangement for both parents and children.

B. Children are best served when they have strong and healthy relationships with both parents.

C. The financial standard of living rises precipitously for most children following divorce.

D. Most children of divorced parents are resilient and show no long-term negative effects from the experience.

Ans: B Learning Objective: 6-2: Examine the roles of psychologists and other mental health professionals in family and probate courts, including child custody evaluations, visitation arrangements, and relocation requests.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Child Custody Evaluations Difficulty Level: Hard 18. Sue has been offered a job in a city far away. Sue has four minor children: Val aged 5, Nic aged 7, Stella aged 10, and Millie aged 15. According to available research, which child is more likely to show better adjustment to the move?

A. Val, 5 B. Nic, 7 C. Stella, 10 D. Millie, 15 Ans: C Learning Objective: 6-2: Examine the roles of psychologists and other mental health professionals in family and probate courts, including child custody evaluations, visitation arrangements, and relocation requests.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Parental Relocation Difficulty Level: Hard 19. According to the least detrimental alternative standard, psychological knowledge can best be used in child custody arrangements by helping to determine which ______.

A. custody arrangement will do the least harm B. parent would be the better caregiver C. living situation would make the child the happiest D. caregiver supports the child’s personality Ans: A Learning Objective: 6-2: Examine the roles of psychologists and other mental health professionals in family and probate courts, including child custody evaluations, visitation arrangements, and relocation requests.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Custody Standards Difficulty Level: Medium 20. A proven wrongful act that may be subject to recoverable damages in a civil lawsuit is called a(n) ______.

A. codicil

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

B. proceeding C. evaluation D. tort Ans: D Learning Objective: 6-3: Discuss the roles of psychologists and neuropsychologists in evaluating civil capacities.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Forensic Psychology and Civil Litigation Difficulty Level: Easy 21. Imagine you are a forensic psychologist who has been retained by an attorney for the plaintiff in a civil injury case. Which step would you take first?

A. determine whether or not the plaintiff meets the DSM-V criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder B. evaluate which type of damages the defendant should receive, compensatory or punitive damages C. determine the specific behavior the defendant used to harm the plaintiff D. evaluate the type and degree of harm suffered by the plaintiff Ans: D Learning Objective: 6-3: Discuss the roles of psychologists and neuropsychologists in evaluating civil capacities.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Forensic Psychology and Civil Litigation Difficulty Level: Hard 22. Deterring the defendant from further harmful action and discouraging others from committing similar harmful acts in the future are the main goals of ______ damages.

A. compensatory B. exculpatory C. punitive D. vindictive Ans: C Learning Objective: 6-4: Identify the many facets of personal injury claims, particularly those relating to employment.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Forensic Psychology and Civil Litigation Difficulty Level: Medium 23. Dr. Tom is a forensic psychologist who has been asked to evaluate the scope of damages for a plaintiff who has suffered a traumatic brain injury. Dr. Tom likely specializes in ______.

A. neuropathy B. neuropsychology C. neurapraxia D. neuroforensics Ans: B

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Learning Objective: 6-4: Identify the many facets of personal injury claims, particularly those relating to employment.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Neuropsychological Damages Difficulty Level: Hard 24. Which type of capacity is often evaluated retrospectively?

A. capacity to consent to treatment B. mental capacity C. capacity to withdraw treatment D. testamentary capacity Ans: D Learning Objective: 6-5: Analyze the issues involving competence to consent to treatment.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Testamentary Capacity Difficulty Level: Medium 25. Knowing the nature and extent of one’s property and an awareness of the nature and relationship of those who may be beneficiaries are elements of ______.

A. civil capacity B. testamentary capacity C. tort competence D. litigable competence Ans: B Learning Objective: 6-3: Discuss the roles of psychologists and neuropsychologists in evaluating civil capacities.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Testamentary Capacity Difficulty Level: Medium 26. What is the standard of proof for most civil cases?

A. beyond a reasonable doubt B. preponderance of evidence C. clear and convincing evidence D. nolo contendere Ans: B Learning Objective: 6-3: Discuss the roles of psychologists and neuropsychologists in evaluating civil capacities.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Civil Capacities Difficulty Level: Easy 27. The procedure for assessing testamentary capacity is similar to a ______.

A. civil commitment hearing B. psychological autopsy

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

C. child custody evaluation D. risk assessment Ans: B Learning Objective: 6-3: Discuss the roles of psychologists and neuropsychologists in evaluating civil capacities.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Testamentary Capacity Difficulty Level: Medium 28. Psychologists evaluating plaintiffs who allege they have suffered harm are advised to focus on ______ in their reports rather than ______.

A. the plaintiff; the defendant B. the defendant; the plaintiff C. functional impairments; psychiatric diagnoses D. psychiatric diagnoses; functional impairments Ans: C Learning Objective: 6-3: Discuss the roles of psychologists and neuropsychologists in evaluating civil capacities.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Forensic Psychology and Civil Litigation Difficulty Level: Hard 29. Research suggests that the most problematic element of informed consent is ______.

A. competency B. mental state C. coercion C. disclosure Ans: C Learning Objective: 6-5: Analyze the issues involving competence to consent to treatment.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Competence to Consent to Treatment Difficulty Level: Easy 30. A psychological test used for a personal injury claim cannot determine ______.

A. neuropsychological damages due to a traumatic brain injury B. one’s psychological functioning and level of adjustment C. whether an injury is derived from personality factors D. the extent of a mental injury Ans: C Learning Objective: 6-4: Identify the many facets of personal injury claims, particularly those relating to employment.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Psychological Tests Used for Personal Injury Claims Difficulty Level: Hard

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

31. According to the research, which psychological instrument is superior in personal injury litigation?

A. MMPI-2 B. fMRI C. STATIC-99 D. MacCAT-T Ans: A Learning Objective: 6-4: Identify the many facets of personal injury claims, particularly those relating to employment.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Psychological Tests Used for Personal Injury Claims Difficulty Level: Medium 32. Which instrument is intended to measure a person’s competence to consent to treatment?

A. SCAT B. CAST-MR C. MacCAT-T D. PASAAR Ans: C Learning Objective: 6-5: Analyze the issues involving competence to consent to treatment.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Measures of Competence to Consent to Treatment Difficulty Level: Easy 32. In re Quinlan (1976) and Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health (1990) were two cases which highlighted the importance of which document?

A. competency assessments B. hastened death evaluations C. testamentary wills D. advance directives Ans: D Learning Objective: 6-5: Analyze the issues involving competence to consent to treatment.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Incapacitation: Special Condition Difficulty Level: Medium 33. Gretchen has decided to complete a legal document to make her health wishes known, should she become physically incapacitated. Gretchen is working on a(n) ______.

A. advance directive B. competency evaluation C. death with dignity application

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

D. treatment assessment tool Ans: A Learning Objective: 6-5: Analyze the issues involving competence to consent to treatment.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Competence to Consent to Treatment Difficulty Level: Medium 34. What burden of proof is required for involuntary civil commitment of a mentally disordered individual?

A. reasonable suspicion B. clear and convincing evidence C. beyond a reasonable doubt D. preponderance of the evidence Ans: B Learning Objective: 6-6: Examine the many questions and problems concerning involuntary civil commitment.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Involuntary Civil Commitment Difficulty Level: Easy 35. What burden of proof is required for involuntary civil commitment of an individual with an intellectual disability?

A. reasonable suspicion B. clear and convincing evidence C. beyond a reasonable doubt D. preponderance of the evidence Ans: D Learning Objective: 6-6: Examine the many questions and problems concerning involuntary civil commitment.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Involuntary Civil Commitment Difficulty Level: Easy 36. Which controversial type of outpatient civil commitment is designed for individuals who don’t qualify for the dangerousness standard but need treatment to prevent further deterioration?

A. conditional release B. reasonable woman C. least restrictive alternative D. preventive commitment Ans: D Learning Objective: 6-6: Examine the many questions and problems concerning involuntary civil commitment.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Outpatient Civil Commitment

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Difficulty Level: Medium 37. Compared to sexual harassment, gender harassment ______.

A. is usually not as degrading B. doesn’t necessitate unwelcome sexual advances C. involves subjective, not objectively offensive behavior D. doesn’t involve a hostile environment Ans: B Learning Objective: 6-7: Explain the challenges of psychologists and other mental health professionals in evaluating the effects of sexual and gender harassment.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Sexual and Gender Harassment Difficulty Level: Hard 38. In order to qualify as illegal, sexual harassment must be ______ and ______.

A. irritating; offensive B. severe; pervasive C. subjective; humiliating D. debilitating; unwanted Ans: B Learning Objective: 6-7: Explain the challenges of psychologists and other mental health professionals in evaluating the effects of sexual and gender harassment.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Sexual and Gender Harassment Difficulty Level: Medium 39. Sexual harassment is sex neutral. What does this mean?

A. Perpetrators are not interested in sex.

B. A victim’s sexual history is irrelevant.

C. Perpetrators don’t recognize gender roles.

D. Victims can be male or female.

Ans: D Learning Objective: 6-7: Explain the challenges of psychologists and other mental health professionals in evaluating the effects of sexual and gender harassment.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Sexual and Gender Harassment Difficulty Level: Medium 40. Why must psychologists be especially cautious when assessing the need for involuntary civil commitment?

A. The presence of mental illness is difficult to ascertain.

B. There is a high risk of suicide following the evaluations.

C. Civil commitment involves the loss of many freedoms.

D. Most patients are represented by overzealous attorneys.

Ans: C

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Learning Objective: 6-6: Examine the many questions and problems concerning involuntary civil commitment.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Involuntary Civil Commitment Difficulty Level: Hard 41. What was the U.S. Supreme Court’s ruling in Zinermon v. Burch, 1990?

A. Outpatient civil commitment of a mentally disabled individual must be brief yet intense.

B. At civil commitment hearings, mentally disabled individuals must be represented by a mental health advocate.

C. Sexually violent predators can be involuntarily hospitalized following their prison sentence.

D. Persons who are seriously mentally disabled are unable to consent voluntarily to being institutionalized.

Ans: D Learning Objective: 6-6: Examine the many questions and problems concerning involuntary civil commitment.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Involuntary Civil Commitment Difficulty Level: Easy 42. Sara’s parents are divorced. Sara lives with her mother for 2 weeks per month and her father for 2 weeks per month. Sara’s parents have a ______ custody arrangement.

A. sole B. joint C. split D. divided Ans: D Learning Objective: 6-2: Examine the roles of psychologists and other mental health professionals in family and probate courts, including child custody evaluations, visitation arrangements, and relocation requests.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Research on Custody Arrangements Difficulty Level: Hard 43. Which of the following is a main goal of punitive damages?

A. to deter the defendant from further harmful action B. to compensate for the harm suffered by the plaintiff C. to ensure that a mentally disordered defendant receives treatment D. to prevent a defendant from monetary gain Ans: A Learning Objective: 6-4: Identify the many facets of personal injury claims, particularly those relating to employment.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Answer Location: Forensic Psychology and Civil Litigation Difficulty Level: Medium 44. The court uses the amount of caretaking that has occurred in the past from each parent to make a decision about the about of caretaking each parent will give in the future, this is referred to as A. The approximation rule B. The friendly-parent rule C. The best interest of the child standard D. Least detrimental alternative standard Ans: A Learning Objective: 6-2: Examine the roles of psychologists and other mental health professionals in family and probate courts, including child custody evaluations, visitation arrangements, and relocation requests.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Custody Standards Difficulty Level: Medium 45. A tort plaintiff must prove all of the following except ______.

A. Duty B. breach C. harm causality D. intent Ans: D Learning Objective: 6-4: Identify the many facets of personal injury claims, particularly those relating to employment.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Forensic Psychology and Civil Litigation Difficulty Level: Easy 46. With regard to involuntary civil commitment, ______ always has to prove by clear and convincing evidence that the individual is mentally ill and in need of treatment.

A. Lawyer B. The concerned party C. The judge D. The doctor Ans: B Learning Objective: 6-6: Examine the many questions and problems concerning involuntary civil commitment.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Involuntary Civil Commitment Difficulty Level: Medium True/False 1. Parental rights are not terminated when parents of young children are incarcerated.

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Ans: T Learning Objective: 6-2: Examine the roles of psychologists and other mental health professionals in family and probate courts, including child custody evaluations, visitation arrangements, and relocation requests.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Child Custody Evaluations Difficulty Level: Easy 2. In most civil cases, an established DSM-5 diagnosis is sufficient to establish that the plaintiff was harmed.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 6-4: Identify the many facets of personal injury claims, particularly those relating to employment.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Forensic Psychology and Civil Litigation Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Plaintiffs in sexual harassment do not have to prove debilitating psychological deterioration.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 6-7: Explain the challenges of psychologists and other mental health professionals in evaluating the effects of sexual and gender harassment.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Sexual and Gender Harassment Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Advances in medical technology such as the MRI have made standardized neuropsychological tests obsolete in cases involving alleged neuropsychological damages.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 6-3: Discuss the roles of psychologists and neuropsychologists in evaluating civil capacities.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Neuropsychological Damages Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Family courts today do not handle juvenile delinquency proceedings.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 6-1: Describe the roles and responsibilities of psychologists working with civil courts.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Chapter 6, Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 6. The best interest of the child means placing the child in the least restrictive environment.

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Ans: F Learning Objective: 6-2: Examine the roles of psychologists and other mental health professionals in family and probate courts, including child custody evaluations, visitation arrangements, and relocation requests.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Custody Standards Difficulty Level: Medium 7. Litigants in family courts often do not have legal representation.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 6-1: Describe the roles and responsibilities of psychologists working with civil courts.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Chapter 6, Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 8. It is possible for a person to be mentally disordered, yet still capable of making a will.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 6-3: Discuss the roles of psychologists and neuropsychologists in evaluating civil capacities.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Testamentary Capacity Difficulty Level: Medium 9. In legal guardianship determinations, the burden of proof is on the person seeking guardianship.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 6-3: Discuss the roles of psychologists and neuropsychologists in evaluating civil capacities.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Legal Guardianship Determinations Difficulty Level: Medium 10. An advance directive cannot be challenged in court.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 6-5: Analyze the issues involving competence to consent to treatment.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Incapacitation: Special Condition Difficulty Level: Medium 11. Involuntary civil commitment is illegal in most states.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 6-6: Examine the many questions and problems concerning involuntary civil commitment.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Answer Location: Involuntary Civil Commitment Difficulty Level: Easy 12. Research shows that divorce has negative effects on most children, at least in the short term.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 6-2: Examine the roles of psychologists and other mental health professionals in family and probate courts, including child custody evaluations, visitation arrangements, and relocation requests.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Child Custody Evaluations Difficulty Level: Easy 13. The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that persons who are seriously mentally disordered are unable to consent voluntarily to being institutionalized.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 6-6: Examine the many questions and problems concerning involuntary civil commitment.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Involuntary Civil Commitment Difficulty Level: Easy 14. In order to be effective, outpatient civil commitment must involve brief and intense treatment.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 6-6: Examine the many questions and problems concerning involuntary civil commitment.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Outpatient Civil Commitment Difficulty Level: Easy 15. In employment and educational contexts, sexual harassment qualifies as discrimination.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 6-7: Explain the challenges of psychologists and other mental health professionals in evaluating the effects of sexual and gender harassment.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Sexual and Gender Harassment Difficulty Level: Easy 16. Harassment is a form of discrimination.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 6-7: Explain the challenges of psychologists and other mental health professionals in evaluating the effects of sexual and gender harassment.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Sexual and Gender Harassment

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Difficulty Level: Easy 17. Preventive outpatient treatment is synonymous with assisted outpatient treatment.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 6-6: Examine the many questions and problems concerning involuntary civil commitment.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Outpatient Civil Commitment Difficulty Level: Medium 18. In a sexual harassment case, an alleged victim can be compelled to undergo psychological or psychiatric evaluations, reports which can then be made available to the opposing party.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 6-7: Explain the challenges of psychologists and other mental health professionals in evaluating the effects of sexual and gender harassment.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Sexual and Gender Harassment Difficulty Level: Medium 19. Tort is the legal term for a civil wrong in which a plaintiff alleges some negligence on the part of the defendant Ans: T Learning Objective: 6-4: Identify the many facets of personal injury claims, particularly those relating to employment.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Forensic Psychology and Civil Litigation Difficulty Level: Easy Essay 1. Describe the six categories of good parenting, as defined by Eve, Byrne, and Gagliardi (2014). Name one other category you could add to this list.

Ans: Insight refers to understanding one’s role as a parent. Willingness and ability emphasize that good parenting requires the motivation and skills to provide adequately for the basic needs of the child. In assessing the day-to-day factor, one considers whether the parent tries daily to meet the child’s physical, emotional, and cognitive needs. Putting the child’s needs before one’s own means the parent must be able to sacrifice personal needs for the overall welfare of the child. Fostering attachment refers to developing an interactive attachment between the parent and the child on an ongoing basis. Consistency represents setting healthy limits and boundaries for the child on a consistent basis, while flexibility signifies the ability of the parent to adapt to the changing developmental needs of a child. Additional categories will vary.

Learning Objective: 6-2: Examine the roles of psychologists and other mental health professionals in family and probate courts, including child custody evaluations, visitation arrangements, and relocation requests.

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Methods of Evaluation in Child Custody Cases Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Identify and briefly describe the three forms of outpatient civil commitment.

Ans: Conditional release means that if individuals fail to meet the conditions of their release, they are subject to being returned to the institution. In the least restrictive alternative, individuals are given an alternative mandatory treatment status in the community, rather than being institutionalized. Persons who would not qualify under the dangerousness standard but who are considered to need treatment to prevent further deterioration are assigned to preventive commitment.

Learning Objective: 6-6: Examine the many questions and problems concerning involuntary civil commitment.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Outpatient Civil Commitment Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Compare and contrast gender harassment and sexual harassment.

Ans: Sexual harassment is broadly defined as unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other unwanted verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature.

Gender harassment is a form of sexual harassment that is behavior directed at individuals who appear to violate their so-called gender roles. Gender harassment parallels the legal concept of hostile environment harassment. In employment and educational contexts, both are forms of discrimination. Though gender harassment has traditionally been neglected in psychology and law, it is likely to become a key issue in the near future.

Learning Objective: 6-7: Explore the challenges of psychologists and other mental health professionals in evaluating the effects of sexual and gender harassment.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Sexual and Gender Harassment Difficulty Level: Hard 4. Explain how a forensic evaluation for mental and neurological damages is both retrospective and prospective in nature.

Ans: The reports are retrospective in that the evaluator tries to determine how much damage (if any) was done and the specific cause. They are prospective in the sense that the evaluator must make some judgment about the plaintiff’s future functioning.

Learning Objective: 6-3: Discuss the roles of psychologists and neuropsychologists in evaluating civil capacities.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Neuropsychological Damages Difficulty Level: Hard 5. Imagine you are conducting a relocation evaluation. Describe which factors you would consider when conducting your evaluation.

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Ans: Examples should include the developmental age of the child, the distance of the proposed move, the extent of the noncustodial parent’s involvement in the child’s daily activities, and the nature of the parents’ conflict that resulted in a divorce. The evaluating psychologist must carefully consider the likely impact the change in principle residence of the child will have on the child’s physical, educational, and emotional development.

Learning Objective: 6-2: Examine the roles of psychologists and other mental health professionals in family and probate courts, including child custody evaluations, visitation arrangements, and relocation requests.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Parental Relocation Difficulty Level: Hard 6. Identify the four areas the MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool-Treatment is designed to measure. Briefly explain the concerns with the tool.

Ans: The MacCAT-T measures decision-making competencies in four areas: (1) ability to state a choice, (2) ability to understand relevant information, (3) ability to appreciate the nature of one’s own situation, and (4) ability to reason with the information provided.

Some research has found that the instrument sets too low a standard for decisionmaking competence, focusing as it does on competencies rather than disabilities. Some researchers assert that there are inherent problems in any attempt to construct a universal test of decisional capacity to make medical choices.

Learning Objective: 6-5: Analyze the issues involving competence to consent to treatment.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Competence to Consent to Treatment Difficulty Level: Medium 7. Who is Kendra Webdale? How does she pertain to concepts in the chapter?

Ans: Kendra Webdale was a journalist who was pushed into the path of a subway train by a man who had been diagnosed with schizophrenia, had a history of violence, but was not taking medication. The case resulted in “Kendra’s Law,” which allows judges to order individuals to receive psychiatric treatment in the community for up to 1 year. The case pertains to outpatient civil commitment.

Learning Objective: 6-6: Examine the many questions and problems concerning involuntary civil commitment.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Involuntary Civil Commitment Difficulty Level: Hard

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Chapter 7: The Development of Delinquent and Criminal Behavior Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. In order to convict someone of a criminal offense, the prosecution must prove that the defendant committed ______.

A. a voluntary act with a guilty state of mind B. extensive harm to a person or significant damage to property C. a violent act against the criminal code D. extensive damage without just cause Ans: A Learning Objective: 7-1: Define crime and juvenile delinquency.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Medium 2. The chapter focuses on criminal behavior that is ______ and ______.

A. violent; antisocial B. serious; persistent C. glorified; untreatable D. involuntary; punitive Ans: B Learning Objective: 7-1: Define crime and juvenile delinquency.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Running away and truancy are examples of ______.

A. social delinquency B. psychopathy C. criminal violations D. status offenses Ans: D Learning Objective: 7-1: Define crime and juvenile delinquency.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Definition of Juvenile Delinquency Difficulty Level: Medium 4. In legal terms, a juvenile delinquent is defined as a(n) ______.

A. individual under age 18 who engages in developmentally inappropriate behavior

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

B. individual who commits an act against the criminal code and is adjudicated delinquent by the court C. minor who commits a violent act against another D. minor who displays erratic behavior for a period of at least 6 months Ans: B Learning Objective: 7-1: Define crime and juvenile delinquency.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Definition of Juvenile Delinquency Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Destruction of property and serious violation of rules are two DSM-V categories of ______.

A. antisocial behavior B. conduct disorder C. status offenses D. antisocial personality disorder Ans: D Learning Objective: 7-2: Define antisocial behavior, conduct disorder, and antisocial personality disorder.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Juvenile Offender Difficulty Level: Medium 6. Which term is essential to the diagnosis of conduct disorder?

A. sporadic B. disruptive C. voluntary D. habitual Ans: D Learning Objective: 7-2: Define antisocial behavior, conduct disorder, and antisocial personality disorder.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Conduct Disorder (CD) Difficulty Level: Hard 7. Evan is an 8-year-old boy who frequently sets small fires, is often aggressive toward his baby brother, and has difficulty communicating with others. Evan’s father is convinced his son has antisocial personality disorder. Why is Evan’s father wrong?

A. Evan is too young to be diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder.

B. Evan is male and is therefore does not qualify for a diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder.

C. Evan’s behavior is neither illegal nor habitual and therefore doesn’t qualify as antisocial personality disorder.

D. Evan’s behavior is normal for an 8-year-old boy and therefore doesn’t meet diagnostic criteria.

Ans: A

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Learning Objective: 7-2: Define antisocial behavior, conduct disorder, and antisocial personality disorder.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Definition of Juvenile Delinquency Difficulty Level: Hard 8. Which theorist formulated the developmental dual systems model?

A. Terrie Moffitt B. Laurence Steinberg C. Robert Hare D. Scott Lilienfeld Ans: B Learning Objective: 7-6: Summarize developmental theories of Terrie Moffett and Laurence Steinberg.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Steinberg’s Dual-Systems Model Difficulty Level: Easy 9. All of the following are major categories of juvenile unlawful acts EXCEPT ______.

A. drug offenses B. unlawful acts against oneself C. offenses against the public order D. status offenses Ans: B Learning Objective: 7-3: List the offenses for which juveniles are most frequently charged.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Nature and Extent of Juvenile Offending Difficulty Level: Medium 10. Which offense qualifies as a violent offense under the FBI’s Uniform Crime Reports?

A. burglary B. robbery C. arson D. larceny-theft Ans: B Learning Objective: 7-3: List the offenses for which juveniles are most frequently charged.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Nature and Extent of Juvenile Offending Difficulty Level: Easy 11. Which statement about the FBI’s Uniform Crime Reports is correct?

A. It contains information about crimes unknown to law enforcement agencies.

B. It classifies serious crimes into sexual crimes and property crimes.

C. It is the sole method of recording police data on reported crimes and arrests.

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

D. It does not provide conviction data.

Ans: D Learning Objective: 7-3: List the offenses for which juveniles are most frequently charged.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Uniform Crime Reports (Crime in the United States) Difficulty Level: Medium 12. One reason that juveniles are arrested in greater numbers than their proportions in the population is because they commit ______.

A. crimes in groups B. mostly violent crimes C. all status offenses D. crimes not reported to law enforcement Ans: A Learning Objective: 7-3: List the offenses for which juveniles are most frequently charged.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Uniform Crime Reports (Crime in the United States) Difficulty Level: Medium 13. Which source of crime data was developed to address the shortcomings of the UCR? A. National Incident-Based Reporting System B. National Crime Victimization Survey C. National Youth Survey D. Monitoring the Future Ans: A Learning Objective: 7-1: Define crime and juvenile delinquency.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Uniform Crime Reports (Crime in the United States) Difficulty Level: Easy 14. Which answer choice illustrates a reason that the juvenile psychopath label is so controversial?

A. The label has many negative connotations.

B. Juveniles labeled as psychopaths are more likely to be sentenced to death.

C. Juveniles labeled as psychopaths are more likely to have poor interpersonal skills.

D. Signs and symptoms of psychopathy are typically evident before birth.

Ans: A Learning Objective: 7-10: Summarize research on adult psychopathy and juveniles with psychopathic characteristics.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Juvenile Psychopathy Difficulty Level: Medium

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

15. Which term refers to a cluster of traits characterized by high impulsivity, egocentricity, lack of empathy, and deficits in emotional expression?

A. impulsivity–egocentricity B. conduct disorder C. callous-unemotional D. inconsistent regulation Ans: C Learning Objective: 7-12: Explain callous-unemotional (CU) traits and their connection to psychopathy.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Callous-Unemotional (CU) Traits Difficulty Level: Easy 16. Which statement illustrates a difference between male and female psychopaths?

A. Female psychopaths recidivate more than male psychopaths.

B. Environmental and cultural influences play a greater role in the development of psychopathy in females than in males.

C. Incidents of violence and aggression are more common with female psychopaths compared to male psychopaths.

D. Male psychopaths tend to be more skillful and manipulative in their aggression compared to female psychopaths.

Ans: B Learning Objective: 7-10: Summarize research on adult psychopathy and juveniles with psychopathic characteristics.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Female Psychopaths Compared to Male Psychopaths Difficulty Level: Medium 17. According to Moffitt’s developmental theory, a boy who bites playmates at age 3, shoplifts at age 10, commits burglary at age 19, and rapes at age 26 would be considered a(n) ______.

A. life course–persistent offender B. ADHD offender C. adolescent limited offender D. antisocial offender Ans: A Learning Objective: 7-6: Summarize developmental theories of Terrie Moffett and Laurence Steinberg.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Moffitt Developmental Theory Difficulty Level: Hard 18. Compared to life course–persistent offenders, low-level chronic offenders ______.

A. peak at around age 16 and then decline during late teens and early adulthood B. begin antisocial behavior early and then remain at a high level throughout their lifetimes

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

C. exhibit a rise in offending through early adolescence, plateau, and then remain at the same offending level well past age 18 D. engage in no delinquency in early adolescence but then display high-level delinquent behavior throughout adulthood Ans: C Learning Objective: 7-6: Summarize developmental theories of Terrie Moffett and Laurence Steinberg.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: The Moffitt Developmental Theory Difficulty Level: Hard 19. Research on gendered pathways indicates that in adulthood, AL female offenders ______.

A. had poor economic outcomes B. committed more violent crimes C. had greater motivation to succeed in their careers D. engaged in high levels of family conflict Ans: A Learning Objective: 7-6: Summarize developmental theories of Terrie Moffett and Laurence Steinberg.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Moffitt Developmental Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 20. The developmental dual systems model is based on empirical studies from the fields of developmental psychology and ______.

A. neuroscience B. microbiology C. forensic entomology D. public policy Ans: A Learning Objective: 7-6: Summarize developmental theories of Terrie Moffett and Laurence Steinberg.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Steinberg’s Dual-Systems Model Difficulty Level: Easy 21. Steinberg’s 2016 study underscores the validity of the dual systems model in explaining risk-taking and offending behavior across ______.

A. the lifespan B. the state of Texas C. time D. cultures Ans: D Learning Objective: 7-6: Summarize developmental theories of Terrie Moffett and Laurence Steinberg.

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Steinberg’s Dual-Systems Model Difficulty Level: Medium

22. What do the Supreme Court cases Miller v. Alabama (2012), Jackson v. Hobbs (2012), and Roper v. Simmons (2005) all have in common?

A. They involved the death penalty for juvenile offenders.

B. They all involved juvenile psychopaths.

C. The decisions all involved research on cognitive abilities of adolescents.

D. The decisions all involved the provision of rehabilitative services.

Ans: C Learning Objective: 7-7: Describe U.S. Supreme Court cases pertaining to adolescent offending.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: U.S. Supreme Court Cases Pertaining to Adolescent Offending Difficulty Level: Hard 23. Which neurotransmitter is central to Laurence Steinberg’s model of adolescent risktaking?

A. dopamine B. serotonin C. amygdala D. epinephrine Ans: A Learning Objective: 7-6: Summarize developmental theories of Terrie Moffett and Laurence Steinberg.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Steinberg’s Dual-Systems Model Difficulty Level: Easy 24. Excessive motor activity, impulsivity, and inattention are the three central behaviors of ______.

A. attention deficit hyperactivity disorder B. oppositional defiant disorder C. juvenile psychopathy D. executive function Ans: A Learning Objective: 7-9: Specify the relationship between ADHD and delinquency.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Delinquency Difficulty Level: Medium 25. What is the leading psychological diagnosis for children living in the United States?

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

A. depression B. conduct disorder C. ADHD D. OCD Ans: C Learning Objective: 7-9: Specify the relationship between ADHD and delinquency.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Delinquency Difficulty Level: Easy 26. Which statement about the cause of ADHD is correct?

A. The cause of ADHD is unknown.

B. ADHD is caused by exposure to toxic substances in the preschool years.

C. The cause of ADHD likely involves childhood vaccinations.

D. ADHD is caused by genetic factors.

Ans: A Learning Objective: 7-9: Specify the relationship between ADHD and delinquency.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Delinquency Difficulty Level: Medium 27. What is the most common treatment for ADHD? A. medication B. cognitive behavioral therapy C. multisystemic treatment D. psychotherapy electroconvulsive therapy Ans: A Learning Objective: 7-9: Specify the relationship between ADHD and delinquency.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Delinquency Difficulty Level: Easy 28. Childhood onset and adolescent onset are two subtypes of which diagnosis?

A. ADHD B. antisocial personality disorder C. conduct disorder D. psychopathy Ans: C Learning Objective: 7-8: Identify developmental factors most relevant to criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Conduct Disorder (CD) Difficulty Level: Medium

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29. Tia has always been a capable student who is aware of her strengths and limitations. She is kind to her friends and family and shows empathy to others. Tia likely has high ______.

A. naturalistic intelligence B. emotional intelligence C. visual-spatial ability D. attribution ability Ans: B Learning Objective: 7-8: Identify developmental factors most relevant to criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Intelligence Difficulty Level: Hard 30. While walking through the halls of middle school, Vic accidentally bumps into a student named Jack. Vic is surprised when Jack responds by yelling profanity at Vic and punching him in the stomach several times. Which term best describes Jack’s reaction?

A. hostile attribution bias B. visual-spatial deficit C. callous-unemotional effect D. reactive transference Ans: A Learning Objective: 7-8: Identify developmental factors most relevant to criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Intelligence Difficulty Level: Hard 31. Which of the following is a form of intelligence measured by standard IQ tests?

A. naturalistic B. interpersonal C. linguistic D. kinesthetic Ans: C Learning Objective: 7-8: Identify developmental factors most relevant to criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Intelligence Difficulty Level: Medium 32. Interpersonal, deviant lifestyle, and deficient affective pertain to the ______.

A. three core factors of psychopathy B. developmental trajectory of psychopathy C. biopsychological influences of psychopathy D. characteristics of female juvenile psychopathy Ans: A

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Learning Objective: 7-10: Summarize research on adult psychopathy and juveniles with psychopathic characteristics.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Core Factors of Psychopathy Difficulty Level: Medium 33. Which common childhood diagnosis is closely linked to poor executive functioning?

A. ADHD B. substance abuse C. psychopathy D. schizophrenia Ans: A Learning Objective: 7-5: Examine executive functions and their importance to antisocial behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Executive Function (EF) Difficulty Level: Easy 34. Which statement best summarizes the development of the social brain?

A. It rapidly develops through infancy and then slows down during the teenage years.

B. It lies dormant until early adulthood and then rapidly develops.

C. It slowly develops until the early to mid-40s and then stabilizes.

D. It rapidly develops through adolescence and stabilizes in the early to mid-20s.

Ans: D Learning Objective: 7-3: List the offenses for which juveniles are most frequently charged.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: The Social Brain and Peer Influence Difficulty Level: Hard 35. Compared to violent offenders who are not psychopaths, criminal psychopaths engage in violent offenses that involve ______.

A. domestic disputes B. extreme emotional arousal C. revenge while drinking D. a close family member Ans: C Learning Objective: 7-10: Summarize research on adult psychopathy and juveniles with psychopathic characteristics.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Offending Patterns of Criminal Psychopaths Difficulty Level: Medium

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37. Factor 1 is to the ______ components of psychopathy, where Factor 2 is to the ______ components of psychopathy.

A. goals and ambitions; socioeconomic status and educational attainment B. socioeconomic status and educational attainment; goals and ambitions C. deviant lifestyle and antisocial attitudes; interpersonal and affective D. interpersonal and affective; deviant lifestyle and antisocial attitude Ans: D Learning Objective: 7-10: Summarize research on adult psychopathy and juveniles with psychopathic characteristics.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Core Factors of Psychopathy Difficulty Level: Medium

38. Which quality do sociopaths have that psychopaths lack?

A. criminal history B. empathy C. firesetting in childhood D. callous-unemotional traits Ans: B Learning Objective: 7-10: Summarize research on adult psychopathy and juveniles with psychopathic characteristics.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: The Criminal Psychopath Difficulty Level: Hard 39. According to Quay (1965), an important feature in the behavioral description of a psychopath is the ______.

A. ability to escape detection B. neuropsychological need for excitement C. range of crimes committed D. poor judgment Ans: B Learning Objective: 7-10: Summarize research on adult psychopathy and juveniles with psychopathic characteristics.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: General Behavioral Characteristics of Psychopaths Difficulty Level: Medium 40. Which of these characteristics does NOT describe a psychopath?

A. Superficial charm B. Pathological lying C. Chronic halitosis D. Low affect Ans: C

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Learning Objective: 7-10: Summarize research on adult psychopathy and juveniles with psychopathic characteristics.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: General Behavioral Characteristics of Psychopaths Difficulty Level: Easy 41. Who was one of the first to outline the behavioral characteristics of psychopaths?

A. Hervey Cleckley B. Terrie Moffitt C, Robert Hare D. Curt & Anne Bartol Ans: A Learning Objective: 7-10: Summarize research on adult psychopathy and juveniles with psychopathic characteristics.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: General Behavioral Characteristics of Psychopaths Difficulty Level: Easy 42. Which of the following traits are NOT associated with psychopathy?

A. Always commit violence B. Grandiose sense of self-worth C. Risk-taking/thrill-seeking D. Lack of remorse Ans: A Learning Objective: 7-10: Summarize research on adult psychopathy and juveniles with psychopathic characteristics.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: General Behavioral Characteristics of Psychopaths Difficulty Level: Easy 43. A disorder categorized by being 18 years old or older, displaying conduct disorder in their youth and continuing offending into adulthood is called ______.

A. Antisocial personality B. Antisocial behavior C. Psychopathy D. Adult Conduct disorder Ans: A Learning Objective: 7-2: Define antisocial behavior, conduct disorder, and antisocial personality disorder.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Definition of Juvenile Delinquency Difficulty Level: Medium 44. According to Terrie Moffitt, delinquency can be viewed as progressing along two developmental paths, which are _____.

A. life course persistent and Adolescent-limited offender

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

B. lifetime offender and limited behavioral term C. limited behavioral term and adolescent-limited offender D. life course persistent and limited behavioral term Ans: A Learning Objective: 7-6: Summarize developmental theories of Terrie Moffett and Laurence Steinberg.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Moffitt Developmental Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 45. Current neurological research indicates that the brain isn’t fully developed until ______ and beyond.

A. 25 B. 35 C. 45 D. 55 Ans: A Learning Objective: 7-8: Identify developmental factors most relevant to criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Steinberg’s Dual-Systems Model Difficulty Level: Easy 46. Johnny has a hard time sitting still in class, often interrupts others, and is easily distracted. It would seem that Johnny may have ______.

A. Attention deficient/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) B. Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) C. Attention deficient disorder (ADD) D. Conduct disorder (CD) Ans: A Learning Objective: 7-9: Specify the relationship between ADHD and delinquency.

Cognitive Domain: Applied Answer Location: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Delinquency Difficulty Level: Medium 47. An individual who is impulsive, irresponsible, and aggressive who also disregards and violates the rights of others, has repeated illegal acts, has a disregard for safety and lack of remorse, likely meets the criteria for which of the following?

A. Psychosis B. Borderline personality disorder C. Antisocial personality disorder D. Dissociative identity disorder Ans: C Learning Objective: 7-2: Define antisocial behavior, conduct disorder, and antisocial personality disorder Cognitive Domain: Applied

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Answer Location: The Juvenile Offender Difficulty Level: Medium True/False 1. An individual who engages in habitual criminal behavior and demonstrates a cluster of psychological, interpersonal, and neurological features that discriminate him or her from the general population is referred to as a psychopath.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 7-10: Summarize research on adult psychopathy and juveniles with psychopathic characteristics.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Criminal Psychopath Difficulty Level: Easy 2. The most complete official nationwide compilation of juvenile offending is the FBI’s UCR. Ans: T Learning Objective: 7-2: Define antisocial behavior, conduct disorder, and antisocial personality disorder.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Nature and Extent of Juvenile Offending Difficulty Level: Medium 3. The terms antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy are synonymous.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 7-2: Define antisocial behavior, conduct disorder, and antisocial personality disorder.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Antisocial Personality Disorder and Psychopathy Difficulty Level: Medium 4. The research has strongly supported the reliability and validity of the PCL-R for distinguishing criminal psychopaths from criminal nonpsychopaths and for helping correctional psychologists in risk assessments of inmates.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 7-10: Summarize research on adult psychopathy and juveniles with psychopathic characteristics.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Psychological Measures of Psychopathy Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Historically, research on psychopathy primarily focused on postpartum females.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 7-10: Summarize research on adult psychopathy and juveniles with psychopathic characteristics.

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Racial/Ethnic Differences Difficulty Level: Easy 6. Criminality is one of the three central behaviors of ADHD. Ans: F Learning Objective: 7-9: Specify the relationship between ADHD and delinquency.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Delinquency Difficulty Level: Easy 7. The majority of juvenile offenders grow up to become chronic adult offenders.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 7-1: Define crime and juvenile delinquency.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Definition of Juvenile Delinquency Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Developmental psychologists typically view adolescents as less responsible for their behavior than adults.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 7-4: Explain the developmental approach to criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Developmental Perspective Difficulty Level: Medium 9. ADHD causes antisocial behavior.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 7-9: Specify the relationship between ADHD and delinquency.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Delinquency Difficulty Level: Medium 10. According to Moffitt, the majority of delinquents are life course–persistent offenders.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 7-6: Summarize developmental theories of Terrie Moffett and Laurence Steinberg.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Moffitt Developmental Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 11. During adolescence, face processing of the social cognition system becomes more specialized in line with the norms of the culture with which the person is most familiar.

Ans: T

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Learning Objective: 7-4: Explain the developmental approach to criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Social Brain and Peer Influence Difficulty Level: Medium 12. Research has found that treatment makes psychopaths more likely to recidivate.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 7-10: Summarize research on adult psychopathy and juveniles with psychopathic characteristics.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Treatment and Rehabilitation of Psychopaths Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay 1. Define the terms actus reus and mens rea. How do these terms pertain to juvenile delinquency?

Ans: Actus reus refers to a voluntary act and mens rea refers to guilty mind. To convict someone of a criminal offense, both must be proven.

Learning Objective: 7-1: Define crime and juvenile delinquency.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Chapter 7, Introduction Difficulty Level: Hard 2. How does adolescent risk-taking behavior play a primary role in adolescent mortality?

Ans: Risk-taking during adolescence can include behavior such as reckless driving, binge drinking, smoking cigarettes, and engaging in spontaneous unprotected sex.

Though teenagers “know” the dangers involved in their behavior, many still engage in risky behaviors. This risk-taking behavior plays a primary role in greater mortality.

Learning Objective: 7-8: Identify developmental factors most relevant to criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Adolescent Brain Development Difficulty Level: Hard 3. Define delinquency from a legal perspective, a social perspective, and a psychological perspective.

Ans: The legal definition of delinquency is behavior against the criminal code committed by an individual who has not reached adulthood. Social definitions of delinquency encompass a broad gamut of youthful behaviors considered inappropriate, but not all are technically crimes. These youthful behaviors include aggressive actions, truancy, petty theft, vandalism, drug abuse, sexual promiscuity, and even incorrigibility.

Psychological or psychiatric definitions of delinquency include the symptom-based labels of “conduct disorder” or “antisocial behavior.” The “delinquent” may or may not

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

have been arrested for these behaviors, and some are not even against the criminal law.

Learning Objective: 7-1: Define crime and juvenile delinquency.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Definition of Juvenile Delinquency Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Explain the controversy associated with the concept of juvenile psychopathy. What is your opinion on this issue?

Ans: Examples should include that there is debate about whether psychopathy can or should be applied to juveniles at all. Can features of adult psychopathy be found in children and adolescents in the first place? Second, even if psychopathy can be identified in adolescents, the label may have too many negative connotations. More specifically, the label implies that the prognosis for treatment is poor, a high rate of offending and recidivism can be expected, and the intrinsic and biological basis of the disorder means little can be done outside of biological interventions. A third debate contends that psychopathy assessments of youth must achieve a high level of confidence before they can be employed in the criminal justice system and may have important implications for the prevention of serious delinquency if clinicians can intervene and provide effective treatment.

Learning Objective: 7-10: Summarize research on adult psychopathy and juveniles with psychopathic characteristics.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Juvenile Psychopathy Difficulty Level: Hard 5. Describe the Uniform Crime Reports. Include the limitations of these data.

Ans: The FBI’s Uniform Crime Reports is the most frequently cited source of U.S. crime statistics. The UCR is an annual document containing accounts of crime known to law enforcement agencies across the country, as well as arrests. The UCR tabulates information about age, gender, and race of persons arrested, as well as city and region of the country where crimes are reported and arrests occur. The UCR does not include conviction data; it is strictly law enforcement information and does not tell us anything about whether individuals arrested were found guilty.

Learning Objective: 7-3: List the offenses for which juveniles are most frequently charged.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: The Uniform Crime Reports (Crime in the United States) Difficulty Level: Hard 6. Compare and contrast a male psychopath and a female psychopath.

Ans: Little research has been conducted on the extent to which psychopathy exists in females. Early studies report that female psychopaths may be less aggressive and violent than male psychopaths. Females may recidivate less often than male psychopaths. Recent research reports that female psychopaths tend to be more subtle and skillful in their aggression, exploitative relationships, and manipulation of others,

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

which results in their harmful acts going largely unnoticed by the authorities. Female psychopaths are more likely than male psychopaths to target family, friends, or acquaintances rather than strangers. In contrast, male psychopaths rely on greater use of physical aggression, dominance, and status seeking, which makes their harmful actions more noticeable and more likely to be officially recorded. Female psychopaths suffer greater levels of environmental deprivation, victimization, and mental health problems compared to their male counterparts.

Learning Objective: 7-10: Summarize research on adult psychopathy and juveniles with psychopathic characteristics.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: The Female Psychopath Difficulty Level: Hard 7. Compare and contrast antisocial personality disorder and conduct disorder.

Ans: Antisocial personality disorder (APD) is a psychiatric diagnostic label for adults at least 18 who displayed conduct disorder as children and who continue serious offending into adulthood.

Learning Objective: 7-2: Define antisocial behavior, conduct disorder, and antisocial personality disorder Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Juvenile Offender Difficulty Level: Medium

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Chapter 8: Psychology of Violence and Intimidation Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. What is the primary difference between violence and aggression?

A. Aggression is present at birth, while violence is a learned behavior.

B. Aggression may not involve force, while violence does.

C. Violence is legal, while aggression is illegal.

D. Violence is psychological, while aggression is physiological.

Ans: B Learning Objective: 8-1: Summarize the statistical and research data on violent crime.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Hard 2. Researchers agree that both ______ factors and ______ factors are important in understanding violence.

A. behavioral; economic B. individual; environmental C. passive; active D. psychological; psychiatric Ans: B Learning Objective: 8-1: Summarize the statistical and research data on violent crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Which four crimes in the UCR comprise the U.S. violent crime rate?

A. homicide, rape, burglary, and assault B. murder and nonnegligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault C. forcible rape, statutory rape, murder, and manslaughter D. assault, burglary, forcible rape, and homicide Ans: B Learning Objective: 8-1: Summarize the statistical and research data on violent crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: UCR Data on Violent Crime Difficulty Level: Medium 4. UCR data indicate that ______ accounts for the smallest share of violent crime, whereas ______ accounts for the largest share of violent crime.

A. burglary; forcible rape

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

B. assault; nonnegligent homicide C. rape; simple robbery D. murder; aggravated assault Ans: D Learning Objective: 8-1: Summarize the statistical and research data on violent crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: UCR Data on Violent Crime Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Which statement best summarizes current statistics on gun violence in the United States?

A. The majority of gun-related deaths are not criminal offenses.

B. The number of firearm homicides is directly proportional to each state’s gun safety legislation.

C. Handguns account for the greatest majority of both fatal and nonfatal incidents in the United States.

D. Firearm violence has been substantially decreasing since 1999.

Ans: C Learning Objective: 8-1: Summarize the statistical and research data on violent crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: UCR Data on Violent Crime Difficulty Level: Medium 6. According to Shihadeh and Barranco (2010), which change in Latino communities may lead to an increase in violence?

A. an increased participation in the labor force B. a shift in migration patterns from large communities to less established communities C. a decrease in the availability of social service programs that target low-income Latinos D. a decentralization of the Latino nuclear family Ans: B Learning Objective: 8-1: Summarize the statistical and research data on violent crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Gender, Race, and Ethnic Differences in Criminal Violence Difficulty Level: Medium 7. Which term refers to the tendency to view others through one’s own cultural perspective?

A. ethnocentrism B. sublimation C. hedonism D. leakage Ans: A Learning Objective: 8-1: Summarize the statistical and research data on violent crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Gender, Race, and Ethnic Differences in Criminal Violence

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Difficulty Level: Easy 8. Another term for reactive violence is ______ violence.

A. impulsive B. expressive C. provoked D. instrumental Ans: B Learning Objective: 8-1: Summarize the statistical and research data on violent crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Theoretical Perspectives on Violence Difficulty Level: Easy 9. Research by Woodworth and Porter (2002) found that psychopaths tend to engage in homicides that are ______.

A. reactive and spontaneous B. expressive and argumentative C. empathic and intimate D. instrumental and goal-driven Ans: D Learning Objective: 8-1: Summarize the statistical and research data on violent crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Theoretical Perspectives on Violence Difficulty Level: Medium 10. Which of the following would be considered a neurobiological cause of violent behavior?

A. exposure to lead paint B. exposure to violent media images C. exposure to crowded conditions D. exposure to weapons Ans: A Learning Objective: 8-1: Summarize the statistical and research data on violent crime.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Neurobiological Factors Difficulty Level: Hard 11. Hostile attribution bias is to a ______ factor as violent media exposure is to a ______ factor.

A. biological; situational B. situational; biological C. cognitive; socialization D. socialization; cognitive Ans: C Learning Objective: 8-2: Assess the psychological effects of violent media and electronic video games on aggressive behavior.

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: The Causes of Violence Difficulty Level: Hard 12. According to the text, human violence is ultimately a ______ behavior.

A. transitional B. persistent C. static D. learned Ans: D Learning Objective: 8-1: Summarize the statistical and research data on violent crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Theoretical Perspectives on Violence Difficulty Level: Medium 13. Which of the following is associated with heavy exposure to screen violence?

A. increased fear of becoming a victim B. an understanding that violence is an ineffective problem-solving strategy C. increased sensitivity to violence and aggressive behavior D. the misconception that most people are trustworthy and kind Ans: A Learning Objective: 8-2: Assess the psychological effects of violent media and electronic video games on aggressive behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Effects of Violent Media Difficulty Level: Medium 14. According to Huesmann et al. (2003), exposure to media violence seems to have ______ effects on adults and ______ effects on children.

A. short-term; long-term B. inconsequential; deleterious C. desensitizing; intermediary D. intentional; unintentional Ans: A Learning Objective: 8-2: Assess the psychological effects of violent media and electronic video games on aggressive behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Effects of Violent Media Difficulty Level: Medium 15. Dylan is a 7-year-old boy who frequently binge-watches violent television shows such as The Walking Dead and Game of Thrones. Which factor will have the greater negative impact on his observational learning over the long haul?

A. Dylan believes the violence is rewarded.

B. The shows are rated as highly violent.

C. Dylan’s parents watch the shows with him.

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

D. The characters walk a thin line between good and evil.

Ans: A Learning Objective: 8-2: Assess the psychological effects of violent media and electronic video games on aggressive behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Effects of Violent Media Difficulty Level: Hard 16. A student who receives a note in her locker that states “this school would be better off without you here” has received a ______ school threat.

A. indirect B. veiled C. direct D. conditional Ans: B Learning Objective: 8-3: Describe threat assessment and school violence.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Types of School Threats Difficulty Level: Hard 17. Which statement illustrates a finding from the Safe School Initiative report?

A. The majority of school shooters acted impulsively after an extreme bullying incident.

B. Most school shooters in the United States had easy access to guns.

C. Most school shooters acted alone and did not disclose their plan to others.

D. The majority of first responders in school shootings were law enforcement officers who had relationships with the victims.

Ans: B Learning Objective: 8-3: Describe threat assessment and school violence.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Safe School Initiative (SSI) Report Difficulty Level: Medium 18. Which category of risk factors represents the best option for preventing school violence?

A. school-related factors B. individual factors C. family factors D. peer-related factors Ans: A Learning Objective: 8-3: Describe threat assessment and school violence.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Prevention of School Shootings and Other School Violence Difficulty Level: Medium

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

19. Many of the children at Pineview Middle School are unsure about their school’s policy on bullying and do not report threats because they are afraid of repercussions from other students. This illustrates a ______ factor called ______.

A. family; tolerance for disrespectful behavior B. individual; inequitable discipline C. peer-related; inflexible culture D. school-related; code of silence Ans: D Learning Objective: 8-3: Describe threat assessment and school violence.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Prevention of School Shootings and Other School Violence Difficulty Level: Hard 20. All of the following are examples of behavior that is considered workplace violence EXCEPT ______.

A. threatening to hit a colleague during a staff meeting B. drinking alcohol on the job C. pointing a gun at one’s supervisor D. sexually assaulting a coworker in the parking lot Ans: B Learning Objective: 8-5: Explain the psychological factors involved in workplace violence.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Workplace Violence Difficulty Level: Medium 21. The most frequent victims of workplace homicide are ______.

A. police B. bartenders C. retail workers D. postal workers Ans: C Learning Objective: 8-5: Explain the psychological factors involved in workplace violence.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Workplace Violence Difficulty Level: Easy 22. Physical workplace violence is classified according to the ______.

A. level of violence involved B. perpetrator C. type of business or industry D. perpetrator’s relationship to the workplace Ans: D Learning Objective: 8-5: Explain the psychological factors involved in workplace violence.

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Workplace Violence Difficulty Level: Medium 23. Which individual is at greatest risk for workplace violence?

A. a postal worker B. a retail worker C. a correctional officer D. a high school teacher Ans: C Learning Objective: 8-5: Explain the psychological factors involved in workplace violence.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Workplace Violence Difficulty Level: Medium 24. Negligent supervision and inadequate security are examples of ______.

A. threat assessments B. employee abuse C. reasonable accommodations D. workplace violence litigation Ans: D Learning Objective: 8-5: Explain the psychological factors involved in workplace violence.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Workplace Violence Difficulty Level: Easy 25. The UCR’s murder rate is based on ______.

A. police investigations B. coroners’ reports C. court determinations D. medical examiner reports Ans: A Learning Objective: 8-4: Examine the research and clinical data on criminal homicide, including multiple murder and serial killers.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Criminal Homicide Difficulty Level: Medium 26. Which scenario describes the majority of homicide–suicide murders in the United States?

A. a male who kills a female relative and then kills himself B. a male who kills a stranger in a bar brawl and then kills himself C. a female who kills her children and then herself D. a female who kills her batterer husband and then kills herself

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Ans: A Learning Objective: 8-4: Examine the research and clinical data on criminal homicide, including multiple murder and serial killers.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Criminal Homicide Difficulty Level: Medium 27. Which statement about criminal homicide is correct?

A. Most murders also involve some type of sexual assault.

B. Most murders involve more than one victim.

C. Most murders are committed during the course of committing another offense.

D. Most murders are perpetrated against a stranger.

Ans: C Learning Objective: 8-4: Examine the research and clinical data on criminal homicide, including multiple murder and serial killers.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Criminal Homicide Difficulty Level: Medium 28. The time interval in between killings in a serial murder is called the ______.

A. cooling-off period B. transitional period C. intermediary event D. spree event Ans: A Learning Objective: 8-4: Examine the research and clinical data on criminal homicide, including multiple murder and serial killers.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Multiple Murder Difficulty Level: Easy 29. Which answer choice describes the difference between mass murder and serial murder?

A. Mass murder involves at least five victims, whereas serial murder involves five victims or less.

B. Mass murder involves victims that are known to the perpetrator, whereas serial murder involves unknown victims.

C. Serial murder involves a sexual component, whereas mass murder does not.

D. Serial murder involves a cooling-off period, whereas mass murder does not.

Ans: D Learning Objective: 8-4: Examine the research and clinical data on criminal homicide, including multiple murder and serial killers.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Multiple Murder Difficulty Level: Easy

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

30. Classic and family are two types of ______ murder.

A. spree B. mass C. serial D. multiple Ans: B Learning Objective: 8-4: Examine the research and clinical data on criminal homicide, including multiple murder and serial killers.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Multiple Murder Difficulty Level: Easy 31. All of the following statements accurately describe multiple murderers EXCEPT ______.

A. they are more common than single-victim murderers B. the media often sensationalizes their crimes C. until recently, researchers assumed they were similar to single-victim offenders D. there is sparse empirical research on multiple murderers Ans: A Learning Objective: 8-4: Examine the research and clinical data on criminal homicide, including multiple murder and serial killers.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Multiple Murder Difficulty Level: Medium 32. The majority of research on serial killers is based on ______.

A. objective measures B. case studies C. empirical analysis D. surveys and interviews Ans: B Learning Objective: 8-4: Examine the research and clinical data on criminal homicide, including multiple murder and serial killers.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Serial Killers Difficulty Level: Easy 33. Research has found that compared to the general population, serial killers ______.

A. have a larger amygdala B. have exceptional interpersonal skills C. are healthier and more physically fit D. are clinically mentally ill Ans: B Learning Objective: 8-4: Examine the research and clinical data on criminal homicide, including multiple murder and serial killers.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Answer Location: Serial Killers Difficulty Level: Medium 34. Compared to single-victim murderers, serial killers ______.

A. are more physically attractive B. choose younger victims C. begin killing at a later age D. kill family members and close friends Ans: C Learning Objective: 8-4: Examine the research and clinical data on criminal homicide, including multiple murder and serial killers.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Serial Killers Difficulty Level: Medium 35. In which year was the first person sentenced for killing a transgender woman under the federal hate crime statute?

A. 1969 B. 1987 C. 1999 D. 2017 Ans: D Learning Objective: 8-6: Identify the demographic and psychological aspects involved in hate and bias crimes.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Hate or Bias Crimes Difficulty Level: Easy 36. Why do serial killers rarely use guns to kill their victims?

A. They do not have easy access to guns.

B. They aren’t comfortable with violence.

C. They prefer methods that provide control and dominance.

D. They prefer to leave their victims clean for trophy collecting.

Ans: C Learning Objective: 8-4: Examine the research and clinical data on criminal homicide, including multiple murder and serial killers.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Serial Killers Difficulty Level: Hard 37. According to Holmes and DeBurger’s serial killer typology, which type is driven to kill by delusions or hallucinations?

A. visionary B. mission-oriented C. hedonistic D. power

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Ans: A Learning Objective: 8-4: Examine the research and clinical data on criminal homicide, including multiple murder and serial killers.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Serial Killer Typologies Difficulty Level: Medium 38. Lust, thrill, and comfort are associated with which type of serial killer?

A. visionary B. mission-oriented C. hedonistic D. power Ans: C Learning Objective: 8-4: Examine the research and clinical data on criminal homicide, including multiple murder and serial killers.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Serial Killer Typologies Difficulty Level: Medium 39. According to Rosenfeld and Harmon (2002), which two factors are significant predictors of stalking violence?

A. prior criminal history and violent behavior B. violent threats and drug use C. presence of mental disorder and prior criminal history D. age of the stalker and presence of a mental disorder Ans: B Learning Objective: 8-7: Discuss the psychological trauma and potential violence of being stalked, bullied, or cyberbullied.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Predictions of Violence in Stalking Cases Difficulty Level: Medium 40. In 1994, the Hate Crime Statistics Act was amended to include ______.

A. age B. sexual orientation C. religion D. physical and mental disabilities Ans: D Learning Objective: 8-6: Identify the demographic and psychological aspects involved in hate and bias crimes.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Hate or Bias Crimes Difficulty Level: Easy 41. Mohandie, Meloy, Green-McGowan, and Williams (2006) concluded that stalkers could be grouped into four categories based on ______.

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

A. their thinking patterns B. the length of the stalking behavior C. their relationship to the victim D. their motives for stalking Ans: C Learning Objective: 8-7: Discuss the psychological trauma and potential violence of being stalked, bullied, or cyberbullied.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Stalking: The Crime of Intimidation Difficulty Level: Medium 42. A hate crime motivated by bias against a person with AIDS would be considered a ______ bias.

A. gender B. disability C. sexual orientation D. religious Ans: B Learning Objective: 8-6: Identify the demographic and psychological aspects involved in hate and bias crimes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Hate or Bias Crimes Difficulty Level: Medium 43. Ted and Gretchen had been corresponding through an online chat room for single parents with diabetes. Last month, Gretchen stopped communicating with Ted due to her busy schedule. Since then, Ted has sent Gretchen numerous threatening direct messages through social media and emailed her a computer virus. Ted seems to be engaging in ______.

A. sexual harassment B. cyberstalking C. telecrime D. workplace violence Ans: B Learning Objective: 8-7: Discuss the psychological trauma and potential violence of being stalked, bullied, or cyberbullied.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Cyberstalking Difficulty Level: Hard 44. Emma is a 12-year-old girl who has been watching her friend Mandy get bullied at school. Emma and her friends are worried about Mandy and want to stop the bullying.

Given the research on bullying, what would you recommend that Emma and her friends do?

A. ignore the bullying behavior B. befriend the bully

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

C. engage in indirect forms of aggression D. intervene by defending Mandy Ans: D Learning Objective: 8-8: Assess the key aspects of traditional bullying and modern cyberbullying.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Peer Non-Cyberbullying Difficulty Level: Hard 45. Research suggests that high amounts of bullying and peer aggression are related to high ______.

A. self-esteem B. isolation C. emotional intelligence D. social status Ans: D Learning Objective: 8-8: Assess the key aspects of traditional bullying and modern cyberbullying.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Peer Non-Cyberbullying Difficulty Level: Medium 46. Heavy exposure to ______ is one of the most significant causes of ______ in society.

A. Media violence; violence B. Trauma; property crime C. Media violence; homicide D. Trauma; simple assault Ans: A Learning Objective: 8-2: Assess the psychological effects of violent media and electronic video games on aggressive behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Effects of Violent Media Difficulty Level: Easy True/False 1. UCR data indicate that males account for annual arrest rates for murder at a ratio of 9:1 compared to women.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 8-1: Summarize the statistical and research data on violent crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Gender, Race, and Ethnic Differences in Criminal Violence Difficulty Level: Easy

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

2. Gender discrepancies in violent offending are likely due to socialization and biological factors.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 8-1: Summarize the statistical and research data on violent crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Gender, Race, and Ethnic Differences in Criminal Violence Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Violence is behavior that is typically acquired in early adulthood.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 8-1: Summarize the statistical and research data on violent crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Situational Factors Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Ethnic and racial differences in violent crime rates are not due to genetic or biological factors.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 8-1: Summarize the statistical and research data on violent crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Gender, Race, and Ethnic Differences in Criminal Violence Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Young children are especially susceptible to long-term effects of media violence on aggressive behavior.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 8-2: Assess the psychological effects of violent media and electronic video games on aggressive behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Effects of Violent Media Difficulty Level: Easy 6. Threat assessment involves the three basic functions of identify, manage, and treat.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 8-3: Describe threat assessment and school violence.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Threat Assessment Difficulty Level: Medium 7. The majority of school shootings have been carried out by one or more students against other students.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 8-3: Describe threat assessment and school violence.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: School Shootings Difficulty Level: Easy

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

8. The SSI found that most school shooters in the United States easily obtained a gun from either their home or the home of a relative.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 8-3: Describe threat assessment and school violence.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: School Shootings Difficulty Level: Medium 9. The most common role of forensic psychologists who work in an employment setting involves de-escalating rampage shooters.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 8-5: Explain the psychological factors involved in workplace violence.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Workplace Violence Difficulty Level: Medium 10. The majority of workplace violence incidents end in death.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 8-5: Explain the psychological factors involved in workplace violence.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Workplace Violence Difficulty Level: Easy 11. According to criminal law, murder and manslaughter are the two major levels of criminal homicide.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 8-4: Examine the research and clinical data on criminal homicide, including multiple murder and serial killers.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Criminal Homicide Difficulty Level: Medium 12. Data indicate that a majority of hate crimes are motivated by racial bias.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 8-6: Identify the demographic and psychological aspects involved in hate and bias crimes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Hate or Bias Crimes Difficulty Level: Medium 13. The Human Rights Campaign has reported that only one transgender person was killed in the year 2016 in the United States.

Ans: F

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Learning Objective: 8-6: Identify the demographic and psychological aspects involved in hate and bias crimes.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Hate or Bias Crimes Difficulty Level: Easy 14. There is currently no cyberbullying law in the United States at the federal level.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 8-8: Assess the key aspects of traditional bullying and modern cyberbullying.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Stalking: The Crime of Intimidation Difficulty Level: Medium 15. Spree murder has received the most research attention in recent years.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 8-4: Examine the research and clinical data on criminal homicide, including multiple murder and serial killers.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Multiple Murder Difficulty Level: Medium 16. Boys and girls typically bully in the same manner Ans: F Learning Objective: 8-8: Assess the key aspects of traditional bullying and modern cyberbullying.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Peer Non-Cyberbullying Difficulty Level: Medium Essay 1. Compare and contrast violence and aggression. Provide an example of each.

Ans: Violence is commonly defined as physical force exerted for the purpose of inflicting injury, pain, discomfort, or abuse on a person or persons, or for the purpose of damaging or destroying property. Aggression can be defined as behavior perpetrated or attempted with the intention of harming another individual (or group of individuals) physically or psychologically. Violence involves physical force, whereas aggression may or may not involve force. All violent behavior is aggressive but not all aggressive behavior is violent. A protester who blocks someone’s entry into a business that allegedly discriminates against a racial or ethnic group is performing an aggressive act.

Forcible rape is a violent act.

Learning Objective: 8-1: Summarize the statistical and research data on violent crime.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Hard

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

2. Identify the four violent crimes reported in the UCR. Ans: The four violent crimes are murder and nonnegligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault.

Learning Objective: 8-1: Summarize the statistical and research data on violent crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: UCR Data on Violent Crime Difficulty Level: Medium 3. What are the two dominant explanations for gender discrepancies in violent offending?

Ans: The two dominant explanations for gender discrepancies in violent offending are (1) socialization factors (the fact that women are less likely than men to be encouraged to be violent) and (2) biological factors (with some researchers linking the male hormone testosterone to aggression).

Learning Objective: 8-1: Summarize the statistical and research data on violent crime.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Gender, Race, and Ethnic Differences in Criminal Violence Difficulty Level: Hard 4. Discuss how the UCR may perpetuate racial stereotypes of criminal violence.

Ans: Examples should include that UCR data indicate that African Americans in the United States are involved in criminal homicide and other forms of violence at a rate that far exceeds their numbers in the general population. For example, although African Americans make up about 13.5% of the U.S. population, they accounted for more than 50% of all arrests for murder in 2015. These statistics hold for both adult and juvenile Black Americans. These figures reflect social inequalities such as lack of employment and educational opportunities, racial oppression in its many forms, discriminatory treatment at the hands of the criminal justice system, and law enforcement practices in geographical areas where many African Americans reside. Race or ethnic differences in violent crime are not due to genetic or biological factors, such as racial differences in innate aggressive traits.

Learning Objective: 8-1: Summarize the statistical and research data on violent crime.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Gender, Race, and Ethnic Differences in Criminal Violence Difficulty Level: Hard 5. Choose one of the causes of violence discussed in the chapter. Explain the cause in detail and include examples in your answer.

Ans: Varies but may include neurobiological factors, socialization factors, cognitive factors, or situational factors. For example, the neurobiological factor of malnutrition may significantly affect the neurodevelopment of the brain. Studies have shown that prenatal and early childhood malnutrition is associated with increased prevalence of conduct problems and aggressive behaviors.

Learning Objective: 8-1: Summarize the statistical and research data on violent crime.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Answer Location: The Causes of Violence Difficulty Level: Hard 6. Briefly describe the limitations with the terms school shooting and school rampage.

Ans: The term rampage suggests an impulsive, random act. School shootings are usually carefully planned by the perpetrator, sometimes over a period of months or even years. In addition, though most incidents of school violence in the United States involve guns, not all do. However, in most research and throughout the text, the term shooting includes serious violence involving a lethal weapon.

Learning Objective: 8-3: Describe threat assessment and school violence.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: School Shootings Difficulty Level: Hard 7. List the four main areas of workplace violence litigation. Describe how this litigation impacts the role of forensic psychologists in the workplace.

Ans: The four areas of workplace violence litigation are negligent hiring (failure to screen employees properly), negligent retention (failure to terminate unsuitable and threatening employees), negligent supervision (failure to monitor performance), and inadequate security. Forensic psychologists increasingly are called on to conduct threat assessments, or to assess the risk of violence in an individual about whom fellow workers or supervisors are concerned. Psychologists working within employment settings should also be attuned to the culture of the workplace and play a critical role in facilitating an environment that promotes cooperation and mutual respect among and between employees and supervisory personnel.

Learning Objective: 8-5: Explain the psychological factors involved in workplace violence.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Workplace Violence Difficulty Level: Hard 8. Compare and contrast spree murder, serial murder, and mass murder. What are the reasons the public has so little accurate knowledge of multiple murder?

Ans: Spree murder normally refers to the killing of three or more individuals without a cooling-off period, usually at two or three different locations. Some of these killings share characteristics of mass murders, while other seem more like serial murders.

Serial murder usually refers to incidents in which an individual (or individuals) separately kills a number of people (usually a minimum of three) over time. Mass murder involves the killing of three or more persons at a single location with no cooling-off period between the killings. The FBI identifies two types of mass murder: classic and family.

Multiple murder is often sensationalized and much of the public’s knowledge is based on misinformation and myth.

Learning Objective: 8-4: Examine the research and clinical data on criminal homicide, including multiple murder and serial killers.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Multiple Murder

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Difficulty Level: Hard 9. Explain why it is difficult to enact laws directed at cyberbullying and give an example illustrating this difficulty.

Ans: Answers should include a discussion of infringement on free speech and lack of concise consequences for the offense. For example, the Megan Meier cyberbullying prevention act of 2009 was not passed for these above reasons.

Learning Objective: 8-8: Assess the key aspects of traditional bullying and modern cyberbullying.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Effects of Cyberbullying Difficulty Level: Medium

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Chapter 9: Psychology of Sexual Violence Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. Criminal statutes have replaced the term ______ with the term ______.

A. rape; sexual assault B. abuse; assault C. incest; pedophilia D. date rape; acquaintance rape Ans: A Learning Objective: 9-1: Define sexual violence. Examine the characteristics of men who rape and sexually assault.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Definitions of Sexual Assault and Rape Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Aggravated sexual abuse and sexual abuse are distinguished on the basis of ______.

A. age of the perpetrator and age of the victim B. gender of the victim C. degree or threat of force D. amount of sexual contact Ans: C Learning Objective: 9-1: Define sexual violence. Examine the characteristics of men who rape and sexually assault.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Definitions of Sexual Assault and Rape Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Which measure of crime divides sexual offending into forcible rape and sexual offenses?

A. MMSE B. NCVS C. NIBRS D. UCR Ans: D Learning Objective: 9-1: Define sexual violence. Examine the characteristics of men who rape and sexually assault.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) Difficulty Level: Easy

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

4. The NIBRS includes all of the following information EXCEPT ______.

A. demographic information on the victims B. conviction data C. victim–offender relationship D. level of victim injury Ans: B Learning Objective: 9-1: Define sexual violence. Examine the characteristics of men who rape and sexually assault.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) Difficulty Level: Easy 5. Which issue do persons accused of sexual assault often use as their defense at trial?

A. attractiveness B. age C. consent D. competency Ans: C Learning Objective: 9-1: Define sexual violence. Examine the characteristics of men who rape and sexually assault.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) Difficulty Level: Medium 6. Most internet-initiated sex crimes involve offenders who are ______.

A. White males, older than 25 years B. White males, under age 18 C. Black males, older than 25 years D. Black males, under age 18 Ans: A Learning Objective: 9-4: Discuss sexual exploitation of children through the internet.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Online Child Sexual Predators Difficulty Level: Easy 7. Dr. Lucas is a psychotherapist who has sexual intercourse with his 34-year-old client as part of her treatment plan. Dr. Lucas is committing ______.

A. statutory rape B. rape by fraud C. inadequate treatment D. non-forcible assault Ans: B Learning Objective: 9-1: Define sexual violence. Examine the characteristics of men who rape and sexually assault.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Rape by Fraud

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Difficulty Level: Hard 8. Which substance has the strongest connection to date rape?

A. alcohol B. caffeine C. marijuana D. cocaine Ans: A Learning Objective: 9-1: Define sexual violence. Examine the characteristics of men who rape and sexually assault.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Date or Acquaintance Rape Difficulty Level: Medium 9. Which issue is a central feature in male date rape attitudes?

A. desire for power B. need for control C. lack of maturity D. sense of entitlement Ans: D Learning Objective: 9-1: Define sexual violence. Examine the characteristics of men who rape and sexually assault.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Date or Acquaintance Rape Difficulty Level: Hard 10. As a group, rapists are best described as ______.

A. wealthy B. charismatic C. young D. depressed Ans: C Learning Objective: 9-1: Define sexual violence. Examine the characteristics of men who rape and sexually assault.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Date or Acquaintance Rape Difficulty Level: Medium 11. One concern with typologies is that ______.

A. they only apply to inmates in correctional facilities B. few help to organize behavioral patterns of offenders C. most are only useful in risk assessment D. all individuals do not fit into neat categories Ans: D Learning Objective: 9-1: Define sexual violence. Examine the characteristics of men who rape and sexually assault.

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Typologies of Men Who Rape Difficulty Level: Medium 12. The MTC:R3 identifies ______ major types and ______ subtypes of rapist.

A. nine; six B. four; nine C. eleven; seven D. two; six Ans: B Learning Objective: 9-2: Acquaint the reader with the Massachusetts Treatment Center typologies for rapists and child sex offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Massachusetts Treatment Center Rapist Typology Difficulty Level: Easy 13. Which category of the MTC:R3’s aggression variable is characterized by extreme violence and desire to degrade the victim?

A. expressive aggression B. instrumental aggression C. strategic violence D. sadistic violence Ans: A Learning Objective: 9-2: Acquaint the reader with the Massachusetts Treatment Center typologies for rapists and child sex offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Aggression Difficulty Level: Medium 14. Which variable of the MTC:R3 is a powerful predictor of recidivism and offending frequency?

A. sexual fantasies B. aggression C. impulsivity D. social competence Ans: C Learning Objective: 9-2: Acquaint the reader with the Massachusetts Treatment Center typologies for rapists and child sex offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Impulsivity Difficulty Level: Medium 15. What does the research tell us about prison officials who deny the seriousness of rape in prisons?

A. They are highly regarded within the correctional system.

B. They have a history of rape in the community.

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

C. They subscribe to rape myths.

D. They fear retaliation from coworkers.

Ans: C Learning Objective: 9-2: Acquaint the reader with the Massachusetts Treatment Center typologies for rapists and child sex offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Rape Myths Difficulty Level: Medium 16. Brett enjoys extreme sports, has a history of violent behavior, and displays a hostile attitude toward women. Brett seems to have features of ______.

A. macho personality constellation B. psychopathic rapist C. male chauvinistic syndrome D. neurotic extraversion Ans: A Learning Objective: 9-2: Acquaint the reader with the Massachusetts Treatment Center typologies for rapists and child sex offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Rape Myths Difficulty Level: Hard 17. Which key element do perpetrators of sexual assault, highly aggressive children, and violent persons all have in common?

A. history of victimization B. distrust of women C. deficits in information processing D. misinterpretation of communication Ans: D Learning Objective: 9-2: Acquaint the reader with the Massachusetts Treatment Center typologies for rapists and child sex offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Rape Myths Difficulty Level: Hard 18. Research indicates that all of the following characteristics distinguish sexually aggressive from nonaggressive males EXCEPT ______.

A. a tendency to misread cues from women B. gratification from being able to dominate women C. the innate desire to be controlled by women D. an insecure attitude toward women Ans: C Learning Objective: 9-2: Acquaint the reader with the Massachusetts Treatment Center typologies for rapists and child sex offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Rape Myths

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Difficulty Level: Hard 19. According to the MTC:R3, an opportunistic rapist who has demonstrated impulsivity since adolescence is classified as a ______ rapist.

A. Type 1 B. pervasively angry C. vindictive D. Type 2 Ans: D Learning Objective: 9-2: Acquaint the reader with the Massachusetts Treatment Center typologies for rapists and child sex offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Opportunistic Rapist (Types 1 and 2) Difficulty Level: Hard 20. All of the following are true about the MTC rape typology except it ______.

A. considers the context in which rape occurs B. focuses on behavioral patterns of rapists C. is based on personality traits of rapists D. is not useful to victims of sexual assault Ans: B Learning Objective: 9-2: Acquaint the reader with the Massachusetts Treatment Center typologies for rapists and child sex offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Summary Difficulty Level: Medium

21. Compared to those who rape adults, child molesters tend to be ______.

A. stronger B. more intellectually disabled C. older D. less mentally disordered Ans: C Learning Objective: 9-3: Review research on juvenile sex offenders, both male and female.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Some Demographics of Child Sex Offenders Difficulty Level: Medium 22. Which of the following is a feature of most online child molesters?

A. They are violent.

B. They are sadistic.

C. They lack interpersonal skills.

D. They are predominantly White.

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Ans: D Learning Objective: 9-4: Discuss sexual exploitation of children through the internet.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Online Child Sexual Predators Difficulty Level: Medium 23. Research indicates that higher rates of rape completion and victim injury in date or acquaintance rape are related to offender ______.

A. size B. alcohol use C. ethnicity D. coping ability Ans: B Learning Objective: 9-1: Define sexual violence. Examine the characteristics of men who rape and sexually assault.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Date or Acquaintance Rape Difficulty Level: Medium 24. The amount of contact with children and the level of injury to the victim are aspects of which MTC:CM3 dimension?

A. first dimension B. second dimension C. fixation dimension D. interpersonal dimension Ans: A Learning Objective: 9-2: Acquaint the reader with the Massachusetts Treatment Center typologies for rapists and child sex offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The First Dimension Difficulty Level: Medium 25. According to the MTC:CM3, a high-contact offender who seeks the company of children for both social and sexual needs would be considered ______.

A. exploitative B. Type 3 C. muted D. Type 1 Ans: D Learning Objective: 9-2: Acquaint the reader with the Massachusetts Treatment Center typologies for rapists and child sex offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Second Dimension Difficulty Level: Medium

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

26. All of the following are types of female sex offenders that were mentioned in the chapter EXCEPT ______.

A. homosexual nurturers B. female sexual predators C. young adult child exploiters D. aggressive homosexual offenders Ans: A Learning Objective: 9-3: Review research on juvenile sex offenders, both male and female.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Female Sex Offender Typologies Difficulty Level: Easy 27. Pete is a 36-year-old male posing as a 16-year-old to form an online relationship with Tabby. Tabby and Pete have shared nude pictures with each other and are preparing for an in-person meeting. Pete is engaging in ______ behavior.

A. isolative B. electronic C. grooming D. messaging Ans: C Learning Objective: 9-4: Discuss sexual exploitation of children through the internet.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Online Child Sexual Predators Difficulty Level: Hard 28. Current research indicates that the typical internet child molester ______.

A. is skilled at identifying unsuspecting victims B. engages in deception to assault victims C. has face-to-face sexual contact with victims more than once D. has an extensive history of violent offending Ans: C Learning Objective: 9-4: Discuss sexual exploitation of children through the internet.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Online Child Sexual Predators Difficulty Level: Medium 29. Why are unstructured clinical interviews particularly problematic for assessing adult sex offenders?

A. They include collateral information such as medical reports and arrest reports.

B. They do not allow the interviewee an opportunity to expound on responses.

C. The typical interviewer is untrained in sex offender typologies.

D. Sex offenders may deny or conceal feelings and deviant behavior.

Ans: D

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Learning Objective: 9-6: Describe the varieties of risk assessment procedures for both adults and juvenile sex offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Risk Assessment of Adult Sex Offenders Difficulty Level: Hard 30. Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding paraphilia?

A. They impact mental capacity and perceptions of reality B. Most are legal C. They are persistent “abnormal” sexual desires D. They are required to achieve arousal Ans: A Learning Objective: 9-1: Define sexual violence. Examine the characteristics of men who rape and sexually assault.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Sexually Motivated, Sadistic Rapists (Types 4 and 5) Difficulty Level: Medium 31. The largest typology of female sexual offenders are ______.

A. The heterosexual nurtures B. Female sexual predators C. Young adult child exploiters D. Aggressive homosexual offenders Ans: A Learning Objective: 9-3: Review research on juvenile sex offenders, both male and female.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Female Sex Offender Typologies Difficulty Level: Easy True/False 1. According to research, juvenile sex offenders are less likely to reoffend than adult offenders.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 9-5: Describe characteristics of child sex offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Recidivism of Juvenile Sex Offenders Difficulty Level: Medium 2. The rate of recidivism for rapists increases with age.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 9-5: Describe characteristics of child sex offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Age Factors Difficulty Level: Medium

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

3. The UCR, NIBRS, and NCVS all define sexual assault differently.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 9-1: Define sexual violence. Examine the characteristics of men who rape and sexually assault.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Definitions for Gathering Statistics Difficulty Level: Medium 4. The majority of sexual assaults are never reported to law enforcement.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 9-1: Define sexual violence. Examine the characteristics of men who rape and sexually assault.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Prevalence and Incidence of Rape and Other Sexual Assaults Difficulty Level: Easy 5. Research has consistently found that lifestyle impulsivity is one of the strongest ways to differentiate repetitive rapists from other repeat sex offenders such as child molesters.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 9-2: Acquaint the reader with the Massachusetts Treatment Center typologies for rapists and child sex offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Impulsivity Difficulty Level: Medium 6. The pervasively angry rapist category of the MTC is further subdivided into sadistic and non-sadistic types.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 9-2: Acquaint the reader with the Massachusetts Treatment Center typologies for rapists and child sex offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Pervasively Angry Rapist (Type 3) Difficulty Level: Medium 7. Research suggests that most female sex offenders offend against males in their care.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 9-3: Review research on juvenile sex offenders, both male and female.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Female Sex Offender Typologies Difficulty Level: Medium 8. The majority of child molesters have been diagnosed as psychopaths.

Ans: F

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Learning Objective: 9-3: Review research on juvenile sex offenders, both male and female.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Some Demographics of Child Sex Offenders Difficulty Level: Medium 9. Most of the research on juvenile sex offenders has concentrated on preadolescent females.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 9-5: Describe characteristics of child sex offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Juvenile Sex Offenders Difficulty Level: Easy 10. The MMPI-2 is the most widely used adult sex offender instrument.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 9-6: Describe the varieties of risk assessment procedures for both adults and juvenile sex offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Risk Assessment of Adult Sex Offenders Difficulty Level: Medium

11. The majority of interfamilial pedophilia involves older siblings molesting younger siblings.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 9-3: Review research on juvenile sex offenders, both male and female.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Definitions of Pedophilia Difficulty Level: Easy 12. Pedophilia is a crime.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 9-3: Review research on juvenile sex offenders, both male and female.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Some Demographics of Child Sex Offenders Difficulty Level: Easy 13. Research suggests that internet child sex offenders frequently deceive their victims about their sexual intentions.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 9-4: Discuss sexual exploitation of children through the internet.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Answer Location: Online Child Sexual Predators Difficulty Level: Medium 14. Juvenile male sex offenders tend to specialize in sex crimes.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 9-5: Describe characteristics of child sex offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Juvenile Sex Offenders Difficulty Level: Medium Essay 1. Discuss the role that rape myths play in sexual assault.

Ans: Examples should include that the more strongly men accept rape myths, the higher the tendency that they will misperceive women’s attire and behavior as “asking for it” or misperceive their own sexual interest as “uncontrollable.” Rape myths serve to justify sexual aggression and the likelihood of future violence.

Learning Objective: 9-2: Acquaint the reader with the Massachusetts Treatment Center typologies for rapists and child sex offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Rape Myths Difficulty Level: Hard 2. List the six types of female sex offenders as outlined by Vandiver and Kercher (2004).

Ans: Heterosexual nurturers, noncriminal homosexual offenders, female sexual predators, young child exploiters, homosexual criminals, and aggressive homosexual offenders.

Learning Objective: 9-3: Review research on juvenile sex offenders, both male and female.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Female Sex Offender Typologies Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Identify Becker and Johnson’s (2001) recommendations for future clinical research on juvenile sex offending.

Ans: Becker and Johnson recommend that future clinical research on juvenile sex offending concentrate on the following four areas: (1) theory development that addresses the etiology of the behavior, (2) the development of classification systems or typologies that encompass all juvenile ages and both genders, (3) further development of treatment interventions for different classifications of juvenile sexual offenders, and (4) treatment outcome studies with long-term follow-ups.

Learning Objective: 9-5: Describe characteristics of child sex offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Future Directions Difficulty Level: Medium

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

4. Define psychosexual evaluation.

Ans: Forensic psychologists assess sex offenders to decide on a treatment plan and gauge their likelihood of further offending. Judges, lawyers, parole officers, or other agents of the criminal justice system often request the evaluation.

Learning Objective: 9-6: Describe the varieties of risk assessment procedures for both adults and juvenile sex offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Risk Assessment of Adult Sex Offenders Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Discuss the relationship between alcohol and date or acquaintance rape. Why could this relationship be controversial for victims?

Ans: Examples should include that research has found a strong relationship between alcohol use and date or acquaintance rape. In more than half of sexual assaults involving dating partners, alcohol had been consumed by either one or both partners.

Women who consume alcohol may be perceived by many young males as sexually available, and thus are more likely to be the targets of sexual predators. However, it is important to use caution when assuming that drinking increases risk of sexual victimization.

Learning Objective: 9-1: Define sexual violence. Examine the characteristics of men who rape and sexually assault.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Date or Acquaintance Rape Difficulty Level: Hard 6. Compare and contrast the Static-99 and the SVR-20.

Ans: The Static-99 is a 10-item actuarial instrument created by R. Karl Hanson and David Thornton (2000). The items cover static, historical factors, such as the number of prior offenses, victim characteristics, and the offender’s age. It was developed on the basis of research with rapists and child molesters. There are questions as to its relevance to other sex offenders. The second most commonly used risk assessment instrument for adult sex offenders is the Sexual Violence Risk-20 (SVR-20), developed

by Boer et al. (1997). The SVR-20 covers aspects of the offender’s criminal history and psychological characteristics. The items are designed to evaluate the risk for sexual recidivism and to help in case management.

Learning Objective: 9-6: Describe the varieties of risk assessment procedures for both adults and juvenile sex offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Risk Assessment of Adult Sex Offenders Difficulty Level: Hard

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Chapter 10: Forensic Psychology and the Victims of Crime Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. Multiculturalism includes all of the following EXCEPT ______.

A. gender B. race C. ethnicity D. age Ans: D Learning Objective: 10-2: Emphasize the multicultural and multiethnic aspects of working with victims.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Multiculturalism and Victimization Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Which crime is typically considered a victimless crime?

A. rape B. homicide C. illegal gambling D. human trafficking Ans: C Learning Objective: 10-1: Describe the psychological effects of being victimized, and introduce the reader to the role played by mental health professionals in working with victims.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Most psychological concepts and theories are based on ______.

A. Freudian treatment B. Euro-American contexts C. multicultural research D. diverse samples Ans: B Learning Objective: 10-2: Emphasize the multicultural and multiethnic aspects of working with victims.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Multiculturalism and Victimization Difficulty Level: Medium 4. What was the intent of the Americans with Disabilities Act Amendments Act of 2008?

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

A. to increase public awareness of crime against victims with developmental disabilities B. to broaden protections for disabled Americans C. to prevent public employees from abusing the system D. to provide psychological services to disabled Americans Ans: B Learning Objective: 10-2: Emphasize the multicultural and multiethnic aspects of working with victims.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) Difficulty Level: Medium 5. It is estimated that ______ of the U.S. population has some type of disability.

A. 1–6% B. 7–13% C. 14–20% D. 22–30% Ans: C Learning Objective: 10-2: Emphasize the multicultural and multiethnic aspects of working with victims.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) Difficulty Level: Easy 6. The Constitution of the United States protects the rights of all of the following EXCEPT ______.

A. suspects B. defendants C. victims D. prisoners Ans: C Learning Objective: 10-3: Describe the legal rights of victims.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Legal Rights of Victims Difficulty Level: Medium 7. Society’s attempt to recover and restore a victim’s financial, physical, or psychological position following a crime is called ______.

A. restitution B. laudability C. reparation D. advocacy Ans: A Learning Objective: 10-3: Describe the legal rights of victims.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Legal Rights of Victims Difficulty Level: Easy

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

8. The first victims’ bill of rights was passed in the year ______ in the state of ______.

A. 1950; California B. 1960; New York C. 1970; Ohio D. 1980; Wisconsin Ans: D Learning Objective: 10-3: Describe the legal rights of victims.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Legal Rights of Victims Difficulty Level: Easy 9. How many states require that a victim be notified if an offender has escaped from prison?

A. Zero B. Three C. Fifteen D. Fifty Ans: D Learning Objective: 10-3: Describe the legal rights of victims.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Legal Rights of Victims Difficulty Level: Easy 10. Which law denies convicted offenders the right to profit from their crime?

A. Fair Restitution B. Refutation of Blood Money C. Ted Bundy Law D. Son of Sam Law Ans: D Learning Objective: 10-3: Describe the legal rights of victims.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Legal Rights of Victims Difficulty Level: Medium 11. Which statement is true about the legal rights of victims?

A. Most victims who exercise their right to allocution are successful at increasing the defendant’s prison sentence.

B. Victims in all 50 states have the right to be represented by an attorney during all stages of the criminal process.

C. Most victims are unaware of their legal rights.

D. Victims in all 50 states receive notifications at all stages of the criminal justice process.

Ans: C Learning Objective: 10-3: Describe the legal rights of victims.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Answer Location: Legal Rights of Victims Difficulty Level: Hard 12. Which situation allows a victim to seek a criminal remedy?

A. sexual harassment B. aggravated assault C. unnecessary medical procedures D. wrongful termination Ans: B Learning Objective: 10-3: Describe the legal rights of victims.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Legal Rights of Victims Difficulty Level: Hard 13. Which measure of victimization is designed to provide a comprehensive presentation of the nature and extent of child and adolescent victimization in the United States?

A. the National Crime Victimization Survey B. the National Task Force on Exploitation of Children C. the Uniform Crime Reports D. the National Survey of Children’s Exposure to Violence Ans: D Learning Objective: 10-4: Recap official victimization data.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Victimization Data Difficulty Level: Easy 14. Which statement illustrates an important difference between the NCVS and the UCR data?

A. The NCVS includes sexual assault crimes, while the UCR does not.

B. The UCR collects data every 10 years, while the NCVS is conducted semiannually.

C. The NCVS includes crimes not reported to the police, while the UCR does not.

D. The UCR focuses on the dark figure of crime, while the NCVS examines law enforcement statistics.

Ans: C. Learning Objective: 10-4: Recap official victimization data.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) Difficulty Level: Hard 15. Crime that does not come to the attention of police is known as ______.

A. subversive crime B. the dark figure C. anonymous statistics D. tertiary crime

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Ans: B Learning Objective: 10-4: Recap official victimization data.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Measurements of Victimization Difficulty Level: Easy 16. Victimization data continually indicated that ______ of all crimes are not reported to police.

A. 5% B. 15% C. 25% D. 50% Ans: D Learning Objective: 10-4: Recap official victimization data.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Measurements of Victimization Difficulty Level: Medium 17. Which group has been disproportionately represented among homicide victims?

A. older, Hispanic females B. young, Black males C. older, American Indian females D. young, White males Ans: B Learning Objective: 10-4: Recap official victimization data.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Ethnic/Minority Differences in Criminal Victimization Difficulty Level: Medium 18. While all five ethno-racial groups identified by the NCVS are diverse, the greatest diversity is among the ______ group.

A. White B. Black C. Hispanic D. Asian Ans: C Learning Objective: 10-4: Recap official victimization data.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Ethnic/Minority Differences in Criminal Victimization Difficulty Level: Easy 19. A victim’s fear of retaliation and belief that an incident was unimportant are two reasons why youth ______.

A. commit suicide after being victimized by a violent crime B. take the law into their own hands after being victimized C. seek law enforcement assistance after a crime has occurred

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

D. do not report violent crime to law enforcement Ans: A Learning Objective: 10-4: Recap official victimization data.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Criminal Victimization as a Function of Age Difficulty Level: Medium 20. The impact of criminal violence on victims is best described as ______ and ______.

A. substantial; far-reaching B. temporary; stressful C. undocumented; uncontrollable D. impermeable; irrepressible Ans: A Learning Objective: 10-1: Describe the psychological effects of being victimized, and introduce the reader to the role played by mental health professionals in working with victims.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Psychological Impact of Violence Difficulty Level: Medium 21. Alicia is a 10-year-old girl who was sexually abused by an uncle, is regularly hit by her mother, and has been sexually assaulted by her older brother. Which term accurately describes Alicia?

A. polyvictim B. vicarious traumatization C. multiculturalism D. iatrogenic effect Ans: A Learning Objective: 10-1: Describe the psychological effects of being victimized, and introduce the reader to the role played by mental health professionals in working with victims.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Psychological Impact of Violence Difficulty Level: Hard

22. Research indicates that a disproportionate number of young child homicides are committed by ______.

A. childcare providers B. adult women C. adolescent males D. adult males Ans: A Learning Objective: 10-5: Review homicide victimization research.

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Homicide Victimization Difficulty Level: Medium 23. Why are homicides of young children so difficult to document?

A. The offenders are often skilled at deception and manipulation.

B. They are difficult to distinguish from accidents.

C. They are rare.

D. The crime is too heinous for society to accept.

Ans: B Learning Objective: 10-5: Review homicide victimization research.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Homicide Victimization Difficulty Level: Hard 24. All of the following are identified needs of co-victims following notification of a death EXCEPT ______.

A. an opportunity for venting of emotion B. calm and reassuring authority C. vengeance on the perpetrator D. restoration of control Ans: C Learning Objective: 10-5: Review homicide victimization research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Death Notification Difficulty Level: Medium 25. Which organization developed the most well-known and utilized model for training of death notifiers?

A. Mothers Against Drunk Driving B. Alcoholics Anonymous C. National Rifle Association D. International Critical Incident Stress Foundation Ans: A Learning Objective: 10-5: Review homicide victimization research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Death Notification Difficulty Level: Easy 26. Psychologists working with death notifiers must be particularly attuned to ______.

A. the high likelihood of repeated victimization B. symptoms of burnout C. threats from the perpetrator D. the tendency to become too close with the victim’s family Ans: B Learning Objective: 10-5: Review homicide victimization research.

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Death Notification Difficulty Level: Medium 27. Which of the following statements is an erroneous and harmful conclusion that people often make based on sexual assault data?

A. Victims who don’t show evidence of physical injury must have consented.

B. Most victims recover quickly following an assault.

C. All victims of sexual assault are heterosexual females.

D. Victims make mistakes that promote and encourage violence.

Ans: A Learning Objective: 10-6: Review rape and sexual assault victimization research.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Extent of Injury to Victims Difficulty Level: Hard 28. Most cases of child sexual abuse involve which type of relationship between victim and offender?

A. The offender is an older sibling of the victim.

B. The victim and offender are strangers.

C. The victim and offender often know one another.

D. The offender is a primary caregiver of the victim.

Ans: C Learning Objective: 10-6: Review rape and sexual assault victimization research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Child Sexual Abuse Difficulty Level: Medium 29. Research suggests that rape victims are four times more likely than noncrime victims to ______.

A. be victimized by police B. have contemplated suicide C. abuse drugs D. seek psychological help Ans: B Learning Objective: 10-6: Review rape and sexual assault victimization research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Psychological Impact Difficulty Level: Medium 30. Which term has replaced victim in the sexual assault literature?

A. pseudovictim B. target C. globalist D. survivor Ans: D

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Learning Objective: 10-6: Review rape and sexual assault victimization research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Psychological Impact Difficulty Level: Easy 31. Which term best defines trafficking?

A. exploitation B. personalization C. border D. movement Ans: A Learning Objective: 10-9: Review the psychological effects of sexual exploitation of minors.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Human Trafficking Difficulty Level: Medium 32. All of the following are reasons that it is difficult to estimate the number of trafficked victims EXCEPT ______.

A. victims are often fearful of retribution B. victims are often distrustful of law enforcement C. there is no uniform system for collecting data on the victims D. there is poor cooperation among international law enforcement agencies Ans: D Learning Objective: 10-7: Describe forensic interviewing of sexually abused children.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Human Trafficking Difficulty Level: Medium 33. Complex PTSD and the accumulation of traumatic events are characteristic of many ______.

A. CSEC victims B. victims of online sexual solicitors C. homicide victims D. victims of date rape Ans: A Learning Objective: 10-7: Describe forensic interviewing of sexually abused children.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Psychological Effects on CSEC Victims Difficulty Level: Medium 34. Which statement about online sexual solicitation is most accurate?

A. The majority of internet child molesters use trickery to assault children.

B. Most internet-initiated sex crimes consist of adult men who use the internet to meet and entice underage teenagers into sexual meetings.

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

C. Child and adolescent online profiles and other social media channels frequently attract aggressive sexual predators.

D. Increasingly, offenders and traffickers are using the internet to facilitate the sexual trafficking and exploitation of children.

Ans: B Learning Objective: 10-7: Describe forensic interviewing of sexually abused children.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Online Sexual Solicitation Difficulty Level: Medium 35. What is the most lucrative human trafficking enterprise?

A. involuntary domestic services B. bonded labor C. forced labor D. sexual exploitation Ans: D Learning Objective: 10-8: Address human trafficking and sexual exploitation trafficking.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Child and Adolescent Sex Trafficking Difficulty Level: Easy 36. Which activity of human trafficking is considered the most controversial?

A. prostitution B. domestic servitude C. bonded labor D. forced labor Ans: A Learning Objective: 10-8: Address human trafficking and sexual exploitation trafficking.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Child and Adolescent Sex Trafficking Difficulty Level: Medium 37. Paroline v. United States (2014) pertained to ______.

A. proper death notification B. legal rights of victims C. juvenile sexual assault D. commercial sexual exploitation of children Ans: D Learning Objective: 10-8: Address human trafficking and sexual exploitation trafficking.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Child and Adolescent Sex Trafficking Difficulty Level: Medium 38. Approximately how many children and adolescents become victims of commercial sexual exploitation in the United States each year?

A. 3,000

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

B. 13,000 C. 30,000 D. 300,000 Ans: D Learning Objective: 10-8: Address human trafficking and sexual exploitation trafficking.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Child and Adolescent Sex Trafficking Difficulty Level: Easy 39. Compared to victims without disabilities, victimization rates of individuals with disabilities are ______.

A. much higher B. much lower C. underreported D. overreported Ans: A Learning Objective: 10-4: Recap official victimization data.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) Difficulty Level: Easy 40. Why do traffickers often select children who are most vulnerable?

A. Vulnerable children are easier to control.

B. Vulnerable children display sexual knowledge that is beyond their level of development.

C. Vulnerable children will not be missed by family members.

D. Vulnerable children are often resilient.

Ans: A Learning Objective: 10-8: Address human trafficking and sexual exploitation trafficking.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Child and Adolescent Sex Trafficking Difficulty Level: Medium 41. Intervention for child survivors of commercial sexual exploitation should begin with ______.

A. immediate treatment B. comprehensive assessment C. deprogramming D. reentry Ans: B Learning Objective: 10-8: Address human trafficking and sexual exploitation trafficking.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Psychological Services Difficulty Level: Medium

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

42. Most states have laws that require notification of victims, this includes all of the following except ______.

A. Notification if the offender is about to be released on bail B. Notification if a convicted offender is about to be released from jail or prison C. Notification if an offender will be released on a work release program D. Notification if an offender commits a felony while in jail or prison Ans: D Learning Objective: 10-3: Describe the Legal Rights of Victims Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Legal Rights of Victims Difficulty Level: Medium 43. Overall an estimated ________ % of victims of rape and sexual assault are female.

A. 90-95 B. 80-85 C. 70-75 D. 60-65 Ans: A Learning Objective: 10-6: Review Rape and Sexual Assault Victimization Research Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Gender Difficulty Level: Easy 44. According to data from the NCVS, roughly ____ % of victims of sexual violent did not know their attacker.

A. 10-15 B. 20-25 C. 30-35 D. 40-45 Ans: B Learning Objective: 10-6: Review rape and sexual assault victimization research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Intimate Partner and Dating Violence Difficulty Level: Medium 45. ______ is the third leading criminal enterprise in the world and is one of the fastest growing and possibly represents the most lucrative criminal enterprise globally.

A. Human trafficking B. Drug trafficking C. Weapon trafficking D. Prostitution Ans: A Learning Objective: 10-8: Address human trafficking and sexual exploitation trafficking.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Human Trafficking Difficulty Level: Easy

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

True/False 1. Victimization rates of children and adults with disabilities far exceed those of individuals who do not have disabilities.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 10-4: Recap official victimization data.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Victims of crime have only one legal venue for obtaining justice.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 10-3: Describe the legal rights of victims.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Legal Rights of Victims Difficulty Level: Medium 3. The psychological effects of violence are generally the same across persons and situations.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 10-1: Describe the psychological effects of being victimized, and introduce the reader to the role played by mental health professionals in working with victims.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Psychological Impact of Violence Difficulty Level: Easy 4. Most victims exercise their right of allocution.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 10-3: Describe the legal rights of victims.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Legal Rights of Victims Difficulty Level: Medium 5. The homicide rate of juveniles in the United States is low compared to other developed, industrialized nations.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 10-5: Review homicide victimization research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Homicide Victimization Difficulty Level: Easy

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

6. Compared to individuals who are grieving for the loss of a loved one who died nonviolently, the process of mourning for families of murder victims lasts longer, is more intense, and is more complex.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 10-5: Review homicide victimization research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Reactions of Homicide Co-Victims Difficulty Level: Medium 7. A fundamental flaw with child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome is that the behaviors may occur in any child who has experienced trauma.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 10-6: Review rape and sexual assault victimization research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Child Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome (CSAAS) Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Most internet-initiated sex crimes consist of adult men who use the internet to meet and entice underage teenagers into sexual meetings.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 10-7: Describe forensic interviewing of sexually abused children.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Online Sexual Solicitation Difficulty Level: Medium 9. The greater the perceived malevolence of the murder, the higher the stress of those left behind.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 10-5: Review homicide victimization research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Reactions of Homicide Co-Victims Difficulty Level: Medium 10. Less than 5% of online sexual solicitors are arrested for violent contact sexual offenses.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 10-8: Address human trafficking and sexual exploitation trafficking.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Online Sexual Solicitation Difficulty Level: Medium 11. Successful psychological intervention for victims of sexual exploitation begins with a comprehensive assessment of each child or adolescent victim.

Ans: T

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Learning Objective: 10-1: Describe the psychological effects of being victimized, and introduce the reader to the role played by mental health professionals in working with victims.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Psychological Services to Victims and Co-Victims of Homicide: A Recap Difficulty Level: Medium 12. Most members of minority groups in the United States are undocumented immigrants.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 10-2: Emphasize the multicultural and multiethnic aspects of working with victims.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Multiculturalism and Victimization Difficulty Level: Easy 13. Child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome is another term for complex PTSD. Ans: F Learning Objective: 10-9: Review the psychological effects of sexual exploitation of minors.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Psychological Effects on CSEC Victims Difficulty Level: Medium Essay 1. Define child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome and briefly describe the controversy associated with this syndrome.

Ans: Child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome is a cluster of behaviors that occur in children who have been victims of sexual abuse by a family member or by a trusted adult. The child is placed in the position of being responsible for the welfare of the family. The child also feels helpless to stop the activity. Thus, the child must “accommodate” these secrets and incorporate them into his or her daily living pattern.

Children who have been sexually abused feel ashamed, fail to report the abuse, and deny that it occurred when questioned. Those who support the existence of CSAAS believe it is acceptable for the interviewer to be more suggestive in questioning these children, asking specific and sometimes leading questions. Many of the behaviors may occur in any child who has experienced other types of trauma besides sexual abuse.

CSAAS has questionable validity as a meaningful diagnostic tool or indicator of sexual abuse. It is particularly problematic if it results in highly suggestive questioning of children, leading to false reports.

Learning Objective: 10-6: Review rape and sexual assault victimization research.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Child Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome (CSAAS) Difficulty Level: Hard

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

2. Briefly explain the relationship between monoculturalism and psychology. How may this relationship affect the role of forensic psychologists?

Ans: Many concepts in psychology are based on research within Euro-American contexts. Current research indicates that people of color and women have been misdiagnosed and mistreated by psychology. Some individuals become not only victims of crime but also victims of the criminal justice system and victims of the mental health professions that do not truly recognize their needs. Forensic psychologists must be educated and respectful of diverse cultures and needs.

Learning Objective: 10-2: Emphasize the multicultural and multiethnic aspects of working with victims.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Multiculturalism and Victimization Difficulty Level: Hard 3. Describe the two legal venues available to victims of crime for obtaining justice.

Ans: Victims of crime may obtain justice through criminal courts and civil courts.

Criminal courts allow victims to speak out at sentencing or have their statements read to the court. Civil courts allow crime victims to seek civil remedies for the physical, financial, and psychological injuries they have suffered as a result of criminal acts, permitting vindication of their rights and recovery of financial reparations from the offenders.

Learning Objective: 10-3: Describe the legal rights of victims.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Legal Rights of Victims Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Provide an example of how the U.S. Constitution protects the rights of suspects and defendants but not the rights of victims.

Ans: Victims are not represented by lawyers unless they choose to hire a lawyer during a civil proceeding. Defendants have the right to an attorney and do not have to speak with the police. Victims often have to take time off from work or other obligations to appear in court, and when cases go to trial, they are subjected to the scrutiny of the media and grueling cross-examination in a courtroom in which they must be confronted by the defendant. Victims sometimes feel that they are victimized twice--once when the crime first occurs and again when they encounter the criminal justice process.

Learning Objective: 10-3: Describe the legal rights of victims.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Legal Rights of Victims Difficulty Level: Hard 5. How does the diversity of the Hispanic population affect victimization data?

Ans: The Bureau of Justice Statistics considers the “Hispanic” category as consisting of persons of any race. Some Hispanics report that they consider themselves white, black, American Indian, or Asian, a point that needs to be considered when examining the statistical data on crime and victimization rates.

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Learning Objective: 10-2: Emphasize the multicultural and multiethnic aspects of working with victims.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Multiculturalism and Victimization Difficulty Level: Hard 6. Summarize the research on homicides of young children.

Ans: Homicides of young children are often committed by family members. Children at the highest risk for homicide are those younger than age 1. Two of the most common triggers of young child homicide are crying that will not stop and toileting accidents. The actual homicide rate for young children may be higher than the statistics suggest. These homicides are difficult to document because they can resemble deaths resulting from accidents and other causes.

Learning Objective: 10-5: Review homicide victimization research.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Homicide Victimization Difficulty Level: Hard 7. Contrast the grieving process for survivors of homicidal death versus survivors of those who died nonviolently.

Ans: The grief literature indicates that most survivors of nonviolently bereaved family members eventually make a reasonable recovery and move on as best they can. By contrast, survivors of those who die violent deaths take longer to recover. Clinicians and researchers interested in bereavement believe that the grief process that follows the violent death of a loved one represents a distinctive type of grief response that requires special training and skills to treat effectively. The process of mourning, for families of murder victims, lasts longer, is more intense, and is more complex. The grief reactions of homicide victim survivors appear to be deeper, display rage and vengefulness more often, and result in longer-lasting anxiety and phobic reactions. The greater the perceived intentionality and malevolence of the murder, the higher is the co-victims’ distress. Co-victims often suffer from intrusive and repetitive images of the violence; nightmares; and episodic, turbulent emotions of anger and grief. Excessive yearning or searching for the deceased, feelings of loneliness or emptiness, a sense of purposelessness or futility, and emotional numbness or detachment are also frequent symptoms of grief brought on by the violent death of a loved one. In addition to these symptoms, homicidal death bereavement responses include rage, desire for revenge directed toward the killer, and frustrations with the criminal justice system.

Learning Objective: 10-5: Review homicide victimization research.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Reactions of Homicide Co-Victims Difficulty Level: Hard 8. Describe death notification. What do you think the repercussions of a poorly done notification could be for co-victims?

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Ans: Examples should include that notification of family members of a death that resulted from violent crime is among the most challenging tasks for professionals whose responsibility it is to deliver the message. During notification and thereafter, the covictim’s needs may include an opportunity for venting of emotion; calm, reassuring authority; restoration of control; and preparation for what the co-victim needs to do next.

This is often the most traumatic event in the lives of those close to the victim. Survivors have had no time to prepare and need a sensitive, calm notifier.

Learning Objective: 10-5: Review homicide victimization research.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Death Notification Difficulty Level: Hard 9. Identify McIntyre’s four stages that are involved in assessing the trafficking experience.

Ans: (1) The victim’s vulnerabilities before recruitment; (2) the methods and strategies used in the victim’s recruitment; (3) the trafficking process, including the travel, transportation, and transfer of the child or adolescent to the intended location of exploitation (brothel, club, pub, hotel, private home); and (4) the intended category of exploitation.

Learning Objective: 10-8: Address human trafficking and sexual exploitation trafficking.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Psychological Services Difficulty Level: Medium

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Chapter 11: Family Violence and Child Victimization Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. Which statement most accurately summarizes research on family violence?

A. Family violence primarily occurs in lower socioeconomic families.

B. Family violence occurs at all socioeconomic levels, races, and ethnic groups.

C. Family violence is more prevalent in families with young children.

D. Family violence frequently results in the death of one or more family members.

Ans: B Learning Objective: 11-1: Review the various issues around family violence and its psychological consequences.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Intimate Partner and Family Violence Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Active, passive, and sexual are three types of ______.

A. elder abuse B. batterer C. animal abuse D. repressed memory Ans: C Learning Objective: 11-4: Review research on child abuse and its psychological consequences.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Pet Abuse Difficulty Level: Easy 3. Official data indicate that violence perpetrated by men against women is best described as persistent and ______.

A. subjective B. escalating C. predictable D. fatal Ans: B Learning Objective: 11-1: Review the various issues around family violence and its psychological consequences.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Intimate Partner and Family Violence Difficulty Level: Medium 4. The primary motive of male offenders who abuse women is ______.

A. control

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

B. revenge C. sexual gratification D. stress release Ans: A Learning Objective: 11-1: Review the various issues around family violence and its psychological consequences.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Intimate Partner and Family Violence Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Which one of Meuer et al.’s (2002) nine stages of domestic violence is characterized by the beginning of excessive control through psychological and emotional abuse?

A. Stage 1 B. Stage 2 C. Stage 3 D. Stage 4 Ans: D Learning Objective: 11-2: Describe intimate partner violence.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Typical Development of an IPV Relationship Based on Power and Control Difficulty Level: Medium 6. Battering is defined as violence that is ______ and ______.

A. provoked; consequential B. blameless; innocent C. physical; frequent D. refractory; fatal Ans: C Learning Objective: 11-2: Describe intimate partner violence.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Psychological Characteristics of Batterers Difficulty Level: Easy 7. Which variable is a strong predictor of male perpetrated intimate partner violence?

A. single parenting B. parental death in childhood C. childhood exposure to IPV D. blue-collar occupation Ans: C Learning Objective: 11-2: Describe intimate partner violence.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Psychological Characteristics of Batterers Difficulty Level: Medium

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

8. According to Holtzworth-Munroe and Stuart’s (1994) batterer typology, which type is more likely to use weapons?

A. family-only B. dysphoric/borderline C. generally violent/antisocial D. sexually-frustrated Ans: C Learning Objective: 11-2: Describe intimate partner violence.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Psychological Characteristics of Batterers Difficulty Level: Easy 9. What do most treatment programs for batterers have in common?

A. a focus on coping skills and relationship building B. short-term treatment that focuses on anger management C. some type of cognitive behavioral psychotherapy D. a treatment plan that addresses substance use Ans: C Learning Objective: 11-2: Describe intimate partner violence.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Psychological Characteristics of Batterers Difficulty Level: Hard 10. All of the following are central to effective treatment for batterers EXCEPT ______.

A. promoting perpetrator autonomy B. encouraging retention in treatment C. supervising offenders D. mandating treatment Ans: A Learning Objective: 11-2: Describe intimate partner violence.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Psychological Characteristics of Batterers Difficulty Level: Medium 11. Who first coined the term battered woman syndrome?

A. Martin Seligman B. Roger Levesque C. Lenore Walker D. Janet Warren Ans: C Learning Objective: 11-2: Describe intimate partner violence.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Battered Woman Syndrome Difficulty Level: Easy

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

12. How many times must a woman experience the cycle of violence before she qualifies for battered woman syndrome?

A. once B. twice C. three times D. at least five times Ans: B Learning Objective: 11-2: Describe intimate partner violence.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Battered Woman Syndrome Difficulty Level: Easy 13. All of the following are problems associated with the concept of battered woman syndrome EXCEPT the ______.

A. lack of focus on other cultures B. stereotypical image of helpless, depressed women C. lack of acknowledgment of women’s coping skills D. emphasis on batterers’ control and coercion Ans: C Learning Objective: 11-2: Describe intimate partner violence.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Battered Woman Syndrome Difficulty Level: Easy 14. Research indicates that an important difference between opposite-sex IPV and same-sex IPV is the ______.

A. community response to the victims B. level of blame perpetrators place on the victim C. degree of narcissism apparent in the perpetrators D. perpetrator’s need for control Ans: A Learning Objective: 11-2: Describe intimate partner violence.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Same-Sex IPV Difficulty Level: Medium 15. Critics of battered woman syndrome recommend that forensic assessments should emphasize the ______ rather than the ______ in intimate partner violence situations.

A. victim’s psychological functioning; stages of romantic love B. abusers who kill; abusers who intimidate C. available community resources; safety of family members D. abuser’s coercion and control; victim’s psychological damage Ans: D Learning Objective: 11-2: Describe intimate partner violence.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Battered Woman Syndrome

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Difficulty Level: Hard 16. Which source of support do female same-sex IPV victims typically find the most helpful?

A. domestic violence shelters B. physicians C. friends D. attorneys Ans: C Learning Objective: 11-2: Describe intimate partner violence.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Same-Sex IPV Difficulty Level: Easy 17. Imagine you are a practitioner working with a victim of IPV. What is the most important factor to consider?

A. prior criminal history of the perpetrator B. the safety of the victim(s) C. the stability of the family unit D. rehabilitation potential of the perpetrator Ans: B Learning Objective: 11-3: Describe forensic assessment of violence in the family and between intimate partners, including assessment instruments used.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Risk Assessment: Is the Victim Safe?

Difficulty Level: Hard 18. Which assessment instrument measures the extent of intimate partner violence?

A. Spousal Assault Risk Assessment B. Ontario Domestic Assault Risk Assessment C. Conflict Tactics Scales D. Domestic Violence Risk Appraisal Guide Ans: C Learning Objective: 11-3: Describe forensic assessment of violence in the family and between intimate partners, including assessment instruments used.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Intimate Partner and Family Violence Difficulty Level: Medium 19. The case histories of Munchausen syndrome by proxy frequently document a(n) ______ mother and a(n) ______ father.

A. warm; critical B. overinvolved; emotionally distant C. indulgent; badgering D. alcoholic; absentee

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Ans: B Learning Objective: 11-4: Review research on child abuse and its psychological consequences.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Medical Child Abuse Difficulty Level: Medium 20. Psychological distress experienced by clinicians as a result of working with traumatized victims is called ______.

A. vicarious traumatization B. post-traumatic stress disorder C. psychological variance D. subversive reaction Ans: A Learning Objective: 11-3: Describe forensic assessment of violence in the family and between intimate partners, including assessment instruments used.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Necessary Training for IPV Assessment Difficulty Level: Easy 21. Children of what age have the highest rate of child abuse victimization?

A. less than 1 year B. 3–5 C. 7–10 D. older than 14 Ans: A Learning Objective: 11-4: Review research on child abuse and its psychological consequences.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Child Abuse Difficulty Level: Easy 22. Which statement about child abuse is correct?

A. Rates of child physical abuse have been steadily declining since the early 1980s.

B. The majority of child abuse victims experience three types of abuse.

C. Rates of child sexual abuse have declined since the 1990s.

D. Boys are more likely than girls to experience physical and emotional abuse.

Ans: C Learning Objective: 11-4: Review research on child abuse and its psychological consequences.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Types of Maltreatment Difficulty Level: Hard 23. Research suggests a strong relationship between spousal abuse and ______.

A. animal cruelty

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

B. personality type C. sexual orientation D. parenting style Ans: A Learning Objective: 11-4: Review research on child abuse and its psychological consequences.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Pet Abuse Difficulty Level: Medium 24. What is the difference between neonaticide and infanticide?

A. Infanticide is the killing of a child by the mother, while neonaticide involves killing a child by either parent.

B. Neonaticide includes a diagnosed mental disorder, while infanticide has no mental disorder component.

C. Infanticide is the preferred term in the psychological literature, while neonaticide is a preferred legal term.

D. Neonaticide refers to the killing of a newborn within the first 24 hours, while infanticide refers to the killing of a child up to 2 years of age.

Ans: D Learning Objective: 11-4: Review research on child abuse and its psychological consequences.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Infanticide, Neonaticide, and Filicide Difficulty Level: Hard 25. Which statement most accurately describes postpartum psychosis?

A. It often results in the death of an infant.

B. It often leads to post-traumatic stress disorder.

C. It is typically a recurring illness.

D. It is a severe and rare disorder.

Ans: D Learning Objective: 11-4: Review research on child abuse and its psychological consequences.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Infanticide, Neonaticide, and Filicide Difficulty Level: Medium 26. Anna is a 30-year-old new mother who has had a loss of appetite, extended episodes of crying, and suicidal thoughts since her baby was born 3 months ago. Anna feels guilty about her lack of interest in her child and is considering resuming the antidepressant she took in her early 20s. Anna is likely experiencing ______.

A. postpartum blues B. postpartum psychosis C. postpartum depression D. bipolar disorder

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Ans: C Learning Objective: 11-4: Review research on child abuse and its psychological consequences.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Infanticide, Neonaticide, and Filicide Difficulty Level: Hard 27. The term memory wars refers to the reliability of ______.

A. dream analysis B. transferred hypnosis C. repressed memories D. infantile amnesia Ans: C Learning Objective: 11-5: Emphasize the strengths and limitations of human memory in reporting victimization and crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Repressed and Recovered Memories Difficulty Level: Medium 28. The leading killer of abused children is ______.

A. liver damage B. broken ribs C. brain trauma D. drug overdose Ans: C Learning Objective: 11-4: Review research on child abuse and its psychological consequences.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Abusive Head Trauma Difficulty Level: Easy 29. Which theory posits that memory is continually vulnerable to revision?

A. reconstructive theory of memory B. dynamic process theory C. cognitive construct processes D. revisionary repression Ans: A Learning Objective: 11-5: Emphasize the strengths and limitations of human memory in reporting victimization and crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Special-Expert Panels on Repressed Memory Difficulty Level: Medium 30. According to research by Patihis et al. (2014), which group was the most skeptical about the recovery of repressed memories?

A. college undergraduates

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

B. college graduates C. practicing mental health clinicians D. experimental psychologists Ans: D Learning Objective: 11-5: Emphasize the strengths and limitations of human memory in reporting victimization and crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Special-Expert Panels on Repressed Memory Difficulty Level: Medium 31. Which statement most accurately reflects research findings on repressed memories of childhood abuse?

A. The younger the victim, the more detailed the recovered memories.

B. The majority of painful experiences are repressed and rarely retrieved from memory.

C. The majority of repressed memory cases were caused by therapists who planted the seed in clients during hypnosis.

D. Recovered memories should be corroborated, carefully assessed, and treated with caution.

Ans: D Learning Objective: 11-5: Emphasize the strengths and limitations of human memory in reporting victimization and crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Special-Expert Panels on Repressed Memory Difficulty Level: Medium 32. All of the following are recommended for a psychologist conducting a child abuse evaluation EXCEPT ______.

A. ask close-ended questions B. focus on the child’s strengths C. gather information from multiple sources D. be cognizant of cultural factors Ans: A Learning Objective: 11-4: Review research on child abuse and its psychological consequences.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Roles of the Forensic Psychologist in Child Abuse Cases Difficulty Level: Medium 33. Parental abduction usually involves a child who is ______.

A. timid B. female C. under age 6 D. pathologically attached to the mother Ans: C Learning Objective: 11-4: Review research on child abuse and its psychological consequences.

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Family Abduction Difficulty Level: Medium 34. Juveniles are more likely to be kidnapped by ______.

A. parents B. siblings C. strangers D. acquaintances Ans: C Learning Objective: 11-6: Examine child abduction and its psychological effects.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Family Abduction Difficulty Level: Easy 35. Where do most cases of elder abuse occur?

A. in a hospital B. in a nursing home C. at work D. at home Ans: D Learning Objective: 11-7: Introduce elder abuse and neglect, and review its devastating effects.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Elder Abuse and Neglect Difficulty Level: Easy 36. A major difference between child abuse and elder abuse is that unlike a child abuse victim, an elder abuse victim is presumed to be ______.

A. belligerent B. competent C. mentally disordered D. physically frail Ans: B Learning Objective: 11-7: Introduce elder abuse and neglect, and review its devastating effects.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Roles of the Forensic Psychologist in Elder Abuse Cases Difficulty Level: Hard 37. Which group is the most common perpetrator of elder abuse?

A. medical professionals B. adult children C. neighbors D. spouses Ans: B

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Learning Objective: 11-7: Introduce elder abuse and neglect, and review its devastating effects.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Elder Abuse and Neglect Difficulty Level: Easy 38. Which individual is most likely to be the victim of a stranger child abduction?

A. a preschool boy who is kidnapped by his uncle while at the beach B. a middle school boy who is kidnapped by his teacher while at school C. a preschool girl who is kidnapped by a stranger at a park D. an elementary school girl who is kidnapped by a stranger while at an amusement park Ans: D Learning Objective: 11-6: Examine child abduction and its psychological effects.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Slight Acquaintance and Stranger Child Abductions Difficulty Level: Hard 39. NISMART research indicates that abducting parents are likely to ______.

A. take older preteen children B. consider the feelings of the other parent C. have a supportive network of family and friends D. feel guilty about their illegal and immoral actions Ans: C Learning Objective: 11-6: Examine child abduction and its psychological effects.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: NISMART Difficulty Level: Medium 40. Which type of parental kidnappers are considered the most dangerous to the child?

A. parents who kidnap for revenge B. parents who have a history of domestic violence C. parents who are not divorced D. parents who have little social support Ans: B Learning Objective: 11-6: Examine child abduction and its psychological effects.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: NISMART Difficulty Level: Medium 41. Acquisition, storage, and retrieval are the components of ______.

A. repression B. human memory C. reconstructive theory D. cognitive templates Ans: B

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Learning Objective: 11-5: Emphasize the strengths and limitations of human memory in reporting victimization and crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Research Sketches of Human Memory and Its Limitations Difficulty Level: Easy 42. One of the major determinants of the emotional impact on victims of child parental abductions is the ______.

A. parents’ relationship immediately before the abduction B. age of the child C. quality of the child’s relationship with the abductor D. length of time separated from the left-behind parent Ans: D Learning Objective: 11-6: Examine child abduction and its psychological effects.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Psychological Impact of Family Abduction Difficulty Level: Medium 43. Chris distinctly remembers sitting at a Moroccan restaurant when he learned his older brother was killed in the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. He can recall the restaurant’s décor, the sound of diners chatting, and the smell of the food. This is an example of ______.

A. flashbulb memory B. state-dependent memory C. iatrogenic effect D. sensory effect Ans: A Learning Objective: 11-5: Emphasize the strengths and limitations of human memory in reporting victimization and crime.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Research Sketches of Human Memory and Its Limitations Difficulty Level: Hard 44. Recent studies have found that most acquaintance and child abductions are ______.

A. related to human trafficking B. motivated by the offender’s sexual interest in the child C. perpetrated by isolated and dissatisfied coworkers D. located on school property Ans: B Learning Objective: 11-6: Examine child abduction and its psychological effects.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Psychological Impact of Family Abduction Difficulty Level: Medium

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

45. The motivations for family violence seem to vary for men and women. Motivations for men seem to be ______ motivations for women seem to be ______.

A. Anger; controlling their partner B. In response to provocation; Fear C. Social factors; trauma D. Establish or maintain power or control; retaliation or self-defense Ans: D Learning Objective: 11-2: Describe intimate partner violence.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Intimate Partner and Family Violence Difficulty Level: Medium 46. Abusive families tend to be all of the following except ______.

A. Socially isolated B. Lack an extended network C. Lack emotional support D. Well connected Ans: D Learning Objective: 11-1: Review the various issues around family violence and its psychological consequences.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Dynamics of Family Violence Difficulty Level: Easy 47. A 79-year-old man may appear to have the capacity to live at home alone and make good medical decisions about his health but he is beginning to show signs of making questionable financial decisions, even though he was able to make sound decisions when he was younger. A psychologist might need to do what type of evaluation?

A. Capacity assessment B. Competence assessment C. Risk assessment D. Threat assessment Ans: A Learning Objective: 11-7: Introduce elder abuse and neglect, and review its devastating effects.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Roles of the Forensic Psychologist in Elder Abuse Cases Difficulty Level: Medium True/False 1. Family-only batterers exhibit mental disorders, engage in extreme violence, and have a long history of arrests.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 11-2: Describe intimate partner violence.

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Psychological Characteristics of Batterers Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Professional caregivers are the most frequent abusers of older adults.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 11-7: Introduce elder abuse and neglect, and review its devastating effects.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Elder Abuse and Neglect Difficulty Level: Easy 3. Research suggests that intimate partner violence in same-sex relationships is rare.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 11-1: Review the various issues around family violence and its psychological consequences.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Intimate Partner and Family Violence Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Very few courts in the United States allow repressed-memory testimony.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 11-5: Emphasize the strengths and limitations of human memory in reporting victimization and crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Special-Expert Panels on Repressed Memory Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Child abduction is relatively rare among violent crimes against children and adolescents.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 11-6: Examine child abduction and its psychological effects.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Child Abduction Difficulty Level: Medium 6. Research has found that when evaluating children for abuse, children are susceptible to suggestive close-ended questions.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 11-5: Emphasize the strengths and limitations of human memory in reporting victimization and crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Research Sketches of Human Memory and Its Limitations Difficulty Level: Medium 7. The inability to recall events before age three is called repressed memory.

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Ans: F Learning Objective: 11-5: Emphasize the strengths and limitations of human memory in reporting victimization and crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Repressed and Recovered Memories Difficulty Level: Medium 8. The majority of victims of Munchausen syndrome by proxy are teenage girls.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 11-4: Review research on child abuse and its psychological consequences.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Medical Child Abuse Difficulty Level: Medium 9. Research suggests a strong relationship between pet abuse and child abuse.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 11-4: Review research on child abuse and its psychological consequences.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Pet Abuse Difficulty Level: Medium 10. The human cognitive system is unlimited in its information processing capacity and has a unique ability to simultaneously attend to everything going on in the environment.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 11-5: Emphasize the strengths and limitations of human memory in reporting victimization and crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Research Sketches of Human Memory and Its Limitations Difficulty Level: Medium 11. The NISMART survey provides common behavioral and psychological characteristics of parental abductors.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 11-6: Examine child abduction and its psychological effects.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: NISMART Difficulty Level: Medium 12. Desertion of an older adult at a hospital or nursing home is an example of elder financial abuse.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 11-7: Introduce elder abuse and neglect, and review its devastating effects.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Answer Location: Elder Abuse and Neglect Difficulty Level: Medium 13. An assessment of the attitudes, desires, and motivations of an individual is known as special guardianship.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 11-7: Introduce elder abuse and neglect, and review its devastating effects.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Roles of the Forensic Psychologist in Elder Abuse Cases Difficulty Level: Medium 14. Most infanticides are committed by women suffering from postpartum depression.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 11-4: Review research on child abuse and its psychological consequences.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Infanticide, Neonaticide, and Filicide Difficulty Level: Easy 15. The Spousal Assault Risk Assessment (SARA) is typically scored by police officers.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 11-3: Describe forensic assessment of violence in the family and between intimate partners, including assessment instruments used.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Risk Assessment: Is the Victim Safe?

Difficulty Level: Medium 16. The (CTS) conflict tactics scale measures the frequency and severity of behaviors that partners engage in during an argument.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 11-3: Describe forensic assessment of violence in the family and between intimate partners, including assessment instruments used.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS) Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay 1. Discuss the different perspectives and recommendations on whether or not a woman should leave an IPV situation. What is your opinion on this issue?

Ans: Examples should include that some researchers report that it is not always best for a victim to leave a domestic violence situation. There is evidence that victims who attempt to leave are often stalked, harassed, and threatened on an ongoing basis. It was originally believed that if a battered woman could be persuaded to leave the

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

abusive relationship, the violence would stop, but in many cases, most of the reported injuries from domestic violence occur after the separation of the couple. Some evidence also suggests that women who leave their batterers are at a 75% greater risk of being killed by their batterers than those who stay. IPV advocates maintain that the risk of staying is much greater than the risk of leaving. It is crucial that women who leave have necessary support when they do so.

Learning Objective: 11-1: Review the various issues around family violence and its psychological consequences.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: The Typical Development of an IPV Relationship Based on Power and Control Difficulty Level: Hard 2. Identify the four issues that psychologists may be involved in during adjudication of child abuse cases.

Ans: (1) What is the most appropriate procedure for taking a child’s testimony? (2) Under what conditions is a child’s out-of-court statement (hearsay) admissible? (3) Is the child competent enough to provide accurate testimony in abuse cases? (4) Did abuse or neglect occur, and if so, who is responsible?

Learning Objective: 11-4: Review research on child abuse and its psychological consequences.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Child Abuse Difficulty Level: Medium 3. What were the five conclusions reached by the American Psychological Association’s Working Group on Investigation of Memories of Childhood Abuse? Which issue could the special expert panel not agree on?

Ans: The five conclusions were (1) controversies regarding adult recollections should not be allowed to obscure the fact that child sexual abuse is a complex and pervasive problem in America that has historically gone unacknowledged; (2) most people who were sexually abused as children remember all or part of what happened to them; (3) it is possible for memories of abuse that have been forgotten for a long time to be remembered; (4) it is also possible to construct convincing pseudo-memories for events that never occurred; and (5) there are gaps in our knowledge about the processes that lead to accurate and inaccurate recollections of childhood abuse. The group could not agree on the nature of early memory of abuse and its recovery.

Learning Objective: 11-5: Emphasize the strengths and limitations of human memory in reporting victimization and crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Special-Expert Panels on Repressed Memory Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Compare and contrast postpartum blues, postpartum depression, and postpartum psychosis.

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Ans: Postpartum depression occurs during the weeks and months following childbirth.

The symptoms include depression, loss of appetite, sleep disturbances, fatigue, suicidal thoughts, disinterest in the newborn child, and a general loss of interest in life’s activities. The woman with postpartum depression often feels guilty for being depressed when she should be happy about a new baby. Postpartum blues is the most common disorder associated with the postpartum period, and it is characterized by crying, irritability, anxiety, confusion, and rapid mood changes. The symptoms may last for a few hours to a few days and are clearly linked to childbirth. Rarely do the symptoms last more than 12 days. Postpartum psychosis is a severe mental disorder that is rare, occurring in 1 out of every 1,000 women following delivery. Usually, the psychotic features are highly similar to the symptoms of serious bipolar depression and appear to be directly connected to childbirth.

Learning Objective: 11-4: Review research on child abuse and its psychological consequences.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Infanticide, Neonaticide, and Filicide Difficulty Level: Hard 5. Briefly describe how states have changed their statute of limitations to recognize victims of sexual abuse.

Ans: Criminal prosecutions for child or adult sexual abuse cannot be brought after the statute of limitations has expired. Many states have begun to extend their statute of limitations in both criminal and civil cases of this nature in recognition that it may take years for victims of sexual abuse to come forward.

Learning Objective: 11-5: Emphasize the strengths and limitations of human memory in reporting victimization and crime.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Repressed and Recovered Memories Difficulty Level: Hard 6. What are the two major differences between forensic evaluations for child abuse and those for elder abuse?

Ans: Forensic evaluations for elder abuse may involve issues of guardianship, general and specific. An elder abuse evaluation also must presume that the victim is competent until there is legal documentation otherwise.

Learning Objective: 11-7: Introduce elder abuse and neglect, and review its devastating effects.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Elder Abuse and Neglect Difficulty Level: Hard 7. Summarize the psychological characteristics of batterers. Which strategies, if any, are the most effective at treating batterers?

Ans: Men who batter often deny or minimize their use of violence, or they blame it on others. He perceives his behavior as a natural and understandable reaction to frustration. A strong predictor of whether a man will abuse his spouse or significant

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

other appears to be whether he has experienced or witnessed violence in his own family while growing up. Some research has also indicated that many batterers have serious mental disorders in addition to their problems with power and control over women that encourage their use of violence. Treatment programs that focus on both the batterer’s emotional problems and his misguided beliefs and values may help in the amelioration of domestic violence for those abusers who show signs of psychopathology.

Learning Objective: 11-2: Describe intimate partner violence.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Psychological Characteristics of Batterers Difficulty Level: Hard 8. Discuss three limitations of human memory.

Ans: Examples should include discussion about the points: not everything gets into memory, what gets into memory may vary in strength, the status of information in memory changes over time, or retrieval is not perfect.

Learning Objective: 11-5: Emphasize the strengths and limitations of human memory in reporting victimization and crime.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Research Sketches of Human Memory and Its Limitations Difficulty Level: Hard

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Chapter 12: Correctional Psychology in Adult Settings Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. Which of the following individuals would most likely be held in a jail?

A. a female convicted of a drug offense B. a corporate executive who has been convicted of embezzlement C. a male adult convicted of forcible rape D. an alleged drug dealer awaiting trial Ans: D Learning Objective: 12-2: Sketch the correctional system and how it operates.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Hard 2. A majority of federal inmates are in the custody of ______.

A. the Federal Bureau of Prisons B. prison hospitals C. state correctional facilities D. privately managed institutions Ans: A Learning Objective: 12-2: Sketch the correctional system and how it operates.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 3. In Brown v. Plata (2011), the Supreme Court ruled that inmate mental health care had deteriorated in the state of California because of ______.

A. a lack of trained psychologists B. an influx of violent offenders C. increased electronic monitoring D. prison overcrowding Ans: D Learning Objective: 12-2: Sketch the correctional system and how it operates.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 4. Electronic monitoring, house arrest, and day reporting are examples of ______.

A. sanctioned retention B. community corrections C. lenient sentencing

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

D. probation requirements Ans: B Learning Objective: 12-2: Sketch the correctional system and how it operates.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Which industrialized country has the highest incarceration rate?

A. Australia B. United States C. Canada D. United Kingdom Ans: B Learning Objective: 12-2: Sketch the correctional system and how it operates.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Institutional Corrections Difficulty Level: Easy 6. A court-ordered period of correctional supervision in the community is known as ______.

A. probation B. recidivism C. parole D. restitution Ans: A Learning Objective: 12-2: Sketch the correctional system and how it operates.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Institutional Corrections Difficulty Level: Easy 7. Why is it so difficult to know the true number of sexual assaults that occur in prisons each year?

A. Most corrections officers do not consider these incidents to be violent.

B. The assaults primarily occur in overcrowded federal penitentiaries.

C. Prisons and jails have no mandate to report these incidents.

D. Many assaults are not reported.

Ans: D Learning Objective: 12-1: Describe the tasks of psychologists and other mental health professionals in adult corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Environment Difficulty Level: Hard 8. One future change in institutional corrections will likely involve a(n) ______.

A. increase in the overall recidivism rate for violent offenders B. decrease in mental health needs of incarcerated individuals

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

C. positive outcomes of the war on drugs D. growth of private prisons Ans: D Learning Objective: 12-2: Sketch the correctional system and how it operates.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Institutional Corrections Difficulty Level: Medium 9. Which organization published 66 standards in 2010 to offer direction and support to practitioners working in a correctional setting?

A. National Commission on Correctional Health Care B. International Association for Correctional and Forensic Psychology C. American Psychological Association D. American Society for Forensic Psychiatrists Ans: B Learning Objective: 12-1: Describe the tasks of psychologists and other mental health professionals in adult corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Institutional Corrections Difficulty Level: Easy 10. Approximately half of individuals in jails are ______ and another half are ______.

A. innocent; serving short-term sentences B. guilty; violent C. women; juveniles D. mentally disordered; substance abusers on house arrest Ans: A Learning Objective: 12-2: Sketch the correctional system and how it operates.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Overview of Correctional Facilities Difficulty Level: Medium 11. Federal and state prisons hold only ______.

A. males who have been arrested B. persons convicted of felonies C. individuals convicted of a crime D. violent males and nonpregnant females Ans: B Learning Objective: 12-2: Sketch the correctional system and how it operates.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Overview of Correctional Facilities Difficulty Level: Easy 12. High-security prisons or units within a facility designed to hold the most violent inmates are called ______.

A. supermax prisons

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

B. specialized facilities C. boot camps D. intermediate sanctions Ans: A Learning Objective: 12-2: Sketch the correctional system and how it operates.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Overview of Correctional Facilities Difficulty Level: Easy 13. Penitentiaries, correctional institutions, prison camps, halfway houses, and detention centers comprise the ______.

A. Federal Bureau of Prisons B. maximum security spectrum C. correctional operational system D. prison community Ans: A Learning Objective: 12-2: Sketch the correctional system and how it operates.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Overview of Correctional Facilities Difficulty Level: Medium 14. Which service are psychologists most likely to perform in jail?

A. substance abuse treatment B. chronic disease prevention C. AIDS education D. crisis intervention Ans: D Learning Objective: 12-1: Describe the tasks of psychologists and other mental health professionals in adult corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Overview of Correctional Facilities Difficulty Level: Medium 15. What is the leading cause of death in jails?

A. suicide B. murder by fellow detainee C. negligent homicide committed by facility staff D. drug overdose Ans: A Learning Objective: 12-2: Sketch the correctional system and how it operates.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Overview of Correctional Facilities Difficulty Level: Easy 16. Estelle v. Gamble (1976) granted inmates the right to ______ medical treatment.

A. specialized

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

B. state-of-the-art C. life-saving D. adequate Ans: D Learning Objective: 12-3: Summarize the legal rights of inmates, including the right to treatment.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Right to Treatment Difficulty Level: Medium 17. Which standard of proof pertains to Estelle v. Gamble (1976)?)

A. deliberate indifference B. simple negligence C. beyond a reasonable doubt D. preponderance of the evidence Ans: A Learning Objective: 12-3: Summarize the legal rights of inmates, including the right to treatment.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Right to Treatment Difficulty Level: Hard 18. Inmates have all of the following constitutional rights except the right to ______.

A. refuse treatment B. receive psychoactive medication C. observe religious practices D. access to rehabilitation programs Ans: D Learning Objective: 12-3: Summarize the legal rights of inmates, including the right to treatment.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Right to Rehabilitation Difficulty Level: Medium 19. Who decides which inmates are assigned to particular rehabilitation programs such as job training and substance abuse education?

A. the inmate B. the correctional psychologist C. the victim’s family D. the corrections official Ans: D Learning Objective: 12-3: Summarize the legal rights of inmates, including the right to treatment.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Right to Rehabilitation Difficulty Level: Medium

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

20. Which type of prison transfer requires a hearing and due process protections?

A. a transfer of an inmate to a mental institution B. a transfer due to overcrowding C. a transfer of an inmate to a more restrictive setting D. a transfer in order to break up a violent prison gang Ans: A Learning Objective: 12-3: Summarize the legal rights of inmates, including the right to treatment.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Prison Transfers Difficulty Level: Medium 21. Lawyer and scholar Fred Cohen brought attention to which prison issue relevant to correctional psychologists?

A. deficient mental health records B. unannounced cell searches C. illegal body cavity searches D. solitary confinement Ans: A Learning Objective: 12-4: Review the research on the psychological effects of imprisonment.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Privacy and Confidentiality Difficulty Level: Easy 22. Which statement best summarizes the psychological research on solitary confinement?

A. Solitary confinement is a necessary punitive measure for violent inmates for short periods of time.

B. Solitary confinement is most effective when used for an offender with a mental disorder.

C. Because solitary confinement has detrimental effects on both inmates and correctional officers, it should not be used for extended periods of time.

D. Compared to the rest of the inmate population, inmates in supermax prisons are better able to tolerate conditions of solitary confinement as long as they have adequate food, water, and medical care.

Ans: C Learning Objective: 12-4: Review the research on the psychological effects of imprisonment.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Segregation Difficulty Level: Hard 23. Research suggests that the PCL-R has which shortcoming in the treatment of psychopaths?

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

A. It focuses entirely on recidivism.

B. It does not address past offending history.

C. It is designed to be scored by correctional officers.

D. It does not capture short-term reduction in psychopathic traits.

Ans: D Learning Objective: 12-5: Describe treatment approaches to dealing with specific groups of offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Criminal Psychopaths Difficulty Level: Medium 24. A treatment model in which trained counselors work with a small group of offenders, establish therapeutic relationships, and engage them in the process of changing substance abuse behavior is called ______.

A. therapeutic community B. aftercare treatment C. multi-systemic therapy D. structural interviewing Ans: A Learning Objective: 12-5: Describe treatment approaches to dealing with specific groups of offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Substance-Abusing Offenders Difficulty Level: Easy 25. Which of the following is an example of a criminogenic need?

A. depression B. low self-esteem C. anxiety D. alcohol abuse Ans: D Learning Objective: 12-5: Describe treatment approaches to dealing with specific groups of offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Principles of Risk, Needs, and Responsivity (RNR) Difficulty Level: Medium 26. What do non-criminogenic needs and criminogenic needs have in common?

A. They both strongly correlate with criminal behavior.

B. They are both dynamic factors.

C. They both serve as treatment goals.

D. They are both static factors.

Ans: B Learning Objective: 12-5: Describe treatment approaches to dealing with specific groups of offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Answer Location: Principles of Risk, Needs, and Responsivity (RNR) Difficulty Level: Hard 27. According to James Bonta, the third generation of standardized risk/needs assessment takes into consideration factors such as ______.

A. mental and medical history B. one’s attitude toward authority C. family support and individual functioning D. support and rehabilitation services Ans: B Learning Objective: 12-5: Describe treatment approaches to dealing with specific groups of offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Psychological Assessment in Corrections Difficulty Level: Medium 28. The LSI-R is scored on the basis of record reviews and ______.

A. offender interviews B. correctional staff feedback C. intelligence tests D. conviction data Ans: A Learning Objective: 12-5: Describe treatment approaches to dealing with specific groups of offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Principles of Risk, Needs, and Responsivity (RNR) Difficulty Level: Medium 29. The PCL-R, VRAG, and the HCR-20 are psychological tests typically administered at which stage of an inmate’s incarceration?

A. entry B. crisis C. atonement D. release Ans: D Learning Objective: 12-5: Describe treatment approaches to dealing with specific groups of offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Principles of Risk, Needs, and Responsivity (RNR) Difficulty Level: Medium 30. In Atkins v. Virginia (2002), the Supreme Court ruled that it was cruel and unusual punishment to execute ______.

A. individuals with schizophrenia B. offenders who are innocent

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

C. individuals with intellectual disabilities D. mothers of minor children Ans: C Learning Objective: 12-1: Describe the tasks of psychologists and other mental health professionals in adult corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Competency to Be Executed Difficulty Level: Easy 31. What is the American Psychological Association’s stance on the mental health professional’s role in evaluating an offender’s competence to be executed?

A. Psychologists should not participate in these evaluations.

B. Psychologists should never document that an offender is competent to be executed.

C. Psychologists should not videotape the evaluation of the offender.

D. Psychologists should not be sole decision makers in deciding an offender’s competence to be executed.

Ans: D Learning Objective: 12-1: Describe the tasks of psychologists and other mental health professionals in adult corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Competency to Be Executed Difficulty Level: Medium 32. Imagine you are conducting an evaluation of one’s competency to be executed.

Which component would be the most important in your evaluation?

A. review of legal, health, and prison records B. interviews with corrections officers C. psychological testing D. clinical interview of the prisoner Ans: D Learning Objective: 12-1: Describe the tasks of psychologists and other mental health professionals in adult corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Competency to Be Executed Difficulty Level: Hard 33. Dr. Fox is working with an inmate to help strengthen his coping skills after the death of his wife. Which category does the treatment goal fall under?

A. mental health stabilization B. rehabilitation C. behavior modification D. death notification Ans: A Learning Objective: 12-1: Describe the tasks of psychologists and other mental health professionals in adult corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Answer Location: Treatment and Rehabilitation in Correctional Facilities Difficulty Level: Hard 34. Psychological treatment in correctional facilities generally follows principles of ______.

A. transactional analysis B. responsibility therapy C. risk/needs/responsivity D. person-centered rehabilitation Ans: C Learning Objective: 12-1: Describe the tasks of psychologists and other mental health professionals in adult corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Treatment and Rehabilitation in Correctional Facilities Difficulty Level: Medium 35. Yvette Young is a psychologist at the Federal Correctional Institution, Schuylkill.

Sandy Slate is a social worker at the Federal Correctional Institution, Terre Haute.

Which professional is more likely to use group therapy as part of treatment and why?

A. Sandy Slate because group therapy is more effective with violent offenders B. Sandy Slate because group therapy is more likely to be used in the social work discipline C. Yvette Young because psychologists typically use all available treatment approaches D. Yvette Young because psychologists are more likely than social workers to use group therapy Ans: B Learning Objective: 12-1: Describe the tasks of psychologists and other mental health professionals in adult corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Treatment and Rehabilitation in Correctional Facilities Difficulty Level: Hard 36. The method of treatment used in a correctional facility often depends on the ______.

A. professional orientation of the clinician B. involvement of the corrections officer C. age of the inmate D. meal schedule at the prison Ans: A Learning Objective: 12-1: Describe the tasks of psychologists and other mental health professionals in adult corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Treatment and Rehabilitation in Correctional Facilities Difficulty Level: Medium

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

37. Why is it important that psychological assessment be an ongoing process?

A. because psychological and behavioral changes can occur throughout an inmate’s incarceration B. because inmates are in a constant state of crisis C. because an inmate may have several opportunities for community reentry D. because inmates typically have poor decision-making and coping skills Ans: A Learning Objective: 12-1: Describe the tasks of psychologists and other mental health professionals in adult corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Psychological Assessment in Corrections Difficulty Level: Hard 38. An initial inmate screening should occur ______.

A. as soon as possible after admission to the facility B. after the inmate adjusts to the facility routine C. as soon as the inmate feels refreshed and revitalized D. after a violent incident has occurred Ans: A Learning Objective: 12-1: Describe the tasks of psychologists and other mental health professionals in adult corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Initial Inmate Screening and Classification Difficulty Level: Medium 39. The IACFP recommends that all new inmates be screened for ______ and ______ before being placed with the general inmate population.

A. psychopathy; weapons B. treatment; community reentry C. substance abuse; prior institutionalizations D. mental illness; suicide risk Ans: D Learning Objective: 12-1: Describe the tasks of psychologists and other mental health professionals in adult corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Initial Inmate Screening and Classification Difficulty Level: Medium 40. Who typically requests a psychological assessment for release decisions?

A. the correctional officer B. the prison administrator C. the parole board D. the inmate’s family Ans: C Learning Objective: 12-1: Describe the tasks of psychologists and other mental health professionals in adult corrections.

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Principles of Risk, Needs, and Responsivity (RNR) Difficulty Level: Easy 41. Relapse prevention is best defined as ______.

A. dynamic factors that are subject to change B. a period of conditional supervised release in the community following a prison term C. the number of individuals who are incarcerated per 100,000 population D. a self-control program designed to teach individuals who are trying to change their behavior how to anticipate and cope with the problem of relapse Ans: D Learning Objective: 12-1: Describe the tasks of psychologists and other mental health professionals in adult corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Sex Offenders Difficulty Level: Medium 42. Psychological treatment in prisons often follows the principles of ______.

A. the medical model B. behavioral modification C. group treatment D. risk/need/responsivity Ans: D Learning Objective: 12-5: Describe treatment approaches to dealing with specific groups of offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Treatment and Rehabilitation in Correctional Facilities Difficulty Level: Medium 43. The number of individuals who are incarcerated per 100,000 population is known as the ______ rate.

A. recidivism B. incarceration C. rehabilitation D. penal Ans: B Learning Objective: 12-5: Describe treatment approaches to dealing with specific groups of offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Institutional Corrections Difficulty Level: Easy 44. An inmate has no constitutional right to ______.

A. Medical treatment B. Mental health care C. Rehabilitation

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

D. Visitation Ans: C Learning Objective: 12-3: Summarize the legal rights of inmates, including the right to treatment.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Legal Rights of Inmates Difficulty Level: Medium 45. An example of non-criminogenic need ______.

A. Depression B. Anxiety C. Low self esteem D. Criminal history Ans: D Learning Objective: 12-5: Describe treatment approaches to dealing with specific groups of offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Principles of Risk, Needs, and Responsivity (RNR) Difficulty Level: Easy True/False 1. More than 90% of psychologists working in the Federal Bureau of Prisons hold doctorates.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 12-1: Describe the tasks of psychologists and other mental health professionals in adult corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Rapists and child molesters are the two sex offender groups that are most amenable to treatment.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 12-5: Describe treatment approaches to dealing with specific groups of offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Sex Offenders Difficulty Level: Easy 3. As a group, psychopaths rarely volunteer for prison treatment programs.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 12-5: Describe treatment approaches to dealing with specific groups of offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Criminal Psychopaths

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Difficulty Level: Easy 4. Psychological treatment of inmates in jail settings is considerably different from treatment in prisons.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 12-5: Describe treatment approaches to dealing with specific groups of offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Treatment in Jail Settings Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Most women are in prison because of drug or property offending.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 12-5: Describe treatment approaches to dealing with specific groups of offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Women Prisoners Difficulty Level: Medium 6. There is widespread agreement among researchers and clinicians that sex offenders cannot be cured.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 12-5: Describe treatment approaches to dealing with specific groups of offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Sex Offenders Difficulty Level: Medium 7. Inmates lose their constitutional rights upon admission to a jail or prison.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 12-3: Summarize the legal rights of inmates, including the right to treatment.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Legal Rights of Inmates Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Jails are typically operated by the federal government.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 12-2: Sketch the correctional system and how it operates.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Institutional Corrections Difficulty Level: Easy 9. Probationers represent the majority of offenders under community supervision.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 12-2: Sketch the correctional system and how it operates.

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Medium 10. Canada has the highest incarceration rate of any industrialized country.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 12-2: Sketch the correctional system and how it operates.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Institutional Corrections Difficulty Level: Easy 11. The prevalence of mental disorders among inmates is lower than the rate of mental disorders in the general population.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 12-3: Summarize the legal rights of inmates, including the right to treatment.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Extent of Inmates with Mental Disorders Difficulty Level: Medium 12. Cell searches in jail and prison settings are up to the discretion of correctional officials.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 12-3: Summarize the legal rights of inmates, including the right to treatment.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Privacy and Confidentiality Difficulty Level: Medium 13. Depression is an example of a criminogenic need.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 12-1: Describe the tasks of psychologists and other mental health professionals in adult corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Principles of Risk, Needs, and Responsivity (RNR) Difficulty Level: Medium 14. The key words relative to the success of cognitive behavioral treatment are temporary cessation and motivated individual.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 12-5: Describe treatment approaches to dealing with specific groups of offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Sex Offenders Difficulty Level: Medium

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

14. Segregation of inmates is a rare occurrence in North American prisons.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 12-3: Summarize the legal rights of inmates, including the right to treatment.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Segregation Difficulty Level: Medium 15. The federal prison system is highly organized and centralized under the federal bureau of prisons (BOP).

Ans: T Learning Objective: 12-2: Sketch the correctional system and how it operates.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Overview of Correctional Facilities Difficulty Level: Medium 16. An inmate has the right to refuse both physical and psychological treatment Ans: T Learning Objective: 12-3: Summarize the legal rights of inmates, including the right to treatment.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Right to Refuse Treatment Difficulty Level: Medium Essay 1. Imagine you are conducting a competency to be executed evaluation. Refer to some techniques described in the chapter and explain the process that you would use.

Ans: Examples may mention that it is important to inform the prisoner of the purpose of the evaluation, describe its procedure, and explain who will get the results as well as the implications of the findings. Some may videotape the assessment to document that the above steps have been taken, under the assumption that a court may scrutinize the evaluation process itself. Central to the evaluation is the clinical interview. A model assessment may include clinical and forensic interview of the prisoner; psychological testing, including the MMPI-2 and the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI); interview of a corrections officer on the death row unit; cell observation; a second interview with the prisoner; telephone interviews with friends and relatives; and reviews of numerous legal, health, military, and prison records.

Learning Objective: 12-3: Summarize the legal rights of inmates, including the right to treatment.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Competency to Be Executed Difficulty Level: Hard 2. Discuss the characteristics of prison that negatively affect therapeutic success in prisons. What factors, if any, may enhance therapeutic success?

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Ans: Inmates get transferred to other prisons, correctional officers may not support the psychologist’s role, administrators may cut their budgets, there is little time to conduct research, and the limitations on confidentiality suggest to inmates that psychologists are representatives of the prison administration rather than advocates for their own interests.

Learning Objective: 12-1: Describe the tasks of psychologists and other mental health professionals in adult corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Institutional Corrections Difficulty Level: Hard

3. Define intensive supervision programs and intensive rehabilitation supervision. What does the research tell us about the effectiveness of each type of program?

Ans: Intensive supervision programs were intended for high-risk probationers and parolees who were nevertheless deemed not to require incarceration if a less costly alternative were available. Probation or parole officers supervising offenders on ISPs have smaller caseloads, provide round-the-clock team supervision, make frequent contacts, and presumably are less tolerant of any failure on the part of the offender to meet the conditions of release. Alcohol and illegal drug use are monitored closely and without notice. Despite these punitive conditions, evaluations of community ISPs have not been promising, and they have not proved cost-effective. Intensive rehabilitation supervision is a second-generation approach to community supervision. Because of their potential for frequent contact with high-risk offenders, IRS programs are likely to be able to match the risk level of offenders with their criminogenic and non-criminogenic needs.

Learning Objective: 12-5: Describe treatment approaches to dealing with specific groups of offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Community-Based Corrections Difficulty Level: Hard 4. Compare and contrast jails and prisons. How does psychological treatment differ according to the setting?

Ans: Jails are operated by local governments and primarily hold persons for short time periods. About half of the individuals held in jails are innocent; they are detainees, not convicted of the crime of which they are accused. Prisons are facilities operated by the federal government and all states for persons convicted of felonies, and typically sentenced to terms of more than 1 year. Prisons are classified by the level of security maintained over the inmates: minimum, medium, and maximum.

Learning Objective: 12-4: Review the research on the psychological effects of imprisonment.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Overview of Correctional Facilities Difficulty Level: Hard

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

5. Briefly describe typical conditions of solitary confinement. Include information about the psychological literature on solitary confinement.

Ans: Solitary confinement conditions vary widely. Prisoners almost invariably spend 23 hours in their cells, with meals delivered there, and one hour allowed for exercise in small yards. They are typically allowed a shower three times a week. Some prisons allow limited visitations, and reading materials or even television may be allowed. The vast majority of the psychological literature has condemned the use of solitary confinement for extended periods, and most particularly for prisoners with fragile mental states.

Learning Objective: 12-3: Summarize the legal rights of inmates, including the right to treatment.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Segregation Difficulty Level: Hard 6. How is recidivism measured?

Ans: Recidivism is typically measured by new arrests, new convictions, or sometimes by self-reported data.

Learning Objective: 12-2: Sketch the correctional system and how it operates.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Institutional Corrections Difficulty Level: Medium 7. Define and provide two examples of criminogenic needs and two examples of noncriminogenic needs.

Ans: Criminogenic needs are dynamic factors subject to change. An offender’s attitude toward employment and his or her degree of alcohol use are examples. Noncriminogenic needs are those that may be subject to change but have been found to have little influence on an offender’s criminal behavior. Psychological states such as depression and anxiety are examples.

Learning Objective: 12-1: Describe the tasks of psychologists and other mental health professionals in adult corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Principles of Risk, Needs, and Responsivity (RNR) Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Choose one special population discussed in the chapter and describe one approach to treatment for that population.

Ans: An example may be the therapeutic community (TC) for substance abusing offenders. In this model, trained counselors interact with a small group of offenders, establishing therapeutic relationships and engaging them in a process of taking responsibility for and changing their substance abusing behavior. Therapeutic communities are most effective when they are intensive, behavior-based, and focused on targeting an offender’s drug use.

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Learning Objective: 12-5: Describe treatment approaches to dealing with specific groups of offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Treatment of Special Populations Difficulty Level: Hard 9. Discuss the legal rights of inmates, be sure to include both those rights that are guaranteed and those that are not.

Ans: An inmate has the right to refuse both physical and psychological treatment. They have the right to visitation, medical care and mental health care, education. They do not have a right to rehabilitation.

Learning Objective: 12-3: Summarize the legal rights of inmates, including the right to treatment.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Legal Rights of Inmates Difficulty Level: Medium

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Chapter 13 Juvenile Justice and Corrections Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. How many states have laws that allow juveniles to be tried as adults?

A. two B. ten C. twenty-six D. fifty Ans: D Learning Objective: 13-1: Introduce the juvenile justice system and its history.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 2. The first juvenile court was intended to serve the needs of ______ children who needed supervision.

A. poor B. homeless C. all D. violent Ans: C Learning Objective: 13-1: Introduce the juvenile justice system and its history.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: A Brief History of the Juvenile Court Difficulty Level: Medium 3. The first juvenile courts were based on the doctrine known as ______.

A. tender years B. parens patriae C. person in need of supervision D. ex parte crouse Ans: B Learning Objective: 13-1: Introduce the juvenile justice system and its history.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: A Brief History of the Juvenile Court Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Which adjective best describes juvenile courts prior to 1960?

A. abusive B. informal C. rehabilitative

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

D. infallible Ans: B Learning Objective: 13-1: Introduce the juvenile justice system and its history.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: A Brief History of the Juvenile Court Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Which two landmark Supreme Court cases signaled the need for change in juvenile courts during the 1960s?

A. Kent v. United States and In re Gault B. Miranda v. Arizona and Gideon v. Wainwright C. United States v. Nixon and Brown v. Board of Education D. Marbury v. Madison and Mapp v. Ohio Ans: A Learning Objective: 13-2: Review landmark U.S. Supreme Court cases pertaining to the rights and protections of juveniles.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Supreme Court Decisions Difficulty Level: Medium 6. The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act (JJDPA) was passed by Congress in the year ______.

A. 1969 B. 1970 C. 1974 D. 1980 Ans: C Learning Objective: 13-2: Review landmark U.S. Supreme Court cases pertaining to the rights and protections of juveniles.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Supreme Court Decisions Difficulty Level: Medium 7. Which of the following is an example of a status offense?

A. truancy B. gambling C. simple assault D. robbery Ans: A Learning Objective: 13-2: Review landmark U.S. Supreme Court cases pertaining to the rights and protections of juveniles.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Supreme Court Decisions Difficulty Level: Medium

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

8. Which statement accurately describes juvenile detention and treatment facilities during the 20th century?

A. The rights of juveniles were not yet recognized by the courts.

B. The overall use of detention and out-of-home placement for Black versus White youth increased dramatically throughout the century.

C. Although the overall conditions in juvenile detention and treatment facilities received considerable attention, change was slow to occur.

D. The needs of girls and ethnic minorities were met through ethnocentric programming.

Ans: C Learning Objective: 13-2: Review landmark U.S. Supreme Court cases pertaining to the rights and protections of juveniles.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Supreme Court Decisions Difficulty Level: Hard 9. Sebastian is being questioned by police about a breaking and entering case. The presence of which adult(s) would most likely result in Sebastian waiving his juvenile constitutional rights?

A. his attorney B. the forensic psychologist C. his parents D. the victims Ans: C Learning Objective: 13-4: Discuss juvenile comprehension of constitutional rights.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Assessment of Competence to Waive Miranda Rights Difficulty Level: Hard 10. Which two factors are strong predictors of Miranda competence in juveniles?

A. cognitive ability and ethno-racial group B. socioeconomic status and education level C. religion and race D. age and suggestibility Ans: D Learning Objective: 13-4: Discuss juvenile comprehension of constitutional rights.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Assessment of Competence to Waive Miranda Rights Difficulty Level: Medium 11. Juvenile competency to stand trial is measured by which standard?

A. the Dusky standard B. the Miranda standard C. the Tarasoff standard D. the Belgrade standard Ans: A Learning Objective: 13-4: Discuss juvenile comprehension of constitutional rights.

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Assessment of Competence to Waive Miranda Rights Difficulty Level: Medium 12. Black youths are detained at ______ times the rate of White youths.

A. two B. four C. six D. eight Ans: C Learning Objective: 13-4: Discuss juvenile comprehension of constitutional rights.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Juvenile Detention Difficulty Level: Easy 13. It is recommended that attorneys who work with juveniles should receive training in ______ psychology.

A. experimental B. social C. developmental D. rehabilitative Ans: C Learning Objective: 13-6: Review representative approaches to the rehabilitation of juveniles.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Evaluating Adjudicative Competence Difficulty Level: Medium 14. ______ is to juveniles as ______ is to adults.

A. Disposition; sentencing B. Sentencing; disposition C. Rehabilitation; retribution D. Retribution; rehabilitation Ans: A Learning Objective: 13-6: Review representative approaches to the rehabilitation of juveniles.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Disposition Difficulty Level: Hard 15. Greg was placed in juvenile detention following an arrest for sexual assault. Which program is Greg least likely to participate in while he is being held?

A. a youth math class B. a sex education class C. a substance abuse treatment program D. a treatment program for juvenile sex offenders

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Ans: D Learning Objective: 13-6: Review representative approaches to the rehabilitation of juveniles.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Juvenile Detention Difficulty Level: Hard 16. Compared to rehabilitation, detention is ______.

A. a temporary placement B. privately funded C. reserved for younger offenders D. community-based Ans: A Learning Objective: 13-6: Review representative approaches to the rehabilitation of juveniles.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Juvenile Detention Difficulty Level: Hard 17. A group home that holds juvenile offenders is an example of which type of residential placement?

A. intermediate sanctions B. community-based C. detention program D. rehabilitation institution Ans: B Learning Objective: 13-7: Describe and assess multisystemic therapy.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Out-of-Home Placements Difficulty Level: Medium 18. Many juvenile facilities are lacking in ______.

A. staff who are adequately trained on mental health issues B. caring and dedicated professionals C. girls and minorities who display symptoms of a mental disorder D. youth who have a history of aggressive behavior Ans: A Learning Objective: 13-7: Describe and assess multisystemic therapy.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Psychological Treatment in Juvenile Facilities Difficulty Level: Medium 19. Val is a 16-year-old depressed female who has been placed in juvenile detention following her arrest for a property offense. How will Val’s depression likely manifest?

A. She will be sad and withdrawn.

B. She will be irritable and hostile.

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

C. She will manipulate her treatment team.

D. She will try to run away from the facility.

Ans: B Learning Objective: 13-7: Describe and assess multisystemic therapy.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Psychological Treatment in Juvenile Facilities Difficulty Level: Hard 20. Sam is a 16-year-old sex offender who has a history of depression and substance abuse. Research suggests that a ______ will be most effective for Sam. A. state facility with intense supervision B. state facility that focuses on low-risk offenders C. community-based program that focuses on a therapeutic intervention D. program that focuses on suicidal treatment Ans: C Learning Objective: 13-7: Describe and assess multisystemic therapy.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Psychological Treatment in Juvenile Facilities Difficulty Level: Hard 21. Teaching-family homes operate according to which psychology learning theory?

A. behavior modification B. psychoanalysis C. social learning D. humanism Ans: A Learning Objective: 13-7: Describe and assess multisystemic therapy.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Group Home Models Difficulty Level: Medium 22. One concern with group homes such as the teaching-family model is that they ______.

A. focus primarily on serious delinquents B. do not reinforce positive behaviors C. focus on substance abuse treatment D. do not address the importance of individual cultural needs Ans: D Learning Objective: 13-7: Describe and assess multisystemic therapy.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Group Home Models Difficulty Level: Medium 23. Compared to delinquent boys, delinquent girls are more likely to ______.

A. lack self-esteem and suffer from mental disorders B. participate in violent crime

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

C. be victims of gang-related crimes D. falsely confess to a crime they did not commit Ans: A Learning Objective: 13-7: Describe and assess multisystemic therapy.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Group Home Models Difficulty Level: Medium 24. Which two programs are the most similar in their approaches to the treatment of delinquents?

A. multisystemic therapy and functional family therapy B. homebuilders and teaching-family C. boot camps and diversion D. ART and risk/needs/responsivity Ans: A Learning Objective: 13-8: Review model approaches to the treatment of juvenile substance abusers, violent offenders, and sex offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Group Home Models Difficulty Level: Hard 25. What was the overall purpose of the 1974 Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act? A. to improve the care of juveniles B. to ensure the safety of the public C. to abolish status offenses D. to reduce poverty Ans: A Learning Objective: 13-2: Review landmark U.S. Supreme Court cases pertaining to the rights and protections of juveniles.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Supreme Court Decisions Difficulty Level: Medium 26. Behavioral parent training approaches such as FFT and MST are effective at reducing ______.

A. marital distress B. recidivism C. parental depression D. behavioral change Ans: B Learning Objective: 13-6: Review representative approaches to the rehabilitation of juveniles.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Functional Family Therapy Difficulty Level: Hard

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

27. Day reporting centers and intensive supervision programs are examples of ______.

A. intermediate sanctions B. private facilities C. detention institutions D. innovative amenities Ans: A Learning Objective: 13-6: Review representative approaches to the rehabilitation of juveniles.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Out-of-Home Placements Difficulty Level: Medium 28. One important feature of private facilities is that they ______.

A. are able to admit only youth they believe they can help B. admit a high proportion of minority youth C. focus on delinquents of one gender D. require a shorter length of stay than public facilities Ans: A Learning Objective: 13-6: Review representative approaches to the rehabilitation of juveniles.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Out-of-Home Placements Difficulty Level: Medium 29. Which program follows the family preservation model and is designed to work with chronic juvenile offenders in the child welfare system?

A. homebuilders model B. multidimensional treatment foster care C. multisystemic therapy D. functional family therapy Ans: B Learning Objective: 13-7: Describe and assess multisystemic therapy.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Functional Family Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium 30. All of the following are accurate about juvenile sex offenders EXCEPT ______.

A. a high percentage have been sexually abused themselves B. they are likely to reoffend if not treated C. there has been a decrease in their offending D. they are often mentally disordered Ans: D Learning Objective: 13-8: Review model approaches to the treatment of juvenile substance abusers, violent offenders, and sex offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Answer Location: Juvenile Sex Offender Treatment Programs Difficulty Level: Medium 31. When does assessment of juvenile sex offenders typically begin?

A. at the time the offense is committed B. before adjudication C. after placement in an institutional setting D. during intensive group therapy Ans: B Learning Objective: 13-8: Review model approaches to the treatment of juvenile substance abusers, violent offenders, and sex offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Juvenile Sex Offender Treatment Programs Difficulty Level: Medium 32. The most preferred method of treatment for juvenile sex offenders involves ______.

A. peer groups B. family counseling C. individual psychotherapy D. pharmacological agents Ans: A Learning Objective: 13-8: Review model approaches to the treatment of juvenile substance abusers, violent offenders, and sex offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Juvenile Sex Offender Treatment Programs Difficulty Level: Medium 33. Which two instruments have received favorable reviews for the assessment of juvenile sex offending?

A. the SAVRY and the YLS/CMI B. the MMPI and the JSOAP C. the WAIS-R and the NEO-PI D. the 16-PF and the K-ABC Ans: A Learning Objective: 13-8: Review model approaches to the treatment of juvenile substance abusers, violent offenders, and sex offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Juvenile Sex Offender Treatment Programs Difficulty Level: Medium 34. Which of the following is one reason that violent juveniles are often good candidates for cognitive behavioral intervention?

A. They have developmental delays.

B. They often have a hostile attribution bias.

C. They are predisposed to substance abuse.

D. They begin their behavior at a young age.

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Ans: B Learning Objective: 13-8: Review model approaches to the treatment of juvenile substance abusers, violent offenders, and sex offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Violence-Prevention Programs Difficulty Level: Medium 35. Juvenile delinquents who are asked to identify triggers of their aggression, offered techniques to reduce their anger, and encouraged to find peaceful solutions to a moral dilemma are likely participating in which program?

A. aggression replacement training B. moral reasoning C. Paint Creek model D. anger management Ans: A Learning Objective: 13-8: Review model approaches to the treatment of juvenile substance abusers, violent offenders, and sex offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Violence-Prevention Programs Difficulty Level: Medium 36. Juvenile detention refers to the ______ placement of a youth before or during the ______.

A. secure; trial B. rehabilitative; treatment C. permanent; crime D. temporary; adjudication process Ans: D Learning Objective: 13-6: Review representative approaches to the rehabilitation of juveniles.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Juvenile Detention Difficulty Level: Medium 37. Which high-profile case was an example of juveniles who falsely confessed to a crime?

A. the OJ Simpson case B. the Central Park jogger case C. the Claudine Longet case D. the Scott Peterson case Ans: B Learning Objective: 13-5: Review social science research on false confessions of juveniles.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: False Confessions Difficulty Level: Medium

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

38. Disproportionate minority confinement refers to the ______.

A. tendency of police to arrest minorities at sobriety check points B. societal need to increase secure facilities in order to house minorities C. change in immigration patterns of ethnic minorities D. proportion of racial and ethnic minorities who are detained or incarcerated Ans: D Learning Objective: 13-2: Review landmark U.S. Supreme Court cases pertaining to the rights and protections of juveniles.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Supreme Court Decisions Difficulty Level: Medium 39. According to research, low-level behaviors such as threatening, bullying, or vandalism are precursors to serious aggression if these behaviors are ______.

A. stifled B. extinguished C. reinforced D. pervasive Ans: C Learning Objective: 13-8: Review model approaches to the treatment of juvenile substance abusers, violent offenders, and sex offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Violence-Prevention Programs Difficulty Level: Medium 40. A primary goal of multisystemic therapy involves helping juveniles break bonds with ______ and develop bonds with ______.

A. teachers; parents B. addictive substances; healthy lifestyle C. antisocial peers; prosocial peers D. peers; family members Ans: C Learning Objective: 13-7: Describe and assess multisystemic therapy.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Multisystemic Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium 41. Research suggests that functional family therapy may be especially effective at ______.

A. improving academic performance B. reducing violent crime committed by juveniles C. educating juveniles about sexual abuse D. reducing substance abuse Ans: D

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Learning Objective: 13-6: Review representative approaches to the rehabilitation of juveniles.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Functional Family Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium 42. Research suggests that which functional family therapist will yield the most positive results for juveniles?

A. a bilingual therapist with a doctorate degree B. a well-trained therapist who is supervised by a PhD C. a therapist who is the same gender as the juvenile and vested in the company D. a therapist who is nurturing and appreciated by the juvenile Ans: B Learning Objective: 13-6: Review representative approaches to the rehabilitation of juveniles.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Functional Family Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium 43. Prior to the establishment of juvenile courts, children who broke the law in large cities were sent to institutional settings called ______.

A. aftercare programs B. boot camps C. group homes D. Houses of Refuge Ans: D Learning Objective: 13-1: Introduce the juvenile justice system and its history.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: A Brief History of the Juvenile Court Difficulty Level: Easy 44. The preferred method of treatment for sex offenders involves ______ and a(n) ______ approach.

A. medication; intensive therapy B. education; disciplinary C. peer groups; cognitive behavioral D. cooperation; curative Ans: C Learning Objective: 13-8: Review model approaches to the treatment of juvenile substance abusers, violent offenders, and sex offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Juvenile Sex Offender Treatment Programs Difficulty Level: Medium 45. All of the following are common goals in sex offender treatment programs EXCEPT ______.

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

A. promoting healthy sexual interests B. confining offenders during treatment C. enhancing awareness of the impact of the offense on the victim D. establishing plans for relapse prevention.

Ans: B Learning Objective: 13-8: Review model approaches to the treatment of juvenile substance abusers, violent offenders, and sex offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Juvenile Sex Offender Treatment Programs Difficulty Level: Medium True/False 1. Relapse prevention is essential to the treatment of juvenile sex offenders.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 13-8: Review model approaches to the treatment of juvenile substance abusers, violent offenders, and sex offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Juvenile Sex Offender Treatment Programs Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Gerald Gault was a 15-year-old whose crime was making an obscene phone call to his neighbor.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 13-2: Review landmark U.S. Supreme Court cases pertaining to the rights and protections of juveniles.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Supreme Court Decisions Difficulty Level: Easy 3. It is important that a forensic psychologist is both evaluator and treatment provider in juvenile competency situations.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 13-4: Discuss juvenile comprehension of constitutional rights.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Juvenile Assessment: An Overview Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Research shows that most juveniles cannot understand their constitutional rights.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 13-4: Discuss juvenile comprehension of constitutional rights.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Assessment of Competence to Waive Miranda Rights Difficulty Level: Medium 5. All states require an inquiry into adjudicative competency in juvenile courts.

Ans: F

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Learning Objective: 13-4: Discuss juvenile comprehension of constitutional rights.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Evaluating Adjudicative Competence Difficulty Level: Easy 6. Most judicial waivers are made at the request of defense attorneys who seek to prosecute juveniles in adult criminal courts.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 13-4: Discuss juvenile comprehension of constitutional rights.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Waiver Decisions Difficulty Level: Medium 7. When evaluating a juvenile’s amenability for rehabilitation, labeling the juvenile a psychopath would likely result in transfer to criminal court.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 13-6: Review representative approaches to the rehabilitation of juveniles.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Conducting the Evaluation Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Research suggests that it is always best for children to remain in their own homes, despite family dysfunction.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 13-6: Review representative approaches to the rehabilitation of juveniles.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Out-of-Home Placements Difficulty Level: Medium 9. Residential placement facilities may house both offenders and non-offenders.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 13-6: Review representative approaches to the rehabilitation of juveniles.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Out-of-Home Placements Difficulty Level: Medium 10. Cognitive behavioral programs are the most effective at treating juvenile offenders with substance abuse problems.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 13-6: Review representative approaches to the rehabilitation of juveniles.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Substance Abuse Models

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Difficulty Level: Medium 11. The MacArthur Juvenile Competence Study found that age and intelligence were predictors of impaired competence-relevant abilities.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 13-4: Discuss juvenile comprehension of constitutional rights.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: MacArthur Juvenile Competence Study Difficulty Level: Medium 12. The majority of the literature on juvenile sex offending focuses on adolescent White males.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 13-8: Review model approaches to the treatment of juvenile substance abusers, violent offenders, and sex offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Juvenile Sex Offender Treatment Programs Difficulty Level: Easy 13. Risk assessment of juveniles should take into consideration the enormous changes in adolescent development.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 13-4: Discuss juvenile comprehension of constitutional rights.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Risk Assessment Difficulty Level: Medium 14. Research has found that compared to juveniles, adults are more susceptible to making false confessions.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 13-5: Review social science research on false confessions of juveniles.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: False Confessions Difficulty Level: Medium Essay 1. Explain the phrase “catch it low to prevent it high.” What is the significance of this phrase to our understanding of juvenile aggression?

Ans: Examples should include that early aggressive behavior will often progress into more serious aggression if not addressed early. Early aggressive behavior such as hitting, biting, or bullying may be reinforced and eventually becomes more serious assaultive behavior.

Learning Objective: 13-6: Review representative approaches to the rehabilitation of juveniles.

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Violence-Prevention Programs Difficulty Level: Hard 2. Discuss how mental disorders affect a juvenile’s experience and treatment in mental health facilities.

Ans: Examples should include that mental disorders in youth may lead to impulsive, aggressive, and violent behaviors. For example, the irritable moodiness of depressed youth increases the likelihood that they will provoke angry responses from their social environments, including peers. These angry responses escalate to physical aggression and potential violence. This connection between anger and aggression may, in some cases, lead to self-injurious behavior like cutting or head banging. However, properly trained staff and quality mental health programs are often lacking.

Learning Objective: 13-6: Review representative approaches to the rehabilitation of juveniles.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Psychological Treatment in Juvenile Facilities Difficulty Level: Hard 3. Define a token-economy model. Which approach to rehabilitation used this model?

For which group is this model not recommended?

Ans: Token-economy model is a behavior modification approach used in the teachingfamily home. Residents receive tokens or points for good behavior and then exchange these points for privileges, such as longer recreation time or a more desirable work assignment. Bad behavior results in loss of tokens and, consequently, the removal of privileges. However, it is often challenging to transfer the token-economy to a natural setting. The concept is usually not recommended for adolescents with serious mental health problems or for those who have been charged with or found to have committed serious offenses.

Learning Objective: 13-6: Review representative approaches to the rehabilitation of juveniles.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Group Home Models Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Describe the process of juvenile sex offender assessment. Why is assessment of sex offenders controversial?

Ans: Assessments should include family, social, medical, and mental health histories; developmental history; school information; history of violent behavior; alcohol and other substance abuse history; sexual history; and mental status. Information about the youth’s intelligence, insight, and judgment is also important. Assessment is controversial because there is no definitive method of assessing a juvenile’s risk of reoffense. Instruments may not measure short-term changes in adolescent development.

Learning Objective: 13-1: Introduce the juvenile justice system and its history.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Juvenile Sex Offender Treatment Programs

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

Difficulty Level: Hard 5. Identify the provisions of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 that are relevant to juvenile corrections.

Ans: The act strongly advocated the diversion of juveniles from formal court processing whenever this could be accomplished. This prompted the establishment of numerous community programs across the country aimed at keeping juveniles out of the justice system and providing them with a second chance. The JJDPA mandated that states receiving funds for juvenile justice programs must remove all juveniles from adult jails and must also remove status offenders from secure institutions.

Learning Objective: 13-1: Introduce the juvenile justice system and its history.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: A Brief History of the Juvenile Court Difficulty Level: Hard 6. Identify the major problems facing juvenile corrections at the end of the 20th century.

Which of these problems continue today?

Ans: Juveniles have a variety of legal rights, but they need advocates to see that these rights are acknowledged, and advocacy is lacking for many. They have a right to be in a sanitary environment and to be protected from other violent juveniles and abusive staff (Beck, Cantor, Hartge, & Smith, 2013; Beck, Guerino, & Harrison, 2010). Juveniles also may not be held in excessive isolation or under unreasonable restraints, but most institutions permit the use of isolation and restraints when needed (Snyder & Sickmund, 1995). Juveniles must receive adequate medical care, mental health care, and education, and they must have access to legal counsel, family communication, recreation, exercise, and programming (del Carmen, Parker, & Reddington, 1998; Puritz & Scali, 1998). Despite these rights, reviews of conditions of confinement in detention centers, training schools, camps, ranches, farms, and other facilities for juveniles nationwide have indicated substantial and widespread problems in living space, health care, security, solitary confinement, and control of suicidal behavior (American Civil Liberties Union, 2014; Parent et al., 1994).

Learning Objective: 13-1: Introduce the juvenile justice system and its history.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: A Brief History of the Juvenile Court Difficulty Level: Hard 7. Discuss Henggeler’s model of multisystemic therapy including the treatment strategy used and the role of psychologists. What does the research suggest about the effectiveness of this model?

Ans: MST was specifically developed for application with serious juvenile offenders, including those responsible for violent crimes. MST is heavily based on the systems theory pioneered by psychologist Urie Bronfenbrenner (1979). According to this view, behavior is multi-determined and influenced heavily by interactions with one’s social environment. Children and adolescents are embedded in various social systems (their families, their peer groups, their schools, and their neighborhoods). Effective intervention requires that the child or adolescent and all of his or her social systems be

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 6e

considered. Thus, MST attempts to promote behavior change within the youth’s natural environment and uses the strengths within each of the various social systems to bring this about. Secure institutions should be avoided if at all possible because antisocial behaviors are only reinforced when serious offenders live among other serious offenders. Thus, in addition to keeping juveniles in their own homes, another goal of MST is to help juveniles break bonds with antisocial peers and develop bonds with prosocial peers. Henggeler has acknowledged that this is one of the most difficult goals to achieve. Overall, MST had favorable results on family relations (increased cohesion and adaptability), peer relations (increased emotional bonding, social maturity, and decreased aggression), and improved academic performance. More importantly, MST created both short- and long-term changes in the youths’ criminal behavior and incarceration. It is important to highlight the fact that MST programs do not generally deal with youths who have serious mental disorders, nor are the programs available for youth who are incarcerated. MST is essentially a program delivered in community settings.

Learning Objective: 13-8: Review model approaches to the treatment of juvenile substance abusers, violent offenders, and sex offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Multisystemic Therapy Difficulty Level: Hard 8. What do Morris Kent Jr. and Gerald Gault have in common?

Ans: They were both juveniles central to landmark Supreme Court cases.

Learning Objective: 13-2: Review landmark U.S. Supreme Court cases pertaining to the rights and protections of juveniles.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Supreme Court Decisions Difficulty Level: Hard

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