TEST BANK for Ancient Lives;An Introduction to Archaeology & Prehistory 7th Edition by Durrani;Fagan

TEST BANK

TEST BANK

PART I - Archaeology: Studying Ancient Times Chapter 1 Introducing Archaeology and Prehistory Chapter 2 The Record of the Past Chapter 3 Acquiring the Record Chapter 4 How Did People Live?

PART II - Ancient Interactions Chapter 5 Individuals and Interactions Chapter 6 Studying the Intangible Chapter 7 Explaining the Past

PART III - The World of the First Humans Chapter 8 Human Origins Chapter 9 African Exodus

PART IV - Modern Humans Settle the World Chapter 10 The Great Diaspora

PART V - The First Farmers and Civilizations Chapter 11 The Earliest Farmers Chapter 12 The First Civilizations Chapter 13 Early Asian Civilizations

PART VI - Ancient America Chapter 14 North America Chapter 15 Mesoamerican Civilizations Chapter 16 Andean Civilizations

PART VII - Finale Chapter 17 What remains to be done: Archaeology and You

(A)

prehistoric archaeology

(B)

paleoanthropology

(C)

classical archaeology

(D)

Egyptology

Answer:

(A) prehistoric archaeology

Feedback:

The answer is prehistoric archaeology.

5

Which subdiscipline of archaeology is the study of the remains of the great civilizations of ancient Greece and Rome?

(A)

prehistoric archaeology

(B)

paleoanthropology

(C)

classical archaeology

(D)

Egyptology

Answer:

(C) classical archaeology

Feedback:

The answer is classical archaeology

6

Which subdiscipline of archaeology would require knowledge of hieroglyphics?

(A)

prehistoric archaeology

(B)

paleoanthropology

(C)

classical archaeology

(D)

Egyptology

Answer:

(D) Egyptology

Feedback:

The answer is Egyptology.

7

Biologists Charles Darwin and Stephen Jay Gould both hypothesized that humanity originated in (A)

Africa.

(B)

the Middle East.

(C)

Australia.

(D)

North America.

Answer:

(A) Africa.

Feedback: 8

The answer is Africa.

Explain why it is important to study archaeology. How could the lessons learned from archaeology be applied to modern-day relations between different cultures?

Answer: 9

How does information from the past help us deal with modern issues such acur climate change?

Answer:

10

List the four major developments in human prehistory. Which of these developments do you believe is the most significant? Why?

Answer: 11

Discuss whether archaeologists be allowed to dig up burial sites and settlements of places the locals consider to be holy.

Answer: 12

Radiocarbon dating is a method of determining the age of an artifact based on (A)

the decay rates of radiocarbon isotopes.

(B)

the number of nuclei present in organic matter.

(C)

the radiocarbon spectrum of the geological record.

(D)

in situ clues from surrounding artifacts.

Answer:

(A) the decay rates of radiocarbon isotopes.

Feedback:

The answer is the decay rates of radiocarbon isotopes.

13

Cultural resource management (CRM) of archaeological sites and artifacts (A)

has always been mandated by law in all countries of the world.

(B)

is a way to protect the past.

(C)

is the method used by countries to prevent archaeologists from other countries from excavating.

(D)

has largely been discredited in recent years.

Answer:

(B) is a way to protect the past.

Feedback:

The answer is is a way to protect the past.

14

He was a businessperson-turned-archaeologist who discovered the remains of the city of Troy.

(A)

Archbishop James Ussher

(B)

Charles Darwin

(C)

Austen Henry Layard

(D)

Heinrich Schliemann

Answer:

(D) Heinrich Schliemann

Feedback:

The answer is Heinrich Schliemann.

15

Prehistory is the period before the (A)

advent of written records.

(B)

period of the dinosaurs.

(C)

archaeological record.

(D)

publication of On the Origin of Species.

Answer:

(A) advent of written records.

Feedback:

The answer is advent of written records.

16

British archaeologist Sir Leonard Woolley reconstructed (A)

an Ur funeral.

(B)

Noah's ark.

(C)

Abu Simbel.

(D)

Tenochtitlán.

Answer:

(A) an Ur funeral.

Feedback:

The answer is an Ur funeral.

17

Copán, Guatemala, was a major Maya center during the (A)

15th century.

(B)

16th century.

(C)

mid-first millennium A.D.

(D)

American Revolution.

Answer:

(C) mid-first millennium A.D.

Feedback:

The answer is mid-first millennium A.D.

18

At 3.3 Ma, what is the oldest-known material evidence for human behavior?

(A)

The Neanderthal burials at Shanidar

(B)

The cave art from Lascaux

(C)

The Ice Age figurine from Moravia known as the ‘Venus of Dolní Věstonice’

(D)

The stone tool assemblage from Lokemwi 3 in Kenya

Answer:

(D) The stone tool assemblage from Lokemwi 3 in Kenya

Feedback:

The answer is the stone tool assemblage from Lokemwi 3 in Kenya

19

What is Garbology?

(A)

The archaeological study of your trash

(B)

The study of lakeside cultures

(C)

Research into the archaeology of Greta Garbo

(D)

The archaeology of the unknown

Answer:

(A) The archaeological study of your trash

Feedback:

The answer is the archaeological study of your trash.

20

Before he was a treasure hunter, Giovanni Battista Belzoni was a(n) (A)

army general.

(B)

historian.

(C)

circus strongman.

(D)

priest.

Answer:

(C) circus strongman.

Feedback:

The answer is a circus strongman.

21

Archaeology has benefitted Andean farmers, how?

(A)

By rediscovering forgotten indigenous farming methods.

(B)

By introducing a hybrid crop type.

(C)

By engaging archaeologists to work the land.

(D)

By introducing non-indigenous ancient farming technologies.

Answer:

(A) By rediscovering forgotten indigenous farming methods.

Feedback:

The answer is by rediscovering forgotten indigenous farming methods.

22

Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland calculated the date of Creation at (A)

7004 B.C.

(B)

6004 B.C.

(C)

5004 B.C.

(D)

4004 B.C.

Answer:

(D) 4004 B.C.

Feedback:

The answer is 4004 B.C.

23

On the Origin of Species was written by (A)

Archbishop James Ussher.

(B)

Charles Darwin.

(C)

Jacques Boucher de Perthes.

(D)

Gregor Mendel.

Answer:

(B) Charles Darwin.

Feedback:

The answer is Charles Darwin.

24

Who excavated the ancient city mounds of Nineveh and Nimrud?

(A)

Archbishop James Ussher

(B)

Charles Darwin

(C)

Austen Henry Layard

(D)

Giovanni Battista Belzonia

Answer:

(C) Austen Henry Layard

Feedback:

The answer is Austen Henry Layard.

25

Discuss how archaeology compares to oral histories as an approach to understanding history. Should one approach be trusted more than the other? Why?

Answer:

1

Which best defines the concept of culture history?

(A)

Cultural anthropologists have built up a picture of the past through time.

(B)

The record of the human past described and classified in a context of time and space.

(C)

This process is the secondary stage to any archaeological investigation.

(D)

Culture history represents a stratigraphic survey.

Answer:

(B) The record of the human past described and classified in a context of time and space.

Feedback:

The answer is the record of human past described and classified in a context of time and space.

2

What term relates to food remains, such as animal bones, seeds, and other finds, that offer insight into human activities of the past?

(A)

artifacts

(B)

ecofacts

(C)

middens

(D)

tailings

Answer:

(B) ecofacts

Feedback:

The answer is ecofacts.

3

Context is the (A)

two-dimensional measurement of an artifact.

(B)

three-dimensional location of an artifact.

(C)

exact position of a find in time and space.

(D)

cultural model necessary for understanding the usefulness of an artifact.

Answer:

(C) exact position of a find in time and space.

Feedback:

The answer is exact position of a find in time and space.

4

What type of technology did archaeologist Payson Sheets use to locate houses buried underneath the ash at Cerén in El Salvador?

(A)

subsurface radar

(B)

dendochronology

(C)

excavation

(D)

radiocarbon dating

Answer:

(A) subsurface radar

Feedback:

The answer is subsurface radar.

5

Which fundamental principle of archaeology comes from stratigraphic geology?

(A)

association

(B)

time and space

(C)

secondary context

(D)

superposition

Answer:

(D) superposition

Feedback:

The answer is superposition.

6

When a group leaves the dead unburied until the corpse has decomposed, then buries the remaining bones in a communal burial chamber, the context is (A)

primary.

(B)

secondary.

(C)

tertiary.

(D)

quaternary.

Answer:

(B) secondary.

Feedback:

The answer is secondary.

7

Herculaneum, Pompeii, and Cerén were all preserved because of (A)

sand drift.

(B)

water.

(C)

ice.

(D)

volcanic ash.

Answer:

(D) volcanic ash.

Feedback:

The answer is volcanic ash.

8

Name the three important goals of archaeological research. Of these, which do you think is the most important?

Answer:

9

List the five general stages of archaeological research. Of these, which is an archaeologist’s primary ethical responsibility?

Answer: 10

Explain culture history. How is it important to our understanding of the past? What were its failings? What do we do now to improve on that process?

Answer: 11

Define subsistence. What types of subsistence activities might be discovered by archaeologists in dry conditions? What can subsistence activities tell us about the society?

Answer: 12

Changes caused by humans and those naturally occurring in an archaeological site are known as (A)

cultural and environmental processes.

(B)

societal and climatic processes.

(C)

transformation processes.

(D)

temporal processes.

Answer:

(C) transformation processes.

Feedback:

The answer is transformation processes.

13

All members of the family Hominidae are (A)

Homo sapiens.

(B)

Hominins.

(C)

Australopithecus.

(D)

Neanderthals.

Answer:

(B) Hominins.

Feedback:

The answer is Hominins.

14

What is the most important part of any archaeological project, large or small?

(A)

data acquisition

(B)

analysis

(C)

research design

(D)

interpretation

Answer:

(C) research design

Feedback:

The answer is research design.

15

Tollund Man was a human sacrifice of the early (A)

Protestant era.

(B)

Christian era.

(C)

Minoan era.

(D)

Jewish era.

Answer:

(B) Christian era.

Feedback:

The answer is Christian era.

16

What definitive proof did Jesse Figgins have for the habitation of North America as early as 10,000 years ago?

(A)

pottery

(B)

a projectile point

(C)

baskets

(D)

written records

Answer:

(B) a projectile point

Feedback:

The answer is a projectile point.

17

Anthropologists Thomas Blackburn and Travis Hudson were able to build a replica of a Chumash canoe thanks to a lifetime of careful data collection by (A)

John Harrington.

(B)

William Blackmore.

(C)

Henry Beasley.

(D)

Sir Edward Taylor.

Answer:

(A) John Harrington.

Feedback:

The answer is John Harrington.

18

Which is the village site by the Euphrates River known for botanical evidence that points to its agricultural origins?

(A)

Pompeii

(B)

Lake Turkana

(C)

Abu Hureyra

(D)

Isamu Pati

Answer:

(C) Abu Hureyra

Feedback:

The answer is Abu Hureyra.

19

All of the following are examples of transformation processes EXCEPT (A)

flooding

(B)

windblown sand

(C)

war

(D)

agriculture

Answer:

(D) agriculture

Feedback:

The answer is agriculture.

20

The archaeological record is (A)

perishable and vanishing daily.

(B)

sustainable.

(C)

archived in the Museum of London.

(D)

ever-changing.

Answer:

(A) perishable and vanishing daily.

Feedback:

The answer is perishable and vanishing daily.

21

Which is the Inka cemetery near Lima, Peru, famous for its mummy burials?

(A)

Ozette

(B)

Nevado Ampato

(C)

Mimbres

(D)

Puruchucho-Huaquerones

Answer:

(D) Puruchucho-Huaquerones

Feedback:

The answer is Puruchucho-Huaquerones

22

Which city in the Valley of Mexico was a trading center for the Mesoamerican world?

(A)

Lima

(B)

Cuzco

(C)

Teotihuacán

(D)

Tuzigoot

Answer:

(C) Teotihuacán

Feedback:

The answer is Teotihuacán.

23

Which of the following chronicles the correct order for the process of archaeological research?

(A)

discovery, research design, analysis, data collection, publication, interpretation

(B)

discovery, research design, data collection, publication, analysis, interpretation

(C)

research design, discovery, analysis, data collection, publication, interpretation

(D)

discovery, research design, data collection, analysis, interpretation, publication

Answer:

(D) discovery, research design, data collection, analysis, interpretation, publication

Feedback:

The answer is discovery, research design, data collection, analysis, interpretation, publication.

24

What process requires knowledge of culture history, environment, and lifeway data?

(A)

culture process

(B)

data acquisition

(C)

analysis

(D)

interpretation

Answer:

(A) culture process

Feedback:

The answer is culture process.

25

Describe the law of association in archaeology. How can this principle be used to better understand an archaeological site?

Answer:

1

Lascaux Cave is an example of an archaeological site that was (A)

an accidental discovery.

(B)

found via remote sensing.

(C)

found via ground survey.

(D)

destroyed as a result of excavation.

Answer:

(A) an accidental discovery.

Feedback:

The answer is an accidental discovery.

2

What was the primary purpose of the mapping project at Teotihuacán in Mexico?

(A)

To establish the relative chronology of the city

(B)

To create a spatial analysis of the site’s domestic quarter

(C)

To map the ceremonial architecture at the site

(D)

To create a comprehensive map of the site and its precincts

Answer:

(D) To create a comprehensive map of the site and its precincts.

Feedback:

The answer is to create a comprehensive map of the site and its precincts.

3

Probes of deep archaeological deposits are known as (A)

random excavations.

(B)

horizontal excavations.

(C)

vertical excavations.

(D)

burial sites.

Answer:

(C) vertical excavations.

Feedback:

The answer is vertical excavations.

4

The type of chronology that refers to dates in years is known as (A)

relative chronology.

(B)

chronometric dating.

(C)

relative dating.

(D)

actual chronology.

Answer:

(B) chronometric dating.

Feedback: 5

The answer is chronometric dating.

Which chronology considers the relationships between sites and cultures?

(A)

relative chronology

(B)

chronometric dating

(C)

relative dating

(D)

actual chronology

Answer:

(A) relative chronology

Feedback:

The answer is relative chronology.

6

Which of the following dating technique is used on bone, wood, and other organic materials up to 40,000 years old?

(A)

accelerator mass spectrometry

(B)

radiocarbon dating

(C)

potassium-argon dating

(D)

dendrochronology

Answer:

(B) radiocarbon dating

Feedback:

The answer is radiocarbon dating.

7

Tree-ring dating is also known as (A)

dendrochronology.

(B)

obsidian hydration.

(C)

cross-dating.

(D)

uranium series dating.

Answer:

(A) dendrochronology.

Feedback:

The answer is dendrochronology.

8

Define chronometric dating. Why is it important in archaeology?

Answer: 9

Name six common categories of archaeological sites. Which category would you most like to investigate. Why?

Answer:

10

List at least two forms of remote sensing technology. How are they used in the field of archaeology?

Answer: 11

Explain how surface surveying is done. What are the advantages and disadvantages of this method?

Answer: 12

A Mesopotamian ziggurat would be found at this kind of site.

(A)

ceremonial site

(B)

burial site

(C)

kill site

(D)

living site

Answer:

(A) ceremonial site

Feedback:

The answer is ceremonial site.

13

A type of field survey that is systematic, detailed, and covers an entire area is a(n) (A)

surface survey.

(B)

deliberate survey.

(C)

intensive survey.

(D)

limited-area survey.

Answer:

(B) deliberate survey.

Feedback:

The answer is deliberate survey.

14

All of the following are ethical responsibilities of an archaeologist undertaking excavation EXCEPT (A)

to make a complete record of the excavation.

(B)

to excavate only within the context of a specific research design.

(C)

to respect the feelings of the local people.

(D)

to pursue and punish any unethical behavior.

Answer:

(D) to pursue and punish any unethical behavior.

Feedback:

The answer is to pursue and punish any unethical behavior.

15

A drone equipped with a camera aided archaeologists in the discovery of

(A)

an Anglo-Saxon fish trap in the Stour River estuary.

(B)

the Pyramid of the Sun at Teotihuacán.

(C)

cave paintings in Lascaux, France.

(D)

royal shrines at Angkor Wat, Cambodia.

Answer:

(A) an Anglo-Saxon fish trap in the Stour River estuary.

Feedback:

The answer is an Anglo-Saxon fish trap in the Stour River estuary.

16

A cutting-edge remote sensing technology in archaeology, which uses light detection and ranging and provides precise images, is known as (A)

sonar.

(B)

accelerator mass spectrometry.

(C)

potassium-argon spectrometry.

(D)

Laser Altimetry or LIDAR.

Answer:

(D) Laser Altimetry or LIDAR.

Feedback:

The answer is Laser Altimetry or LIDAR.

17

What important find was discovered at Stonehenge, England, in 2010 using a magnetometer and geo-radar system?

(A)

a monument with stone uprights

(B)

a burial mound

(C)

evidence of extensive ancient agriculture

(D)

test pits

Answer:

(A) a monument with stone uprights

Feedback:

The answer is a monument with stone uprights.

18

Nonintrusive archaeology is archaeology (A)

without excavation.

(B)

that uses remove-sensing technology.

(C)

that is conducted with sound research design intended to solve a well-designed problem.

(D)

using sampling excavation.

Answer:

(A) without excavation.

Feedback: 19

The answer is without excavation.

Which type of archaeology allows investigators to examine ways in which people exploited their environment?

(A)

physical

(B)

settlement

(C)

excavation

(D)

chronometric

Answer:

(B) settlement

Feedback:

The answer is settlement.

20

Aerial photography, satellite imaging, and ground-penetrating radar are examples of (A)

publication.

(B)

excavation.

(C)

seriation.

(D)

remote sensing.

Answer:

(D) remote sensing.

Feedback:

The answer is remote sensing.

21

Which of these was discovered by the space shuttle Columbia under the Sahara Desert?

(A)

ancient river ruins

(B)

Atlantis

(C)

ancient trade routes

(D)

an ancient city

Answer:

(A) ancient river ruins

Feedback:

The answer is ancient river ruins.

22

Computer-aided systems for the collection, storage, retrieval, analysis, and presentation of spatial data of all kinds is known as (A)

remote sensing.

(B)

LANDSAT.

(C)

CRM.

(D)

GIS.

Answer:

(D) GIS.

Feedback:

The answer is GIS.

23

Archaeological sites discovered in the course of a construction project are examples of discovery by (A)

surface surveying.

(B)

accident.

(C)

landscape signatures.

(D)

intensive surveying.

Answer:

(B) accident.

Feedback:

The answer is accident.

24

An electronic and optical theodolite integrated with an electronic distance meter that is used to determine slope distances is called a(n) (A)

total data station.

(B)

ziggurat.

(C)

intensive survey.

(D)

limited-area survey.

Answer:

(A) total data station.

Feedback:

The answer is total data station.

25

Explain why all excavation is destruction.

Answer:

1

All of the following are archaeological “types of types” EXCEPT (A)

descriptive.

(B)

chronological.

(C)

functional.

(D)

redactive.

Answer:

(D) redactive.

Feedback:

The answer is redactive.

2

Which is a technique of incorporating water or chemicals to free seeds from the earth or the occupation residue that masks them?

(A)

flotation

(B)

extraction

(C)

levitation

(D)

centrifuge

Answer:

(A) flotation

Feedback:

The answer is flotation.

3

People survived by hunting and gathering until early agriculture began about (A)

12,000 years ago.

(B)

50,000 years ago.

(C)

22,000 years ago.

(D)

100,000 years ago.

Answer:

(A) 12,000 years ago.

Feedback:

The answer is 12,000 years ago.

4

Bone identification is known as (A)

zooarchaeology.

(B)

paleontology.

(C)

faunal analysis.

(D)

calcium analysis.

Answer:

(C) faunal analysis.

Feedback:

The answer is faunal analysis.

5

The most accurate way of establishing animal age at death can be performed by studying (A)

teeth.

(B)

pelvic bones.

(C)

leg bones.

(D)

skulls.

Answer:

(A) teeth.

Feedback:

The answer is teeth.

6

The study of ancient plants using fossilized pollen is (A)

paleoethnobotany.

(B)

palynology.

(C)

paleoethnobiology.

(D)

microbotany.

Answer:

(B) palynology.

Feedback:

The answer is palynology.

7

Which type of artifact is based on cultural use?

(A)

functional

(B)

artistic

(C)

chronological

(D)

decorative

Answer:

(A) functional

Feedback:

The answer is functional.

8

Name and describe the three major methods used in pot making. Of these, which is most conducive to mass production?

Answer: 9

Discuss the attributes metal-workers before the eighteenth century A.D. looked for in the metals they used. Explain why recycling was so important to the early tool makers.

Answer: 10

List the major analytical approaches in ceramic analysis. Which of these approaches lends itself to broader-based research into the behavior of pot makers and the role of their ceramics in society?

Answer: 11

Discuss in what ways the work of a paleontologist studying ancient mammals is “easier” than the work of a zooarchaeologist studying bones found at dig sites.

Answer: 12

Cold-hammered copper artifacts were relatively common in the Near East by (A)

6000 B.C.

(B)

5000 B.C.

(C)

4000 B.C.

(D)

3000 B.C.

Answer:

(A) 6000 B.C.

Feedback:

The answer is 6000 B.C.

13

The ends of limb bones, commonly used to determine the age of an animal at death, are called (A)

marrow.

(B)

epiphyses.

(C)

cartilage.

(D)

shaft.

Answer:

(B) epiphyses.

Feedback:

The answer is epiphyses.

14

Which of the following requires a specialized grounding in zoology?

(A)

zooarchaeology

(B)

paleoarchaeology

(C)

paleobotany

(D)

paleopathology

Answer:

(A) zooarchaeology

Feedback:

The answer is zooarchaeology.

15

Stone Age people used which of the following to fashion tools?

(A)

obsidian and flint.

(B)

lava and obsidian.

(C)

flint and seashells.

(D)

flint and lava.

Answer:

(A) obsidian and flint.

Feedback:

The answer is obsidian and flint.

16

Archeulian stone-flaking technology (A)

is named after the town of St. Acheul in France.

(B)

dates to A.D. 10,000.

(C)

originated in ancient Egypt.

(D)

is not investigated by modern archaeologists.

Answer:

(A) is named after the town of St. Acheul in France.

Feedback:

The answer is named after the town of St. Acheul in France.

17

A conchoidal fracture is a break (A)

that is facilitated by the natural tendency of igneous rocks to flake.

(B)

between the hip bone and the thigh bone in large prehistoric cattle.

(C)

in metal that has been forged but not cooled properly.

(D)

in pottery that has been fired but not cooled properly.

Answer:

(A) that is facilitated by the natural tendency of igneous rocks to flake.

Feedback:

The answer is facilitated by the natural tendency of igneous rocks to flake.

18

The study of stone tool technology is known as (A)

lithic analysis.

(B)

debitage analysis.

(C)

petrology.

(D)

reductive analysis.

Answer:

(A) lithic analysis.

Feedback:

The answer is lithic analysis.

19

The earliest standardized bone tools date from approximately how many years ago?

(A)

10000

(B)

100000

(C)

1000000

(D)

500000

Answer:

(B) 100000

Feedback:

The answer is 100,000.

20

Retrofitting in archaeology is the process of reconstructing (A)

ancient stone technologies.

(B)

bone and antler technologies.

(C)

ceramics technologies.

(D)

iron-forging technologies.

Answer:

(A) ancient stone technologies.

Feedback:

The answer is ancient stone technologies.

21

Which is the Stone Age archaeological site about 400,000 years old that was the discovery site of the earliest known wooden spears?

(A)

Paracas, Peru

(B)

Kansanshi, Zambia

(C)

Schöningen, Germany

(D)

Paris, France

Answer:

(C) Schöningen, Germany

Feedback:

The answer is Schöningen, Germany.

22

Which type of artifact is defined by decoration or form and also serves as a time marker?

(A)

functional

(B)

artistic

(C)

chronological

(D)

decorative

Answer:

(C) chronological

Feedback:

The answer is chronological.

23

Pottery is a relatively recent innovation, dating to 18,000 years ago in (A)

Cambodia.

(B)

southern China.

(C)

Japan.

(D)

southeast Asia.

Answer:

(B) southern China.

Feedback:

The answer is southern China.

24

To avoid cracks in finished ceramics, potters add to the clay a (A)

temper.

(B)

metal alloy.

(C)

slip.

(D)

glaze.

Answer:

(A) temper.

Feedback:

The answer is temper.

25

Define shell middens. Explain what they can tell us about the society and about the environment in which they are found.

Answer:

1

Archaeologists were able to glean all of the following information about Ötzi the Ice Man EXCEPT his (A)

health.

(B)

nutritional history.

(C)

occupation.

(D)

way of dressing.

Answer:

(C) occupation.

Feedback:

The answer is occupation.

2

Archaeologists Higham and Thoserat believe the burial patterns at Khok Phanom Di reveal that status in that society came from (A)

inherited wealth.

(B)

perceived religious standing.

(C)

personal achievement.

(D)

royal blood.

Answer:

(C) personal achievement.

Feedback:

The answer is personal achievement.

3

Burial patterns in Moundville, Alabama, indicate (A)

the richest individuals were buried closest to the mounds.

(B)

a vertical relationship among individuals.

(C)

personal achievement was valued above wealth.

(D)

women were valued for their pottery skills.

Answer:

(A) the richest individuals were buried closest to the mounds.

Feedback:

The answer is the richest individuals were buried closest to the mounds.

4

The use of religious beliefs by rulers to reinforce their own power and to ensure conformity by their subjects is termed (A)

ideologies of domination.

(B)

social stratification.

(C)

social domination.

(D)

ideologies of hierarchy.

Answer:

(A) ideologies of domination.

Feedback:

The answer is ideologies of domination.

5

Eighteenth-century Garrison Plantation in Maryland is famous for its (A)

obsidian deposits.

(B)

artifacts of African inspiration.

(C)

burial mounds.

(D)

oral traditions.

Answer:

(B) artifacts of African inspiration.

Feedback:

The answer is artifacts of African inspiration.

6

Obsidian sourcing from Medicine Lake Highlands in northern California reveals (A)

declining usage farther from the source.

(B)

widespread distribution.

(C)

only local distribution.

(D)

no obvious pattern.

Answer:

(A) declining usage farther from the source.

Feedback:

The answer is declining usage farther from the source.

7

Egyptologist Herbert Winlock’s find in a sepulcher close to the tomb of Pharaoh Mentuhotep is famous for its inclusion of (A)

soldiers killed in battle dressed in linen shrouds.

(B)

skilled women potters accorded burial prestige because of their accomplishments.

(C)

bones that reveal women's repetitive-movement injuries from grinding corn.

(D)

a highly ornamental jade mosaic death mask.

Answer:

(A) soldiers killed in battle dressed in linen shrouds.

Feedback:

The answer is soldiers killed in battle dressed in linen shrouds.

8

Explain how the artifacts recovered from the excavation of the Uluburun shipwreck in Turkey help us better understand trade patterns that were prevalent more than 3,000 years ago.

Answer: 9

How does the Viking Birka Warrior burial illustrate modern western gender biases?

Answer: 10

Name an example of recent archaeological evidence of ethnic resistance. Discuss how this new-found knowledge has the potential to rewrite history.

Answer: 11

Explain how knowing that women at Abu Hureyra, Syria, had arthritic toes helps us understand gender roles at this site.

Answer: 12

One of the most valuable insights into the elaborate trade network that linked the eastern Mediterranean with Egypt was discovered (A)

in a shipwreck at Uluburun, Turkey.

(B)

at an obsidian mine in Çatalhöyuk in Anatolia.

(C)

in the Mississippian site at Moundville, Alabama.

(D)

in the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh Rameses II.

Answer:

(A) in a shipwreck at Uluburun, Turkey.

Feedback:

The answer is in a shipwreck at Uluburun, Turkey.

13

The technology used to distinguish Greek silver coins made of mainland ore from those manufactured of metal from Siphnos is (A)

radiocarbon dating.

(B)

isotopic chemistry.

(C)

remote sensing.

(D)

palynology.

Answer:

(B) isotopic chemistry.

Feedback:

The answer is isotopic chemistry.

14

Most early Egyptian and Mesopotamian trade took place (A)

on rivers.

(B)

at the Delhi bazaar.

(C)

among high-ranking individuals.

(D)

as gift exchanges.

Answer:

(A) on rivers.

Feedback:

The answer is on rivers.

15

Radiocarbon tests reveal Ötzi the Ice Man lived between (A)

3350 and 3150 B.C.

(B)

300 and 315 B.C.

(C)

A.D. 300 and 315

(D)

2300 and 3500 B.C.

Answer:

(A) 3350 and 3150 B.C.

Feedback:

The answer is 3350 and 3150 B.C.

16

The social distinctions between individuals, communities, and other units of society in ancient civilizations often detected in burial ornamentation are collectively termed (A)

social security.

(B)

social ranking.

(C)

social reciprocity.

(D)

social inequality.

Answer:

(B) social ranking.

Feedback:

The answer is social ranking.

17

The term in archaeology commonly used to describe the differences in social classes is (A)

social stratification.

(B)

social ranking.

(C)

social reciprocity.

(D)

social inequality.

Answer:

(A) social stratification.

Feedback:

The answer is social stratification.

18

The Babylonian King Hammurabi is best known for developing the first written (A)

alphabet.

(B)

law code.

(C)

creation myth.

(D)

moral code.

Answer:

(B) law code.

Feedback:

The answer is law code.

19

Who was buried in an underground sepulcher beneath a pyramid at the Temple of the Inscriptions?

(A)

Maya Lord Pacal

(B)

Babylonian King Hammurabi

(C)

Ötzi the Ice Man

(D)

the women of Khok Phanom Di, Thailand

Answer:

(A) Maya Lord Pacal

Feedback:

The answer is Maya Lord Pacal.

20

All of the following are variables that archaeologists can determine when studying how people are buried EXCEPT (A)

age.

(B)

sex.

(C)

circumstances of death.

(D)

The people’s oral traditions.

Answer:

(D) The people’s oral traditions.

Feedback:

The answer is the people’s oral traditions.

21

In Aztec civilization, women produced cloth, which served as a primary way of organizing the ebb and flow of goods and services, revealing its importance (A)

to social status.

(B)

to the Aztec economy.

(C)

as currency.

(D)

as an everyday activity.

Answer:

(B) to the Aztec economy.

Feedback:

The answer is to the Aztec economy.

22

The study of the ways in which people have exercised economic and social power over others is called (A)

archaeology of inequality.

(B)

social ranking.

(C)

ideology of domination.

(D)

resistance study.

Answer:

(A) archaeology of inequality.

Feedback:

The answer is archaeology of inequality.

23

Both exchange and trade require (A)

markets and gift exchange.

(B)

internal exchange and reciprocity.

(C)

commodities to be exchanged and people to do the exchanging.

(D)

market and redistribution systems.

Answer:

(C) commodities to be exchanged and people to do the exchanging.

Feedback:

The answer is commodities to be exchanged and people to do the exchanging.

24

A kula ring is a(n) (A)

highly prized finger ornament from the southwestern Pacific.

(B)

exchange system involving shell necklaces.

(C)

complicated system of markets and trade sites.

(D)

artifact found at the Abu Hureyra, Syria, site.

Answer:

(B) exchange system involving shell necklaces.

Feedback:

The answer is exchange system involving shell necklaces.

25

Glass was never manufactured in sub-Saharan Africa, yet glass beads have been found in archaeological sites in the area that date to the first millennium A.D. Discuss why this finding is significant.

Answer:

1

Many humans conceive(d) of themselves as spiritually part of a multi-layered what?

(A)

Sacred Place.

(B)

Cosmos.

(C)

Level axis.

(D)

Zone.

Answer:

(B) Cosmos.

Feedback:

The answer is Cosmos.

2

The study of ancient astronomical observances using archaeological methods is called (A)

astrology.

(B)

ritual astroarchaeology.

(C)

astroarchaeology.

(D)

ethnoarchaeology.

Answer:

(C) astroarchaeology.

Feedback:

The answer is astroarchaeology.

3

The Pueblo towers at Hovenweep, Colorado, served as (A)

observatories.

(B)

sacrifice sites.

(C)

marketplaces.

(D)

shelters for shamans.

Answer:

(A) observatories.

Feedback:

The answer is observatories.

4

Stonehenge reflects the distinctive idea of time that revolved around (A)

the agricultural seasons.

(B)

the movement of the sun, moon, and stars.

(C)

solar and lunar eclipses.

(D)

the cycle of birth and death in a lifetime.

Answer:

(B) the movement of the sun, moon, and stars.

Feedback: 5

The answer is the movement of the sun, moon, and stars.

The Chaco Phenomenon dates to (A)

2050 B.C.

(B)

A.D. 1550

(C)

A.D. 1050

(D)

1050 B.C.

Answer:

(C) A.D. 1050

Feedback:

The answer is A.D. 1050.

6

More than 60 road segments have been discovered in Chaco Canyon, many of which lead to (A)

burial mounds.

(B)

Pueblo Alto.

(C)

nowhere.

(D)

Chetro Ketl.

Answer:

(C) nowhere.

Feedback:

The answer is nowhere.

7

In interpreting Ice Age rock art, ethnographic analogies have been drawn with which of the following groups?

(A)

The !Kung San of southern Africa.

(B)

The Sabaeans of pre-Islamic Yemen.

(C)

the Moche of the north coast of Peru.

(D)

The Indus Valley people of Pakistan.

Answer:

(A) The !Kung San of southern Africa.

Feedback:

The answer is the !Kung San of southern Africa.

8

Name the five most common elements in early human cosmology. What commonalities, if any, do early religions share with modern religions?

Answer: 9

Discuss the actions of Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés in the Aztec capital Tenochtitlán. What do you think about what he did? Would you feel differently if Cortés had taken similar actions in a modern-day sacred site?

Answer: 10

Discuss the evidence that exists to indicate ancient peoples worshipped an Earth Mother.

What evidence exists to indicate otherwise? Which evidence do you believe is most compelling, and why?

Answer: 11

Explain why deciphering Maya glyphs was an important scientific accomplishment. Why was a team needed to undertake this work?

Answer: 12

Astroarchaeologist Anthony Aveni believes that the ceremonial site at Cahokia, Illinois, was used by ancient rulers to (A)

schedule yearly rituals that mark the cycles of the agricultural year.

(B)

determine the positions of the moon and stars.

(C)

undertake ritualistic self-mutilation and blood-letting.

(D)

invest shamans and other spiritual leaders with authority.

Answer:

(A) schedule yearly rituals that mark the cycles of the agricultural year.

Feedback:

the answer is schedule yearly rituals that mark the cycles of the agricultural year.

13

In Christianity, the rose is a symbol of (A)

the soul.

(B)

the Virgin Mary.

(C)

eternity.

(D)

the Sun.

Answer:

(B) the Virgin Mary.

Feedback:

The answer is the Virgin Mary.

14

Archaeologists believe today that much of Maya art was created primarily to (A)

legitimize rulers.

(B)

record history.

(C)

decorate sacred sites.

(D)

demonstrate artistic skill.

Answer:

(A) legitimize rulers.

Feedback:

The answer is legitimize rulers.

15

When examining burials, ancient funerary rites are usually reflected by (A)

The primordial waters.

(B)

The position of the body in the grave.

(C)

The date of the burial.

(D)

The ancestors.

Answer:

(B) The position of the body in the grave.

Feedback:

The answer is the position of the body in the grave.

16

Ancient religions believed that individuals with supernatural powers, often known as shamans, had the ability to (A)

pass between the material and spiritual realms.

(B)

see into the future.

(C)

predict solar eclipses.

(D)

united warring civilizations.

Answer:

(A) pass between the material and spiritual realms.

Feedback:

The answer is pass between the material and spiritual realms.

17

A unique written record of the first kings of northern China were discovered in the form of (A)

cave paintings.

(B)

elaborately decorated pottery.

(C)

oracle bones.

(D)

hieroglyphics.

Answer:

(C) oracle bones.

Feedback:

The answer is oracle bones.

18

An emerging methodology for studying human consciousness that blends cultural systems theory, analogy, and environmental reconstruction, among other practices, is known as (A)

archaeology of mind.

(B)

ethnoarchaeology.

(C)

ethnohistory.

(D)

astroarchaeology.

Answer:

(A) archaeology of mind.

Feedback:

The answer is archaeology of mind.

19

David Lewis-Williams argued that the rock paintings of South Africa (A)

link society with the supernatural.

(B)

depict elaborate blood-letting ceremonies.

(C)

glorify scenes of everyday life.

(D)

are examples of art for art's sake.

Answer:

(A) link society with the supernatural.

Feedback:

The answer is link society with the supernatural.

20

Egyptian pharaohs were believed to be the living embodiment of the Sun God Ra, and the pharaohs were assumed to (A)

regulate the movements of the moon.

(B)

join him in the skies at their death.

(C)

communicate with him through the pyramids.

(D)

hold power over the seasons.

Answer:

(B) join him in the skies at their death.

Feedback:

The answer is join him in the skies at their death.

21

The Anglo-Saxon ruler Raedwald was buried in Sutton Hoo in a (A)

pyramid.

(B)

castle.

(C)

ship.

(D)

tree.

Answer:

(C) ship.

Feedback:

The answer is ship.

22

Archaeologist Kathleen Kenyon found a collection of plaster replicas of human heads at Jericho in the 1950s that are believed to be

(A)

death masks.

(B)

portraits of ancestors.

(C)

religious masks.

(D)

portraits of ancient deities.

Answer:

(B) portraits of ancestors.

Feedback:

The answer is portraits of ancestors.

23

Which of the following practiced ritualized bloodletting and self-mutilation?

(A)

Aztecs

(B)

Minoans

(C)

Greeks

(D)

Moche

Answer:

(A) Aztecs

Feedback:

The answer is Aztecs.

24

The study of history using oral and other traditional sources is called (A)

petrology.

(B)

astroarchaeology.

(C)

ethnoarchaeology.

(D)

ethnohistory.

Answer:

(D) ethnohistory.

Feedback:

The answer is ethnohistory.

25

Discuss what is and is not known about Stonehenge. Why do you think it is one of the most commonly misunderstood archaeological sites?

Answer:

1

The primary objects of interest to a culture historian are (A)

artifacts and structures.

(B)

artifacts and art.

(C)

burial sites and art.

(D)

burial sites and architecture.

Answer:

(A) artifacts and structures.

Feedback:

The answer is artifacts and structures.

2

The school of archaeological thought focusing on the roles of people and their involvement in cultural change and other nonenvironmental aspects of culture change is known as (A)

Post-processual archaeology.

(B)

cultural natural selection.

(C)

multilinear cultural evolution.

(D)

cognitive archaeology.

Answer:

(A) Post-processual archaeology.

Feedback:

The answer is post-processual archaeology.

3

Flannery and Marcus applied which approach to discover an ideological shift that rationalized social inequality throughout Zapotec domains?

(A)

palynology

(B)

cultural ecology

(C)

cognitive-processual archaeology

(D)

Post-processual archaeology

Answer:

(C) cognitive-processual archaeology

Feedback:

The answer is cognitive-processual archaeology.

4

Guilá Naquitz Cave in Mexico’s Valley of Oaxaca, which was sporadically occupied by hunter-gathers over the span of a few thousand years, is important because of a study on (A)

pottery.

(B)

bean and squash cultivation.

(C)

bone divination.

(D)

early goat herding.

Answer:

(B) bean and squash cultivation.

Feedback:

The answer is bean and squash cultivation.

5

The Shoshone people of the Great Basin in the western United States are famous for their (A)

mobility.

(B)

pottery.

(C)

bean and squash cultivation.

(D)

bone divination.

Answer:

(A) mobility.

Feedback:

The answer is mobility.

6

Researchers have re-created an Iron Age settlement in Butser, England, as a way to experiment with prehistoric (A)

farming methods.

(B)

tool technology.

(C)

ranching methods.

(D)

weapons technology.

Answer:

(A) farming methods.

Feedback:

The answer is farming methods.

7

Lewis Binford's study of caribou hunting among the Nunamiut people of Alaska is an example of (A)

ethnoarchaeology.

(B)

ethnographic analogy.

(C)

functionalism.

(D)

palynology.

Answer:

(A) ethnoarchaeology.

Feedback:

The answer is ethnoarchaeology.

8

Explain how Swedish botanist Lennart von Post used fossilized pollen to change the way archaeology is done.

Answer:

9

Name and describe the four broad steps for constructing culture history. Discuss how these steps build on one another to produce a synthesis of the past.

Answer: 10

Discuss the discoveries at Waka, Guatemala. What is known about the two remains found?

How does this information expand our understanding of Maya culture? What else do researchers hope to discover at the site?

Answer: 11

Define the following terms: component, phase, region, culture area, horizon, and tradition.

How are they related?

Answer: 12

Archaeologists describe cultural evolution along diverse tracks ‒ which is often conceptualized as a bush ‒ as (A)

cultural natural selection.

(B)

Post-processual archaeology.

(C)

multilinear cultural evolution.

(D)

cognitive archaeology.

Answer:

(C) multilinear cultural evolution.

Feedback:

The answer is multilinear cultural evolution.

13

Processual archaeology involves all of the following elements EXCEPT (A)

general systems theory.

(B)

cultural ecology.

(C)

multilinear cultural evolution.

(D)

cognitive archaeology.

Answer:

(D) cognitive archaeology.

Feedback:

The answer is cognitive archaeology.

14

Developing and testing hypotheses, performing cumulative research, and engaging in replicable experimentation is termed (A)

the scientific method.

(B)

inductive reasoning.

(C)

deductive reasoning.

(D)

experimental archaeology.

Answer:

(A) the scientific method.

Feedback:

The answer is the scientific method.

15

Culture history is based on the fundamental principles of (A)

horizons and inevitable variation.

(B)

descriptive research methods and a normative view of culture.

(C)

identification of a research area and site survey.

(D)

artifact analysis and synthesis.

Answer:

(B) descriptive research methods and a normative view of culture.

Feedback:

The answer is descriptive research methods and a normative view of culture.

16

Archaeological geographic areas of research in which general cultural homogeneity is evidenced are called (A)

culture areas.

(B)

regions.

(C)

components.

(D)

horizons.

Answer:

(A) culture areas.

Feedback:

The answer is cultural areas.

17

Which of the following can be explained in similar terms as natural selection in biological evolution?

(A)

cultural selection

(B)

survival of the fittest

(C)

diffusion

(D)

social adaptation

Answer:

(A) cultural selection

Feedback:

The answer is cultural selection.

18

The process by which new ideas or cultural traits spread from person to person, group to group, or over long distances, is called

(A)

cultural selection.

(B)

invention.

(C)

diffusion.

(D)

social adaption.

Answer:

(C) diffusion.

Feedback:

The answer is diffusion.

19

Thor Heyerdahl's research that included sailing a balsa raft from Peru to Polynesia offers evidence to indicate (A)

that Peruvians colonized Polynesia in prehistoric times.

(B)

nothing; few people accept Heyerdahl's conclusions.

(C)

a causal link between migration and the phases of the archaeological record that indicate a change in culture.

(D)

an ocean journey across the eastern Pacific was not possible using an ancient Andean raft.

Answer:

(B) nothing; few people accept Heyerdahl's conclusions.

Feedback:

The answer is nothing; few people accept Heyerdahl's conclusions.

20

Carefully excavated sites to document the process of colonization indicate that the voyagers who colonized Tahiti and Hawaii did so as (A)

deliberate exploration.

(B)

a prelude to aggression.

(C)

a way to integrate themselves into a new culture.

(D)

to escape from religious persecution.

Answer:

(A) deliberate exploration.

Feedback:

The answer is deliberate exploration.

21

A process of reasoning in which some shared similarities are used to assume other shared similarities is termed (A)

tradition.

(B)

analogy.

(C)

cultural selection.

(D)

ethnoarchaeology.

Answer:

(B) analogy.

Feedback:

The answer is analogy.

22

The school of thought in archaeology that argues that cultures are integrated in various ways that influence each other in reasonably predictable ways is called (A)

functionalism.

(B)

analogy.

(C)

inductive reasoning.

(D)

deductive reasoning.

Answer:

(A) functionalism.

Feedback:

The answer is functionalism.

23

A researcher living in Tanzania in order to study the people who still live by hunting and gathering there is performing (A)

experimental archaeology.

(B)

a descriptive method.

(C)

ethnoarchaeology.

(D)

processual archaeology.

Answer:

(C) ethnoarchaeology.

Feedback:

The answer is ethnoarchaeology.

24

Instead of thinking of change in the past as a simple, linear process, modern archaeologists view change in terms of (A)

increasing complexity.

(B)

cultural selection.

(C)

general systems theory.

(D)

cultural ecology.

Answer:

(A) increasing complexity.

Feedback:

The answer is increasing complexity.

25

Define general systems theory. Why is this construct appealing to archaeologists? Discuss an example of how the systems perspective provides a conceptual framework for looking at ancient sites and settlements.

Answer:

1

What does the term hominin describe?

(A)

All species on the human evolutionary tree.

(B)

Bipedal creatures that pre-date the genus Homo.

(C)

An ancient primate order.

(D)

Species of the Paleocene Epoch.

Answer:

(A) All species on the human evolutionary tree.

Feedback:

The answer is All species on the human evolutionary tree.

2

The current view of human evolution can be described as (A)

punctuated equilibrium.

(B)

gradual and progressive adaptation.

(C)

rapid and continual evolution.

(D)

long periods of relative instability.

Answer:

(A) punctuated equilibrium.

Feedback:

The answer is punctuated equilibrium.

3

Although there are problems with such categorizations, all of the following have been used in recent years to assign a fossil to the genus Homo EXCEPT (A)

an absolute brain size of 600 cubic centimeters or more.

(B)

possession of some language.

(C)

opposable thumbs.

(D)

the ability to manufacture iron tools.

Answer:

(D) the ability to manufacture iron tools.

Feedback:

The answer is the ability to manufacture iron tools.

4

Cladistic analysis tends to emphasize (A)

diversity over homogeneity.

(B)

homogeneity over diversity.

(C)

morphological similarities.

(D)

monophyletic ancestry.

Answer:

(A) diversity over homogeneity.

Feedback:

The answer is diversity over homogeneity.

5

Hominin evolution can be described as a series of adaptive radiations that took place over at least (A)

60,000 years.

(B)

600,000 years.

(C)

6 million years.

(D)

60 million years.

Answer:

(C) 6 million years.

Feedback:

The answer is 6 million years.

6

Louis and Mary Leakey are most closely associated with (A)

the Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania.

(B)

the Awash Desert, Ethiopia.

(C)

Koobi Fora, Kenya.

(D)

Koto Toro, Chad.

Answer:

(A) the Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania.

Feedback:

The answer is the Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania.

7

Stone tool expert Nicholas Toth has studied replicas of Oldowan artifacts and has detected wear from all of the following activities EXCEPT (A)

butchering meat.

(B)

sawing wood.

(C)

cutting soft plants.

(D)

mining for obsidian.

Answer:

(D) mining for obsidian.

Feedback:

The answer is mining for obsidian.

8

Describe the Pleistocene environment and its environmental changes.

Answer:

9

Explain how potassium-argon dating is performed. Why is this process valuable when studying human evolution?

Answer: 10

Compare and contrast Homo habilis and Australopithecus afarensis.

Answer: 11

Define bipedalism. When did it develop in our early human ancestors? Why was it important in the evolution of humans?

Answer: 12

A team of researchers working in the Awash Desert in Ethiopia discovered teeth and skull fragments from a new hominin form dating to about 2.5 million years ago, which they named (A)

Australopithecus garhi.

(B)

Australopithecus boisei.

(C)

Australopithecus robustus.

(D)

Australopithecus africanus.

Answer:

(A) Australopithecus garhi.

Feedback:

The answer is Australopithecus garhi.

13

What dramatic confirmation of hominin bipedalism, at 3.6 million years ago, was found in 1976 at Laetoli in Tanzania?

(A)

evidence of elephant hunting by early hominins.

(B)

a complete Australopithecus skeleton.

(C)

two almost-intact Australopithecus feet.

(D)

footprints of two adult hominins and a child.

Answer:

(D) footprints of two hominins.

Feedback:

The answer is footprints of two hominins.

14

The famous Australopithecine Lucy belongs to the species (A)

Australopithecus anamensis.

(B)

Sahelanthropus tchadensis.

(C)

Australopithecus afarensis.

(D)

Australopithecus robustus.

Answer:

(C) Australopithecus afarensis.

Feedback:

The answer is Australopithecus afarensis.

15

The Pleistocene epoch (A)

was a period of extremely hot temperatures.

(B)

was a continuous ice age.

(C)

is sometimes called the Age of Mammals.

(D)

is sometimes called the Age of Humanity.

Answer:

(D) is sometimes called the Age of Humanity.

Feedback:

The answer is sometimes called the Age of Humanity.

16

The Leakeys revolutionized the study of human evolution with their find in Olduvai Gorge in 1959 of a hominin skull they named (A)

Homo sapiens.

(B)

Homo erectus.

(C)

Zinjanthropus boisei.

(D)

Australopithecus.

Answer:

(C) Zinjanthropus boisei.

Feedback:

The answer is Zinjanthropus boisei.

17

Hominins adopted bipedalism (A)

around 6 million years ago.

(B)

at least 40,000 years ago.

(C)

before they progressed to knuckle walking.

(D)

as part of the adaptation toward eating more plants.

Answer:

(A) around 6 million years ago.

Feedback:

The answer is around 6 million years ago.

18

All of the following are major adaptive problems early hominins faced EXCEPT (A)

they were large mammals.

(B)

they were terrestrial.

(C)

they lived in an open savanna environment.

(D)

they were hunter-gatherers.

Answer:

(D) they were hunter-gatherers.

Feedback:

The answer is they were hunter-gatherers.

19

Humans and most other tree-loving placental mammals are part of the order (A)

Great apes.

(B)

Primates.

(C)

Prosimians.

(D)

Pongids.

Answer:

(B) Primates.

Feedback:

The answer is Primates.

20

Of the two suborders of primates, apes, humans, and monkeys are (A)

anthropoids.

(B)

primates.

(C)

prosimians.

(D)

pongids.

Answer:

(A) anthropoids.

Feedback:

The answer is anthropoids.

21

The suborder of primates that includes lemurs and tarsiers is (A)

anthropoids.

(B)

Old World monkeys.

(C)

prosimians.

(D)

pongids.

Answer:

(C) prosimians.

Feedback:

The answer is prosimians.

22

Although we don’t know exactly when humankind separated from the nonhuman primates, we do know this divergence took place in

(A)

Asia.

(B)

Australia.

(C)

Europe.

(D)

Africa.

Answer:

(D) Africa.

Feedback:

The answer is Africa.

23

To when do Kenya’s Lokemwi 3 tools date?

(A)

3.3 Ma

(B)

300,000 Ya

(C)

2.6 Ma

(D)

1 Ma

Answer:

(A) 3.3 Ma

Feedback:

The answer is 3.3 Ma.

24

The earliest known hominin, found in Chad, Central Africa, has been named (A)

Ardipithecus ramidus.

(B)

Sahelanthropus tchadensis.

(C)

Australopithecus africanus.

(D)

Australopithecus robustus.

Answer:

(B) Sahelanthropus tchadensis.

Feedback:

The answer is Sahelanthropus tchandensis.

25

Discuss the “grandmother hypothesis”.

Answer:

1

Eugene Dubois’ named his Trinil, Java, find, which means “ape-human which stood upright,” (A)

Homo sapiens.

(B)

Homo habilis.

(C)

Pithecanthropus erectus.

(D)

Australopithecus africanus.

Answer:

(C) Pithecanthropus erectus.

Feedback:

The answer is Pithecanthropus erectus.

2

The out-of-Africa (or Noah’s ark) model hypothesis of modern human original holds that (A)

Homo erectus populations evolved independently.

(B)

Homo sapiens evolved in one place and then spread to all parts of the Old World.

(C)

the population moved from a single point of origin.

(D)

human populations took wildly different evolutionary paths toward anatomically modern people.

Answer:

(B) Homo sapiens evolved in one place and then spread to all parts of the Old World.

Feedback:

The answer is Homo sapiens evolved in one place and then spread to all parts of the Old World.

3

Although there is continued debate about our origins, there is wide agreement that Homo sapiens emerged by 300,000 years ago in (A)

Africa.

(B)

Java.

(C)

Siberia.

(D)

South America.

Answer:

(A) Africa.

Feedback:

The answer is Africa.

4

Research indicates that all modern humans outside sub-Saharan carry 1.5-2.1 percent of inherited DNA from which hominin?

(A)

Homo neanderthalensis

(B)

Australopithecus africanus

(C)

Homo floresiensis

(D)

Ardipithecus ramidus

Answer:

(A) Homo neanderthalensis.

Feedback:

The answer is Homo neanderthalensis.

5

What is the ‘molecular clock’?

(A)

Miniscule clock used to time hours spent in the lab

(B)

Instrument for measuring the nuclear membrane of a cell

(C)

A dating method to time events using DNA mutations

(D)

Shorthand for the human evolutionary tree

Answer:

(C) A dating method to time events using DNA mutations.

Feedback:

The answer is a dating method to time events using DNA mutations.

6

Homo sapiens spread from tropical Africa into Europe and Asia (A)

to escape religious persecution.

(B)

to escape advancing glaciation.

(C)

before 45,000 years ago.

(D)

after 25,000 years ago

Answer:

(C) before 45,000 years ago

Feedback:

The answer is before 45,000 years ago.

7

The oldest-known hominins in Europe were found where and dated to when?

(A)

Atapuerca, Spain; c. 1.2 Ma.

.

(B)

Boxgrove, UK; c. 500,000 Ya.

.

(C)

Dmanisi, Georgia; c. 1.8 Ma.

.

(D)

Heidelberg, Germany; c. 1.9 Ma

Answer:

(C) Dmanisi, Georgia; c. 1.8 Ma.

Feedback:

The answer is Dmanisi, Georgia; c. 1.8 Ma.

8

Discuss the major argument for considering Homo ergaster a separate form. What reasons do critics who resist this argument proffer? Do you think these are reasonable criticisms?

Answer: 9

Compare and contrast Homo Neanderthalensis with earlier forms of Homo.

Answer: 10

Outline the initial radiations of early humans throughout the Old World. Discuss reasons why some of our ancestors might have left Africa.

Answer: 11

Discuss the findings at the archaeological site of Boxgrove, UK. What does this information tell us about Homo heidelbergensis?

Answer: 12

The multiregional (or candelabra) model hypothesis of modern human origin held that (A)

Homo erectus populations evolved independently.

(B)

Homo sapiens evolved in one place and then spread to all parts of the Old World.

(C)

the population moved from a single point of origin.

(D)

human populations took wildly different evolutionary paths toward anatomically modern people.

Answer:

(A) Homo erectus populations evolved independently.

Feedback:

The answer is Homo erectus populations evolved independently.

13

What distinguishing feature might modern humans have had in contrast to archaic humans?

(A)

Highly volatile emotions

(B)

Stone tool technology

(C)

A political conscience.

(D)

Complex speech and language.

Answer:

(D) Complex speech and language.

Feedback:

The answer is complex speech and language.

14

We find some of the first signs of religious ideology with (A)

Neanderthals.

(B)

Australopithecines.

(C)

primates.

(D)

hominids.

Answer:

(A) Neanderthals.

Feedback: 15

The answer is Neanderthals.

The Matuyama-Brunhes boundary marks (A)

the moment of the reversal of the Earth's magnetic field.

(B)

the beginning of the time of constant temperatures and glaciations.

(C)

the predominance of Homo sapiens over Homo erectus.

(D)

the beginning of the Upper Pleistocene.

Answer:

(A) the moment of the reversal of the Earth's magnetic field.

Feedback:

The answer is the movement of the reversal of the Earth's magnetic field.

16

During glacial maxima, how much of the Earth’s surface was covered in ice sheets?

(A)

one-third

(B)

one-fourth

(C)

one-sixth

(D)

one-eighth

Answer:

(A) one-third

Feedback:

The answer is one-third.

17

How many glacial episodes has the Earth experienced?

(A)

5

(B)

1

(C)

9

(D)

12

Answer:

(C) 9

Feedback:

The answer is 9.

18

Which of the following was the first to use fire, fashion more elaborate tools, and leave Africa?

(A)

Homo neanderthalensis

(B)

Homo sapiens

(C)

Australopithecus afarensis

(D)

Homo erectus

Answer:

(D) Homo erectus

Feedback:

The answer is Homo erectus.

19

Which of the following is characteristic of Homo erectus?

(A)

brain capacity above 500 cubic centimeters

(B)

more rounded skull with conspicuous brow ridges

(C)

hips and limbs full adapted to upright posture

(D)

all of these

Answer:

(D) all of these

Feedback:

The answer is all of these.

20

What was the size of the typical brain range of the Neanderthals?

(A)

2,800-2,850 cubic cm

(B)

50-55 cubic cm

(C)

1,200-1,750 cubic cm

(D)

775-1,150 cubic cm

Answer:

(C) 1,200-1,750 cubic cm

Feedback:

The answer is 1,200-1,750 cubic cm

21

Which of the following is an anatomical difference when comparing features of Neanderthals with modern humans?

(A)

robust postcranial skeleton

(B)

bun-shaped skull

(C)

retreating forehead

(D)

all of these

Answer:

(D) all of these

Feedback:

The answer is all of these.

22

Mitochondrial DNA is in inherited (A)

through the female line.

(B)

through the male line.

(C)

as a dominant trait.

(D)

as a recessive trait.

Answer:

(A) through the female line.

Feedback:

The answer is through the female line.

23

Based on DNA sequencing information, current estimations suggest Homo sapiens probably shared a common ancestor with the Neanderthals (A)

between 55,000 and 69,000 years ago.

(B)

between 750,000 and 400,000 years ago.

(C)

at some indeterminate date during the Ice Age.

(D)

some 150,000 years ago.

Answer:

(B) between 750,000 and 400,000 years ago..

Feedback:

The answer is between 750,000 and 400,000 years ago..

24

A spear made from a point, shaft, and binding is an example of (A)

a composite tool.

(B)

a French dentriculated flake.

(C)

a Stillbay-type tool.

(D)

a Mousterian tool.

Answer:

(A) a composite tool.

Feedback:

The answer is a composite tool.

25

Explain how DNA is used to understand human ancestry. What does this information tell us about the relationship between Neanderthal and ourselves?

Answer:

1

During the late Ice Age, the Sahara was (A)

a vast grassland.

(B)

wetter than present conditions.

(C)

dry, if not drier than modern times.

(D)

75% covered with glaciers.

Answer:

(C) dry, if not drier than modern times.

Feedback:

The answer is dry, if not drier than modern times.

2

What was found at the Grotte de Chauvet?

(A)

A series of painted and engraved chambers.

(B)

The Venus of Dolni Vestonice.

(C)

Decorated Ice Age flutes.

(D)

Platform beds and graves.

Answer:

(A) A series of painted and engraved chambers.

Feedback:

The answer is a series of painted and engraved chambers.

3

The first signs of modern human settlement appeared along the banks of the Huang Ho River in the grasslands of Mongolia just before (A)

35,000 years ago.

(B)

10,000 years ago.

(C)

5,000 years ago.

(D)

70,000 years ago.

Answer:

(A) 35,000 years ago.

Feedback:

The answer is 35,000 years ago.

4

During the last glaciation, what geographical feature joined extreme northwestern Siberia and Alaska?

(A)

the Bering land bridge.

(B)

the Yukon.

(C)

the Verkhene-Trotiskaya site.

(D)

none of these

Answer:

(A) the Bering land bridge.

Feedback:

The answer is the Bering land bridge.

5

The site in Oregon’s Cascade Range where a scatter of human faeces was found dates to 12,300 years ago is called (A)

the Paisley Five-Mile Point.

(B)

the Debra L. Friedkin site.

(C)

Valsequillo.

(D)

Fort Rock Cave.

Answer:

(A) the Paisley Five-Mile Point.

Feedback:

The answer is the Paisley Five-Mile Point.

6

Although we cannot yet rule out that earlier settlement may be found someday, consistent distributions of human settlement in the New World currently date to (A)

35,000 years ago.

(B)

15,000 years ago.

(C)

50,000 years ago.

(D)

6,000 years ago.

Answer:

(B) 15,000 years ago.

Feedback:

The answer is 15,000 years ago.

7

All of the following is true of the Clovis people EXCEPT (A)

they were purely big-game hunters.

(B)

they preyed on bison.

(C)

their tool kit was highly portable.

(D)

they used atlatls to kill their quarry.

Answer:

(A) they were purely big-game hunters.

Feedback:

The answer is they were purely big-game hunters.

8

Discuss evidence that indicates when Homo sapiens appeared in Southeast Asia. Why is this timing significant?

Answer:

9

Describe the four interrelated foundations of Cro-Magnon technology.

Answer: 10

Discuss the limitations of archaeology in northern China, northeastern Siberia, and Alaska.

What modern technologies can you think of that may open up this territory to research in the future?

Answer: 11

Explain how “stone artifacts” can be potentially misleading. How it is possible to prove that such objects were made by prehistoric people and are not products of natural processes?

Answer: 12

Henri Breuil classified the late Ice Age cultures of southwestern France into several basic cultural traditions, which culminated in which culture that dates to about 18,000 to 12,000 years ago?

(A)

burin makers.

(B)

Magdalenian.

(C)

Cro-Magnon.

(D)

Wallacian.

Answer:

(B) Magdalenian.

Feedback:

The answer is Magdalenian.

13

Cro-Magnon chisel-like stone tools made on a blade used for grooving stone, antler, bone, and wood are called (A)

burins.

(B)

blade cores.

(C)

scrapers.

(D)

groove-and-splinter tools.

Answer:

(A) burins.

Feedback:

The answer is burins.

14

The large landmass made up of the present day islands of Sulawesi and Timor in Southeast Asia was known as (A)

Wallacea.

(B)

Pangea.

(C)

Sunda.

(D)

Sahul.

Answer:

(A) Wallacea.

Feedback:

The answer is Wallacea.

15

The Ice Age landmass made up of New Guinea, Australia, and the now flooded shelf between them was known as (A)

Sunda.

(B)

Sahul.

(C)

Wallacea.

(D)

Pangea.

Answer:

(B) Sahul.

Feedback:

The answer is Sahul.

16

Homo sapiens had appeared in Southeast Asia by at least (A)

20,000 years ago.

(B)

25,000 years ago.

(C)

50,000 years ago.

(D)

900,000 years ago.

Answer:

(C) 50,000 years ago.

Feedback:

The answer is 50,000 years ago.

17

The primary method used to date the archaeological record from between about 40,000 years ago and the past 2,000 years is known as (A)

dendrochronology.

(B)

potassium-argon dating.

(C)

radiocarbon dating.

(D)

historical documentation.

Answer:

(C) radiocarbon dating.

Feedback:

The answer is radiocarbon dating.

18

Human occupation in what is now Australia is well documented by what age?

(A)

35,000 years ago

(B)

75,000 years ago.

(C)

90,000 years ago.

(D)

1.8 million years ago.

Answer:

(A) 35,000 years ago.

Feedback:

The answer is 35,000 years ago.

19

The Warratyi Rock Shelter of Australia contains evidence for human occupation that may be as early as (A)

49,000 years ago.

(B)

10,000 to 15,000 years ago.

(C)

100,000 years ago.

(D)

2,000 years ago.

Answer:

(A) 49,000 years ago.

Feedback:

The answer is 49,000 years ago.

20

The first Homo sapiens to settle permanently in Europe are sometimes known as (A)

Homo ergaster.

(B)

Homo neanderthalensis.

(C)

Cro-Magnons.

(D)

Magdalenians

Answer:

(C) Cro-Magnons.

Feedback:

The answer is Cro-Magnons.

21

The Neanderthals vanished by (A)

30,000 years ago.

(B)

20,000 years ago

(C)

10,000 years ago.

(D)

5,000 years ago.

Answer:

(A) 30,000 years ago.

Feedback:

The answer is 30.000 years ago.

22

All of the following were preferred by Cro-Magnons for blade cores EXCEPT (A)

chert

(B)

antlers

(C)

flint

(D)

obsidian

Answer:

(B) antlers

Feedback:

The answer is antlers.

23

The Cro-Magnons’ primary stone tool-making objective was to produce (A)

fire.

(B)

blades.

(C)

axes.

(D)

clothing.

Answer:

(B) blades.

Feedback:

The answer is blades.

24

Name three sites famous for Cro-Magnon art and discuss the characteristics each site is known for. Given the differences and the similarities among the sites, why is it difficult for us to interpret this art?

Answer:

1

Agriculture is a phenomenon of (A)

the last 100,000 years.

(B)

the last 12,000 years.

(C)

99 percent of human existence.

(D)

the last millennia.

Answer:

(B) the last 12,000 years.

Feedback:

The answer is the last 12,000 years.

2

What yielded compelling evidence for ancestor worship at Jericho?

(A)

Its towers and rock-cut ditches

(B)

Human skulls with plastered faces

(C)

A stash of trumpets used to blow down its walls

(D)

Ritual offerings to the farmers at Abu Hureyra

Answer:

(B) Human skulls with plastered faces

Feedback:

The answer is human skulls with plastered faces

3

In 10,000 B.C. nearly everyone in the world lived by hunting and gathering. By when had most societies adopted agriculture?

(A)

A.D. 1

(B)

7000 B.C.

(C)

5000 B.C.

(D)

none of these is correct

Answer:

(A) A.D. 1

Feedback:

The answer is A.D. 1.

4

In the 1930s, which archaeologist coined the term ‘Neolithic revolution’?

(A)

Vere Gordon Childe.

(B)

Mortimer Wheeler.

(C)

Arthur Evans.

(D)

Howard Carter.

Answer:

(A) Vere Gordon Childe

Feedback:

The answer is Vere Gordon Childe.

5

Which ‘temple’ site with monumental architecture in today’s Turkey seems to straddle the changeover from hunting and gathering to food production?

(A)

Göbekli Tepe

(B)

Çatalhöyük

(C)

Easton Down

(D)

Mehrgarh

Answer:

(A) Göbekli Tepe

Feedback:

The answer is

6

Göbekli Tepe

One of the earliest plants to be domesticated in the northern parts of Southeast Asia and southern China was (A)

wheat.

(B)

rice.

(C)

corn.

(D)

barley.

Answer:

(B) rice.

Feedback:

The answer is rice.

7

The best-known early European farming culture, which is named after its distinctive linedecorated pottery, is the (A)

Bandkeramik complex.

(B)

Cayönü.

(C)

Samian Ware.

(D)

Cro-Magnon type.

Answer:

(A) Bandkeramik complex.

Feedback:

The answer is Bandkeramik complex.

8

Briefly explain how agriculture spread around the world. Describe the major consequences of this development immediately after.

Answer: 9

Explain why Melanesia and Polynesia in the Pacific were relatively late to be settled. What technological advances were necessary before these areas could be settled? How did this late arrival likely affect eventual agriculture?

Answer: 10

Discuss how agriculture was “invented.” Was this a major insight or just the application of knowledge long known? Explain your response.

Answer: 11

Discuss evidence to suggest that Vere Gordon Childe’s idea of an agricultural revolution is too simplistic.

Answer: 12

Which technology of the last 50 years revolutionized the chronology and study of early food production?

(A)

accelerator mass spectrometry

(B)

flotation

(C)

dendrochronology

(D)

palynology

Answer:

(A) accelerator mass spectrometry

Feedback:

The answer is accelerator mass spectrometry.

13

What is swidden agriculture?

(A)

A shifting slash-and-burn pattern of farming

(B)

Farming with the use of an ox-drawn plough

(C)

Agriculture dependent on canals and raised fields

(D)

The use of grinding stones to process grains

Answer:

(A) A shifting slash-and-burn pattern of farming

Feedback:

The answer is a shifting slash-and-burn pattern of farming.

14

Canoes voyaged from island to island bringing plants and domesticated animals of their homelands with them, reaching Hawaii around (A)

A.D. 1280

(B)

2000 B.C.

(C)

A.D. 1035

(D)

A.D. 1219

Answer:

(D) A.D. 1219

Feedback:

The answer is A.D. 1219.

15

Some 15,000 years ago, the great ice sheets began to retreat, ushering in postglacial times that are often called the (A)

Holocene.

(B)

late-Pleistocene.

(C)

Miocene.

(D)

Oligocene.

Answer:

(A) Holocene.

Feedback:

The answer is Holocene.

16

How many years did it take after the retreat of the Scandinavian ice sheet before forests covered much of Europe?

(A)

1000

(B)

3000

(C)

5000

(D)

7000

Answer:

(D) 7000

Feedback:

The answer is 7,000.

17

All of the following were general conditions necessary for a complex forager society to develop EXCEPT (A)

population movements limited by either geography or the presence of other people.

(B)

abundant resources that were predictable in their seasonal appearance.

(C)

population growth that resulted in an imbalance between people and their food supplies.

(D)

the reduction of local animal species because of climatic changes or overhunting.

Answer:

(D) the reduction of local animal species because of climatic changes or overhunting.

Feedback:

The answer is the reduction of local animal species because of climatic changes or overhunting.

18

Agriculture was not “invented” by a single society; its importance lies in the fact that agriculture was (A)

the catalyst for cultural developments in later millennia.

(B)

the reason why populations shifted from place to place over time.

(C)

the cause of a sudden and sustained spike in population in the Holocene.

(D)

none of these is correct

Answer:

(A) the catalyst for cultural developments in later millennia.

Feedback:

The answer is the catalyst for cultural developments in later millennia.

19

The rise of agriculture led to which of the following?

(A)

a more settled way of life

(B)

long-occupied villages

(C)

more substantial housing

(D)

all of these are correct

Answer:

(D) all of these are correct

Feedback:

The answer is all of these are correct.

20

Agriculture in which farmers clear land by burning off native vegetation, plant crops, and then move on to new plots when the land loses its fertility after several years is called (A)

crop rotation.

(B)

swidden agriculture.

(C)

organic farming.

(D)

subsistence farming.

Answer:

(B) swidden agriculture.

Feedback:

The answer is swidden agriculture.

21

The Diaotonghuan and Xianrendong caves in the lower Yangtse valley in China document rice cultivation by about (A)

1000 B.C.

(B)

2000 B.C.

(C)

4000 B.C.

(D)

6000 B.C.

Answer:

(D) 6000 B.C.

Feedback:

The answer is 6000 B.C.

22

For its water supply, the Nile depends on floods from rainfall gathered far upstream, in: (A)

Ethiopia

(B)

Botswana

(C)

Mali

(D)

Jordan

Answer:

(A) Ethiopia.

Feedback:

The answer is Ethiopia.

23

Which of these was a widespread farming culture in the Huang Ho valley of northern China after 5000 B.C.?

(A)

Yangshao

(B)

Bashidang

(C)

Pengtoushan

(D)

Diaotonghuan

Answer:

(A) Yangshao

Feedback:

The answer is Yangshao.

24

According to one authority, what percentage of African soil is moderately fertile enough to support gardens?

(A)

0.05

(B)

0.1

(C)

0.4

(D)

0.9

Answer:

(C) 0.4

Feedback:

The answer is 40%.

25

Discuss how the technological developments that resulted from increased agriculture likely led to warfare. Name three other important cultural developments that resulted from agriculture that were less destructive.

Answer:

1

Who coined the phrase “urban revolution”?

(A)

Mary Leakey

(B)

Vere Gordon Childe

(C)

Edward Taylor

(D)

Brian Fagan

Answer:

(B) Vere Gordon Childe

Feedback:

The answer is Vere Gordon Childe.

2

The early Mesopotamian city of Uruk included satellite villages, each with its own (A)

monarch.

(B)

encampment.

(C)

irrigation system.

(D)

religion.

Answer:

(C) irrigation system.

Feedback:

The answer is irrigation system.

3

The earliest literature in the world comes from (A)

Egypt.

(B)

China.

(C)

Greece.

(D)

Mesopotamia.

Answer:

(D) Mesopotamia.

Feedback:

The answer is Mesopotamia.

4

A new era in human experience that included economic, political, and social mechanisms that affected the lives of people in cities located hundreds of kilometers apart begins with the emergence of the Sumerian civilization about (A)

6500 B.C.

(B)

3100 B.C.

(C)

2500 B.C.

(D)

2000 B.C.

Answer:

(B) 3100 B.C.

Feedback:

The answer is 3100 B.C.

5

Each early state in the Mesopotamian delta raised an army to defend its (A)

water rights.

(B)

trade routes.

(C)

city walls.

(D)

all of these are correct.

Answer:

(D) all of these are correct.

Feedback:

The answer is all of these are correct.

6

The death of Rameses III marks the beginning of the (A)

Middle Kingdom.

(B)

New Kingdom.

(C)

Late period.

(D)

Archaic period.

Answer:

(C) Late period.

Feedback:

The answer is Late period.

7

In his capacity as French consul in Mosul in northern Iraq, Paul-Émile Botta discovered (A)

Nineveh.

(B)

King Sargon's palace.

(C)

Khufu's funerary boat.

(D)

the temple at Eridu.

Answer:

(B) King Sargon's palace.

Feedback:

The answer is King Sargon's palace.

8

Define the elements of a state-organized society.

Answer: 9

Explain the reasons why civilizations collapse. Can we avoid these problems? Are we avoiding them?

Answer: 10

Discuss how Sumerian civilization came into being. Mention at least two Sumerian leaders in your discussion.

Answer: 11

Outline the periods of ancient Egyptian civilization. Mention noteworthy accomplishments of each major period.

Answer: 12

Most archaeologists agree that urban life and preindustrial civilization came into existence (A)

gradually.

(B)

during a period of social and economic stability.

(C)

as a direct result of the introduction of irrigation technology.

(D)

all of these are correct.

Answer:

(A) gradually.

Feedback:

The answer is gradually.

13

Maya religious ceremonies justified (A)

social inequality.

(B)

human failure.

(C)

parental love.

(D)

building of megaliths.

Answer:

(A) social inequality.

Feedback:

The answer is social inequality.

14

Which of the following undermined the absolute power of the Old Kingdom’s rulers in Ancient Egypt?

(A)

an earthquake.

(B)

a flood.

(C)

a prolonged drought.

(D)

long-term war with neighbors.

Answer:

(C) a prolonged drought.

Feedback: 15

The answer is a prolonged drought.

Archaeologists often refer to urbanized, state-level civilization as ‘preindustrial civilizations’, because they relied on (A)

manual labor rather than fossil fuels.

(B)

fossil fuels rather than manual labor.

(C)

accumulation of capital rather than social status through tribute.

(D)

social status through tribute rather than accumulation of capital.

Answer:

(A) manual labor rather than fossil fuels.

Feedback:

The answer is manual labor rather than fossil fuels.

16

All of the following are attributes that define a preindustrial city EXCEPT (A)

a lower limit of 5,000 people.

(B)

economic and organizational complexity.

(C)

marketplaces and monumental architecture.

(D)

a central authority whose power depends on kinship bonds.

Answer:

(D) a central authority whose power depends on kinship bonds.

Feedback:

The answer is a central authority whose power depends on kinship bonds.

17

Modern scholars recognize as having great importance in the development of all the world’s preindustrial civilizations: large food supplies, diversified farming economies, and (A)

a well-defined religious tradition.

(B)

a form of written communication.

(C)

irrigation agriculture.

(D)

widespread public art and architecture.

Answer:

(C) irrigation agriculture.

Feedback:

The answer is irrigation agriculture.

18

Social power means ideological power, and comes from (A)

the creation or modification of symbols of cultural and political commonality.

(B)

the ability to access supernatural beings.

(C)

the tasks of food storage and distribution.

(D)

the hierarchical organization of decision making.

Answer:

(A) the creation or modification of symbols of cultural and political commonality.

Feedback:

The answer is the creation or modification of symbols of cultural and political commonality.

19

Which of the following is believed to be the world’s first city, flourishing from 4500 B.C. for more than 2000 years?

(A)

Palenque, Mexico

(B)

Uruk, Iraq

(C)

Girsu, Mesopotamia

(D)

Nekhen, Egypt

Answer:

(B) Uruk, Iraq

Feedback:

The answer is Uruk, Iraq.

20

Clay ‘tokens’ were in use as counters in the Middle East as early as (A)

3000 B.C.

(B)

2000 B.C.

(C)

8000 B.C.

(D)

6000 B.C.

Answer:

(C) 8000 B.C.

Feedback:

The answer is 8000 B.C.

21

Which preindustrial civilization endured for more than 3,000 years?

(A)

Ancient Egypt.

(B)

Indus Valley Civilization.

(C)

Pre-Aksumite Culture.

(D)

Sabaean Kingdom.

Answer:

(A) Ancient Egypt.

Feedback:

The answer is Ancient Egypt.

22

For thousands of years, Egyptians were concerned with the potential of a world torn between chaos and order. They believed that disorder, or disequilibrium, could be contained by

(A)

a prosperous state and plentiful financial reserves.

(B)

the rule of kings and the benign force of the power of the Sun.

(C)

elaborate public ceremonies conducted in lavish public buildings.

(D)

a combination of deft political alliance and continual warfare with neighboring states.

Answer:

(B) the rule of kings and the benign force of the power of the Sun.

Feedback:

The answer is the rule of kings and the benign force of the power of the Sun.

23

The pharaoh Khufu built the Great Pyramids during the (A)

Old Kingdom.

(B)

Middle Kingdom.

(C)

New Kingdom.

(D)

Ptolemaic period.

Answer:

(A) Old Kingdom.

Feedback:

The answer is Old Kingdom.

24

Eight-year-old Tutankhamun succeeded to the throne during the (A)

Old Kingdom.

(B)

Middle Kingdom.

(C)

New Kingdom.

(D)

Ptolemaic period.

Answer:

(C) New Kingdom.

Feedback:

The answer is New Kingdom.

25

Discuss the symbolic importance of the Sphinx at Giza. By whom was it built, and why?

Answer:

1

Which was the largest-known city of the Indus Valley Civilization?

(A)

Harappa

(B)

Mohenjodaro

(C)

Kiligangan

(D)

Dhoraji

Answer:

(B) Mohenjodaro

Feedback:

The answer is Mohenjodaro.

2

All of the following is true of the city of Erlitou, the Chinese city occupied between 1900 and 1500 B.C., EXCEPT (A)

it was the center of a strongly centralized kingdom.

(B)

there was a huge gap between rich and poor.

(C)

its inhabitants farmed and produced specialized crafts.

(D)

it boasted a rich store of timber and kaolin clay.

Answer:

(D) it boasted a rich store of timber and kaolin clay.

Feedback:

The answer is it boasted a rich store of timber and kaolin clay.

3

Every early Chinese ruler stayed in power because of (A)

a strong army.

(B)

great wealth.

(C)

royal kinship ties.

(D)

elaborate religious rituals.

Answer:

(A) a strong army.

Feedback:

The answer is a strong army.

4

Indus Valley Civilization people stamped what onto their seals?

(A)

Pictographic symbols.

(B)

Maya glyphs.

(C)

Cuneiform.

(D)

Egyptian hieroglyphs

Answer:

(A) Pictographic symbols.

Feedback:

The answer is between pictographic symbols.

5

Most Cambodian Funanese lived in (A)

fertile floodplains where spring runoff deposited rich silts as natural fertilizer.

(B)

large lake cities fortified with earthworks and protected by moats swarming with crocodiles.

(C)

cities with rectangular foundations of stamped earth up to 36 meters long and 19.5 meters wide.

(D)

cities dominated by a high citadel in the west and protected by fortifications and floodworks.

Answer:

(B) large lake cities fortified with earthworks and protected by moats swarming with crocodiles.

Feedback:

The answer is large lake cities fortified with earthworks and protected by moats swarming with crocodiles.

6

The Khmer’s form of kingship produced (A)

an austere civilization much like that of the Indus.

(B)

a deeply religious civilization that valued the spiritual above all else.

(C)

a society that exalted wealth, luxury, and divine monarchy.

(D)

a civilization that despised artisans and artists.

Answer:

(C) a society that exalted wealth, luxury, and divine monarchy.

Feedback:

The answer is a society that exalted wealth, luxury, and divine monarchy.

7

Zhenla rulers used what to justify their kingship?

(A)

royal lineage

(B)

devotion to Shiva

(C)

mandala

(D)

military might

Answer:

(B) devotion to Shiva

Feedback:

The answer is devotion to Shiva.

8

Discuss the factors that may have led to the collapse of the Indus Valley Civilization.

Answer:

9

Compare and contrast Indus Valley Civilization with Mesopotamia. In what way was the geographical distribution of these civilizations important?

Answer: 10

Discuss the findings at the burial mound of Emperor Shihuangdi. Why has the tomb been left intact? Do you agree with this decision—and why or why not?

Answer: 11

Discuss how the civilization of the lowland Indus valley developed as a result of a shift in the Sumerian long-distance trade patterns. What does this say about how interconnected early civilizations were by this time?

Answer: 12

We know so little about Indus Valley Civilization leaders because (A)

their palaces have been destroyed.

(B)

their script has not been deciphered.

(C)

Attention has focussed on other issues.

(D)

none of these.

Answer:

(B) their script has not been deciphered.

Feedback:

The answer is their script has not been deciphered.

13

Angkor Thom was built by the ruler (A)

Jayavarman II.

(B)

Shiva.

(C)

Suryavarman II.

(D)

Jayavarman VII.

Answer:

(D) Jayavarman VII.

Feedback:

The answer is Jayavarman VII.

14

Which structure from early Asian civilization is the largest religious building in the world?

(A)

Angkor Wat

(B)

Angkor Thom

(C)

Ta Prohm

(D)

the citadel at Mohenjodaro

Answer:

(A) Angkor Wat

Feedback:

The answer is Angkor Wat.

15

Many of the Indus Valley Civilization seals depict cattle, which may be a symbol of (A)

Shiva.

(B)

Indra.

(C)

Soma.

(D)

Devi.

Answer:

(A) Shiva.

Feedback:

The answer is Shiva.

16

All of the following may have been contributing factors for the population movement from the cities of Harappa and Mohenjodaro into other areas EXCEPT (A)

geological disturbances near the source of the Saraswati River that caused it to dry up.

(B)

chronic deforestation and resulting soil erosion that disrupted agriculture.

(C)

shifts in the pattern of Mesopotamian trade.

(D)

wide-spread rice cultivation in the Ganges Basin.

Answer:

(D) wide-spread rice cultivation in the Ganges Basin.

Feedback:

The answer is wide-spread rice cultivation in the Ganges Basin.

17

Which was the dominant religion in the Ganges during the first millennium?

(A)

Buddhism

(B)

Hinduism

(C)

Brahmanism

(D)

Islam

Answer:

(C) Brahmanism

Feedback:

The answer is Brahmanism.

18

Who invaded the northwest in 516 B.C. and incorporated the Indus Valley into his existing empire?

(A)

Alexander the Great

(B)

Chandragupta Maurya

(C)

King Darius

(D)

Asoka

Answer:

(C) King Darius

Feedback:

The answer is King Darius.

19

Shortly after Alexander the Great’s conquests in the Indus River region, which regime rose up to eventually extend from Nepal and the northwest into the Deccan during the mid-first millennium B.C.?

(A)

Mauryan Empire

(B)

Mohenjodaro

(C)

Harappan

(D)

none of these

Answer:

(A) Mauryan Empire

Feedback:

The answer is Mauryan Empire.

20

All of the following are legendary Chinese dynasties EXCEPT (A)

Shang.

(B)

Zhou.

(C)

Huang.

(D)

Xia.

Answer:

(C) Huang.

Feedback:

The answer is Huang.

21

Which of the following was the most important metal to the Shang?

(A)

gold

(B)

silver

(C)

bronze

(D)

platinum

Answer:

(C) bronze

Feedback:

The answer is bronze.

22

The Shang fell at the hands of the neighboring

(A)

Haung.

(B)

Xia.

(C)

Zhou.

(D)

Han.

Answer:

(C) Zhou.

Feedback:

The answer is Zhou.

23

China was unified in 221 B.C. by the emperor (A)

Zhang.

(B)

Shihuangdi.

(C)

Jayavarman.

(D)

Shiva.

Answer:

(B) Shihuangdi.

Feedback:

The answer is Shihuangdi.

24

To help consolidate his kingdom, the Khmer monarch Jayavarman II merged the cult of the ancestors with that of (A)

Shiva.

(B)

Indra.

(C)

Soma.

(D)

Devi.

Answer:

(A) Shiva.

Feedback:

The answer is Shiva.

25

Explain the importance of bronze working to the Shang people. Provide examples of some common bronze artifacts and explain the context in which they were discovered.

Answer:

1

All projectile points in North America are ultimately derived from the ancient (A)

Donner point.

(B)

Clovis point.

(C)

Aleutian point.

(D)

Siberian point.

Answer:

(B) Clovis point.

Feedback:

The answer is Clovis point.

2

Panalauca Cave, Peru, which dates to 2500 B.C., has yielded evidence of early cultivation of what crop?

(A)

potatoes

(B)

quinoa

(C)

maize

(D)

teosinte

Answer:

(B) quinoa

Feedback:

The answer is quinoa.

3

Which of the following is the widespread desert farming culture centered in southern Arizona that flourished from c. 300 B.C. to A.D. 1500?

(A)

Hohokam

(B)

Ancestral Pueblo

(C)

Adena

(D)

Mississippian

Answer:

(A) Hohokam

Feedback:

The answer is Hohokam.

4

Which of the following is the major American Southwestern cultural tradition that centered on what is now known as the Four Corners region that reached its peak in A.D. 1100?

(A)

Hohokam

(B)

Ancestral Pueblo

(C)

Adena

(D)

Mississippian

Answer:

(B) Ancestral Pueblo

Feedback:

The answer is Ancestral Pueblo.

5

Which of the following, which is sometimes called the Early Woodland, is the North American culture dating to between 500 B.C. and A.D. 400 centered on the Ohio River valley?

(A)

Hohokam

(B)

Ancestral Pueblo

(C)

Adena

(D)

Mississippian

Answer:

(C) Adena

Feedback:

The answer is Adena.

6

Which of the following, centered in the southeastern region of what is now the United States, is the most elaborate prehistoric cultural tradition to flourish in North America?

(A)

Hohokam

(B)

Ancestral Pueblo

(C)

Adena

(D)

Mississippian

Answer:

(D) Mississippian

Feedback:

The answer is Mississippian.

7

Mesa Verde is a series of canyons in Colorado famous for their multiroom dwellings dating to (A)

the 13th century A.D.

(B)

1400 B.C.

(C)

2500 B.C.

(D)

between A.D. 1100 and 1130

Answer:

(A) the 13th century A.D.

Feedback:

The answer is the 13th century A.D.

8

List and describe at least three methods for reconstructing ancient diets.

Answer:

9

Define dendrochronology. Explain the methods used in this study. How has this methodology been used in the Southwestern United States?

Answer: 10

Explain Kent Flannery’s hypothesis on plant domestication in Mesoamerica. What evidence supports this hypothesis? Can you think of potential exceptions to this explanation?

Answer: 11

Discuss the possible reasons for the decline of the Hopewell tradition. What civilization replaced the Hopewell tradition? What staple agricultural product played a role in this transition, and why?

Answer: 12

Moundville in what is now west-central Alabama flourished as early as A.D. 1250 and went into decline after (A)

A.D. 1550.

(B)

A.D. 1450.

(C)

A.D. 1776.

(D)

A.D. 1680.

Answer:

(B) A.D. 1450.

Feedback:

The answer is A.D. 1450.

13

All of the following were major centers of native plant domestication in the Americas EXCEPT (A)

highland and lowland Central America.

(B)

the highlands of the Central Andes.

(C)

the coastline of California.

(D)

the southeastern United States.

Answer:

(C) the coastline of California.

Feedback:

The answer is the coastline of California.

14

The densest hunter-gatherer populations in North America congregated in river valleys and (A)

coastlines.

(B)

lakeshores.

(C)

mixed-conifer forests.

(D)

alpine forests.

Answer:

(B) lakeshores.

Feedback:

The answer is lakeshores.

15

All of the following contributed to the rise of more complex hunter-gatherer societies along the Pacific Coast of North American EXCEPT (A)

abundant and predictable food sources.

(B)

increasingly efficient technology.

(C)

sedentary settlements.

(D)

slash and burn agriculture.

Answer:

(D) slash and burn agriculture.

Feedback:

The answer is slash and burn agriculture.

16

Which of the following animals was tamed by ancient Americans?

(A)

dog

(B)

guinea pig

(C)

turkey

(D)

all of these are correct

Answer:

(D) all of these are correct

Feedback:

The answer is all of these are correct.

17

The best archaeological evidence for early maize cultivation comes from (A)

the Tehuacán Valley in southern Mexico.

(B)

Machu Pichu in Peru.

(C)

Mesa Verde in Colorado.

(D)

the Ohio Valley.

Answer:

(A) the Tehuacán Valley in southern Mexico.

Feedback:

The answer is the Tehuacán Valley in southern Mexico.

18

Maize first entered the American Southwest during a period of higher than average rainfall, between

(A)

2000 and 1500 B.C.

(B)

1500 and 1000 B.C.

(C)

A.D. 100 and 500.

(D)

5000 and 6000 B.C.

Answer:

(A) 2000 and 1500 B.C.

Feedback:

The answer is 2000 and 1500 B.C.

19

Early peoples who lived in what is now the southwestern United States gathered many plants, including all of the following EXCEPT (A)

yucca seeds.

(B)

cacti.

(C)

potatoes.

(D)

sunflower seeds.

Answer:

(C) potatoes.

Feedback:

The answer is potatoes.

20

The ""great houses,"" or large pueblos of Chaco Canyon contained many luxury items, including (A)

turquoise.

(B)

copper bells.

(C)

skeletons of macaws.

(D)

all of these are correct.

Answer:

(D) all of these are correct.

Feedback:

The answer is all of these are correct.

21

Chaco Canyon, used for more than two centuries, was the center of a remarkable flowering of which culture?

(A)

Hohokam

(B)

Mogollan

(C)

Mississippian

(D)

Ancestral Pueblo

Answer:

(D) Ancestral Pueblo

Feedback:

The answer is Ancestral Pueblo.

22

A kiva in the Ancestral Pueblo tradition is a (A)

fireplace.

(B)

bread oven.

(C)

ceremonial room.

(D)

burial mound.

Answer:

(C) ceremonial room.

Feedback:

The answer is ceremonial room.

23

Some groups of Paleo-Indian populations had settled along the southern California coastline and on offshore islands by (A)

9000 B.C.

(B)

5000 B.C.

(C)

1000 B.C.

(D)

A.D. 1000.

Answer:

(A) 9000 B.C.

Feedback:

The answer is 9000 B.C.

24

Discuss the notion that successors of Mississippian society would have flourished and evolved into a full-fledged state-organized society if Europeans had not arrived on the continent. What limitations do experts cite regarding this notion? Can you think of any adaptations early peoples could have made to overcome these limitations?

Answer:

1

The roots of which civilization went back at least 1,500 years before Spanish conquest?

(A)

Maya

(B)

Aztec

(C)

Yanomamo

(D)

Inca

Answer:

(B) Aztec

Feedback:

The answer is Aztec.

2

Which civilization filled the vacuum left by the collapse of the Toltecs?

(A)

Aztec

(B)

Olmec

(C)

Maya

(D)

Inca

Answer:

(A) Aztec

Feedback:

The answer is Aztec.

3

The Aztec capitol was (A)

Teotihuacán.

(B)

Tenochtitlán.

(C)

Tehuacán.

(D)

Tula.

Answer:

(B) Tenochtitlán.

Feedback:

The answer is Tenochtitlán.

4

Hernan Cortés landed in Vera Cruz in 1519, or the Aztec year (A)

3 Reed.

(B)

2 Reed.

(C)

1 Reed.

(D)

0 Reed.

Answer:

(C) 1 Reed.

Feedback: 5

The answer is 1 Reed.

The four quarters of Tenochtitlán were organized into neighborhoods based on (A)

a kin-based group of families that claimed descent from the male line of a common ancestor.

(B)

the four seasons, with wealthier citizens living in the quarter that represented the autumn, or harvest, season.

(C)

the Aztec conception of heaven and Earth, with the most revered members living closest to “heaven.”

(D)

the cardinal directions.

Answer:

(A) a kin-based group of families that claimed descent from the male line of a common ancestor.

Feedback:

The answer is a kin-based group of families that claimed descent from the male line of a common ancestor.

6

Teotihuacán’s prosperity came from trade, especially of (A)

bird feathers.

(B)

fish spines.

(C)

gold.

(D)

green obsidian.

Answer:

(D) green obsidian.

Feedback:

The answer is green obsidian.

7

Which of the following is a postclassic Maya center in the northern Yucatán?

(A)

Chichén Itzá

(B)

Monte Albán

(C)

Teotihuacán

(D)

Tula

Answer:

(A) Chichén Itzá

Feedback:

The answer is Chichén Itzá.

8

Describe the environment and society that we call the Olmec. What is it that makes it special in the eyes of archaeologists?

Answer:

9

Compare and contrast the rise and fall of the Aztec Empire with that of the Roman Empire.

Discuss why many would argue their demise was inevitable.

Answer: 10

Discuss the ninth-century collapse of the Maya culture. What ecological factors were at play? How do we know?

Answer: 11

Explain the evolution of Oaxacan trade from 1500 to 200 B.C. What Oaxacan goods at this time were especially important in Olmec ideology?

Answer: 12

According to legend, Toltec ruler Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl rose to heaven and turned into (A)

the sun.

(B)

the moon.

(C)

the Morning Star.

(D)

a comet.

Answer:

(C) the Morning Star.

Feedback:

The answer is the Morning Star.

13

The Toltec ruler Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl moved the capital to Tollan, or “The Place of (A)

Fire."

(B)

Gold."

(C)

Gods."

(D)

Reeds."

Answer:

(D) Reeds."

Feedback:

The answer is Reeds.

14

Which city was competing with Cuicuilco for leadership over the Valley of Mexico until Cuicuilco was completely destroyed by an erupting volcano?

(A)

Teotihuacán

(B)

Copan

(C)

Monte Alban

(D)

Oaxada

Answer:

(A) Teotihuacán

Feedback:

The answer is Teotihuacán.

15

The inland basin of which area was the center of political and economic life in highland Mesoamerica?

(A)

the Yucatán

(B)

Veracruz

(C)

Valley of Oaxaca

(D)

Valley of Mexico

Answer:

(D) Valley of Mexico

Feedback:

The answer is Valley of Mexico.

16

The Maya lowlands are located at (A)

the Yucatán.

(B)

Veracruz.

(C)

Valley of Oaxaca.

(D)

Valley of Mexico.

Answer:

(A) the Yucatán.

Feedback:

The answer is the Yucatán.

17

One of the most spectacular Olmec sites, built on an island in the middle of a swamp, featuring long, low mounds surrounding a rectangular plaza and destroyed around 400 B.C. is (A)

Chichén Itzá.

(B)

Tula.

(C)

La Venta.

(D)

Copán.

Answer:

(C) La Venta.

Feedback:

The answer is La Venta.

18

Nakbe’s temple facades reflect the emerging notion of ch’ul ahau, or (A)

ritual cannibalism.

(B)

immortality.

(C)

divine kingship.

(D)

human sacrifice.

Answer:

(C) divine kingship.

Feedback:

The answer is divine kingship.

19

The central institution of lowland Maya civilization was (A)

shamans.

(B)

gods.

(C)

kingship.

(D)

demons.

Answer:

(C) kingship.

Feedback:

The answer is kingship.

20

The earliest recorded Mayan monarch, whom we know from Tikal’s inscriptions, was (A)

Great Jaguar Paw.

(B)

Yax-Ch’aktel-Xok.

(C)

Yax-Moch-Xoc.

(D)

Chan-Bahlum.

Answer:

(B) Yax-Ch’aktel-Xok.

Feedback:

The answer is Yax-Ch’aktel-Xok.

21

The “Hieroglyphic Staircase” is situated in (A)

Palenque.

(B)

Copán.

(C)

Chichén Itzá.

(D)

Tikal.

Answer:

(B) Copán.

Feedback:

The answer is Copán.

22

Which Mayan ruler built the Temple of the Inscriptions?

(A)

Pacal the Great

(B)

Great Jaguar Paw

(C)

Lord Water

(D)

Jaguar-Quetzal

Answer:

(A) Pacal the Great

Feedback:

The answer is Pacal the Great.

23

Which of the following was a rival of Calakmul and a major Maya center of stone trade in the seventh century A.D.?

(A)

Caracol, Belize

(B)

Tikal, Guatemala

(C)

El Mirador, Guatemala

(D)

Cuello, Belize

Answer:

(A) Caracol, Belize

Feedback:

The answer is Caracol, Belize.

24

Much Olmec pottery contains images of the (A)

human-quetzal.

(B)

human-butterfly.

(C)

human-snake.

(D)

human-jaguar.

Answer:

(D) human-jaguar.

Feedback:

The answer is human-jaguar.

25

Imagine you are living in Teotihuacán around A.D. 500. What kind of architecture surrounds you? What sort of home do you live in? What is your profession? Are you proud to live in this city—and why?

Answer:

1

Tawantinsuyu, ""The Land of the Four Quarters,"" is a name used for (A)

the tropical rain forest of Upper Amazonia.

(B)

an important city in the Moche state.

(C)

Southern Peru.

(D)

the Inca empire.

Answer:

(D) the Inca empire.

Feedback:

The answer is the Inca empire.

2

At the time of the Spanish conquest, the Inca controlled the lives of as many as (A)

60 million.

(B)

6 million.

(C)

600000

(D)

60000

Answer:

(B) 6 million.

Feedback:

The answer is 6 million.

3

Who “discovered” the spectacular archaeological site Machu Picchu in 1911?

(A)

Michael Moseley

(B)

Hiram Bingham

(C)

Julio Tello

(D)

Walter Alva

Answer:

(B) Hiram Bingham

Feedback:

The answer is Hiram Bingham.

4

Sicán was a coastal Andean culture of expert (A)

Hunters.

(B)

gold miners.

(C)

irrigation farmers.

(D)

Pearl divers.

Answer:

(C) irrigation farmers.

Feedback: 5

The answer is irrigation farmers.

Chan Chan, a huge complex of walled compounds near the Pacific, was the capital of (A)

the Chimu civilization.

(B)

Wari.

(C)

the Andean Initial Period.

(D)

the Andean Early Horizon.

Answer:

(A) the Chimu civilization.

Feedback:

The answer is the Chimu civilization.

6

In the Late Horizon period of the Inca state, dead rulers were (A)

buried with their heirs.

(B)

treated as if they were still alive.

(C)

dismembered.

(D)

cremated.

Answer:

(B) treated as if they were still alive.

Feedback:

The answer is treated as if they were still alive.

7

Which of the following was the location of a coastal kingdom on the Rio Supe that cultivated cotton with irrigation agriculture from about 2600 B.C.?

(A)

Caral, Peru

(B)

El Paraíso, Peru

(C)

Aspero, Peru

(D)

Machu Picchu, Peru

Answer:

(A) Caral, Peru

Feedback:

The answer is Caral, Peru.

8

Explain why the fishery off of the coast of Peru was special. How did these resources lead to civilization, according to Michael Moseley?

Answer: 9

Define the maritime foundation hypothesis. What arguments do critics use to discount this hypothesis? What would you say in response to these critics?

Answer: 10

Discuss why Andean population shifted by 1800 B.C. from coastal regions to inland areas.

Answer: 11

Describe the finds of Moche tombs at Sipán. Why are these considered among the greatest archaeological finds of all time?

Answer: 12

What site was believed during Inca civilization to be home to the Sun God Inti?

(A)

Cuzco

(B)

Pisac

(C)

Chan Chan

(D)

Tiwanaku

Answer:

(A) Cuzco

Feedback:

The answer is Cuzco.

13

What complex and sophisticated record-keeping system made up for the lack of writing in Inca civilization?

(A)

mit'a

(B)

Moche portrait jars

(C)

quipu

(D)

iconography carved in temple pillars.

Answer:

(C) quipu

Feedback:

The answer is quipu.

14

Mit’a as was practiced by Andean states is (A)

gold plating of artwork.

(B)

inheritance of leadership.

(C)

ritual sacrifice.

(D)

taxation through labor.

Answer:

(D) taxation through labor.

Feedback: 15

The answer is taxation through labor.

Over many centuries, two ""poles"" of Andean civilization developed: the one along the northern coast of what is now Peru and the other in (A)

the south-central Andes.

(B)

what is now the coast of Argentina.

(C)

what is now the inland valley region of Argentina.

(D)

Columbia.

Answer:

(A) the south-central Andes.

Feedback:

The answer is south-central Andes.

16

Machu Picchu was an important settlement and ritual centre of which people?

(A)

The Moche.

(B)

The Inca.

(C)

The Sicán.

(D)

The Chimu.

Answer:

(B) The Inca.

Feedback:

The answer is the Inca.

17

Which distinctive art style become a “mother culture” for all later Andean civilization?

(A)

Lanzón

(B)

Caral

(C)

Chavín

(D)

Supe

Answer:

(C) Chavín

Feedback:

The answer is Chavín.

18

The Moche lived at the mercy of droughts and (A)

the Inca emperor.

(B)

the people of Pampa Grande.

(C)

the Tiwanaku and Wari.

(D)

El Niño.

Answer:

(D) El Niño.

Feedback:

The answer is El Niño.

19

The Moche Lords were buried with (A)

Lavish grave goods.

(B)

The Spanish invasion.

(C)

An Inca takeover.

(D)

A failed coup.

Answer:

(A) lavish grave goods.

Feedback:

The answer is lavish grave goods.

20

Which of the following is true of Sicán culture?

(A)

It filled the vacuum left by the decline of the Moche in the Montaro Basin.

(B)

It was remarkable for its magnificent gold work.

(C)

It reached its peak between 1300 and 1450.

(D)

All of these are correct.

Answer:

(B) It was remarkable for its magnificent gold work.

Feedback:

The answer is it was remarkable for its magnificent gold work.

21

Split inheritance (A)

was practiced by Chimu rulers.

(B)

played a major role in Inca civilization.

(C)

mandated that each ruler finance his own reign.

(D)

all of these are correct.

Answer:

(D) all of these are correct.

Feedback:

The answer is all of these are correct.

22

Who conquered the Chimu in the 1460s?

(A)

the Inca.

(B)

the Moche.

(C)

Pukara.

(D)

the Spanish.

Answer:

(A) the Inca.

Feedback:

The answer is the Inca.

23

The earliest Inca rulers were probably sinchi, or (A)

royalty.

(B)

powerful elders.

(C)

young males.

(D)

petty war leaders.

Answer:

(D) petty war leaders.

Feedback:

The answer is petty war leaders.

24

As a way to keep the new Inca kingdom under tight control, the powerful leader Virarocha Inca was said to become a (A)

living god.

(B)

shaman.

(C)

sacrifice

(D)

quetzal.

Answer:

(A) living god.

Feedback:

The answer is living god.

25

Discuss how a small band of Spanish conquistadors was able to defeat the Inca state. Be sure to include in your explanation the role that communication played in the Inca demise.

Answer:

1

An education in archaeology should begin as being (A)

somewhat specialized.

(B)

broadly based.

(C)

highly specialized.

(D)

individualized.

Answer:

(B) broadly based.

Feedback:

The answer is broadly based.

2

Following the code of archaeological ethics set out by the authors, if you come upon an archaeological site (A)

you should never dig.

(B)

you are entitled to name the site.

(C)

you may reap a portion of the profits.

(D)

none of these are correct.

Answer:

(A) you should never dig.

Feedback:

The answer is you should never dig.

3

Archaeological activity aimed at creating an informed public and conserving the archaeological record is known as (A)

academic archaeology.

(B)

museum curatorship.

(C)

public archaeology.

(D)

ethnoarchaeology.

Answer:

(C) public archaeology.

Feedback:

The answer is public archaeology.

4

To be a good candidate for a graduate program in archaeology, you must (A)

have well-above-average grades.

(B)

a specific interest that coincides with that of any department for which you are applying.

(C)

people who know you and your academic potential and are willing to write letters of recommendation.

(D)

all of these are correct.

Answer:

(D) all of these are correct.

Feedback:

The answer is all of these are correct.

5

Much cultural resource management (CRM) archaeology is (A)

well-funded.

(B)

strongly multidisciplinary.

(C)

carried out in universities.

(D)

supported by international museums.

Answer:

(B) strongly multidisciplinary.

Feedback:

The answer is strongly multidisciplinary.

6

Amateur archaeologists (A)

have made important contributions to the field.

(B)

must never be involved in digs.

(C)

are qualified to teach at the university level.

(D)

are not permitted to work abroad.

Answer:

(A) have made important contributions to the field.

Feedback:

The answer is have made important contributions to the field.

7

Who among the following shares a responsibility for the past?

(A)

professional archaeologists.

(B)

avocational fieldworkers.

(C)

tourists.

(D)

all of these are correct.

Answer:

(D) all of these are correct.

Feedback:

The answer is all of these are correct.

8

Compare and contrast the opportunities in the near future in academic archaeology with those in Cultural Resource Management (CRM). Explain the discrepancy.

Answer: 9

Discuss ways that you might gain field experience or training in archaeology. Can you imagine yourself undertaking such an endeavor—and why or why not?

Answer: 10

List the requirements to enter graduate school in archaeology. Why are these requirements important for the type of study one does in graduate school?

Answer: 11

In your own words, discuss the value of taking an introductory course in archaeology, assuming that you are not going to be a professional.

Answer: 12

Archaeology depends on informed amateur archaeologists who (A)

volunteer on excavations.

(B)

volunteer in museums.

(C)

volunteer in laboratories.

(D)

all of these are correct.

Answer:

(D) all of these are correct.

Feedback:

The answer is all of these are correct.

13

The destruction of archaeological sites continues because of the (A)

inaction by disinterested citizens.

(B)

demand for antiquities.

(C)

profession of archaeology.

(D)

tourist industry.

Answer:

(B) demand for antiquities.

Feedback:

The answer is demand of antiquities.

14

A specialized PhD will qualify you to be (A)

A faculty member at a research university.

(B)

An attaché in the diplomatic service.

(C)

A CEO at most larger companies.

(D)

a gofer at excavations and digs.

Answer:

(A) a faculty member at a research university.

Feedback: 15

The answer is a faculty member at a research university.

An education in archaeology should include a thorough and broad education in (A)

ecological studies.

(B)

biological and cultural anthropology.

(C)

environmental studies.

(D)

physical sciences.

Answer:

(B) biological and cultural anthropology.

Feedback:

The answer is biological and cultural anthropology.

16

To develop a multidisciplinary perspective, an education in archaeology should include as many courses as possible in (A)

unrelated disciplines.

(B)

musicology.

(C)

advanced method and theory.

(D)

related disciplines.

Answer:

(D) related disciplines.

Feedback:

The answer is related disciplines.

17

As an undergraduate in pursuit of a career in archaeology, it is important to gain experience in (A)

advanced methods and theories.

(B)

the field and laboratory.

(C)

related disciplines.

(D)

archaeology.

Answer:

(B) the field and laboratory.

Feedback:

The answer is the field and laboratory.

18

According to the authors, which of the following are essential qualities of an archaeologist?

(A)

enthusiasm for the subject

(B)

good organizational skills

(C)

sense of humor

(D)

all of these are correct

Answer:

(D) all of these are correct

Feedback:

The answer is all of these are correct.

19

Archaeology is under siege not just from humanity but also from what?

(A)

Social media.

(B)

Natural phenomena such as rising sea levels.

(C)

Documentary film makers.

(D)

The natural sciences.

Answer:

(B) Natural phenomena such as rising sea levels.

Feedback:

The answer is natural phenomena such as rising sea levels.

20

Most academic archaeology in American universities is carried out in (A)

the American southwest.

(B)

Europe, Mesoamerica, and the Andes.

(C)

Egypt, China, and Mexico.

(D)

the American Midwest and the Mississippi delta region.

Answer:

(B) Europe, Mesoamerica, and the Andes.

Feedback:

The answer is Europe, Mesoamerica, and the Andes.

21

If you want to become an academic archaeologist, beware of becoming (A)

highly technical.

(B)

overspecialized.

(C)

overeducated.

(D)

broadly educated.

Answer:

(B) overspecialized.

Feedback:

The answer is overspecialized.

22

The greatest opportunities in archaeology during this century are likely to lie in (A)

public archaeology.

(B)

academic archaeology.

(C)

volunteerism.

(D)

museum work.

Answer:

(A) public archaeology.

Feedback:

The answer is public archaeology.

23

What might an undergraduate degree in archaeology qualify you for?

(A)

as a faculty member at a research university.

(B)

as an actuary.

(C)

as an MD.

(D)

as a gofer at excavations and digs.

Answer:

(D) as a gofer at excavations and digs.

Feedback:

The answer is as a gofer at excavations and digs.

24

How long does the average U.S. doctoral program in archaeology take?

(A)

Three years.

(B)

Seven years

(C)

Nine years.

(D)

Eight months.

Answer:

(B) Seven years.

Feedback:

The answer is seven years.

25

Explain the basic ethics of archaeology. Offer at least one example of an archaeological dig you have learned about in this course in which such ethical guidelines have not been followed. Why do such examples represent a loss for humanity?

Answer:

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