Test Bank For Adolescence & Emerging Adulthood, 7th Edition by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett -Chapter 1-13

TOTAL ASSESSMENT GUIDE

Chapter 1 Adolescent Development in Today’s World

Topic A Demographic Profile of Adolescents Adolescence Around the World: A Brief Regional Overview A Brief History of Adolescence in Western Cultures From Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood The Transition to Adulthood The Scientific Study of Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Research Measurements and Designs

Multiple Choice True/False Short Essay Multiple Choice True/False Short Essay

Remember the Facts 1, 4, 8, 11, 12

Apply What You Know 5, 6, 16

Analyze It

111 27

110

91-94 17-26 95, 98-99

Multiple Choice True/False Short Essay

100-101

Multiple Choice

43, 45-47

True/False Short Essay Multiple Choice True/False Short Essay

102-105

Multiple Choice True/False Short Essay

63-65, 67, 69 107

Multiple Choice

72, 75, 79, 82, 86-90

True/False Short Essay

Understand the Concepts 2, 3, 7, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15

96, 97

28-33, 35-39

34, 40, 41

112, 113 42, 50, 54-56

44, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53

58, 60-62

57, 59

106 114 66, 68

70, 71

115 81, 84

77, 80, 85

108-109 116

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73, 74, 76, 78, 83

Multiple Choice Questions 1. A developed country is one of the world’s most __________ developed countries, with the highest median levels of income, while a developing country is one that has lower levels of __________ than developed countries but is experiencing rapid economic growth. a. economically; income b. technologically; technology development c. industrially; employment d. technologically; income Answer: a LO: 1.1 Distinguish between adolescents in developing and developed countries in terms of income, education, and cultural values.

Topic: A Demographic Profile of Adolescents Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

2. About what percent of adolescents go on to tertiary education in developed countries? a. 25% b. 40% c. 50% d. 68% Answer: c LO: 1.1 Distinguish between adolescents in developing and developed countries in terms of income, education, and cultural values.

Topic: A Demographic Profile of Adolescents Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

3. Schlossa is an adolescent in a developing country. On average, what percent chance does Schlossa have of not completing primary schooling? a. 35% b. 65% c. 20% d. 8% Answer: c LO: 1.1 Distinguish between adolescents in developing and developed countries in terms of income, education, and cultural values.

Topic: A Demographic Profile of Adolescents Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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4. Developed countries tend to be __________in their values, while developing countries are __________ in their values. a. invested; not invested b. individualistic; collectivistic c. collectivistic; individualistic d. not invested; invested Answer: b LO: 1.1 Distinguish between adolescents in developing and developed countries in terms of income, education, and cultural values.

Topic: A Demographic Profile of Adolescents Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

5. Javier lives in a developing country. Based on the values of his culture, he is most likely to be reinforced for __________. a. self-expression b. independence c. isolation d. obedience Answer: d LO: 1.1 Distinguish between adolescents in developing and developed countries in terms of income, education, and cultural values.

Topic: A Demographic Profile of Adolescents Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

6. Naya lives in a rural area of a developing country, where her family places a higher value on collectivism and __________ than do people living in the urban areas of her country. a. historical traditions b. individualistic development c. religiosity d. universal principles Answer: a LO: 1.1 Distinguish between adolescents in developing and developed countries in terms of income, education, and cultural values.

Topic: A Demographic Profile of Adolescents Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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7. The majority of the world’s population is contained within __________. a. developed countries b. developing countries c. the Southern Hemisphere d. the Western Hemisphere Answer: b LO: 1.1 Distinguish between adolescents in developing and developed countries in terms of income, education, and cultural values.

Topic: A Demographic Profile of Adolescents Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

8. Which statement most accurately represents the concept of globalization? a. Cultural beliefs are becoming more distinct. b. The world is becoming smaller and more diverse. c. The world is becoming smaller and people more similar. d. Economic disparity is becoming less pronounced.

Answer: c LO: 1.2 Explain why it is important to account for globalization in understanding adolescent development.

Topic: A Demographic Profile of Adolescents Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

9. The idea that young people around the world are experiencing increasingly similar environments is most closely associated with which of the following concepts? a. individualism b. recapitulation c. globalization d. contextualization Answer: b LO: 1.2 Explain why it is important to account for globalization in understanding adolescent development.

Topic: A Demographic Profile of Adolescents Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

10. A typical pattern worldwide is that young people are becoming increasingly __________ in their identities, with one identity for participation in their local culture and another 4 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

identity for participation in the global culture. a. confused b. similar c. bicultural d. diverse Answer: c LO: 1.2 Explain why it is important to account for globalization in understanding adolescent development.

Topic: A Demographic Profile of Adolescents Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

11. The _________ is the cultural group that sets most of the norms and standards and holds most of the positions of political, economic, intellectual, and media power. a. minority culture b. dominant culture c. majority culture d. influential culture Answer: c LO: 1.3 Explain why socioeconomic status (SES), gender, and ethnicity are important aspects of adolescent development within countries.

Topic: A Demographic Profile of Adolescents Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

12. Which of the following terms do scholars use to refer to the environmental settings and circumstances that contribute to variations in pathways of development? a. life space b. milieu c. habitat d. context Answer: d LO: 1.3 Explain why socioeconomic status (SES), gender, and ethnicity are important aspects of adolescent development within countries.

Topic: A Demographic Profile of Adolescents Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

13. Which of the following is NOT part of a person’s social class? a. appearance 5 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

b. level of education c. occupation d. income Answer: a LO: 1.3 Explain why socioeconomic status (SES), gender, and ethnicity are important aspects of adolescent development within countries.

Topic: A Demographic Profile of Adolescents Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

14. The expectations that cultures have for boys and girls are different beginning at __________. a. puberty b. the onset of adolescence c. the onset of emerging adulthood d. birth Answer: d LO: 1.3 Explain why socioeconomic status (SES), gender, and ethnicity are important aspects of adolescent development within countries.

Topic: A Demographic Profile of Adolescents Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

15. Which statement most accurately represents expectations for males and females across cultures? a. Cultural differences in gender expectations are minimal; most differences center on socioeconomic status. b. All cultures have traditional male and female roles; gender expectations do not change over time. c. In some cultures role expectations for males and females are the same; males and females share equal opportunities. d. All cultures have different expectations for males and females, but the degree of the differences varies greatly among cultures.

Answer: d LO: 1.3 Explain why socioeconomic status (SES), gender, and ethnicity are important aspects of adolescent development within countries.

Topic: A Demographic Profile of Adolescents Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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16. In the majority of Western cultures today, many men and women make the same career choices and wear similar fashions. This is evidence that __________. a. differences in gender expectations for males and females are deeply entrenched b. differences in gender expectations for males and females are somewhat blurred c. family values are disintegrating d. globalization is introducing non-Western ideas into Western culture Answer: b LO: 1.3 Explain why socioeconomic status (SES), gender, and ethnicity are important aspects of adolescent development within countries.

Topic: A Demographic Profile of Adolescents Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

17. What are the primary challenges facing adolescents in Africa today? a. civil war and unrest b. poor physical health and survival c. conflict within the family d. the poverty of their continent and people Answer: b LO: 1.4 Name the main challenges facing African adolescents in the 21st century, and identify positive cultural traditions and recent trends.

Topic: Adolescence Around the World: A Brief Regional Overview Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

18. African cultures have strengths in their tradition of __________. a. independence b. small families c. familial conflict d. large families Answer: d LO: 1.4 Name the main challenges facing African adolescents in the 21st century, and identify positive cultural traditions and recent trends.

Topic: Adolescence Around the World: A Brief Regional Overview Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

19. Discussion of family rules in Muslim families is __________. a. encouraged b. decreasing 7 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

c. overlooked d. uncommon Answer: d LO: 1.5 Explain how Islam structures development for adolescents in North Africa and the Middle East.

Topic: Adolescence Around the World: A Brief Regional Overview Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

20. Because of patriarchal authority, adolescent girls in many Islamic countries have limited __________. a. education b. b. ability to learn to run a home c. rules to follow d. opportunities Answer: d LO: 1.5 Explain how Islam structures development for adolescents in North Africa and the Middle East.

Topic: Adolescence Around the World: A Brief Regional Overview Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

21. Asian culture holds that children should respect, obey, and revere their parents, especially the father; this is known as __________. a. Confucian tradition b. filial piety c. patriarchal authority d. the Islam belief system Answer: b LO: 1.6 Describe the distinctive features of the cultural context for Asian adolescents.

Topic: Adolescence Around the World: A Brief Regional Overview Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

22. A distinctive feature of Indian culture is _________. a. Confucianism b. filial piety c. the high literacy rates d. the caste system Answer: d 8 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

LO: 1.7 Identify the main challenges for Indian adolescents in the 21st century.

Topic: Adolescence Around the World: A Brief Regional Overview Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

23. Only by __________ did India make education compulsory for children and adolescents ages 6 to 14. a. 2010 b. 1989 c. 2017 d. 2001 Answer: a LO: 1.7 Identify the main challenges for Indian adolescents in the 21st century.

Topic: Adolescence Around the World: A Brief Regional Overview Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

24. Which of the following jobs is least likely to be held by a child or adolescent in India? a. dress maker b. carpet weaver c. miner d. gem polisher Answer: a LO: 1.7 Identify the main challenges for Indian adolescents in the 21st century.

Topic: Adolescence Around the World: A Brief Regional Overview Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

25. What are two of the key issues for the 21st century for young people in Latin America? a. educational advancement and economic growth b. economic growth and political stability c. political stability and religious unrest d. educational advancement and religious unrest Answer: b LO: 1.8 Describe the common features of Latin American countries and the two key issues for today’s adolescents there.

Topic: Adolescence Around the World: A Brief Regional Overview Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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26. One major contrast between adolescents in “the West” and adolescents around the world is that adolescents in “the West” spend more time __________. a. working for their families b. studying c. finding jobs d. in leisure with friends Answer: d LO: 1.9 List the common features experienced by adolescents in the countries that make up “the West,” and indicate what is distinctive to minority adolescents.

Topic: Adolescence Around the World: A Brief Regional Overview Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

27. In Western countries, educational opportunities are readily available. Which of the following is true? a. Underrepresented groups have greater access to more educational opportunities. b. Majority cultures have less access to educational opportunities. c. Underrepresented groups often obtain tertiary education at rates considerably lower than emerging adults in majority cultures. d. Majority cultures obtain tertiary education at rates considerably lower than emerging adults in underrepresented groups.

Answer: c LO: 1.9 List the common features experienced by adolescents in the countries that make up “the West,” and indicate what is distinctive to minority adolescents.

Topic: Adolescence Around the World: A Brief Regional Overview Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

28. How did Plato and Aristotle view adolescence? a. They viewed adolescence as the third distinct stage of life. b. They viewed adolescence as wasted years when reason was not intact enough for true learning. c. They viewed adolescence as a battle between good and evil. d. They viewed adolescence as a time to focus on sports and music.

Answer: a LO: 1.10 Describe how views of adolescence changed in the West from ancient Greece through medieval times.

Topic: A Brief History of Adolescence in Western Cultures Difficulty: Moderate 10 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

29. Plato, Aristotle, and Saint Augustine all described adolescence as a period that focuses on the struggle between __________. a. reason and passion b. math and science c. storm and stress d. individualism and globalization Answer: a LO: 1.10 Describe how views of adolescence changed in the West from ancient Greece through medieval times.

Topic: A Brief History of Adolescence in Western Cultures Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

30. The Children’s Crusade in the Middle Ages was composed mostly of __________. a. children younger than 10 but older than 7 b. mothers and infants who had been abandoned by their husbands/fathers c. young people in their teens, including university students d. emerging adults and young adults who had already learned a career skill Answer: c LO: 1.10 Describe how views of adolescence changed in the West from ancient Greece through medieval times.

Topic: A Brief History of Adolescence in Western Cultures Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

31. Life-cycle service in the U.S. faded during the 18th and 19th centuries because _________. a. collectivism was on the rise and individualism was faltering b. the plague killed most eligible workers c. people were having fewer children in both major cities and rural areas d. the economy became more industrialized and less based in farming Answer: d LO: 1.11 Explain what life-cycle service involves and specify when it was most common.

Topic: A Brief History of Adolescence in Western Cultures Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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32. Social control institutions such as the YMCA developed in the 1800s as a response to _________. a. increased rates of social problems among young people b. the beginning of the child study movement c. increased individualism among youths d. growing urbanization Answer: a LO: 1.11 Explain what life-cycle service involves and specify when it was most common.

Topic: A Brief History of Adolescence in Western Cultures Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

33. In the 1800s, an increase in social problems among young people may have been due in part to ____________. a. reduced family ties among people living in cities b. the advent of social agencies such as the YWCA c. a decrease in school attendance d. an increase in agricultural industry Answer: a LO: 1.11 Explain what life-cycle service involves and specify when it was most common.

Topic: A Brief History of Adolescence in Western Cultures Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

34. Imagine you are a 13-year-old boy living in the United States in 1902. You most likely would be __________. a. going to secondary school b. attending college c. working in a coal mine, factory, or other industrial work d. raising a family Answer: c LO: 1.12 Identify the three features that made the years 1890–1920 the Age of Adolescence.

Topic: A Brief History of Adolescence in Western Cultures Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

35. One of the important changes in Western countries, which began to define the "Age of Adolescence," was __________. a. the implementation of child labor laws b. the advent of social control agencies 12 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

c. the teachings of Plato and Aristotle d. increasing industrialization Answer: a LO: 1.12 Identify the three features that made the years 1890–1920 the Age of Adolescence.

Topic: A Brief History of Adolescence in Western Cultures Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

36. New requirements for children to attend secondary school were crucial in establishing the characteristics of __________. a. child labor laws b. life-cycle service c. modern adolescence d. emerging adulthood Answer: c LO: 1.12 Identify the three features that made the years 1890–1920 the Age of Adolescence.

Topic: A Brief History of Adolescence in Western Cultures Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

37. G. Stanley Hall is credited as the initiator of the __________. a. inventionist movement b. child labor laws c. social control agencies d. study of adolescence as a distinct field Answer: d LO: 1.12 Identify the three features that made the years 1890–1920 the Age of Adolescence.

Topic: A Brief History of Adolescence in Western Cultures Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

38. Margaret Mead's ethnographic research challenged Hall's claim that adolescent "storm and stress" has a universal biological basis. Mead's finding is based upon which of the following? a. Many youth in non-Western cultures that she studied had neither a stormy nor a stressful adolescence. b. Many American youth she studied went through adolescence with a minimum of turmoil. c. Few of the American youth she studied experienced transitional turmoil and stress.

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d. Many youth in non-Western cultures that she studied experienced transitional turmoil and stress.

Answer: a LO: 1.12 Identify the three features that made the years 1890–1920 the Age of Adolescence.

Topic: A Brief History of Adolescence in Western Cultures Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

39. With regard to the notion of "storm and stress" first coined by G. Stanley Hall, a modern psychologist is most likely to believe __________. a. completely in Hall's definition of storm and stress b. that storm and stress is derived entirely from peer pressure c. a "modified" version of storm and stress d. that storm and stress is purely biological Answer: c LO: 1.12 Identify the three features that made the years 1890–1920 the Age of Adolescence.

Topic: A Brief History of Adolescence in Western Cultures Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

40. Jason is a well-adjusted, happy adolescent. According to Anna Freud, Jason has __________. a. become a productive member of society b. built up excessive defenses against his own drives and desires c. accumulated past experiences and uses them to calm himself d. overcome the stereotype of storm and stress in his life Answer: b LO: 1.12 Identify the three features that made the years 1890–1920 the Age of Adolescence.

Topic: A Brief History of Adolescence in Western Cultures Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

41. A teacher who believes that adolescents experience ongoing turmoil and mood swings has beliefs similar to those of a. M. Mead. b. B. Whiting. c. D. Davis. d. A. Freud.

Answer: d LO: 1.12 Identify the three features that made the years 1890–1920 the Age of Adolescence.

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Topic: A Brief History of Adolescence in Western Cultures Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

42. Adolescence is generally viewed as beginning with the __________. a. first signs of pubertal changes b. transition from elementary to high school c. thirteenth birthday d. attainment of an integrated identity Answer: a LO: 1.13 Summarize the influences that have led to an earlier beginning and end to adolescence.

Topic: From Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

43. When G. Stanley Hall defined adolescence, he felt it applied to young people aged __________. a. 5 through 15 b. 10 through 18 c. 13 to 15 through 24 d. 16 through 30 Answer: c LO: 1.13 Summarize the influences that have led to an earlier beginning and end to adolescence.

Topic: From Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

44. Helen is 10 years old. According to the modern conception of adolescence, Helen would be considered __________. a. a child b. an early adolescent c. a young person d. an emerging adult Answer: b LO: 1.13 Summarize the influences that have led to an earlier beginning and end to adolescence.

Topic: From Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood Difficulty: Difficult 15 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

45. When do most scholars consider adolescence ending? a. age 18 b. age 15 c. age 21 d. age 24 Answer: a LO: 1.13 Summarize the influences that have led to an earlier beginning and end to adolescence.

Topic: From Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

46. According to the text, there are five characteristics that distinguish emerging adulthood from other age periods. Which characteristic does NOT describe emerging adulthood? a. engaging in identity exploration b. an increased sense of stability c. being self-focused d. having many possibilities and a sense of optimism Answer: b LO: 1.14 Describe the five features of emerging adulthood, and the extent to which emerging adulthood exists in developed countries and developing countries.

Topic: From Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

47. Emerging adulthood is a phenomenon that exists mainly in ________ countries. a. low-income b. developed c. developing d. global Answer: b LO: 1.14 Describe the five features of emerging adulthood, and the extent to which emerging adulthood exists in developed countries and developing countries.

Topic: From Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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48. Cory is a 20-year-old woman who is not sure about leaving home, about going to college, or about dating Mike. Cory would be considered in a stage of __________. a. storm and stress b. exploration c. individualism d. adolescence Answer: b LO: 1.14 Describe the five features of emerging adulthood, and the extent to which emerging adulthood exists in developed countries and developing countries.

Topic: From Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

49. For emerging adults, the age of identity explorations is best described by what following scenario? a. Celia still feels like a kid but wants her parents to treat her like a grown-up. b. Tony is exploring love and work choices as he decides what he wants to do. c. Jose has always known he wants to be a small business owner. d. Payal moved to eight different apartments with different roommates in two years.

Answer: b LO: 1.14 Describe the five features of emerging adulthood, and the extent to which emerging adulthood exists in developed countries and developing countries.

Topic: From Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

50. The goal of being self-focused in emerging adulthood is to a. create a permanent state as individuals enter adulthood. b. learn to stand alone as a self-sufficient person in adulthood. c. continue feeling in-between adolescence and adulthood. d. allow adolescents an opportunity to experience adult life in brief episodes.

Answer: b LO: 1.14 Describe the five features of emerging adulthood, and the extent to which emerging adulthood exists in developed countries and developing countries.

Topic: From Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

51. Which scenario best summarizes the ambiguity felt by emerging adults?

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a. Torin feels like he never wants to grow up. b. Kai doesn't know what to wear to school today. c. Maria feels in-between—not quite an adolescent, but not quite an adult. d. Logan wants to know what life was like for his parents.

Answer: c LO: 1.14 Describe the five features of emerging adulthood, and the extent to which emerging adulthood exists in developed countries and developing countries.

Topic: From Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

52. When asked about his hopes and expectations for the future, Steve, a 22-year-old American man, would MOST likely agree with the statement a. "I am confident that eventually I will get what I want out of life." b. "My education will directly impact whether I will work in a dreary, dead-end job." c. "Knowing 50% of marriages end in divorce, I'm not sure I will have a happy marriage." d. "I am sure that I will be married by the time I'm 28 years old."

Answer: a LO: 1.14 Describe the five features of emerging adulthood, and the extent to which emerging adulthood exists in developed countries and developing countries.

Topic: From Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

53. According to the text, which statement best characterizes emerging adulthood as the age of possibilities? a. This timeframe is viewed as beginning with the first noticeable changes of puberty. b. One feature of this age is emerging adults' reliance on parents' decisions. c. Typically, emerging adults have left their families of origin but not yet committed to new relationships. d. Most emerging adults face dreary, dead-end jobs, bitter divorces, and disappointment.

Answer: c LO: 1.14 Describe the five features of emerging adulthood, and the extent to which emerging adulthood exists in developed countries and developing countries.

Topic: From Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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54. Emerging adulthood only exists in cultures where young people are allowed to __________. a. postpone entering adult roles b. date beginning in early adolescence c. drink alcohol d. attend college for free Answer: a LO: 1.14 Describe the five features of emerging adulthood, and the extent to which emerging adulthood exists in developed countries and developing countries.

Topic: From Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

55. Industrialization has contributed to a growing population of young people __________. a. reverting to childlike behaviors b. finding careers early in life c. never getting married or having children d. entering the emerging adulthood period Answer: d LO: 1.14 Describe the five features of emerging adulthood, and the extent to which emerging adulthood exists in developed countries and developing countries.

Topic: From Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concept APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

56. Which statement concerning the developmental period known as emerging adulthood is most accurate? a. Most adolescents do not move through the emerging adulthood period. b. It is a period of possibilities marked by exploration. c. Emerging adulthood is a period reserved for children with high SES. d. It is best described in terms of Hall's theory of storm and stress.

Answer: b LO: 1.14 Describe the five features of emerging adulthood, and the extent to which emerging adulthood exists in developed countries and developing countries.

Topic: From Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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57. Nineteen-year-old William believes that he "became an adult" when he got a job, moved out of his parents' house, and became responsible for "paying his way" and making his own life decisions. William's definition of adulthood best reflects the __________. a. inexperience of youth b. legacy of the industrial revolution c. interdependent values of Western society d. values of individualism Answer: b LO: 1.15 Identify the three markers of adulthood that are the most common across cultures.

Topic: The Transition to Adulthood Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

58. Learning to stand alone as a self-sufficient person without relying on anyone else is considered a. collectivism b. individualism c. interdependence d. correlation Answer: b LO: 1.15 Identify the three markers of adulthood that are the most common across cultures.

Topic: The Transition to Adulthood Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

59. How would Eva (a young emerging adult from Argentina) differ in her criteria for adulthood from either Adrian (a young American), Mara (an Israeli girl), or Twan (a young South Korean boy)? Unlike the others, Eva knows __________. a. accepting responsibility is a key criterion of adulthood b. that being able to support a family financially is important c. completing military service is an important sign of adulthood d. when she becomes an adult she will support her parents financially Answer: b LO: 1.16 Give examples of how criteria for adulthood vary across cultures.

Topic: The Transition to Adulthood Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

60. According to anthropological research, in most traditional, non-Western cultures, a person attains adult status with __________.

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a. employment b. the completion of post-secondary education c. marriage d. the completion of military service Answer: c LO: 1.16 Give examples of how criteria for adulthood vary across cultures.

Topic: The Transition to Adulthood Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

61. The view that marriage is the key transition to adulthood is characteristic of __________. a. cultures that value interdependence more than independence b. people raised in large families c. cultures that face economic hardship d. individuals who engaged in early dating behavior as adolescents Answer: a LO: 1.16 Give examples of how criteria for adulthood vary across cultures.

Topic: The Transition to Adulthood Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

62. Which statement best reflects conclusions about traditional cultures based on anthropologists' observations? A person is considered an adult __________. a. when old enough to vote b. after marriage c. with the development of self-control d. after finishing college Answer: b LO: 1.16 Give examples of how criteria for adulthood vary across cultures.

Topic: The Transition to Adulthood Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

63. In the scientific method, the sample is meant to represent the __________. a. population b. hypothesis c. method d. researcher Answer: a LO: 1.17 Describe the five steps of the scientific method.

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Topic: The Scientific Study of Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

64. When scholars who study adolescents and emerging adults select a sample of the population to study, the most important consideration is that the sample __________. a. is representative of the population they are interested in b. is small enough to study in a reasonable time frame c. also contains people they are not interested in studying d. be selected using a computer-generated random number table Answer: a LO: 1.17 Describe the five steps of the scientific method.

Topic: The Scientific Study of Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

65. The procedure of a research study refers to the __________. a. legal obligations that must be followed b. selection of a representative sample c. way the study is conducted and the data are collected d. choice of quantitative or qualitative techniques Answer: c LO: 1.17 Describe the five steps of the scientific method.

Topic: The Scientific Study of Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

66. Which statement most accurately represents the relationship between theory and research? a. Theory exclusively drives research; all research is based on established theory. b. Research never initiates theory; sound theory arises from new discoveries. c. A theory generates hypotheses that can be tested in research, which modifies theory, which leads to further research. d. Theory and research arise separately; scholars of theory rarely enter the realm of research.

Answer: c LO: 1.17 Describe the five steps of the scientific method.

Topic: The Scientific Study of Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts 22 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

67. When findings based on a sample can also be used to make accurate statements about the population of interest, the study is thought to be __________. a. representative b. reliable c. generalizable d. accurate Answer: c LO: 1.17 Describe the five steps of the scientific method.

Topic: The Scientific Study of Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

68. Consent forms typically do NOT include __________. a. information on the purpose of the study b. a statement that participation is voluntary c. information on potential risks and benefits d. the results of previous studies on similar topics Answer: d LO: 1.18 Identify some key ethical standards for adolescent development research.

Topic: The Scientific Study of Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

69. In a research study, appropriate procedure usually requires the consent of a parent or guardian __________. a. for adolescents 12 and under b. for emerging adults who still live with their parents c. for adolescents under age 18 d. only if the study is conducted in a public school Answer: c LO: 1.18 Identify some key ethical standards for adolescent development research.

Topic: The Scientific Study of Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

70. Seema is conducting a study of how adolescents spend their time and wants to collect unbiased data. Which of the following should she NOT do?

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a. Phrase questions in a way that leads to a desired answer. b. Ensure that participants' responses are confidential. c. Present participants with a consent form before they participate. d. Allow participants to withdraw from the study if they want to.

Answer: a LO: 1.18 Identify some key ethical standards for adolescent development research.

Topic: The Scientific Study of Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

71. Luiza is conducting a study in which she must deceive participants to hide the real purpose of her study. Beyond making sure that the Institutional Review Board approves of her deception, what else must she include in her procedures? a. debriefing b. sharing articles on deception with participants c. the phone number to the counseling center d. the phone number to the Institutional Review Board Answer: a LO: 1.18 Identify some key ethical standards for adolescent development research.

Topic: The Scientific Study of Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

72. Which of the following studies on adolescents and emerging adults is a large-scale survey with a focus on substance use, as well as on peer relations and educational goals? a. Monitoring the Future b. Harvard Adolescence Project c. Davis Adolescent Survey d. Youth Ethnography Initiative Answer: a LO: 1.19 Describe the main measurements used in research on adolescents and emerging adults, and the importance of reliability and validity.

Topic: Research Measurements and Designs Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

73. An advantage of questionnaires with a closed question format is that they __________. a. are easier for the participants to understand b. facilitate data collection and analysis with large samples c. are found to have a high degree of validity 24 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

d. allow for participants' unique responses Answer: b LO: 1.19 Describe the main measurements used in research on adolescents and emerging adults, and the importance of reliability and validity.

Topic: Research Measurements and Designs Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

74. One limitation of research questionnaires is that __________. a. these measures may not capture the complexity of the issues being investigated b. such measures cannot be analyzed efficiently c. paper and pencil measures are expensive to administer d. these measures cannot be used in a controlled setting Answer: a LO: 1.19 Describe the main measurements used in research on adolescents and emerging adults, and the importance of reliability and validity.

Topic: Research Measurements and Designs Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

75. __________ is a sampling technique in which researchers select participants so that various categories of people are represented in proportions equal to their presence in the population. a. Random sampling b. Priority sampling c. Stratified sampling d. Population sampling Answer: c LO: 1.19 Describe the main measurements used in research on adolescents and emerging adults, and the importance of reliability and validity.

Topic: Research Measurements and Designs Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

76. Beryl, a researcher studying adolescents' friendships, wants to understand her research participants' unique lives in-depth and from their own perspectives. The best choice of method would be __________. a. experience sampling method b. interviews c. questionnaires 25 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

d. observations Answer: b LO: 1.19 Describe the main measurements used in research on adolescents and emerging adults, and the importance of reliability and validity.

Topic: Research Measurements and Designs Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

77. Junio is huddled near a bush outside the main entrance to his high school. He watches to see if any students hold the door open for another student. In his data, he is gathering information about age and gender in his notebook. Junio is clearly conducting a(n) _________ study. a. case b. experimental c. observational d. interview Answer: c LO: 1.19 Describe the main measurements used in research on adolescents and emerging adults, and the importance of reliability and validity.

Topic: Research Measurements and Designs Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

78. One of the reasons that more research studies are conducted using questionnaires than using interviews is that __________. a. questionnaires are more valid than interviews b. interviews are not as reliable as questionnaires c. coding interview data takes considerable time, effort, and money d. questionnaire data is the most likely to be generalizable Answer: c LO: 1.19 Describe the main measurements used in research on adolescents and emerging adults, and the importance of reliability and validity.

Topic: Research Measurements and Designs Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

79. The truthfulness of a measure best defines which of the following concepts? a. validity b. reliability c. generalizability 26 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

d. recapitulation Answer: a LO: 1.19 Describe the main measurements used in research on adolescents and emerging adults, and the importance of reliability and validity.

Topic: Research Measurements and Designs Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

80. Mark has constructed a test to measure adolescents' creativity. After administering the test many times with different groups of adolescents, Mark found that the test consistently measured adolescents' ability to solve math problems. This test is __________. a. valid, but not reliable b. neither valid nor reliable c. neither generalizable nor valid d. reliable, but not valid Answer: d LO: 1.19 Describe the main measurements used in research on adolescents and emerging adults, and the importance of reliability and validity.

Topic: Research Measurements and Designs Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

81. Living among and observing the people being studied is most closely associated with which of the following research methods? a. biological measurement b. ethnographic research c. interview method d. experience sampling Answer: b LO: 1.20 Distinguish between different types of research designs.

Topic: Research Measurements and Designs Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

82. The first ethnography on adolescence was written by __________. a. G. Stanley Hall b. J. M. Tanner c. Margaret Mead d. Erik Erikson Answer: c 27 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

LO: 1.20 Distinguish between different types of research designs.

Topic: Research Measurements and Designs Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

83. The main disadvantage of the case study method of research is that it is __________. a. not very rich in details b. tough to use in mental health settings c. difficult to generalize the results d. limited to one person per study Answer: c LO: 1.20 Distinguish between different types of research designs.

Topic: Research Measurements and Designs Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

84. What is the simplest form of experimental research? a. a natural experiment focusing on a placebo b. interviewing three people to develop case study data c. having young people keep daily records at random times during the day d. collecting data from two groups—control and experimental Answer: d LO: 1.20 Distinguish between different types of research designs.

Topic: Research Measurements and Designs Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

85. According to the text, another area of adolescent research for which the experimental research method is commonly used is interventions. Which scenario best describes an intervention? a. people spending a considerable amount of time among the people they wish to study b. designing a program to promote critical thinking to help teens stop smoking c. measuring biological changes like timing and pacing of different aspects of physical development during puberty d. having young people wear watches with beepers to help them record a variety of experiences at random times during the day Answer: b LO: 1.20 Distinguish between different types of research designs.

Topic: Research Measurements and Designs 28 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

86. Twin studies are a kind of __________. a. peer review b. microsystem c. causation d. natural experiment Answer: d LO: 1.20 Distinguish between different types of research designs.

Topic: Research Measurements and Designs Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

87. A statistical relationship between two variables that cannot be used to determine cause-and-effect relationships is called a(n) a. sample. b. theory. c. hypothesis. d. correlation.

Answer: d LO: 1.20 Distinguish between different types of research designs.

Topic: Research Measurements and Designs Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

88. Which type of research involves collecting data from a sample of people on a single occasion, with the goal of examining those data for relationships between variables in the data, based on the hypotheses of the study? a. longitudinal protocols b. cross-sectional designs c. correlational studies d. case studies Answer: b LO: 1.21 Explain the difference between a cross-sectional and a longitudinal research design.

Topic: Research Measurements and Designs Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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89. Most longitudinal research studies take place for about _________. a. a year or less b. one to two years c. two to four years d. five or more years Answer: a LO: 1.21 Explain the difference between a cross-sectional and a longitudinal research design.

Topic: Research Measurements and Design Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

90. Dr. Goldsmith is conducting a study where the same participants will be assessed repeatedly, every 12 months, over a 10-year period. This is an example of ________ research. a. cross-sectional b. quasi-experimental c. case study d. longitudinal Answer: d LO: 1.21 Explain the difference between a cross-sectional and a longitudinal research design.

Topic: Research Measurements and Designs Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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True/False 91. A developed country refers to the most affluent countries in the world. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 1.1 Distinguish between adolescents in developing and developed countries in terms of income, education, and cultural values.

Topic: A Demographic Profile of Adolescents Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

92. The term traditional culture refers to people in the rural areas of developing countries who tend to adhere more closely to the historical traditions of their culture than do people in urban areas. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 1.1 Distinguish between adolescents in developing and developed countries in terms of income, education, and cultural values.

Topic: A Demographic Profile of Adolescents Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

93. As a consequence of globalization, adolescents around the world are experiencing increasingly similar environments. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 1.2 Explain why it is important to account for globalization in understanding adolescent development.

Topic: A Demographic Profile of Adolescents Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

94. Gender is NOT a key issue in life-span development in most cultures. a. True b. False Answer: b 31 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

LO: 1.1 Explain why socioeconomic status (SES), gender, and ethnicity are important aspects of adolescent development within countries.

Topic: A Demographic Profile of Adolescents Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

95. African cultures have strengths in their tradition of large families and strong, supportive family relationships. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 1.4 Name the main challenges facing African adolescents in the 21st century, and identify positive cultural traditions and recent trends.

Topic: Adolescence Around the World: A Brief Regional Overview Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

96. Filial piety is one of the tenets of Confucianism. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 1.6 Describe the distinctive features of the cultural context for Asian adolescents.

Topic: Adolescence Around the World: A Brief Regional Overview Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

97. Education is NOT compulsory for all children in India. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 1.7 Identify the main challenges for Indian adolescents in the 21st century.

Topic: Adolescence Around the World: A Brief Regional Overview Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

98. In Latin America, unemployment is particularly high among young people and is estimated at over 25%. a. True b. False 32 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Answer: a LO: 1.8 Describe the common features of Latin American countries and the two key issues for today’s adolescents there.

Topic: Adolescence Around the World: A Brief Regional Overview Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

99. In “the West,” emerging adults in underrepresented groups often obtain tertiary education at rates considerably higher than emerging adults in the majority culture. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 1.9 List the common features experienced by adolescents in the countries that make up “the West,” and indicate what is distinctive to minority adolescents.

Topic: Adolescence Around the World: A Brief Regional Overview Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

100. Plato argued that serious education should begin only at adolescence. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 1.10 Describe how views of adolescence changed in the West from ancient Greece through medieval times.

Topic: A Brief History of Adolescence in Western Cultures Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

101. G. Stanley Hall's theory of recapitulation held that the development of individuals reenacts the development of the human species. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 1.12 Identify the three features that made the years 1890–1920 the Age of Adolescence.

Topic: A Brief History of Adolescence in Western Cultures Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

102. In Western society, adolescence is generally viewed as beginning with puberty and 33 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

ending when an individual reaches the end of secondary school education. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 1.13 Summarize the influences that have led to an earlier beginning and end to adolescence.

Topic: From Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

103. According to the text, emerging adulthood is characterized as an age of identity exploration. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 1.14 Describe the five features of emerging adulthood, and the extent to which emerging adulthood exists in developed countries and developing countries.

Topic: From Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

104. Erik Erikson felt that emerging adulthood is characterized by the age of identity explorations. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 1.14 Describe the five features of emerging adulthood, and the extent to which emerging adulthood exists in developed countries and developing countries.

Topic: From Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

105. During the time of emerging adulthood the reality that “It is unlikely I will get what I want out of life” emerges. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 1.14 Describe the five features of emerging adulthood, and the extent to which emerging adulthood exists in developed countries and developing countries.

Topic: From Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood 34 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

106. Davis and Davis (2012) found that Moroccan youth most commonly defined the transition to adulthood by both physical development and development of character qualities. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 1.16 Give examples of how criteria for adulthood vary across cultures.

Topic: The Transition to Adulthood Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

107. If a research sample is representative of a particular population, the findings will most likely be generalizable. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 1.17 Describe the five steps of the scientific method.

Topic: The Scientific Study of Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

108. Quantitative research data most commonly come from interviews, while questionnaires are the usual source of qualitative data. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 1.19 Describe the main measurements used in research on adolescents and emerging adults, and the importance of reliability and validity.

Topic: Research Measurements and Design Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

109. Correlation does NOT imply causation. a. True b. False 35 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Answer: b LO: 1.20 Distinguish between different types of research designs.

Topic: Research Measurements and Designs Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

36 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Essay 110. Compare and contrast the experiences and characteristics of adolescents living in rural and urban areas of developing countries.

LO: 1.1 Distinguish between adolescents in developing and developed countries in terms of income, education, and cultural values.

Topic: A Demographic Profile of Adolescents Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Answer: Within developing countries there is often a sharp divide between rural and urban areas, with adolescents in urban areas living in families with high incomes and receiving more education and better medical care. Often, the lives of middle-class adolescents in urban areas of developing countries resemble the lives of adolescents in developed countries in many ways, yet they are much different than adolescents in rural areas of their own countries. Traditional cultures are often found in the rural areas, and they tend to be more collectivistic than other cultures are, in part because in rural areas close ties with others are often an economic necessity.

111. Define globalization. What impact might globalization have on the lives of adolescents and emerging adults?

LO: 1.2 Explain why it is important to account for globalization in understanding adolescent development.

Topic: A Demographic Profile of Adolescents Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Answer: Globalization means that the world is becoming “smaller,” more homogeneous, due to increased connections in trade, travel, technology, and leisure. As a consequence of the globalization of adolescence and emerging adulthood, young people around the world experience increasingly similar environments. It appeals to adolescents and emerging adults who are more capable of exploring beyond family boundaries and less committed to established roles. Globalization results in common experiences across cultural boundaries (e.g., clothing, soft drinks, music, television, etc.).

112. Briefly describe the Children’s Crusade, when it occurred, what happened, and what it revealed about the people’s beliefs about adolescents at that time.

LO: 1.10 Describe how views of adolescence changed in the West from ancient Greece through medieval times.

Topic: A Brief History of Adolescence in Western Cultures Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

37 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Answer: The Children’s Crusade took place in 1212. It consisted of people mostly in their teens and university students. They set out from Germany for the Mediterranean coast, believing that when they arrived there the waters would part for the as the Red Sea had for Moses. They would then walk over to the Holy Land where they would appeal to the Muslims to allow Christian pilgrims to visit the holy sites. The Children’s Crusade was an attempt to appeal to the Muslims in peace, inspired by the belief that Jesus had decreed that the Holy Land could be gained only through the innocence of youth. Unfortunately, the “innocence” of the young people made them a ripe target for the unscrupulous. Many were robbed, raped, or kidnapped along the way. Those that arrived at the Mediterranean Sea were sold into slavery. It made clear that people of that era viewed adolescence as a time of innocence and saw that innocence as possessing a special value and power.

113. List and briefly describe the three major contributions which made 1890–1920 the "Age of Adolescence."

LO: 1.12 Identify the three features that made the years 1890–1920 the Age of Adolescence Topic: A Brief History of Adolescence in Western Cultures Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Answer: Key changes during these years included the enactment of laws restricting child labor, new requirements for children to attend secondary school, and the development of the field of adolescence as an area of scholarly study.

Child labor laws: In the view of urban reformers, children were being exploited and harmed, both physically and morally. These activists successfully fought for legislation that prohibited companies from hiring preteen children and limited the number of hours young people could work. School attendance laws: Laws requiring longer periods of schooling and mandatory attendance in both elementary and secondary schools. The proportion of adolescents attending school rose dramatically from 5% of young people aged 14 to 17 in 1890 to 30% in 1920. Study of adolescence: The work of G. Stanley Hall began the study of adolescence as a distinct field of scholarship. He wrote the first textbook on adolescence, published in 1904. It covered a wide range of topics, such as physical health and development, adolescence cross-culturally and historically, and adolescent love. A surprising number of Hall’s observations have been verified by recent research, He advocated research in order to improve the conditions for adolescents in family, school, and workplace.

114. Describe how varying values of individualism and interdependence impact how different cultures define the transition to adulthood.

LO: 1.16 Give examples of how criteria for adulthood vary across cultures.

Topic: The Transition to Adulthood Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Answer: In the past two decades, many studies have examined what young people view as 38 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

the key markers of the transition to adulthood. In these studies, young people from their early teens to their late 20s agreed that the most important markers of the transition from adolescence to adulthood are: 1) accepting responsibility for oneself, 2) making independent decisions, and 3) becoming financially independent, in that order. These three criteria rank highest not just across cultures and nations but across ethnic groups and social classes. All three are characterized by individualism; that is, all three emphasize the importance of learning to stand alone as a self-sufficient person without relying on anyone else. The criteria for adulthood favored by emerging adults in developed countries reflect the individualistic values of those societies. Traditional, non-Western cultures view marriage as the transition to adulthood. Only after marriage is a person considered to have attained adult status and is given adult privileges and responsibilities. Traditional cultures view marriage as the key transition to adulthood because they see the collectivistic value of interdependence as more important than the individualistic value of independence.

Marriage signifies a person is taking on new interdependent relationships outside the family of origin.

115. Describe in detail the five steps of applying the scientific method.

LO: 1.17 Describe the five steps of the scientific method.

Topic: The Scientific Study of Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Answer: Step 1: Identify a Research Question. The question may be generated by a theory or previous research, or it may be a new question based on the researcher’s own observation or experience. Step 2: Form a Hypothesis. The hypothesis is the researcher’s idea about a possible answer to the question of interest. Step 3: Choose a Research Method and a Research Design. The research method is the approach to investigating the hypothesis (interview, questionnaire, etc.). The research design is the plan for when and how to collect data for the study. Step 4: Collect Data to Test the Hypothesis. This includes selecting a sample that is representative of the population. Step 5: Draw Conclusions and Form New Questions and Hypotheses. Once the data for a study have been collected, statistical analyses are usually conducted to examine relationships between different parts of the data. Then the analysis must be interpreted and discussed. This discussion is typically in the form of a research article in a professional journal.

116. Outline the advantages and limitations of both interview and questionnaire methods of studying adolescence.

LO: 1.19 Describe the main measurements used in research on adolescents and emerging adults, and the importance of reliability and validity.

Topic: Research Measurements and Designs Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Answer: Questionnaires: Advantages: facilitate large-scale data collection and analysis in a 39 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

relatively short time. Limitations: range of responses is limited by closed-ended question format, so it does not capture the full depth and complexity of the experience. Interviews: Advantages: able to capture complexities and richness of experience to provide individuality of responses not possible with questionnaires; interviews allow adolescents’ unique “voices” and perspectives to emerge, so the researcher can understand the “whole person” and interconnectedness of life issues. Limitations: must be coded into categories in order to analyze; interviewing and coding are costly, time-consuming, and require considerable effort and skill.

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REVEL QUIZ QUESTIONS

Quiz 1.1: A Demographic Profile of Adolescents EOM_Q1.1.1 1. Elina attends primary school in a developing country. What is the likelihood that she will complete primary school? a) About 80% of adolescents in developing countries complete primary school. b) She is as equally likely to complete primary school as an adolescent in a developed country.

Consider this: Are adolescents in developed or developing countries more or less likely to progress in school? LO 1.1 Distinguish between adolescents in developing and developed countries in terms of income, education, and cultural values. c) About 50% of adolescents in developing countries complete primary school.

Consider this: Are adolescents in developed or developing countries more or less likely to progress in school? LO 1.1 Distinguish between adolescents in developing and developed countries in terms of income, education, and cultural values. d) She is more likely than an adolescent in a developed country to complete her primary education.

Consider this: Are adolescents in developed or developing countries more or less likely to progress in school? LO 1.1 Distinguish between adolescents in developing and developed countries in terms of income, education, and cultural values.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: A Demographic Profile of Adolescents Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 1.1 Distinguish between adolescents in developing and developed countries in terms of income, education, and cultural values.

EOM_Q1.1.2 2. __________ values are often prominent in developed countries, and ___________values are often prized in developing countries. a) Individualistic; collectivistic b) Collectivistic; independence

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Consider this: Developed and developing countries differ in what they value as the primary role of their citizens. LO 1.1 Distinguish between adolescents in developing and developed countries in terms of income, education, and cultural values. c) Group harmony; obedience Consider this: Developed and developing countries differ in what they value as the primary role of their citizens. LO 1.1 Distinguish between adolescents in developing and developed countries in terms of income, education, and cultural values. d) Obedience; individualistic Consider this: Developed and developing countries differ in what they value as the primary role of their citizens. LO 1.1 Distinguish between adolescents in developing and developed countries in terms of income, education, and cultural values.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: A Demographic Profile of Adolescents Skill: Analyze It Learning Objective: 1.1 Distinguish between adolescents in developing and developed countries in terms of income, education, and cultural values.

EOM_Q1.1.3 3. The majority of research on adolescence has focused on __________. a) the 20% of the world’s population that lives in developed countries b) the 80% of the world’s population that lives in developing countries Consider this: Who have been the participants in most of the research that you have read about? LO 1.1 Distinguish between adolescents in developing and developed countries in terms of income, education, and cultural values. c) the 40% of the world’s population that lives in countries that are neither developed nor developing Consider this: Who have been the participants in most of the research that you have read about? LO 1.1 Distinguish between adolescents in developing and developed countries in terms of income, education, and cultural values. d) the 20% of the world’s population that lives in the urban areas of developed countries Consider this: Who have been the participants in most of the research that you have read about? LO 1.1 Distinguish between adolescents in developing and developed countries in terms of income, education, and cultural values.

Answer: a 42 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Difficulty: Moderate Topic: A Demographic Profile of Adolescents Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 1.1 Distinguish between adolescents in developing and developed countries in terms of income, education, and cultural values.

EOM_Q1.1.4 4. The degree to which the world is becoming “smaller,” and to some extent more homogeneous, due to increased connections in trade, travel, technology, and leisure is called ___________. a) globalization b) enculturation Consider this: People find it much easier to experience and understand other cultures because they are exposed to them more. LO 1.2 Explain why it is important to account for globalization in understanding adolescent development. c) traditionalism Consider this: People find it much easier to experience and understand other cultures because they are exposed to them more. LO 1.2 Explain why it is important to account for globalization in understanding adolescent development. d) monism Consider this: People find it much easier to experience and understand other cultures because they are exposed to them more. LO 1.2 Explain why it is important to account for globalization in understanding adolescent development.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: A Demographic Profile of Adolescents Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 1.2 Explain why it is important to account for globalization in understanding adolescent development.

EOM_Q1.1.5 5. Gender pertains to ___________ , and sex pertains to __________. a) cultural beliefs; biological status b) biological status; cultural beliefs 43 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Consider this: The expectations that cultures have for boys and girls vary widely. LO 1.3 Explain why socioeconomic status (SES), gender, and ethnicity are important aspects of adolescent development within countries. c) social expectations; cultural beliefs Consider this: The expectations that cultures have for boys and girls vary widely. LO 1.3 Explain why socioeconomic status (SES), gender, and ethnicity are important aspects of adolescent development within countries. d) cultural beliefs; social expectations Consider this: The expectations that cultures have for boys and girls vary widely. LO 1.3 Explain why socioeconomic status (SES), gender, and ethnicity are important aspects of adolescent development within countries.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: A Demographic Profile of Adolescents Skill: Analyze It Learning Objective: 1.3 Explain why socioeconomic status (SES), gender, and ethnicity are important aspects of adolescent development within countries.

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Quiz 1.2: Adolescence Around the World: A Brief Regional Overview EOM_Q1.2.1 1. Compared to other regions of the world, adolescent girls in many countries in North Africa and the Middle East face __________. a) sharply limited opportunities in adulthood b) the freedom to sexually experiment before marriage Consider this: What are the limitations placed on women by predominantly Islamic cultures? LO 1.5 Explain how Islam structures development for adolescents in North Africa and the Middle East. c) decreased educational attainment Consider this: What are the limitations placed on women by predominantly Islamic cultures? LO 1.5 Explain how Islam structures development for adolescents in North Africa and the Middle East. d) increased opportunities to explore the community Consider this: What are the limitations placed on women by predominantly Islamic cultures? LO 1.5 Explain how Islam structures development for adolescents in North Africa and the Middle East.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Adolescence Around the World: A Brief Regional Overview Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 1.5 Explain how Islam structures development for adolescents in North Africa and the Middle East.

EOM_Q1.2.2 2. Asian culture supports a belief in filial piety. What is filial piety? a) The belief that children should respect, obey, and revere their parents, especially the father b) The belief that children should take care of their parents through the childhood and adolescent periods 45 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Consider this: Asian cultures are collectivistic cultures. LO 1.6 Describe the distinctive features of the cultural context for Asian adolescents. c) The belief that children should focus on individualism and developing strong careers Consider this: Asian cultures are collectivistic cultures. LO 1.6 Describe the distinctive features of the cultural context for Asian adolescents. d) The belief that children should focus on becoming servants of others in society Consider this: Asian cultures are collectivistic cultures. LO 1.6 Describe the distinctive features of the cultural context for Asian adolescents.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Adolescence Around the World: A Brief Regional Overview Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 1.6 Describe the distinctive features of the cultural context for Asian adolescents.

EOM_Q1.2.3 3. Adolescents in India are likely to be __________ than adolescents in most parts of the world. a) less educated b) more responsible Consider this: Children and adolescents are often found working in unsafe conditions in this culture. LO 1.7 Identify the main challenges for Indian adolescents in the 21st century. c) healthier Consider this: Children and adolescents are often found working in unsafe conditions in this culture. LO 1.7 Identify the main challenges for Indian adolescents in the 21st century. d) less family focused Consider this: Children and adolescents are often found working in unsafe conditions in this culture. LO 1.7 Identify the main challenges for Indian adolescents in the 21st century.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Adolescence Around the World: A Brief Regional Overview 46 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 1. 7 Identify the main challenges for Indian adolescents in the 21st century.

EOM_Q1.2.4 4. What are the two key issues for adolescents in Latin America in the 21st century? a) Political stability and economic growth b) Quality education and balancing traditional cultural values Consider this: Some Latin American countries still have not established stable democracies. LO 1.8 Describe the common features of Latin American countries and the two key issues for today’s adolescents there. c) Low probability of advanced education and finding high-paying careers Consider this: Some Latin American countries still have not established stable democracies. LO 1.8 Describe the common features of Latin American countries and the two key issues for today’s adolescents there. d) Health maintenance and overcrowding due to high birth rates Consider this: Some Latin American countries still have not established stable democracies. LO 1.8 Describe the common features of Latin American countries and the two key issues for today’s adolescents there.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Adolescence Around the World: A Brief Regional Overview Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 1.8 Describe the common features of Latin American countries and the two key issues for today’s adolescents there.

EOM_Q1.2.5 5. Generally, ethnic minority adolescents in “the West” are more likely to __________ than their majority counterparts. a) fail to graduate from college b) experience steady employment Consider this: Ethnic minorities generally have fewer opportunities. LO 1.9 List the common features experienced by adolescents in the countries that make up “the West,” and indicate what is distinctive to minority adolescents. c) escape prejudice and discrimination 47 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Consider this: Ethnic minorities generally have fewer opportunities. LO 1.9 List the common features experienced by adolescents in the countries that make up “the West,” and indicate what is distinctive to minority adolescents. d) own their own home as an adult Consider this: Ethnic minorities generally have fewer opportunities. LO 1.9 List the common features experienced by adolescents in the countries that make up “the West,” and indicate what is distinctive to minority adolescents.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Adolescence Around the World: A Brief Regional Overview Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 1.9 List the common features experienced by adolescents in the countries that make up “the West,” and indicate what is distinctive to minority adolescents.

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Quiz 1.3: A Brief History of Adolescence in Western Cultures EOM_Q1.3.1 1. During medieval times, youth ages 13 to 15 undertook the Children’s Crusade. These young crusaders traveled across the Mediterranean coast to the Holy Land in hopes of peacefully appealing to the Muslims to allow Christians to visit holy sites. Which of the following summarizes what happened to the crusaders and how the outcome depicted views of adolescents during medieval times? a) The crusaders were robbed, kidnapped, or sold into slavery, indicating adolescents were viewed as innocent and lacking experience during medieval times. b) The crusaders were granted their request to visit holy sites by the Muslims, indicating adolescents were viewed as mature and knowledgeable during medieval times.

Consider This: Remember that the Children’s Crusade was inspired by the belief that Jesus had decreed the Holy Land could be gained only through the innocence of youth. LO 1.10 Describe how views of adolescence changed in the West from ancient Greece through medieval times. c) The crusaders were protected by local military forces at each town on their journey, indicating adolescents were viewed as influential and important members of society during medieval times.

Consider This: Remember that the Children’s s Crusade was inspired by the belief that Jesus had decreed the Holy Land could be gained only through the innocence of youth. LO 1.10 Describe how views of adolescence changed in the West from ancient Greece through medieval times. d) The crusaders never made it to the Holy Land because their parents prevented them from going, indicating adolescents were viewed as incapable of being independent during medieval times.

Consider This: Remember that the Children’s Crusade was inspired by the belief that Jesus had decreed the Holy Land could be gained only through the innocence of youth. LO 1.10 Describe how views of adolescence changed in the West from ancient Greece through medieval times.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: A Brief History of Adolescence in Western Cultures 49 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 1.10 Describe how views of adolescence changed in the West from ancient Greece through medieval times.

EOM_Q1.3.2 2. Although life-cycle service occurred in both Europe and the United States, this experience occurred during different historical time periods. During which historical time period was lifecycle service most common in the United States? a) Colonial period b) Renaissance period Consider This: Remember that life-cycle service in the United States declined during the 18th and 19th centuries as the national economy became less based in farming and more industrialized. LO 1.11 Explain what life-cycle service involves and specify when it was most common. c) Medieval period Consider This: Remember that life-cycle service in the United States declined during the 18th and 19th centuries as the national economy became less based in farming and more industrialized. LO 1.11 Explain what life-cycle service involves and specify when it was most common. d) Industrial period Consider This: Remember that life-cycle service in the United States declined during the 18th and 19th centuries as the national economy became less based in farming and more industrialized. LO 1.11 Explain what life-cycle service involves and specify when it was most common.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: A Brief History of Adolescence in Western Cultures Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 1.11 Explain what life-cycle service involves and specify when it was most common.

EOM_Q1.3.3 3. Between 1890 and 1920, states began passing laws requiring attendance in both primary and secondary school, which influenced a change in the proportion of adolescents in formal schooling. Which of the following reflects this change? a) School attendance at ages 14 to 17 increased from 5% in 1890 to 30% in 1920.

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b) School attendance at ages 14 to 17 increased from 15% in 1890 to 45% in 1920.

Consider This: Think about how the initiation of laws restricting child labor during this same time period may have influenced the proportion of adolescents in formal schooling.

LO 1.12 Identify the three features that made the years 1890–1920 the Age of Adolescence. c) School attendance at ages 14 to 17 declined from 10% in 1890 to 5% in 1920.

Consider This: Think about how the initiation of laws restricting child labor during this same time period may have influenced the proportion of adolescents in formal schooling.

LO 1.12 Identify the three features that made the years 1890–1920 the Age of Adolescence. d) School attendance at ages 14 to 17 declined from 30% in 1890 to 5% in 1920.

Consider This: Think about how the initiation of laws restricting child labor during this same time period may have influenced the proportion of adolescents in formal schooling.

LO 1.12 Identify the three features that made the years 1890–1920 the Age of Adolescence.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: A Brief History of Adolescence in Western Cultures Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 1.12 Identify the three features that made the years 1890–1920 the Age of Adolescence.

EOM_Q1.3.4 4. Imagine that Ryan was a 10-year-old boy living in an American city during the Industrial Revolution. Which of the following scenarios best reflects how Ryan’s life might have been during that time? a) Ryan was working 12-hour days in a coal mine for 35¢ a day. b) Ryan was engaging in life-cycle service to learn how to be a blacksmith.

Consider This: Think about what factors led to establishing laws protecting youth during this time in the United States. LO 1.12 Identify the three features that made the years 1890–1920 the Age of Adolescence. c) Ryan was working on a farm to learn how to raise crops and cattle.

Consider This: Think about what factors led to establishing laws protecting youth during this time in the United States. LO 1.12 Identify the three features that made the years 1890–1920 the Age of Adolescence. d) Ryan was attending formal school every day learning how to read and write.

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Consider This: Think about what factors led to establishing laws protecting youth during this time in the United States. LO 1.12 Identify the three features that made the years 1890–1920 the Age of Adolescence.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: A Brief History of Adolescence in Western Cultures Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 1.12 Identify the three features that made the years 1890–1920 the Age of Adolescence.

EOM_Q1.3.5 5. Which of the following scholars was responsible for initiating the scholarly study of adolescence as a distinct field? a) G. Stanley Hall b) St. Augustine Consider This: Although all of the answer choices reflect scholars who have contributed to the study of adolescence, think about which one made his contribution during the time period of the Age of Adolescence. LO 1.12 Identify the three features that made the years 1890-1920 the Age of Adolescence. c) Aristotle Consider This: Although all of the answer choices reflect scholars who have contributed to the study of adolescence, think about which one made his contribution during the time period of the Age of Adolescence. LO 1.12 Identify the three features that made the years 1890-1920 the Age of Adolescence. d) Anna Freud Consider This: Although all of the answer choices reflect scholars who have contributed to the study of adolescence, think about which one made his contribution during the time period of the Age of Adolescence. LO 1.12 Identify the three features that made the years 1890-1920 the Age of Adolescence.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: A Brief History of Adolescence in Western Cultures Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 1.12 Identify the three features that made the years 1890-1920 the Age of Adolescence.

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Quiz 1.4: From Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood EOM_Q1.4.1 1. In the early 20th century, G. Stanley Hall defined the age range of adolescence as beginning at 14 and ending at 24. Today’s scholars generally consider adolescence to begin at about age ____ and end by about age ____. a) 10; 18 b) 13; 18 Consider This: Think about the biological and societal changes that occurred across the 20th century that led to a reframing of the age range of adolescence. LO 1.13 Summarize the influences that have led to an earlier beginning and end to adolescence. c) 10; 25 Consider This: Think about the biological and societal changes that occurred across the 20th century that led to a reframing of the age range of adolescence. LO 1.13 Summarize the influences that have led to an earlier beginning and end to adolescence. d) 15; 25 Consider This: Think about the biological and societal changes that occurred across the 20th century that led to a reframing of the age range of adolescence. LO 1.13 Summarize the influences that have led to an earlier beginning and end to adolescence.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: From Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 1.13 Summarize the influences that have led to an earlier beginning and end to adolescence.

EOM_Q1.4.2 2. A decline in the typical age of the initiation of puberty across the 20th century is a biological change that explains the earlier beginning of adolescence. Which of the following reflects a societal change that occurred across the same time period that explains the earlier end of adolescence? a) Increases in the proportion of youth attending secondary school, thus normalizing the high school experience for youth

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b) Increases in the proportion of youth pursuing college education, thus normalizing the college experience for youth Consider This: Although all of the answer choices reflect societal changes that have occurred across the 20th century and influenced developmental time periods, think about which answer is most closely linked to the age range for adolescence. LO 1.13 Summarize the influences that have led to an earlier beginning and end to adolescence. c) Increases in the proportion of youth making frequent residential changes, thus normalizing a focus on life explorations for youth Consider This: Although all of the answer choices reflect societal changes that have occurred across the 20th century and influenced developmental time periods, think about which answer is most closely linked to the age range for adolescence. LO 1.13 Summarize the influences that have led to an earlier beginning and end to adolescence. d) Increases in the proportion of youth getting married at older ages, thus normalizing a focus on self-development for youth Consider This: Although all of the answer choices reflect societal changes that have occurred across the 20th century and influenced developmental time periods, think about which answer is most closely linked to the age range for adolescence. LO 1.13 Summarize the influences that have led to an earlier beginning and end to adolescence.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: From Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 1.13 Summarize the influences that have led to an earlier beginning and end to adolescence.

EOM_Q1.4.3 3. Mandie is a 21-year-old emerging adult living in the United States. When asked if she feels she has reached adulthood, she says she feels she has in some ways but not in others. Which of the following features of emerging adulthood is Mandie experiencing? a) Feeling in-between b) Identity explorations Consider This: Although all of the answer choices reflect features of emerging adulthood, think about how most emerging adults have the subjective feeling of being in a transitional phase of life. LO 1.14 Describe the five features of emerging adulthood, and the extent to which adulthood exists in developed countries and developing countries. c) Instability

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Consider This: Although all of the answer choices reflect features of emerging adulthood, think about how most emerging adults have the subjective feeling of being in a transitional phase of life. LO 1.14 Describe the five features of emerging adulthood, and the extent to which adulthood exists in developed countries and developing countries. d) Self-focus Consider This: Although all of the answer choices reflect features of emerging adulthood, think about how most emerging adults have the subjective feeling of being in a transitional phase of life. LO 1.14 Describe the five features of emerging adulthood, and the extent to which adulthood exists in developed countries and developing countries.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: From Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 1.14 Describe the five features of emerging adulthood, and the extent to which adulthood exists in developed countries and developing countries.

EOM_Q1.4.4 4. Arjun is a 22-year-old American emerging adult who just graduated from college. Arjun is completing a graduation survey, and one question asks him to rate his agreement with the statement “I am confident that eventually I will get what I want out of life.” Which of the following agreement ratings is Arjun most likely to select? a) Strongly Agree b) Somewhat Agree Consider This: Think about how emerging adulthood is an age of possibilities. LO 1.14 Describe the five features of emerging adulthood, and the extent to which adulthood exists in developed countries and developing countries. c) Somewhat Disagree Consider This: Think about how emerging adulthood is an age of possibilities. LO 1.14 Describe the five features of emerging adulthood, and the extent to which adulthood exists in developed countries and developing countries. d) Strongly Disagree Consider This: Think about how emerging adulthood is an age of possibilities. LO 1.14 Describe the five features of emerging adulthood, and the extent to which adulthood exists in developed countries and developing countries.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult 55 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Topic: From Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 1.14 Describe the five features of emerging adulthood, and the extent to which adulthood exists in developed countries and developing countries.

EOM_Q1.4.5 5. Across his entire college experience, Wesley moved many times, which included moving into and out of a dorm, into and out of an apartment with friends, and into and out of his parents’ home one summer. Which of the following features of emerging adulthood did Wesley experience? a) Instability b) Possibilities Consider This: Although all of the answer choices reflect features of emerging adulthood, think about how emerging adults’ identity explorations into many various possibilities in work and love might influence the predictability of this time period. LO 1.14 Describe the five features of emerging adulthood, and the extent to which adulthood exists in developed countries and developing countries. c) Feeling in-between Consider This: Although all of the answer choices reflect features of emerging adulthood, think about how emerging adults’ identity explorations into many various possibilities in work and love might influence the predictability of this time period. LO 1.14 Describe the five features of emerging adulthood, and the extent to which adulthood exists in developed countries and developing countries. d) Self-focus Consider This: Although all of the answer choices reflect features of emerging adulthood, think about how emerging adults’ identity explorations into many various possibilities in work and love might influence the predictability of this time period. LO 1.14 Describe the five features of emerging adulthood, and the extent to which adulthood exists in developed countries and developing countries.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: From Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 1.14 Describe the five features of emerging adulthood, and the extent to which adulthood exists in developed countries and developing countries.

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Quiz 1.5: The Transition to Adulthood EOM_Q1.5.1 1. Emerging adults in developed countries consistently report which of the following to be a main criterion that marks the transition to adulthood? a) Accepting responsibility for oneself b) Finishing a college education Consider This: Think about how developed countries tend to endorse individualistic values. LO 1.15 Identify the three markers of adulthood that are the most common across cultures. c) Having a child Consider This: Think about how developed countries tend to endorse individualistic values. LO 1.15 Identify the three markers of adulthood that are the most common across cultures. d) Purchasing a house Consider This: Think about how developed countries tend to endorse individualistic values. LO 1.15 Identify the three markers of adulthood that are the most common across cultures.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: The Transition to Adulthood Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 1.15 Identify the three markers of adulthood that are the most common across cultures.

EOM_Q1.5.2 2. Sarah has been accepted into two graduate school programs for engineering, and she must choose which one to attend. Rather than immediately calling her parents to help her choose, she is making pro and con lists to inform her choice of engineering program. Which of the following markers of adulthood is Sarah best demonstrating? a) Making independent decisions b) Accepting responsibility for oneself

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Consider This: Think about how emerging adulthood is a time for developing the selfsufficiency that is integral for a successful transition to adulthood. LO 1.15 Identify the three markers of adulthood that are the most common across cultures. c) Becoming financially independent Consider This: Think about how emerging adulthood is a time for developing the selfsufficiency that is integral for a successful transition to adulthood. LO 1.15 Identify the three markers of adulthood that are the most common across cultures. d) Feeling in-between Consider This: Think about how emerging adulthood is a time for developing the selfsufficiency that is integral for a successful transition to adulthood. LO 1.15 Identify the three markers of adulthood that are the most common across cultures.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: The Transition to Adulthood Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 1.15 Identify the three markers of adulthood that are the most common across cultures.

EOM_Q1.5.3 3. Research by anthropologists has found that in virtually all traditional cultures, the transition to adulthood is clearly and explicitly marked by ___________. a) marriage b) growing facial hair Consider This: Although all of the answer choices reflect criteria that traditional cultures deem important for the transition to adulthood, think about which one best represents the collectivistic value of interdependence. LO 1.16 Give examples of how criteria for adulthood vary across cultures. c) military service Consider This: Although all of the answer choices reflect criteria that traditional cultures deem important for the transition to adulthood, think about which one best represents the collectivistic value of interdependence. LO 1.16 Give examples of how criteria for adulthood vary across cultures. d) reaching age 21 Consider This: Although all of the answer choices reflect criteria that traditional cultures deem important for the transition to adulthood, think about which one best represents

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the collectivistic value of interdependence. LO 1.16 Give examples of how criteria for adulthood vary across cultures.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: The Transition to Adulthood Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 1.16 Give examples of how criteria for adulthood vary across cultures.

EOM_Q1.5.4 4. Sanda is a Burmese emerging adult who recently got married and is now considered an adult in her culture. Why does marriage constitute the attainment of adulthood in Sanda’s culture? a) Sanda’s culture is collectivistic and as such values the interdependence that marriage entails. b) Sanda’s culture is individualistic and as such values the independence that marriage entails.

Consider This: Think about how traditional cultures place a high emphasis on family obligations and relationships. LO 1.16 Give examples of how criteria for adulthood vary across cultures. c) Sanda’s culture is individualistic and as such values the interdependence that marriage entails.

Consider This: Think about how traditional cultures place a high emphasis on family obligations and relationships. LO 1.16 Give examples of how criteria for adulthood vary across cultures. d) Sanda’s culture is collectivistic and as such values the independence that marriage entails.

Consider This: Think about how traditional cultures place a high emphasis on family obligations and relationships. LO 1.16 Give examples of how criteria for adulthood vary across cultures.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: The Transition to Adulthood Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 1.16 Give examples of how criteria for adulthood vary across cultures.

EOM_Q1.5.5 59 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

5. Elizabeth and Achu are best friends who are both 21 years old, but Elizabeth lives in the United States and Achu lives in India. Although both girls are the same age and are emerging adults, when asked what they think is the most important criterion for adulthood, they provide different answers. Which of the following represents Elizabeth’s and Achu’s criterion, respectively? a) Accepting responsibility for oneself; Being able to financially support one’s parents b) Accepting responsibility for oneself; Making independent decisions Consider This: Think about the difference in values between individualistic and collectivistic cultures. LO 1.16 Give examples of how criteria for adulthood vary across cultures. c) Being able to financially support one’s parents; Accepting responsibility for oneself Consider This: Think about the difference in values between individualistic and collectivistic cultures. LO 1.16 Give examples of how criteria for adulthood vary across cultures. d) Being able to financially support one’s parents; Being capable of running a household Consider This: Think about the difference in values between individualistic and collectivistic cultures. LO 1.16 Give examples of how criteria for adulthood vary across cultures.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: The Transition to Adulthood Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 1.16 Give examples of how criteria for adulthood vary across cultures.

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Quiz 1.6: The Scientific Study of Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood EOM_Q1.6.1 1. A researcher has formed the following research question: Why do adolescents engage in higher levels of risky behavior than children? What is the NEXT step this researcher should take according to the scientific method? a) Propose a hypothesis b) Choose a research design and a research measurement Consider This: There is another step that comes before this one in the scientific method.

LO 1.17 Describe the five steps of the scientific method. c) Collect data Consider This: There are other steps that comes before this one in the scientific method.

LO 1.17 Describe the five steps of the scientific method. d) Draw conclusions Consider This: There are other steps that comes before this one in the scientific method.

LO 1.17 Describe the five steps of the scientific method.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: The Scientific Study of Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 1.17 Describe the five steps of the scientific method.

EOM_Q1.6.2 2. A researcher is conducting a study to assess emerging adults’ attitudes toward binge drinking and has formed a hypothesis that emerging adults who are involved in Greek life at college will have more favorable attitudes toward binge drinking than those who are not. The researcher has also determined how she will collect the data. What should the NEXT step in the researcher’s process be? a) Collect data b) Choose a research design and a research measurement

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Consider This: The researcher has already decided how to collect the data. LO 1.17 Describe the five steps of the scientific method. c) Draw conclusions Consider This: This is usually the last step in the research. LO 1.17 Describe the five steps of the scientific method. d) Identify a research question Consider This: This step comes before forming a hypothesis, which the researcher has already done. LO 1.17 Describe the five steps of the scientific method.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: The Scientific Study of Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 1.17 Describe the five steps of the scientific method.

EOM_Q1.6.3 3. Obtaining a representative sample for a study is an important part of collecting data because if the sample is representative of the population of interest, then the findings from the study will be ______________ to that population. a) generalizable b) unrelated Consider This: Remember that a representative sample makes it possible to draw conclusions about the larger population of people that the sample is intended to represent. LO 1.17 Describe the five steps of the scientific method. c) ethical Consider This: Remember that a representative sample makes it possible to draw conclusions about the larger population of people that the sample is intended to represent. LO 1.17 Describe the five steps of the scientific method. d) biased Consider This: Remember that a representative sample makes it possible to draw conclusions about the larger population of people that the sample is intended to represent. LO 1.17 Describe the five steps of the scientific method.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: The Scientific Study of Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood

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Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 1.17 Describe the five steps of the scientific method.

EOM_Q1.6.4 4. The most important ethical consideration in research on human participants is which of the following? a) Protecting participants from physical and psychological harm b) Maintaining participants’ confidentiality Consider This: Although all of the answers represent key ethical guidelines for research on human participants, think about which one would likely have the most severe consequences if violated. LO 1.18 Identify some key ethical standards for adolescent development research. c) Obtaining participants’ informed consent Consider This: Although all of the answers represent key ethical guidelines for research on human participants, think about which one would likely have the most severe consequences if violated. LO 1. 18 Identify some key ethical standards for adolescent development research. d) Debriefing participants about deception involved in a study Consider This: Although all of the answers represent key ethical guidelines for research on human participants, think about which one would likely have the most severe consequences if violated. LO 1.18 Identify some key ethical standards for adolescent development research.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: The Scientific Study of Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 1.18 Identify some key ethical standards for adolescent development research.

EOM_Q1.6.5 5. A researcher is conducting a study to assess links between bullying and depressive symptoms among middle school students. Which of the following persons listed is required to provide informed consent? a) Parents or guardians of the middle school students b) Middle school students 63 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Consider This: Think about how providing informed consent entails being able to understand what participation in the study will involve and what one’s rights are as a participant. LO 1.18 Identify some key ethical standards for adolescent development research. c) Friends of the middle school students Consider This: Think about how providing informed consent entails being able to understand what participation in the study will involve and what one’s rights are as a participant. LO 1.18 Identify some key ethical standards for adolescent development research. d) Teachers of the middle school students Consider This: Think about how providing informed consent entails being able to understand what participation in the study will involve and what one’s rights are as a participant. LO 1.18 Identify some key ethical standards for adolescent development research.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: The Scientific Study of Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 1.18 Identify some key ethical standards for adolescent development research.

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Quiz 1.7: Research Measurements and Designs EOM_Q1.7.1 1. Dr. Kazinski is examining the impact of stress on adolescents. He is measuring blood pressure before, during, and after finals week at school. Dr. Kazinski is using __________ to measure stress. a) biological measurements b) observations Consider This: Think about what blood pressure is measuring. LO 1.19 Describe the main measurements used in research on adolescents and emerging adults, and the importance of reliability and validity. c) interviews Consider This: Think about what blood pressure is measuring. LO 1.19 Describe the main measurements used in research on adolescents and emerging adults, and the importance of reliability and validity. d) a questionnaire Consider This: Think about what blood pressure is measuring. LO 1.19 Describe the main measurements used in research on adolescents and emerging adults, and the importance of reliability and validity.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Research Measurements and Designs Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 1.19 Describe the main measurements used in research on adolescents and emerging adults, and the importance of reliability and validity.

EOM_Q1.7.2 2. When Xioa steps on his scale in the morning, it reads 160 pounds. He steps off and steps on again and now it reads 155 pounds. Xioa’s scale does not appear to be very __________. a) reliable b) accurate

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Consider This: The scale should measure his weight the same every time. LO 1.19 Describe the main measurements used in research on adolescents and emerging adults, and the importance of reliability and validity. c) valid Consider This: The scale should measure his weight the same every time. LO 1.19 Describe the main measurements used in research on adolescents and emerging adults, and the importance of reliability and validity. d) meaningful Consider This: The scale should measure his weight the same every time. LO 1.19 Describe the main measurements used in research on adolescents and emerging adults, and the importance of reliability and validity.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Research Measurements and Designs Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 1.19 Describe the main measurements used in research on adolescents and emerging adults, and the importance of reliability and validity.

EOM_Q1.7.3 3. Luka conducts research on whether or not new learning strategies help high school students remember more facts. In this example, the independent variable is __________. a) new learning strategies b) memory Consider This: Remember, the independent variable is the one the researcher changes to determine its effect on the dependent variable. LO 1.20 Distinguish between different types of research designs. c) time spent learning Consider This: Remember, the independent variable is the one the researcher changes to determine its effect on the dependent variable. LO 1.20 Distinguish between different types of research designs. d) accuracy of facts Consider This: Remember, the independent variable is the one the researcher changes to determine its effect on the dependent variable. LO 1.20 Distinguish between different types of research designs.

Answer: a 66 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Research Measurements and Designs Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 1.20 Distinguish between different types of research designs.

EOM_Q1.7.4 4. Aryn is conducting a study to assess how age is related to adolescents’ experiences with bullying. Aryn’s research procedure consisted of collecting questionnaire data from adolescents at a middle school and adolescents at a high school on one occasion. What type of research design is Aryn’s study, and what is the key limitation of this design? a) Cross-sectional; correlational results are difficult to interpret b) Cross-sectional; preset responses Consider This: Think about how one occasion of data collection might influence the ability to tell whether one variable caused the other. LO 1.21 Explain the difference between a cross-sectional and a longitudinal research design. c) Longitudinal; attrition Consider This: Think about how one occasion of data collection might influence the ability to tell whether one variable caused the other. LO 1.21 Explain the difference between a cross-sectional and a longitudinal research design. d) Longitudinal; expensive Consider This: Think about how one occasion of data collection might influence the ability to tell whether one variable caused the other. LO 1.21 Explain the difference between a cross-sectional and a longitudinal research design.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Research Measurements and Designs Skill: Analyze It Learning Objective: 1.21 Explain the difference between a cross-sectional and a longitudinal research design.

EOM_Q1.7.5 5. Roberto conducted a longitudinal study to assess how religious beliefs changed across high school. He collected survey data from adolescents once a year for 4 years. Roberto’s Time 1 sample consisted of 800 first-year students, his Time 2 sample consisted of 740 sophomores, his Time 3 sample consisted of 600 juniors, and his Time 4 sample consisted of 545 seniors.

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Roberto’s study suffered from which of the following limitations associated with longitudinal designs? a) Attrition b) Expense Consider This: Think about which of the limitations listed best reflects what happens when human subjects drop out of a longitudinal study. LO 1.21 Explain the difference between a cross-sectional and a longitudinal research design. c) Time Consider This: Think about which of the limitations listed best reflects what happens when human subjects drop out of a longitudinal study. LO 1.21 Explain the difference between a cross-sectional and a longitudinal research design. d) Preset responses Consider This: Think about which of the limitations listed best reflects what happens when human subjects drop out of a longitudinal study. LO 1.21 Explain the difference between a cross-sectional and a longitudinal research design.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Research Measurements and Designs Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 1.21 Explain the difference between a cross-sectional and a longitudinal research design.

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Chapter 1 Quiz EOC Q1.1 1. Traditional cultures refer to people __________. a) in the rural areas of developing countries, who tend to adhere more closely to the historical traditions of their culture than people in the urban areas do b) in the urban areas of developed countries, who tend to express the traditions of the primary culture in the country Consider this: Cultures support common practices that help the culture to feel connected. LO 1.1 Distinguish between adolescents in developing and developed countries in terms of income, education, and cultural values. c) in the rural areas of developed countries, who go against the primary culture to create new expectations for members of the culture Consider this: Cultures support common practices that help the culture to feel connected. LO 1.1 Distinguish between adolescents in developing and developed countries in terms of income, education, and cultural values. d) In the urban areas of developing countries, who work to bring new traditions into their culture Consider this: Cultures support common practices that help the culture to feel connected. LO 1.1 Distinguish between adolescents in developing and developed countries in terms of income, education, and cultural values.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: A Demographic Profile of Adolescents Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 1.1 Distinguish between adolescents in developing and developed countries in terms of income, education, and cultural values.

EOC Q1.2 2. What has been the impact of globalization on adolescents? a) Adolescents around the world experience increasingly similar environments. b) Adolescents must go to great efforts to learn about other cultures and their traditions.

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Consider this: Globalization allows adolescents to access information that was previously not available to them. LO 1.2 Explain why it is important to account for globalization in understanding adolescent development. c) Adolescents experience very dissimilar events and influences.

Consider this: Globalization allows adolescents to access information that was previously not available to them. LO 1.2 Explain why it is important to account for globalization in understanding adolescent development. d) Adolescents no longer grow up in a global village.

Consider this: Globalization allows adolescents to access information that was previously not available to them. LO 1.2 Explain why it is important to account for globalization in understanding adolescent development.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: A Demographic Profile of Adolescents Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 1.2 Explain why it is important to account for globalization in understanding adolescent development.

EOC Q1.3 3. Which of the following is NOT considered when determining someone’s socioeconomic status? a) Location of home b) Educational level Consider this: Your education level, income, and what you do for work are important determinants for socioeconomic status. LO 1.3 Explain why socioeconomic status (SES), gender, and ethnicity are important aspects of adolescent development within countries. c) Income level Consider this: Your education level, income, and what you do for work are important determinants for socioeconomic status. LO 1.3 Explain why socioeconomic status (SES), gender, and ethnicity are important aspects of adolescent development within countries. d) Occupational status Consider this: Your education level, income, and what you do for work are important determinants for socioeconomic status. LO 1.3 Explain why

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socioeconomic status (SES), gender, and ethnicity are important aspects of adolescent development within countries.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: A Demographic Profile of Adolescents Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 1.3 Explain why socioeconomic status (SES), gender, and ethnicity are important aspects of adolescent development within countries.

EOC Q1.4 4. What is the primary strength recognized in sub-Saharan Africa that may assist adolescents in their development? a) The existence of large families and strong, supportive family relationships b) The availability of opportunities in higher education Consider this: Africa is described as a rich continent whose people are poor. LO 1.4 Name the main challenges facing African adolescents in the 21st century, and identify positive cultural traditions and recent trends. c) The wealth that affords adolescents more choices than in many places in the world Consider this: Africa is described as a rich continent whose people are poor. LO 1.4 Name the main challenges facing African adolescents in the 21st century, and identify positive cultural traditions and recent trends. d) The high-quality educational system in the primary grades of school Consider this: Africa is described as a rich continent whose people are poor. LO 1.4 Name the main challenges facing African adolescents in the 21st century, and identify positive cultural traditions and recent trends.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Adolescence Around the World: A Brief Regional Overview Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 1.4 Name the main challenges facing African adolescents in the 21st century, and identify positive cultural traditions and recent trends.

EOC Q1.5 5. What is one of the greatest challenges for adolescents in North Africa and the Middle East?

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a) Adolescent girls face sharply limited opportunities in adulthood. b) Adolescents must maintain their virginity before marriage.

Consider this: Women in these cultures are tightly controlled. LO 1.5 Explain how Islam structures development for adolescents in North Africa and the Middle East. c) Adolescents are not allowed to further their studies beyond primary schooling.

Consider this: Women in these cultures are tightly controlled. LO 1.5 Explain how Islam structures development for adolescents in North Africa and the Middle East. d) Adolescent boys are immediately recruited into the army and have limited opportunities beyond this service.

Consider this: Women in these cultures are tightly controlled. LO 1.5 Explain how Islam structures development for adolescents in North Africa and the Middle East.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Adolescence Around the World: A Brief Regional Overview Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 1.5 Explain how Islam structures development for adolescents in North Africa and the Middle East.

EOC Q1.6 6. What is a key focus of many adolescents in Asian cultures? a) Education b) Dating Consider this: Asian cultures are under criticism for placing so much stress on their children to succeed in this. LO 1.6 Describe the distinctive features of the cultural context for Asian adolescents. c) Sports and building a strong body Consider this: Asian cultures are under criticism for placing so much stress on their children to succeed in this. LO 1.6 Describe the distinctive features of the cultural context for Asian adolescents. d) Assisting their families in maintaining their home and hauling water

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Consider this: Asian cultures are under criticism for placing so much stress on their children to succeed in this. LO 1.6 Describe the distinctive features of the cultural context for Asian adolescents.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Adolescence Around the World: A Brief Regional Overview Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 1. 6 Describe the distinctive features of the cultural context for Asian adolescents.

EOC Q1.7 7. Many children in India are illiterate. In __________ India made education compulsory for children and adolescents ages 6–14. a) 2010 b) 1990 Consider this: This is a relatively new development. LO 1.7 Identify the main challenges for Indian adolescents in the 21st century. c) 2000 Consider this: This is a relatively new development. LO 1.7 Identify the main challenges for Indian adolescents in the 21st century. d) 2020 Consider this: This is a relatively new development. LO 1.7 Identify the main challenges for Indian adolescents in the 21st century.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Adolescence Around the World: A Brief Regional Overview Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 1.7 Identify the main challenges for Indian adolescents in the 21st century.

EOC Q1.8 8. In ancient Greece, the philosophers Plato and Aristotle identified adolescence as the third distinct phase of life when which of the following developed? a) The capacity for reason

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b) Vocational skills Consider This: Think about why these philosophers argued that education in science and math should be delayed until adolescence. LO 1.10 Describe how views of adolescence changed in the West from ancient Greece through medieval times. c) Sexual maturity Consider This: Think about why these philosophers argued that education in science and math should be delayed until adolescence. LO 1.10 Describe how views of adolescence changed in the West from ancient Greece through medieval times. d) Conflict with parents Consider This: Think about why these philosophers argued that education in science and math should be delayed until adolescence. LO 1.10 Describe how views of adolescence changed in the West from ancient Greece through medieval times.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: A Brief History of Adolescence in Western Cultures Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 1. 10 Describe how views of adolescence changed in the West from ancient Greece through medieval times.

EOC 1.9 9. Imagine that Joseph is an 18-year-old adolescent who lives in Europe during the 1500s.

Joseph recently moved out of his family’s home and into that of an expert carpenter to undergo a 7-year apprenticeship. Joseph is experiencing what historians would call __________________. a) life-cycle service b) storm and stress Consider This: It may help you to consider how this experience was also common among young women during the 1500s, but that they were more likely to become servants for families. LO 1.11 Explain what life-cycle service involves and specify when it was most common. c) the Children’s Crusade Consider This: It may help you to consider how this experience was also common among young women during the 1500s, but that they were more likely to become servants for families. LO 1.11 Explain what life-cycle service involves and specify when it was most common. d) the capacity for reason 74 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Consider This: It may help you to consider how this experience was also common among young women during the 1500s, but that they were more likely to become servants for families. LO 1.11 Explain what life-cycle service involves and specify when it was most common.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: A Brief History of Adolescence in Western Cultures Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 1.11 Explain what life-cycle service involves and specify when it was most common.

EOC 1.10 10. Which of the following was one of the three key changes from 1890 to 1920 that was crucial to defining these years as the Age of Adolescence? a) Development of laws requiring a longer period of schooling b) Development of life-cycle service Consider This: Think about how another key feature defining the Age of Adolescence, which was the enactment of laws restricting child labor, is linked to the correct answer.

LO 1.12 Identify the three features that made the years 1890–1920 the Age of Adolescence. c) Development of youth service programs, such as YMCAs Consider This: Think about how another key feature defining the Age of Adolescence, which was the enactment of laws restricting child labor, is linked to the correct answer.

LO 1.12 Identify the three features that made the years 1890–1920 the Age of Adolescence. d) Development of an industrialized economy versus a farming economy Consider This: Think about how another key feature defining the Age of Adolescence, which was the enactment of laws restricting child labor, is linked to the correct answer.

LO 1.12 Identify the three features that made the years 1890–1920 the Age of Adolescence.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: A Brief History of Adolescence in Western Cultures Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 1.12 Identify the three features that made the years 1890–1920 the Age of Adolescence.

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EOC 1.11 11. Which of the following is one of the explanations for why emerging adulthood is a recent historical phenomenon? a) Increases in the median age of marriage to the later 20s b) Declines in the typical age for the initiation of puberty Consider This: Think about which of these answers would offer youth the most opportunity to explore life possibilities before committing to adult responsibilities. LO 1.14 Describe the five features of emerging adulthood, and the extent to which emerging adulthood exists in developed countries and developing countries. c) Increases in high school attendance that made high school a normative experience for youth in Western countries Consider This: Think about which of these answers would offer youth the most opportunity to explore life possibilities before committing to adult responsibilities. LO 1.14 Describe the five features of emerging adulthood, and the extent to which emerging adulthood exists in developed countries and developing countries. d) Higher rates of residential changes among youth ages 18 to 29 than at any other period of life Consider This: Think about which of these answers would offer youth the most opportunity to explore life possibilities before committing to adult responsibilities. LO 1.14 Describe the five features of emerging adulthood, and the extent to which emerging adulthood exists in developed countries and developing countries.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: From Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 1.14 Describe the five features of emerging adulthood, and the extent to which emerging adulthood exists in developed countries and developing countries.

EOC 1.12 12. Which scenario best describes emerging adulthood as a time of identity explorations? a) Jose is taking a variety of courses from different college majors to explore what type of career best fits him. b) Xiomara wants her parents to treat her like an adult but feels like she still relies on them for support.

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Consider This: Think about why emerging adulthood is defined as a period of life during which young people explore various life possibilities before making enduring commitments. LO 1.14 Describe the five features of emerging adulthood, and the extent to which emerging adulthood exists in developed countries and developing countries. c) Miriam feels confident that one day she will obtain her dream job.

Consider This: Think about why emerging adulthood is defined as a period of life during which young people explore various life possibilities before making enduring commitments. LO 1.14 Describe the five features of emerging adulthood, and the extent to which emerging adulthood exists in developed countries and developing countries. d) Will moved back into his parents’ home after college graduation and then into an apartment of his own 6 months later.

Consider This: Think about why emerging adulthood is defined as a period of life during which young people explore various life possibilities before making enduring commitments. LO 1.14 Describe the five features of emerging adulthood, and the extent to which emerging adulthood exists in developed countries and developing countries.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: From Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood Skill: Analyze It Learning Objective: 1.14 Describe the five features of emerging adulthood, and the extent to which emerging adulthood exists in developed countries and developing countries.

EOC 1.13 13. Belva has begun to explore her identity. She has changed jobs three times over the last year trying to find something that fits her identity. Belva is most likely in what stage of life? a) Emerging adulthood b) Adolescence Consider this: This is a time of great instability. LO 1.14 Describe the five features of emerging adulthood, and the extent to which emerging adulthood exists in developed countries and developing countries. c) Adulthood Consider this: This is a time of great instability. LO 1.14 Describe the five features of emerging adulthood, and the extent to which emerging adulthood exists in developed countries and developing countries. d) Puberty

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Consider this: This is a time of great instability. LO 1.14 Describe the five features of emerging adulthood, and the extent to which emerging adulthood exists in developed countries and developing countries.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: From Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 1.14 Describe the five features of emerging adulthood, and the extent to which emerging adulthood exists in developed countries and developing countries.

EOC 1.14 14. When asked to identify the most important markers of the transition to adulthood, young people in developed countries all pointed toward behaviors associated with __________. a) individualism b) collectivism Consider this: Developed and developing countries focus on different objectives for the roles of young people approaching adulthood. LO 1.15 Identify the three markers of adulthood that are the most common across cultures. c) dependence Consider this: Developed and developing countries focus on different objectives for the roles of young people approaching adulthood. LO 1.15 Identify the three markers of adulthood that are the most common across cultures. d) fulfilling obligations to others Consider this: Developed and developing countries focus on different objectives for the roles of young people approaching adulthood. LO 1.15 Identify the three markers of adulthood that are the most common across cultures.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: The Transition to Adulthood Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 1.15 Identify the three markers of adulthood that are the most common across cultures.

EOC 1.15

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15. Young Israelis view___________ as an important marker of adulthood. a) enrolling in and completing service to the military b) being able to support their parents financially Consider this: What becomes critical for adulthood is largely shaped by cultural values. LO 1.16 Give examples of how criteria for adulthood vary across cultures. c) marriage Consider this: What becomes critical for adulthood is largely shaped by cultural values. LO 1.16 Give examples of how criteria for adulthood vary across cultures. d) having a child Consider this: What becomes critical for adulthood is largely shaped by cultural values. LO 1.16 Give examples of how criteria for adulthood vary across cultures.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: The Transition to Adulthood Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 1.16 Give examples of how criteria for adulthood vary across cultures.

EOC 1.16 16. Hypothesis formation is one of the most important steps of the scientific method because it influences the ____________ of the study, which is the plan for when and how to collect the data for the study. a) research design and measurement b) reliability Consider This: Think about how two different strategies for collecting data, such as at one point in time versus over many occasions, are related to two different research questions. LO 1.17 Describe the five steps of the scientific method. c) validity Consider This: Think about how two different strategies for collecting data, such as at one point in time versus over many occasions, are related to two different research questions. LO 1.17 Describe the five steps of the scientific method. d) theory Consider This: Think about how two different strategies for collecting data, such as at one point in time versus over many occasions, are related to two different research questions. LO 1.17 Describe the five steps of the scientific method.

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Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: The Scientific Study of Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 1.17 Describe the five steps of the scientific method.

EOC 1.17 17. A researcher is conducting a study to assess how student-teacher relationship quality is related to academic performance among middle school students. The teachers want to know how each student is rating their relationship quality. If the researcher provides this information to teachers, which ethical research requirement would be violated? a) Confidentiality b) Informed consent prior to participation in the research study Consider This: Although all of the answer choices are ethical research requirements, think about which one is most likely to ensure that participants’ information will not be shared with anyone outside the immediate research group. LO 1.18 Identify some key ethical standards for adolescent development research. c) Protection from physical and psychological harm Consider This: Although all of the answer choices are ethical research requirements, think about which one is most likely to ensure that participants’ information will not be shared with anyone outside the immediate research group. LO 1.18 Identify some key ethical standards for adolescent development research. d) Debriefing following participation in a study that involves deception Consider This: Although all of the answer choices are ethical research requirements, think about which one is most likely to ensure that participants’ information will not be shared with anyone outside the immediate research group. LO 1.18 Identify some key ethical standards for adolescent development research.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: The Scientific Study of Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 1.18 Identify some key ethical standards for adolescent development research.

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18. Will is surveying college student-athletes to investigate how their parents’ involvement is linked to their athletic and academic performance. To increase the depth of the survey answers provided by the student-athletes, which research method should Will include in his study? a) Interviews b) Biological measurements Consider This: Think about how questionnaires are often limited to closed-question formats, which inherently limit the depth of the answers provided by the participants. LO 1.19 Describe the main measurements used in research on adolescents and emerging adults, and the importance of reliability and validity. c) Experiments Consider This: Think about how questionnaires are often limited to closed-question formats, which inherently limit the depth of the answers provided by the participants. LO 1.19 Describe the main measurements used in research on adolescents and emerging adults, and the importance of reliability and validity. d) Natural experiments Consider This: Think about how questionnaires are often limited to closed-question formats, which inherently limit the depth of the answers provided by the participants. LO 1.19 Describe the main measurements used in research on adolescents and emerging adults, and the importance of reliability and validity.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Research Measurements and Designs Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 1.19 Describe the main measurements used in research on adolescents and emerging adults, and the importance of reliability and validity.

EOC 1.19 19. Ryan is developing a questionnaire to assess the frequency of adolescents’ healthy dietary behaviors on a scale that ranges from 1 (Never) to 5 (Almost Always). Which of the following items should Ryan include on his questionnaire to increase its validity? a) I drink water instead of soda. b) I feel fat.

Consider This: Remember that a method is valid if it measures what it claims to measure.

LO 1.19 Describe the main measurements used in research on adolescents and emerging adults, and the importance of reliability and validity. c) I am happy with the way I look.

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Consider This: Remember that a method is valid if it measures what it claims to measure.

LO 1.19 Describe the main measurements used in research on adolescents and emerging adults, and the importance of reliability and validity. d) I do not like the way my clothes fit my body.

Consider This: Remember that a method is valid if it measures what it claims to measure.

LO 1.19 Describe the main measurements used in research on adolescents and emerging adults, and the importance of reliability and validity.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Research Measurements and Designs Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 1.19 Describe the main measurements used in research on adolescents and emerging adults, and the importance of reliability and validity.

EOC 1.20 20. Katie is designing a study that will include four time points to assess how students’ depressive symptoms change across the first year in college. What are two major limitations associated with this longitudinal research design? a) Time, attrition b) Time, no depth Consider This: Although all of the answer choices might be limitations of the overall study, think about the difference between a research measurement and a research design. LO 1.21 Explain the difference between a cross-sectional and a longitudinal research design. c) Attrition, no depth Consider This: Although all of the answer choices might be limitations of the overall study, think about the difference between a research measurement and a research design. LO 1.21 Explain the difference between a cross-sectional and a longitudinal research design. d) No depth, preset responses Consider This: Although all of the answer choices might be limitations of the overall study, think about the difference between a research measurement and a research design. LO 1.21 Explain the difference between a cross-sectional and a longitudinal research design.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate 82 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Topic: Research Measurements and Designs Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 1.21 Explain the difference between a cross-sectional and a longitudinal research design.

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TOTAL ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice GUIDE

Chapter 2 Biological Foundations

1. The physical and biological changes of puberty result from changes that occur in the __________.

Topic Remember Understand Apply What Analyze It a. endocrine system the Facts the Concepts You Know b. lymphatic system The Biological Multiple Choice 3, 4, 6, 8, 12- 1, 2, 7, 9, 10, 5, 10, 16 c. nervous system Revolutiond.ofthyroid gland 15 17-19 Puberty: True/False 86 85 Answer: a Hormonal LO: 2.1 Describe the functions of the hormones in the feedback loop of the endocrine Short Essay Changes and system and how they initiate puberty.

Physical Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Hormonal Changes and Physical Growth Growth Difficulty: Moderate TheSkill: Biological Multiple Choice 20-22, 25, 24, 29, 33, 34, 23, 26, 31, 32, Understand the Concepts Revolution of Describe key concepts, 27,principles, 28, 30- and 36,overarching 38, 40, 43, themes 37, 46 in psychology.

APA LO: 1.1 Puberty: 35, 39, 41, 44 Sexual 42, 45 Maturity 2. Theand text likens the physical changes goes at puberty to a __________.

True/False 89-92 the body87, 88,through 93 Physical a. biological revolution Short Essay 106 b. hormonal storm Functioning course Cultural c. sociology Multiple Choice 49-53, 56 47, 48, 54, 55, Responsesd.to psychological revolution 57 Answer: a Puberty True/False 94, 95 LO: 2.1 Describe the functions of the hormones in the feedback loop Short Essay 107of the endocrine system and how they initiate puberty.

Topic: Revolution Hormonal Growth Social andThe Biological Multiple Choice of 66,Puberty: 67 58, 61, Changes 64, 68- and 59, Physical 60, 62, 63, Difficulty: Moderate Personal 72 65, 73-75 Skill: Understand the Concepts 96-99 Responses to True/False 100, 101 APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Puberty Short Essay 109-110 108 Biological Multiple Choice 77 76, 78, 79, 83, 80-82 Development 84 the following parts103-104 of the anatomy is puberty initiated? and3.theIn which ofTrue/False 102, 105 a. gonads Environment: Short Essay 111 b. oftestes and ovaries The Theory Genotype c.  pituitary gland d.

Environmenthypothalamus Answer: d Effects LO: 2.1 Describe the functions of the hormones in the feedback loop of the endocrine system and how they initiate puberty.

Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Hormonal Changes and Physical Growth Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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4. What causes the hypothalamus to increase GnRH production? a. development of gametes b. reaching a threshold level of body fat c. increasing testosterone or estrogen d. releasing luteinizing hormones Answer: b LO: 2.1 Describe the functions of the hormones in the feedback loop of the endocrine system and how they initiate puberty.

Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Hormonal Changes and Physical Growth Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

5. According to the text, there are factors that may affect the onset of pubertal changes.

Which scenario would most likely lead to delayed onset? a. Lee is a wrestler who constantly diets and over exercises to maintain a lower weight class. b. Juan rides his bike over rough terrain and comes home with scrapes and bruises. c. Gio plays video games after school, particularly golf, and doesn't go outside to play. d. Dianna overeats and doesn't exercise but loves to walk her dog after school.

Answer: a LO: 2.1 Describe the functions of the hormones in the feedback loop of the endocrine system and how they initiate puberty.

Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Hormonal Changes and Physical Growth Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

6. The two classes of sex hormones are __________. a. estrogens and estradiols b. androgens and testosterones c. gonadotropins and androgens d. estrogens and androgens Answer: d LO: 2.1 Describe the functions of the hormones in the feedback loop of the endocrine system and how they initiate puberty.

Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Hormonal Changes and Physical Growth Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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7. At puberty, females produce high levels of ___________ while males produce high levels of __________. a. estradiol; testosterone b. androgen; testosterone c. estrogen; estradiol d. glycoprotein; estrogen Answer: a LO: 2.1 Describe the functions of the hormones in the feedback loop of the endocrine system and how they initiate puberty.

Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Hormonal Changes and Physical Growth Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

8. Which of the following hormones causes the adrenal glands to increase androgen production? a. gonadotropins b. adrenocorticotropic hormone c. follicle-stimulating hormone d. leutenizing hormone Answer: b LO: 2.1 Describe the functions of the hormones in the feedback loop of the endocrine system and how they initiate puberty.

Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Hormonal Changes and Physical Growth Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

9. Which statement most accurately represents the feedback loop in the endocrine system? a. a system of hormones involving the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, gonads, and adrenal glands that monitors and adjusts the levels of sex hormones b. an anomaly in some adolescents that causes pubertal development to be prolonged, and fertility to be decreased c. a "communication system" between androgens and estrogens that determines the gender of an individual d. a structure within the endocrine system that controls the order of hormonal and pubertal events Answer: a LO: 2.1 Describe the functions of the hormones in the feedback loop of the endocrine system and how they initiate puberty.

Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Hormonal Changes and Physical Growth Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts 86 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

10. Which term is commonly used to represent the feedback loop in the endocrine system? a. answering machine b. burglar alarm c. thermostat d. fridge light Answer: c LO: 2.1 Describe the functions of the hormones in the feedback loop of the endocrine system and how they initiate puberty.

Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Hormonal Changes and Physical Growth Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

11. At puberty, the set point for androgens rose higher than the set point for estrogens in Cory's hypothalamus. Which of the following is the most likely description of Cory's sex? a. Cory is male. b. Cory is female. c. Cory will likely be transgender during adolescence. d. Cory may have androgen insensitivity syndrome.

Answer: a LO: 2.1 Describe the functions of the hormones in the feedback loop of the endocrine system and how they initiate puberty.

Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Hormonal Changes and Physical Growth Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

12. The adolescent growth spurt is best demonstrated by the rapid increase in a. height at the beginning of puberty. b. hormone production before puberty begins. c. height in boys and weight in girls at puberty. d. size of reproductive organs at puberty.

Answer: a LO: 2.2 Explain how the growth spurt differs for boys and girls, and identify the order in which body parts experience rapid growth.

Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Hormonal Changes and Physical Growth Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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13. The adolescent growth spurt occurs approximately __________. a. At the same time for boys and girls b. two years earlier for boys than for girls c. two years earlier for boys and girls in developing but not industrialized countries d. two years earlier for girls than for boys Answer: d LO: 2.2 Explain how the growth spurt differs for boys and girls, and identify the order in which body parts experience rapid growth.

Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Hormonal Changes and Physical Growth Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

14. Which of the following best represents the occurrence of the adolescent growth spurt?

The growth spurt begins__________, a. about three years earlier for girls than for boys b. about the same time for girls and boys c. at about age 11 for girls and 13 for boys d. at about age 11 for boys and 13 for girls Answer: c LO: 2.2 Explain how the growth spurt differs for boys and girls, and identify the order in which body parts experience rapid growth.

Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Hormonal Changes and Physical Growth Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

15. Which of the following best defines the concept of asynchronicity? a. Girls experience the growth spurt earlier than boys. b. Boys' body parts grow in a different order than those of girls. c. Some body parts grow faster than others during puberty. d. The extremities are the last body parts to grow.

Answer: c LO: 2.2 Explain how the growth spurt differs for boys and girls, and identify the order in which body parts experience rapid growth.

Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Hormonal Changes and Physical Growth Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

16. Sven, your adolescent nephew, tells you he is worried that he is not normal because his 88 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

feet and hands seem to be too big for his body. Which of the following is the best advice for Sven? a. "Eat more calcium-rich foods so that your growth gets back on the right track." b. "Everybody has different sized feet and hands—yours are just big." c. "There is reason to worry. Each person has a unique growth pattern, but your case sounds unusual." d. "Don't worry. Hands and feet hit the growth spurt before the rest of your body."

Answer: d LO: 2.2 Explain how the growth spurt differs for boys and girls, and identify the order in which body parts experience rapid growth.

Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Hormonal Changes and Physical Growth Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

17. What are the last parts of the body to experience the growth spurt? a. hands and feet b. arms and legs c. forehead, mouth, lips d. torso, chest, and shoulders Answer: d LO: 2.2 Explain how the growth spurt differs for boys and girls, and identify the order in which body parts experience rapid growth.

Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Hormonal Changes and Physical Growth Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

18. Boys experience greater muscle growth than girls during puberty because they __________. a. tend to get more physical exercise b. enter the growth spurt earlier c. maintain hormone levels for longer periods of time d. experience greater increases in testosterone Answer: d LO: 2.2 Explain how the growth spurt differs for boys and girls, and identify the order in which body parts experience rapid growth.

Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Hormonal Changes and Physical Growth Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

19. While boys gain more __________, girls gain more __________ during puberty.

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a. muscle mass; fat b. height; muscle mass c. fat; height d. fat; muscle mass Answer: a LO: 2.2 Explain how the growth spurt differs for boys and girls, and identify the order in which body parts experience rapid growth.

Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Hormonal Changes and Physical Growth Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

20. Which of the following is NOT associated with primary sex characteristics?

Development of the __________. a. breasts b. penis c. eggs and sperm d. ovaries Answer: a LO: 2.3 Explain the difference between primary and secondary sex characteristics.

Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Sexual Maturity and Physical Functioning Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

21. The first production of sperm in boys is called __________. a. spermarche b. semenarche c. menarche d. premature ejaculation Answer: a LO: 2.3 Explain the difference between primary and secondary sex characteristics.

Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Sexual Maturity and Physical Functioning Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

22. Menarche refers to __________. a. a female's first menstrual period b. a female's first ovulation c. reproductive maturity in males and females d. a male's fertility Answer: a 90 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

LO: 2.3 Explain the difference between primary and secondary sex characteristics.

Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Sexual Maturity and Physical Functioning Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

23. Miranda is in ninth grade. She wrote the following statements in an essay on reproduction for her health class. Which of the following of Miranda's statements is NOT true? a. "Girls cannot get pregnant until their periods are regular." b. "Females are born with about 400,000 immature eggs in each ovary." c. "Males do not produce sperm until they reach puberty." d. "The average male produces millions of sperm every day."

Answer: a LO: 2.3 Explain the difference between primary and secondary sex characteristics.

Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Sexual Maturity and Physical Functioning Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

24. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding female reproductive development? a. The first ovulation always occurs with the first menstruation. b. Fertility may be inconsistent during the first four years after menarche. c. The adolescent female is infertile during the first two years after menarche. d. Secondary sex characteristics only appear after reproductive maturity is reached.

Answer: b LO: 2.3 Explain the difference between primary and secondary sex characteristics.

Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Sexual Maturity and Physical Functioning Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

25. Which of the following does NOT belong to the category of secondary sex characteristics? a. growth of pubic hair b. growth of facial hair c. hardening of the bones d. sperm and egg production Answer: d LO: 2.4 Provide the typical order of development of secondary sex characteristics in boys and girls.

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Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Sexual Maturity and Physical Functioning Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

26. Matteo is about midway through puberty. In tears, he tells his camp counselor that he won't go swimming without his shirt because his breasts are enlarged. Which of the following is the best advice for Matthew? a. "All boys experience enlargement of the breasts during puberty." b. "One out of four boys experiences breast enlargement, which goes away in about a year." c. "About half of all boys experience breast enlargement, which goes away in about a year." d. "One out of a hundred boys experiences breast enlargement, which goes away during adulthood."

Answer: b LO: 2.4 Provide the typical order of development of secondary sex characteristics in boys and girls.

Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Sexual Maturity and Physical Functioning Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

27. Which of the following physical changes typically occurs for males only? a. growth of shoulder and back hair b. increased sweat gland production c. deepening voice d. growth of facial hair Answer: a LO: 2.4 Provide the typical order of development of secondary sex characteristics in boys and girls.

Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Sexual Maturity and Physical Functioning Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

28. Which of the following physical changes occur for males and females alike during puberty? a. Skin becomes more oily and prone to acne. b. The proportion of muscle to fat increases. c. The shoulders and chest become wider. d. The hips widen and abdominal fat levels increase.

Answer: a 92 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

LO: 2.4 Provide the typical order of development of secondary sex characteristics in boys and girls.

Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Sexual Maturity and Physical Functioning Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

29. Once of the first signs of puberty in girls is the appearance of ___________. a. facial hair b. acne c. breast buds d. hip enlargement Answer: c LO: 2.4 Provide the typical order of development of secondary sex characteristics in boys and girls.

Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Sexual Maturity and Physical Functioning Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

30. It is possible that individuals in developed countries may experience their first pubertal events as early as age a. 8 for boys and 10–11 for girls. b. 7 for girls and 9–10 for boys. c. 5 for girls and 8–10 for boys. d. 6 for girls and as late as 13 for boys.

Answer: b LO: 2.5 Chart the typical order of pubertal events, and explain the basis for variations in their order, timing, and total duration.

Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Sexual Maturity and Physical Functioning Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

31. Olga is almost 10 years old. Over the past months, she has noticed the appearance of downy pubic hair, followed by the appearance of breast buds, and recently she has begun to grow taller and heavier. This order of pubertal events is found to __________. a. occur only in industrialized countries b. signal the onset of her age of identity negotiation c. be typical for an adolescent female d. be highly unlikely to occur in the typical adolescent female Answer: c LO: 2.5 Chart the typical order of pubertal events, and explain the basis for variations in 93 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

their order, timing, and total duration.

Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Sexual Maturity and Physical Functioning Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

32. Which of the following is in the best order regarding the age of first appearance of pubertal events for a typical boy? a. growth of testes, spermarche, initiation of growth spurt b. initiation of growth spurt, growth of testes, spermarche c. growth of testes, initiation of growth spurt, spermarche d. growth of penis, growth of testes, spermarche Answer: c LO: 2.5 Chart the typical order of pubertal events, and explain the basis for variations in their order, timing, and total duration.

Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Sexual Maturity and Physical Functioning Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

33. One of the problems associated with the body of research on puberty today is that a. food additives have drastically changed the rate of development in recent years. b. it is mainly focused on White adolescents in Western countries. c. it has not been verified by research studies in North America. d. it is too detailed to understand in a general way.

Answer: b LO: 2.5 Chart the typical order of pubertal events, and explain the basis for variations in their order, timing, and total duration.

Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Sexual Maturity and Physical Functioning Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

34. In cross-cultural studies, where was it found that boys showed the first physical changes of puberty before their female peers? a. China b. in Black adolescents in the United States c. among the Kikuyu, a culture in Kenya d. in Asian adolescents in the United States Answer: c LO: 2.5 Chart the typical order of pubertal events, and explain the basis for variations in their order, timing, and total duration.

Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Sexual Maturity and Physical Functioning 94 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

35. Much of our information about pubertal development comes from J. M. Tanner's research. Which of the following most accurately represents this research? The research was conducted __________. a. at the turn of the century on middle-class American adolescents b. in the 1980s on a cross-section of North American youth c. during World War II on British adolescents in boarding schools d. 40 to 50 years ago on British adolescents in foster homes Answer: d LO: 2.5 Chart the typical order of pubertal events, and explain the basis for variations in their order, timing, and total duration.

Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Sexual Maturity and Physical Functioning Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

36. Given a similar environment, variation in the order and timing of pubertal events among adolescents appears to be due to ___________. a. nutrition b. exercise c. genetics d. exposure to medications Answer: c LO: 2.5 Chart the typical order of pubertal events, and explain the basis for variations in their order, timing, and total duration.

Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Sexual Maturity and Physical Functioning Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

37. Ty is a researcher who wants to determine how physical functioning changes for Peruvian adolescents during puberty. Among the following choices, which type of study should Ty conduct? a. cross-sectional study b. ethnographic study c. secular study d. longitudinal study Answer: d LO: 2.6 Describe how physical functioning changes during puberty, and contrast physical functioning in adolescence and emerging adulthood.

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Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Sexual Maturity and Physical Functioning Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

38. During puberty, how does the heart change? a. It becomes larger and beats faster. b. It becomes smaller and beats slower. c. It becomes larger and beats slower. d. It becomes smaller and beats faster.

Answer: c LO: 2.6 Describe how physical functioning changes during puberty, and contrast physical functioning in adolescence and emerging adulthood.

Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Sexual Maturity and Physical Functioning Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

39. A measure of lung size, __________ means the amount of air that can be exhaled after a deep breath. a. VO2 max b. cardiac output c. vital capacity d. oxygen uptake Answer: c LO: 2.6 Describe how physical functioning changes during puberty, and contrast physical functioning in adolescence and emerging adulthood.

Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Sexual Maturity and Physical Functioning Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

40. Which of the following statements summarizes what happens to vital capacity during puberty? a. It increases rapidly for both boys and girls, but increases more for boys. b. It slightly decreases, allowing for greater stamina in both boys and girls. c. It increases slowly for only boys. d. It increases rapidly for both boys and girls, but increases most for girls.

Answer: a LO: 2.6 Describe how physical functioning changes during puberty, and contrast physical functioning in adolescence and emerging adulthood.

Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Sexual Maturity and Physical Functioning Difficulty: Moderate 96 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

41. Which of the following is a measure of physical stamina? a. vital capacity b. maximal oxygen uptake c. cardiac output d. maximal blood flow Answer: b LO: 2.6 Describe how physical functioning changes during puberty, and contrast physical functioning in adolescence and emerging adulthood.

Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Sexual Maturity and Physical Functioning Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

42. What percentage of 15-year-olds are considered overweight or obese? a. approximately 10% b. approximately 15% c. approximately 20% d. approximately 25% Answer: c LO: 2.6 Describe how physical functioning changes during puberty, and contrast physical functioning in adolescence and emerging adulthood.

Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Sexual Maturity and Physical Functioning Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

43. Which of the following countries has the highest rates of overweight and obesity? a. Germany b. Denmark c. Ireland d. United States Answer: d LO: 2.6 Describe how physical functioning changes during puberty, and contrast physical functioning in adolescence and emerging adulthood.

Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Sexual Maturity and Physical Functioning Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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44. Which of the following best represents the health status of emerging adults? Emerging adulthood is the period when a person is __________. a. the least susceptible to health problems resulting from risk behaviors b. the most susceptible to physical illnesses c. at the zenith of their health and strength d. done with positive growth and at the start of a long period of physical decline Answer: c LO: 2.6 Describe how physical functioning changes during puberty, and contrast physical functioning in adolescence and emerging adulthood.

Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Sexual Maturity and Physical Functioning Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

45. What is the leading cause of death among emerging adults in developed countries? a. sexually transmitted diseases b. diabetes c. automobile accidents d. homicide Answer: c LO: 2.6 Describe how physical functioning changes during puberty, and contrast physical functioning in adolescence and emerging adulthood.

Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Sexual Maturity and Physical Functioning Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

46. You are a secondary school teacher developing a health promotion program. According to information you gathered from reading this text, your program should __________. a. emphasize prevention by promoting strategies for reducing risk behaviors b. focus primarily on strategies for dealing with health problems as they arise c. be cancelled and offered only to adult students d. focus only on boys because they have greater risks during adolescence Answer: a LO: 2.6 Describe how physical functioning changes during puberty, and contrast physical functioning in adolescence and emerging adulthood.

Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Sexual Maturity and Physical Functioning Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

47. Which of the following statements most accurately represents the relationship between pubertal timing and a group’s technologies? In general, puberty begins __________.

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a. later in countries where medical care is more widely available b. earlier in countries where better nutrition and medical care are more widely available c. earlier in countries where health promotion education is more widely available d. earlier in countries where there are fewer female doctors Answer: b LO: 2.7 Explain how culture influences the timing of puberty.

Topic: Cultural Responses to Puberty Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

48. Evidence for the influence of technologies on pubertal development is based on data gathered regarding the age when what event occurs? a. spermarche b. menarche c. breast development d. hair growth Answer: b LO: 2.7 Explain how culture influences the timing of puberty.

Topic: Cultural Responses to Puberty Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

49. Which of the following is associated with historical evidence that technologies influence pubertal timing? a. reaction range b. secular trend c. distancing hypothesis d. feedback loop Answer: b LO: 2.7 Explain how culture influences the timing of puberty.

Topic: Cultural Responses to Puberty Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

50. According to research, the average age of menarche for girls in the United States is ________ years. a. 10.5 b. 11.9 c. 12.5 99 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

d. 13.0 Answer: b LO: 2.7 Explain how culture influences the timing of puberty.

Topic: Cultural Responses to Puberty Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

51. An important finding of research on pubertal development around the world was that the timing and rate of pubertal development __________. a. vary with levels of nutrition and medical care b. are different when studied using longitudinal versus cross-sectional studies c. are not impacted by environmental factors d. are influenced by being part of a research study Answer: a LO: 2.7 Explain how culture influences the timing of puberty.

Topic: Cultural Responses to Puberty Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

52. Which of the following best defines reaction range? a. Genes establish a range of possible development and environment determines where development takes place within that range. b. The environment determines a range of potential development. c. Nature and nurture have different influences on development. d. Variations in the rate of pubertal development are found in cultures around the world.

Answer: a LO: 2.7 Explain how culture influences the timing of puberty.

Topic: Cultural Responses to Puberty Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

53. According to cross-cultural research, puberty rituals are more common for __________. a. boys b. girls c. adolescents in Western cultures d. families with high socioeconomic status Answer: b LO: 2.8 Identify the rates of prevalence of puberty rituals across cultures, and explain the function of these rituals.

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Topic: Cultural Responses to Puberty Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

54. The cultural rituals of the Asante culture marking menarche and menstruation reflect a. annoyance with menstruation b. the joy associated with menstruation c. a fear of menstruation d. ambivalence toward menstruation Answer: d LO: 2.8 Identify the rates of prevalence of puberty rituals across cultures, and explain the function of these rituals.

Topic: Cultural Responses to Puberty Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

55. The decline in frequency of puberty rituals in traditional cultures is most likely associated with a. globalization. b. poverty. c. rising age of menarche. d. racism.

Answer: a LO: 2.8 Identify the rates of prevalence of puberty rituals across cultures, and explain the function of these rituals.

Topic: Cultural Responses to Puberty Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

56. In Samoa, the traditional rite of passage into adolescence involves a. tattooing of both males and females. b. tattooing of males only. c. tattooing of females and branding of males. d. an elaborate process of body piercing.

Answer: a LO: 2.8 Identify the rates of prevalence of puberty rituals across cultures, and explain the function of these rituals.

Topic: Cultural Responses to Puberty Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts 101 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

57. Traditional puberty rituals, such as tattooing, are undergoing a revival in some cultures.

This best reflects an __________. a. example of ethnographers' influence on the cultures they study b. example of Western youth copying traditional culture c. attempt to assimilate into the global culture d. attempt to keep traditional cultures from disappearing due to globalization Answer: d LO: 2.8 Identify the rates of prevalence of puberty rituals across cultures, and explain the function of these rituals.

Topic: Cultural Responses to Puberty Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

58. Which of the following characterizes parent–adolescent relationships after puberty in American majority culture? a. Young children and their parents communicate more verbally than through touch compared to adolescents and their parents. b. Children grow closer to their father, but not to their mother. c. Conflict increases and closeness decreases. d. Parents and children grow closer, more like friends.

Answer: c LO: 2.9 Compare and contrast cultures in how puberty influences family relations.

Topic: Social and Personal Responses to Puberty Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

59. Abelard is fifteen years old. When he is looking for comfort from his mother, he finds she speaks to him rather than giving him a hug. According to research, Abelard’s relationship with his mother is a. unusual—most adolescents still get hugs and kisses from their mothers. b. typical—most adolescents resist getting hugs and kisses from their mothers. c. freely open—his mother is more like a friend to him. d. unusual—In spite of the incest taboo, he should still be getting hugs and kisses.

Answer: b LO: 2.9 Compare and contrast cultures in how puberty influences family relations.

Topic: Social and Personal Responses to Puberty Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

102 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

60. Gina is eighteen years old and feels that she is no longer as close to her parents as she was when she was a child. In fact, she has moved away from the religious commune where she was raised and is engaged to the boyfriend she met at college. This scenario is consistent with which of the following concepts? a. distancing b. reaction range c. active genotype-environment interaction d. nature-nurture debate Answer: a LO: 2.9 Compare and contrast cultures in how puberty influences family relations.

Topic: Social and Personal Responses to Puberty Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

61. Which of the following is a valid criticism of the notion of distancing during adolescence? a. Distancing may have an evolutionary basis. b. Parent-adolescent conflict increases in adolescence. c. Distancing does not occur equally in all cultures. d. Some adolescents really love their parents.

Answer: c LO: 2.9 Compare and contrast cultures in how puberty influences family relations.

Topic: Social and Personal Responses to Puberty Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

62. Liza is an early maturing girl who just reached menarche. She is feeling shocked and fearful. Which of the following is the most likely reason for Liza's feelings? a. Liza was unprepared for menarche; her mother hadn't even told her about it yet. b. All of Liza's friends had already reached menarche and she felt left out. c. Liza was well prepared for menarche and had learned a lot from her peers. d. All of Liza's siblings are boys and she feels uncomfortable.

Answer: a LO: 2.10 Describe personal responses to menarche and semenarch among adolescents and how these responses are shaped by cultures.

Topic: Social and Personal Responses to Puberty Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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63. Justine's older sister has told her that "getting her period will be a real drag—painful and annoying." According to research, how is Justine likely to report her menarche? a. as a discomfort b. associated with severe depression c. positive and elated d. mostly ambivalent Answer: a LO: 2.10 Describe personal responses to menarche and semenarch among adolescents and how these responses are shaped by cultures.

Topic: Social and Personal Responses to Puberty Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

64. Which statement best represents how culture influences girls' responses to menarche? a. Premenstrual syndrome is a socially constructed phenomenon. b. Socioeconomic status is a major factor impacting girls' experiences of menarche. c. Geographical region and climate impact girls' experiences of menarche. d. Knowledge and expectations impact girls' experiences of menarche.

Answer: d LO: 2.10 Describe personal responses to menarche and semenarch among adolescents and how these responses are shaped by cultures.

Topic: Social and Personal Responses to Puberty Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

65. Boris, who has just experienced semenarche, feels embarrassed and has vowed he would not tell anyone about it. Boris's attitude best reflects a. a distant relationship with his parents. b. Western attitudes toward this topic. c. his positive feelings toward becoming a man. d. his awareness of his own bodily functions.

Answer: b LO: 2.10 Describe personal responses to menarche and semenarch among adolescents and how these responses are shaped by cultures.

Topic: Social and Personal Responses to Puberty Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

66. The history of American beliefs about menstruation is described in a book by 104 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

a. J. M. Tanner. b. Joan Jacobs Brumberg. c. Nora Ephron. d. Judy Blume.

Answer: b LO: 2.10 Describe personal responses to menarche and semenarch among adolescents and how these responses are shaped by cultures.

Topic: Social and Personal Responses to Puberty Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

67. A survey conducted in 1895 found that ______ percent of Boston high school girls had no knowledge of menarche before it occurred. a. 10 b. 25 c. 60 d. 75 Answer: c LO: 2.10 Describe personal responses to menarche and semenarch among adolescents and how these responses are shaped by cultures.

Topic: Social and Personal Responses to Puberty Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

68. Which of the following contributed most to the secrecy surrounding menstruation in 19th century middle-class America? a. Girls reached menarche at a later age than today. b. There were no feminine hygiene products. c. Girls reached menarche at an earlier age than today and could not fully understand it. d. People associated menstruation with sexuality and tried to preserve girls' virginity.

Answer: d LO: 2.10 Describe personal responses to menarche and semenarch among adolescents and how these responses are shaped by cultures.

Topic: Social and Personal Responses to Puberty Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

69. Which of the following illustrates the changing Western attitudes toward menstruation 105 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

in the early part of the twentieth century? Menstruation became a. less associated with adolescent storm and stress. b. more associated with health and hygiene than with sexuality. c. a focus for national debate. d. a topic that was more and more taboo to discuss.

Answer: b LO: 2.10 Describe personal responses to menarche and semenarch among adolescents and how these responses are shaped by cultures.

Topic: Social and Personal Responses to Puberty Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

70. Age-grading in schools contributes to __________. a. advanced pubertal development b. delays in pubertal development c. the need for puberty rituals d. social comparison of physical maturity Answer: d LO: 2.11 Summarize the gender differences in how boys and girls respond to reaching puberty relatively early or late.

Topic: Social and Personal Responses to Puberty Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

71. According to recent research, which of the following best represents the effects of early maturation for girls in Western societies? Early maturing girls are __________. a. more likely to hold positive body images than late maturers b. at risk for higher incidence of depressed mood c. no different than normal maturing or late maturing girls d. less likely to have eating disorders or substance abuse Answer: b LO: 2.11 Summarize the gender differences in how boys and girls respond to reaching puberty relatively early or late.

Topic: Social and Personal Responses to Puberty Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

72. According to the text, why is early maturation such a problem for girls in the West? a. Because Western cultures value thinness in females' appearances. b. Delayed physical development draws attention from younger boys.

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c. They have more favorable body images and lower levels of estrogen. d. Pubertal changes affect muscle development and growth spurts.

Answer: a LO: 2.11 Summarize the gender differences in how boys and girls respond to reaching puberty relatively early or late.

Topic: Social and Personal Responses to Puberty Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

73. Shelly is a young adult who drinks alcohol and is sexually active. She has also committed a few delinquent acts. Which of the following is most likely to describe Shelly in terms of her pubertal timing? a. early maturing b. on time c. late maturing d. non maturing Answer: a LO: 2.11 Summarize the gender differences in how boys and girls respond to reaching puberty relatively early or late.

Topic: Social and Personal Responses to Puberty Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

74. Jamie became physically mature at a younger age than most peers. In high school, Jamie was popular and had a positive self-image, yet experienced more temper outbursts than peers. At the age of 37, Jamie is a very sociable person. Most likely, what is Jamie's sex? a. It is impossible to tell based on research presented. b. Female c. Male d. Either male or female Answer: c LO: 2.11 Summarize the gender differences in how boys and girls respond to reaching puberty relatively early or late.

Topic: Social and Personal Responses to Puberty Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

75. Jamie discovered sex at an early age and smoked pot by 13 years old. Jamie likes going to parties and having sex most weekends and finds it hard to concentrate on homework.

According to research, Jamie most closely fits the profile of a(n) __________.

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a. on-time male b. early maturing male c. late-maturing female d. late-maturing male Answer: b LO: 2.11 Summarize the gender differences in how boys and girls respond to reaching puberty relatively early or late.

Topic: Social and Personal Responses to Puberty Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

76. Nature refers to the biological characteristics of an individual, while nurture refers to the __________ characteristics of that individual. a. sexual b. environmental c. educational d. creationist Answer: b LO: 2.12 Compare and contrast passive, evocative, and active genotype  environment effects.

Topic: Biological Development and the Environment: The Theory of Genotype Environment Effects Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

77. The view that both biology and environment play an important role in human development is consistent with the theory of __________. a. genotype  environment effects b. the distancing hypothesis c. health promotion d. the secular trend Answer: a LO: 2.12 Compare and contrast passive, evocative, and active genotype  environment effects.

Topic: Biological Development and the Environment: The Theory of Genotype Environment Effects Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

78. According to genotype  environment effects., we create our own environments based 108 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

on our __________. a. parents' skills b. family type c. genetic makeup d. social context Answer: c LO: 2.12 Compare and contrast passive, evocative, and active genotype  environment effects.

Topic: Biological Development and the Environment: The Theory of Genotype Environment Effects Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

79. According to the text, why should you be skeptical when you read studies about parents and adolescents in biological families where the behavior of parents is claimed to be the cause of the characteristics of adolescents? a. Behavior may be caused by biology and not environment. b. Behavior may be caused by environment and not biology. c. Because the divorce rate is so high in the U.S., no conclusive findings could be drawn. d. There are few studies which investigate the differential treatment of mothers and fathers.

Answer: a LO: 2.12 Compare and contrast passive, evocative, and active genotype  environment effects.

Topic: Biological Development and the Environment: The Theory of Genotype Environment Effects Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

80. Geneva is a young child who has two parents who are both professional singers and who value singing as a strong family value. At a very young age, Geneva’s mother would engage her in activities that involved pitch matching, breathing, and learning to harmonize to the melodies she hears. She now sings with a nationally renowned children’s choir and has auditioned for and received several solos as part of her work with the choir. This situation best illustrates __________ genotype  environment effects. a. retentive b. evocative c. passive d. active Answer: c LO: 2.12 Compare and contrast passive, evocative, and active genotype  environment 109 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

effects.

Topic: Biological Development and the Environment: The Theory of Genotype Environment Effects Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

81. Matt is a six-year-old who constantly draws and spontaneously makes up original cartoon characters. His mother, proud of Matt's evident talent, has bought him computer graphics software and has arranged for art lessons. This situation best illustrates _______ genotype  environment effects. a. retentive b. evocative c. passive d. active Answer: b LO: 2.12 Compare and contrast passive, evocative, and active genotype  environment effects.

Topic: Biological Development and the Environment: The Theory of Genotype Environment Effects Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

82. Ian has wrestled with learning disabilities all of his life. As a result, he has chosen to bypass college and begin working/training in a trade. This is a great example of a(n) __________ genotype  environment effect. a. active b. passive c. evocative d. stable Answer: a LO: 2.12 Compare and contrast passive, evocative, and active genotype  environment effects.

Topic: Biological Development and the Environment: The Theory of Genotype Environment Effects Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

83. In childhood, __________ genotype  environment effects are especially pronounced. a. active b. passive 110 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

c. evocative d. unstable Answer: b LO: 2.13 Explain why genotype  environment effects change over time.

Topic: Biological Development and the Environment: The Theory of Genotype Environment Effects Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

84. During adolescence and emerging adulthood, autonomy increases along with _____________ genotype  environment effects. a. active b. passive c. evocative d. stable Answer: a LO: 2.13 Explain why genotype  environment effects change over time.

Topic: Biological Development and the Environment: The Theory of Genotype Environment Effects Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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True/False 85. The word puberty is derived from the Latin word meaning "to grow larger." a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 2.1 Describe the functions of the hormones in the feedback loop of the endocrine system and how they initiate puberty.

Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Hormonal Changes and Physical Growth Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

86. Lower levels of body fat signal the hypothalamus to increase GnRH production. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 2.1 Describe the functions of the hormones in the feedback loop of the endocrine system and how they initiate puberty.

Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Hormonal Changes and Physical Growth Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

87. During the growth spurt, boys grow more than girls on average. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 2.2 Explain how the growth spurt differs for boys and girls, and identify the order in which body parts experience rapid growth.

Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Hormonal Changes and Physical Growth Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

88. On average the growth spurt seen in boys occurs at a younger age than the growth spurt seen in girls. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 2.2 Explain how the growth spurt differs for boys and girls, and identify the order in which body parts experience rapid growth.

Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Hormonal Changes and Physical Growth 112 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

89. Menarche is the first menstruation and the first ovulation. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 2.3 Explain the difference between primary and secondary sex characteristics.

Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Sexual Maturity and Physical Functioning Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

90. One of the first signs of puberty in a girl is breast buds. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 2.4 Provide the typical order of development of secondary sex characteristics in boys and girls.

Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Sexual Maturity and Physical Functioning Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

91. According to the text, Kikuyu boys show the first physical changes of puberty before their female peers, which is the opposite of typical Western patterns. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 2.5 Chart the typical order of pubertal events, and explain the basis for variations in their order, timing, and total duration.

Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Sexual Maturity and Physical Functioning Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

92. Vital capacity increases more for boys than girls during puberty. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 2.6 Describe how physical functioning changes during puberty, and contrast physical 113 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

functioning in adolescence and emerging adulthood.

Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Sexual Maturity and Physical Functioning Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

93. In general, puberty begins earlier in cultures where good nutrition and medical care are widely available. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 2.7 Explain how culture influences the timing of puberty.

Topic: Cultural Responses to Puberty Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

94. There are some cultures that do not mark puberty with rituals. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 2.8 Identify the rates of prevalence of puberty rituals across cultures, and explain the function of these rituals.

Topic: Cultural Responses to Puberty Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

95. The Asante, a culture in the African Nation of Ghana, celebrate a girl's first menstruation (menarche) with an elaborate ritual celebration, but at other times this pubertal event is viewed with dread and fear. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 2.8 Identify the rates of prevalence of puberty rituals across cultures, and explain the function of these rituals.

Topic: Cultural Responses to Puberty Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

96. In the 1940s, Walt Disney produced an educational cartoon titled "The Story of 114 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Menstruation." a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 2.8 Identify the rates of prevalence of puberty rituals across cultures, and explain the function of these rituals.

Topic: Cultural Responses to Puberty Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

97. Generally, after puberty occurs conflict increases and closeness decreases within the family of the American majority culture. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 2.9 Compare and contrast cultures in how puberty influences family relations.

Topic: Cultural Responses to Puberty Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

98. You are a middle school teacher. It is possible to have students in your class who have finished pubertal development, and others who have not yet started. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 2.11 Summarize the gender differences in how boys and girls respond to reaching puberty relatively early or late.

Topic: Cultural Responses to Puberty Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

99. Within cultures, the timing of puberty appears to be based mainly on social factors. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 2.11 Summarize the gender differences in how boys and girls respond to reaching puberty relatively early or late.

Topic: Cultural Responses to Puberty Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts 115 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

100.

For the most part, early maturation tends to be more positive for girls than for boys. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 2.11 Summarize the gender differences in how boys and girls respond to reaching puberty relatively early or late.

Topic: Cultural Responses to Puberty Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

101. Early maturation is a problem for girls in the West because of cultural values about physical appearance. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 2.11 Summarize the gender differences in how boys and girls respond to reaching puberty relatively early or late.

Topic: Cultural Responses to Puberty Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

102. In recent years, most scholars agree that both biology and environment influence human development. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 2.12 Compare and contrast passive, evocative, and active genotype  environment effects.

Topic: Biological Development and the Environment: The Theory of GenotypeEnvironment Effects Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

103. Active genotypeenvironment effects occur in biological families because parents provide both genes and environment for their children. a. True b. False 116 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Answer: b LO: 2.12 Compare and contrast passive, evocative, and active genotype  environment effects.

Topic: Biological Development and the Environment: The Theory of GenotypeEnvironment Effects Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

104.

Evocative genotype  environment interactions remain stable over time. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 2.12 Compare and contrast passive, evocative, and active genotype  environment effects.

Topic: Biological Development and the Environment: The Theory of GenotypeEnvironment Effects Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

105. The theory of genotype  environment effects has garnered universal acceptance by scholars on human development. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 2.13 Explain why genotype  environment effects change over time.

Topic: Biological Development and the Environment: The Theory of GenotypeEnvironment Effects Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

117 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Essay 106. Chart the order of events (for both boys and girls) that typically occur during puberty.

LO: 2.5 Chart the typical order of pubertal events, and explain the basis for variations in their order, timing, and total duration.

Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Maturity and Physical Functioning Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Answer: For females: Breast development, pubic hair, growth spurt, menarche, underarm hair, skin oil and sweat For males: Pubic hair, growth spurt, change in voice, sperm production, underarm hair, skin oil and sweat 107. Define and explain the secular trend in terms of the influence of culture on the timing and initiation of puberty.

Answer: a LO: 2.7 Explain how culture influences the timing of puberty.

Topic: Cultural Responses to Puberty Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Answer: Secular trend: Historical records show a steady decrease in the age of menarche in Western countries over the past 150 years. Puberty begins earlier in cultures with wider availability of health care and nutrition.

108. Describe the changes in parent–adolescent relationships at puberty. Provide a possible explanation for this change.

LO: 2.9 Compare and contrast cultures in how puberty influences family relations.

Topic: Social and Personal Responses to Puberty Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Answer: At puberty: Relationships characterized by becoming somewhat cooler. Parentchild communication shifts from touching to talking. Conflict increases, especially for early maturing adolescents. Feel less close to mothers, and less accepted by fathers. Distancing hypothesis: Theorizes evolutionary basis for the increasing distance between parents and adolescents. That is, it is adaptive in terms of mating and reproduction for adolescents to move away from closeness with parents to find mates in a larger social circle.

109.

Describe the concept of the incest taboo. Using examples, illustrate the cultural 118 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

differences that have been researched.

LO: 2.9 Compare and contrast cultures in how puberty influences family relations.

Topic: Social and Personal Responses to Puberty Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Answer: Studies have shown that conflict with parents tends to be especially high for adolescents who mature early. Various explanations have been proposed, centering mostly on how the biologically based incest taboo between parents and children becomes activated once children reach sexual maturity, resulting in more distancing relations.

Studies have found that this takes place mainly in two-parent White American families and one study of African American families. Distancing is not common in Latino families or in divorced mother-headed families.

110. Summarize the history of American attitudes toward menarche and menstruation from the 19th Century to the present.

LO: 2.10 Describe personal responses to menarche and semenarche among adolescents and how these responses are shaped by cultures.

Topic: Social and Personal Responses to Puberty Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Answer: In the 19th century, menarche and menstruation were "taboo" topics in middle class America. Menstruation was associated with sexuality and thus took on the status of a "secret" topic in order to protect the "innocence" of girls. Menarche occurred later (secular trend), and most girls experienced menarche with little or no information. In the 20th century, menarche became more openly discussed and associated with health and hygiene.

Information about menstruation was communicated via media and corporations. Today it is rare for girls to reach menarche without some awareness of the process.

111. List and provide an example for the three categories of genotype  environment interaction.

LO: 2.12 Compare and contrast passive, evocative, and active genotype  environment effects.

Topic: Social and Personal Responses to Puberty Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Answer: Passive genotypeenvironment effects. Example: Hank's mom and dad both have inherited artistic talent. They spend a lot of time drawing, painting, and visiting galleries.

The parents include Hank in their activities and encourage his participation. Evocative genotypeenvironment effects. Example: Bernice is an agreeable, content, and calm child.

Her mother responds to her with lots of smiles, cuddles, and shared activities. Active genotypeenvironment effects. Example: Like her father, Bette has inherited a real knack 119 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

for biology. Therefore, she decides to join the naturalist club at her local community center.

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REVEL QUIZ QUESTIONS

Quiz 2.1: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Hormonal Changes and Physical Growth EOM_Q2.1.1 1. The ___________ begins to increase its production of ___________ to initiate puberty, which actually occurs in middle childhood at least a year or two before even the earliest bodily changes of puberty. a) hypothalamus; gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) b) hypothalamus; luteinizing hormone (LH) Consider This: Think about how the adrenal glands are the last component of the feedback loop that monitors and adjusts the sex hormone levels during puberty. LO 2.1 Describe the functions of the hormones in the feedback loop of the endocrine system and how they initiate puberty. c) pituitary gland; follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Consider This: Think about how the adrenal glands are the last component of the feedback loop that monitors and adjusts the sex hormone levels during puberty. LO 2.1 Describe the functions of the hormones in the feedback loop of the endocrine system and how they initiate puberty. d) pituitary gland; adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Consider This: Think about how the adrenal glands are the last component of the feedback loop that monitors and adjusts the sex hormone levels during puberty. LO 2.1 Describe the functions of the hormones in the feedback loop of the endocrine system and how they initiate puberty.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Hormonal Changes and Physical Growth Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 2.1 Describe the function of the hormones in the feedback loop of the endocrine system and how they initiate puberty.

EOM_Q2.1.2 2. The two primary hormones that the pituitary gland releases to stimulate the development of the gametes are: a) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).

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b) estradiol and testosterone.

Consider This: Think about how the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone signals the pituitary gland to release gonadotropins. LO 2.1 Describe the functions of the hormones in the feedback loop of the endocrine system and how they initiate puberty. c) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and estradiol.

Consider This: Think about how the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone signals the pituitary gland to release gonadotropins. LO 2.1 Describe the functions of the hormones in the feedback loop of the endocrine system and how they initiate puberty. d) luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone.

Consider This: Think about how the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone signals the pituitary gland to release gonadotropins. LO 2.1 Describe the functions of the hormones in the feedback loop of the endocrine system and how they initiate puberty.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Hormonal Changes and Physical Growth Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 2.1 Describe the function of the hormones in the feedback loop of the endocrine system and how they initiate puberty.

EOM_Q2.1.3 3. Kevin and Katie are both 13-year-old adolescents who have just begun to show the observable changes of puberty. Increases in the sex hormones have influenced these observable changes, with Kevin producing more _________ than Katie and Katie producing more _________ than Kevin. a) testosterone; estradiol b) sperm; egg cells Consider This: Think about how the gonads, specifically the testes and ovaries, are responsible for producing the sex hormones. LO 2.1 Describe the functions of the hormones in the feedback loop of the endocrine system and how they initiate puberty. c) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH); luteinizing hormone (LH) Consider This: Think about how the gonads, specifically the testes and ovaries, are responsible for producing the sex hormones. LO 2.1 Describe the functions of the hormones in the feedback loop of the endocrine system and how they initiate puberty. d) estradiol; testosterone Consider This: Think about how the gonads, specifically the testes and ovaries, are responsible for producing the sex hormones. LO 2.1 Describe the functions of the hormones in the feedback loop of the endocrine system and how they initiate puberty.

Answer: a 122 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Difficulty: Moderate Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Hormonal Changes and Physical Growth Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 2.1 Describe the function of the hormones in the feedback loop of the endocrine system and how they initiate puberty.

EOM_Q2.1.4 4. Emma and Matthew are 18-year-old adolescents and as such have undergone puberty. Which of the following best illustrates how Emma and Matthew are different in terms of their physical growth by the end of puberty? a) As a result of a higher level of testosterone production during puberty, Matthew has a higher muscle-to-fat ratio than Emma at the end of puberty. b) As a result of increases in testosterone production during puberty, Matthew and Emma have less fat at the end of puberty.

Consider This: Think about how the primary androgen that is responsible for the observable bodily changes during puberty among males is testosterone. LO 2.2 Explain how the growth spurt differs for girls and boys, and identify the order in which body parts experience rapid growth. c) As a result of increases in testosterone production during puberty, Matthew and Emma have equal muscle-to-fat ratios at the end of puberty.

Consider This: Think about how the primary androgen that is responsible for the observable bodily changes during puberty among males is testosterone. LO 2.2 Explain how the growth spurt differs for girls and boys, and identify the order in which body parts experience rapid growth. d) As a result of a higher level of testosterone production during puberty, Matthew has a lower muscle-to-fat ratio than Emma at the end of puberty.

Consider This: Think about how the primary androgen that is responsible for the observable bodily changes during puberty among males is testosterone. LO 2.2 Explain how the growth spurt differs for girls and boys, and identify the order in which body parts experience rapid growth.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Hormonal Changes and Physical Growth Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 2.2 Explain how the growth spurt differs for boys and girls, and identify the order in which body parts experience rapid growth.

EOM_Q2.1.5 123 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

5. _____________ is when the adolescent growth spurt is at its maximum and adolescents grow an average of about 4 inches per year. a) Peak height velocity b) Asynchronicity Consider This: Remember that one of the earliest signs of puberty for both boys and girls is the adolescent growth spurt, and girls reach the beginning of their growth spurt about 2 years before boys. LO 2.2 Explain how the growth spurt differs for girls and boys, and identify the order in which body parts experience rapid growth. c) Hormone production Consider This: Remember that one of the earliest signs of puberty for both boys and girls is the adolescent growth spurt, and girls reach the beginning of their growth spurt about 2 years before boys. LO 2.2 Explain how the growth spurt differs for girls and boys, and identify the order in which body parts experience rapid growth. d) Set point Consider This: Remember that one of the earliest signs of puberty for both boys and girls is the adolescent growth spurt, and girls reach the beginning of their growth spurt about 2 years before boys. LO 2.2 Explain how the growth spurt differs for girls and boys, and identify the order in which body parts experience rapid growth.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Hormonal Changes and Physical Growth Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 2.2 Explain how the growth spurt differs for boys and girls, and identify the order in which body parts experience rapid growth.

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Quiz 2.2: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Sexual Maturity and Physical Functioning EOM_Q2.2.1 1. During puberty, increases in the production of the sex hormones promote the development of eggs and sperm and the sex organs, which are called the _____________________. a) primary sex characteristics b) secondary sex characteristics Consider This: Think about how the main purpose of the biological process of puberty is to prepare the body for reproductive capabilities. LO 2.3 Explain the difference between primary and secondary sex characteristics. c) puberty characteristics Consider This: Think about how the main purpose of the biological process of puberty is to prepare the body for reproductive capabilities. LO 2.3 Explain the difference between primary and secondary sex characteristics. d) reproductive characteristics Consider This: Think about how the main purpose of the biological process of puberty is to prepare the body for reproductive capabilities. LO 2.3 Explain the difference between primary and secondary sex characteristics.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Sexual Maturity and Physical Functioning Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 2.3 Explain the difference between primary and secondary sex characteristics.

EOM_Q2.2.2 2. Which of the following exemplifies the development of secondary sex characteristics? a) Lai is 14 years old and has noticed her skin is oilier and more prone to acne. b) Sadie is 14 years old and has been experiencing monthly menstrual cycles for 1 year.

Consider This: Think about how secondary sex characteristics reflect bodily changes that take place as part of puberty but are not directly related to reproduction. LO 2.4 Provide the typical order of development of secondary sex characteristics in boys and girls. c) Hugo is 13 years old and just experienced semenarche, or his first ejaculation.

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Consider This: Think about how secondary sex characteristics reflect bodily changes that take place as part of puberty but are not directly related to reproduction. LO 2.4 Provide the typical order of development of secondary sex characteristics in boys and girls. d) Greg is 14 years old and has noticed that his penis has grown in length and diameter.

Consider This: Think about how secondary sex characteristics reflect bodily changes that take place as part of puberty but are not directly related to reproduction. LO 2.4 Provide the typical order of development of secondary sex characteristics in boys and girls.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Sexual Maturity and Physical Functioning Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 2.4 Provide the typical order of development of secondary sex characteristics in boys and girls.

EOM_Q2.2.3 3. Abdullah has begun to shave because of the growth of his facial hair over the past few months.

Which of the following has Abdullah already experienced regarding his pubertal development? a) Spermarche b) Menarche Consider This: Think about which of these answer choices reflect development during adolescence compared to emerging adulthood. LO 2.5 Chart the typical order of pubertal events, and explain the basis for variations in their order, timing, and total duration. c) Peak VO2 max Consider This: Think about which of these answer choices reflect development during adolescence compared to emerging adulthood. LO 2.5 Chart the typical order of pubertal events, and explain the basis for variations in their order, timing, and total duration. d) Maximum physical height Consider This: Think about which of these answer choices reflect development during adolescence compared to emerging adulthood. LO 2.5 Chart the typical order of pubertal events, and explain the basis for variations in their order, timing, and total duration.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Sexual Maturity and Physical Functioning Skill: Analyze It Learning Objective: 2.5 Chart the typical order of pubertal events, and explain the basis for variations in their order, timing, and total duration.

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EOM_Q2.2.4 4. During puberty, adolescents’ hearts and lungs experience considerable growth. This growth has implications for changes in physical functioning such that adolescents’ heart rate _____________ and vital capacity _____________. a) decreases; increases b) increases; decreases Consider This: Think about how vital capacity is a measure of the amount of air that can be exhaled out of the lungs after a deep breath and how that might be influenced by changes in lung size during puberty. LO 2.6 Describe how physical functioning changes during puberty, and contrast physical functioning in adolescence and emerging adulthood. c) stabilizes; increases Consider This: Think about how vital capacity is a measure of the amount of air that can be exhaled out of the lungs after a deep breath and how that might be influenced by changes in lung size during puberty. LO 2.6 Describe how physical functioning changes during puberty, and contrast physical functioning in adolescence and emerging adulthood. d) increases; stabilizes Consider This: Think about how vital capacity is a measure of the amount of air that can be exhaled out of the lungs after a deep breath and how that might be influenced by changes in lung size during puberty. LO 2.6 Describe how physical functioning changes during puberty, and contrast physical functioning in adolescence and emerging adulthood.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Sexual Maturity and Physical Functioning Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 2.6 Describe how physical functioning changes during puberty, and contrast physical functioning in adolescence and emerging adulthood.

EOM_Q2.2.5 5. Which of the following statements best describes physical functioning in emerging adulthood compared to adolescence? a) The opportunity for peak physical functioning is highest during emerging adulthood; however, as a result of lifestyle behaviors, emerging adulthood is also a time in which there is a high incidence of disease, injury, and death. b) Physical functioning, such as VO2 max, cardiac output, and reaction time, is similar during adolescence and emerging adulthood.

Consider This: Think about how research has found that for most sports, the peak age of performance comes during the 20s. LO 2.6 Describe how physical functioning changes during puberty, and contrast physical functioning in adolescence and emerging adulthood.

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c) Peak physical functioning, including VO2 max and cardiac output, are achieved during adolescence and then decline into emerging adulthood.

Consider This: Think about how research has found that for most sports, the peak age of performance comes during the 20s. LO 2.6 Describe how physical functioning changes during puberty, and contrast physical functioning in adolescence and emerging adulthood. d) Susceptibility to physical illness is lowest during adolescence, whereas physical functioning is highest during emerging adulthood.

Consider This: Think about how research has found that for most sports, the peak age of performance comes during the 20s. LO 2.6 Describe how physical functioning changes during puberty, and contrast physical functioning in adolescence and emerging adulthood.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Sexual Maturity and Physical Functioning Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 2.6 Describe how physical functioning changes during puberty, and contrast physical functioning in adolescence and emerging adulthood.

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Quiz 2.3: Cultural Responses to Puberty EOM_Q2.3.1 1. Access to a culture’s technologies that include adequate ________ and _________ can influence the timing of puberty because puberty takes place earlier when health conditions are favorable. a) nutrition; medical care b) nutrition; education Consider This: Although all of the answer pairs reflect aspects of a culture’s technologies, think about which pair would most likely influence the timing of puberty if access were limited. LO 2.7 Explain how culture influences the timing of puberty. c) medical care; education Consider This: Although all of the answer pairs reflect aspects of a culture’s technologies, think about which pair would most likely influence the timing of puberty if access were limited. LO 2.7 Explain how culture influences the timing of puberty. d) energy sources; nutrition Consider This: Although all of the answer pairs reflect aspects of a culture’s technologies, think about which pair would most likely influence the timing of puberty if access were limited. LO 2.7 Explain how culture influences the timing of puberty.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Cultural Responses to Puberty Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 2.7 Explain how culture influences the timing of puberty.

EOM_Q2.3.2 2. Fang lives in China, a developing country that has recently undergone rapid economic development. How is that likely to alter her experience of menarche compared to that of her grandmother? a) Her menarche will likely occur at an earlier age. b) Her menarche will likely occur at an older age than her grandmother.

Consider This: Think about how developed and developing countries differ in the occurrence of menarche. LO 2.7 Explain how culture influences the timing of puberty. c) Her menarche and following menstrual periods will be irregular and disrupted.

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Consider This: Think about how developed and developing countries differ in the occurrence of menarche. LO 2.7 Explain how culture influences the timing of puberty. d) Her menarche experience should not differ from that of her grandmother.

Consider This: Think about how developed and developing countries differ in the occurrence of menarche. LO 2.7 Explain how culture influences the timing of puberty.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Cultural Responses to Puberty Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 2.7 Explain how culture influences the timing of puberty.

EOM_Q2.3.3 3. Historically, traditional cultures have puberty rituals to mark the departure from childhood and the entrance into adolescence. Which pubertal event is most commonly marked by a ritual for adolescent girls? a) Menarche b) Breast development Consider This: Although all of the answer choices reflect pubertal events experienced by adolescent girls, think about which one most signifies the development of reproductive capabilities that are prized by traditional cultures. LO 2.8 Identify the rates of prevalence of puberty rituals across cultures, and explain the function of these rituals. c) Pubic hair growth Consider This: Although all of the answer choices reflect pubertal events experienced by adolescent girls, think about which one most signifies the development of reproductive capabilities that are prized by traditional cultures. LO 2.8 Identify the rates of prevalence of puberty rituals across cultures, and explain the function of these rituals. d) Growth spurt Consider This: Although all of the answer choices reflect pubertal events experienced by adolescent girls, think about which one most signifies the development of reproductive capabilities that are prized by traditional cultures. LO 2.8 Identify the rates of prevalence of puberty rituals across cultures, and explain the function of these rituals.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Cultural Responses to Puberty Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 2.8 Identify the rates of prevalence of puberty rituals across cultures, and explain the function of these rituals.

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EOM_Q2.3.4 4. In traditional cultures, puberty rituals for adolescent boys typically involve activities that require boys to display which of the following characteristics? a) Courage, strength, and endurance b) Patience and kindness Consider This: Think about which of these pairs of characteristics would best prepare young men for adult capacities in warfare, hunting, and fishing. LO 2.8 Identify the rates of prevalence of puberty rituals across cultures, and explain the function of these rituals. c) Humor, wit, and cleverness Consider This: Think about which of these pairs of characteristics would best prepare young men for adult capacities in warfare, hunting, and fishing. LO 2.8 Identify the rates of prevalence of puberty rituals across cultures, and explain the function of these rituals. d) Strength, humor, and independence Consider This: Think about which of these pairs of characteristics would best prepare young men for adult capacities in warfare, hunting, and fishing. LO 2.8 Identify the rates of prevalence of puberty rituals across cultures, and explain the function of these rituals.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Cultural Responses to Puberty Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 2.8 Identify the rates of prevalence of puberty rituals across cultures, and explain the function of these rituals.

EOM_Q2.3.5 5. Which of the following traditional cultures engages in mikveh, which is a ritual bath taken a week after an adolescent girl’s first period as a way of cleansing themselves of the impurity believed to be associated with menstruation? a) Orthodox Jews b) Asante of Ghana Consider This: Remember that this culture also had a tradition of mothers slapping their daughters upon their first menstruation. LO 2.8 Identify the rates of prevalence of puberty rituals across cultures, and explain the function of these rituals. c) Sambia of New Guinea Consider This: Remember that this culture also had a tradition of mothers slapping their daughters upon their first menstruation. LO 2.8 Identify the rates of prevalence of puberty rituals across cultures, and explain the function of these rituals.

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d) Samoans Consider This: Remember that this culture also had a tradition of mothers slapping their daughters upon their first menstruation. LO 2.8 Identify the rates of prevalence of puberty rituals across cultures, and explain the function of these rituals.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Cultural Responses to Puberty Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 2.8 Identify the rates of prevalence of puberty rituals across cultures, and explain the function of these rituals.

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Quiz 2.4: Social and Personal Responses to Puberty EOM_Q2.4.1 1. __________ cultures tend to experience __________ distancing in parent–adolescent relationships during puberty because youth typically spend a large portion of their day in shared labor with their parents. a) Traditional; less b) Traditional; more Consider This: Traditional cultures tend to value interdependence and Western cultures tend to value independence. LO 2.9 Compare and contrast cultures in how puberty influences family relations. c) Western; less Consider This: Traditional cultures tend to value interdependence and Western cultures tend to value independence. LO 2.9 Compare and contrast cultures in how puberty influences family relations. d) Western; more Consider This: Traditional cultures tend to value interdependence and Western cultures tend to value independence. LO 2.9 Compare and contrast cultures in how puberty influences family relations.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Social and Personal Responses to Puberty Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 2.9 Compare and contrast cultures in how puberty influences family relations.

EOM_Q2.4.2 2. Sharon has not experienced her first menstruation. Which of the following would increase the likelihood of Sharon having a positive experience with her first period? a) Conversations with her mom about what menstruation is and how to prepare for it b) Conversations with her mom about how menstruation is always painful Consider This: Think about how cultural beliefs influence the information, or lack thereof, girls receive about menarche. LO 2.10 Describe personal responses to menarche and semenarche among adolescents and how these responses are shaped by cultures. c) Conversations with her friends about how menstruation is always painful 133 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Consider This: Think about how cultural beliefs influence the information, or lack thereof, girls receive about menarche. LO 2.10 Describe personal responses to menarche and semenarche among adolescents and how these responses are shaped by cultures. d) Conversations with her mom about how menstruation can influence one’s good luck Consider This: Think about how cultural beliefs influence the information, or lack thereof, girls receive about menarche. LO 2.10 Describe personal responses to menarche and semenarche among adolescents and how these responses are shaped by cultures.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Social and Personal Responses to Puberty Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 2.10 Describe personal responses to menarche and semenarche among adolescents and how these responses are shaped by cultures.

EOM_Q2.4.3 3. In America, boys are ________ to tell their friends about their first ejaculation, and most boys report feeling ________ as part of their experience of semenarche. a) unlikely; guilt b) unlikely; proud Consider This: In contrast, think about how a study found that boys in Nigeria tended to tell their friends about semenarche soon after it took place. LO 2.10 Describe personal responses to menarche and semenarche among adolescents and how these responses are shaped by cultures. c) likely; guilt Consider This: In contrast, think about how a study found that boys in Nigeria tended to tell their friends about semenarche soon after it took place. LO 2.10 Describe personal responses to menarche and semenarche among adolescents and how these responses are shaped by cultures. d) likely; proud Consider This: In contrast, think about how a study found that boys in Nigeria tended to tell their friends about semenarche soon after it took place. LO 2.10 Describe personal responses to menarche and semenarche among adolescents and how these responses are shaped by cultures.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Social and Personal Responses to Puberty Skill: Understand the Concepts

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Learning Objective: 2.10 Describe personal responses to menarche and semenarche among adolescents and how these responses are shaped by cultures.

EOM_Q2.4.4 4. Fourteen-year-old Trey is taller, more muscular, and has some facial hair compared to the rest of his friends. Which of the following is Trey likely to experience? a) Compared to his friends, Trey is more likely to be popular. b) Compared to his friends, Trey is more likely to have good relationships with his parents.

Consider This: Think about how early maturation may give boys a distinct advantage in the sports activities that are often important to prestige in middle and high school. LO 2.11 Summarize the gender differences in how boys and girls respond to reaching puberty relatively early or late. c) Compared to his friends, Trey is more likely to engage in volunteer activities.

Consider This: Think about how early maturation may give boys a distinct advantage in the sports activities that are often important to prestige in middle and high school. LO 2.11 Summarize the gender differences in how boys and girls respond to reaching puberty relatively early or late. d) Compared to his friends, Trey is more likely to have a poor body image.

Consider This: Think about how early maturation may give boys a distinct advantage in the sports activities that are often important to prestige in middle and high school. LO 2.11 Summarize the gender differences in how boys and girls respond to reaching puberty relatively early or late.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Social and Personal Responses to Puberty Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 2.11 Summarize the gender differences in how boys and girls respond to reaching puberty relatively early or late.

EOM_Q2.4.5 5. Compared to early maturing boys, early maturing girls are _______ likely to have a negative body image and _______ likely to become involved in delinquent behaviors. a) more; equally b) more; less Consider This: Think about how early physical development can draw the attention of older peers for both boys and girls. LO 2.11 Summarize the gender differences in how boys and girls respond to reaching puberty relatively early or late.

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c) less; more Consider This: Think about how early physical development can draw the attention of older peers for both boys and girls. LO 2.11 Summarize the gender differences in how boys and girls respond to reaching puberty relatively early or late. d) equally; more Consider This: Think about how early physical development can draw the attention of older peers for both boys and girls. LO 2.11 Summarize the gender differences in how boys and girls respond to reaching puberty relatively early or late.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Social and Personal Responses to Puberty Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 2.11 Summarize the gender differences in how boys and girls respond to reaching puberty relatively early or late.

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Quiz 2.5: Biological Development and the Environment: The Theory of Genotype → Environment Effects EOM_Q2.5.1 1. _________ studies help disentangle the correlational limitation of interpreting passive genotype → environment effects. a) Adoption b) Longitudinal Consider This: Think about how in a biological family it is very difficult to separate genetic influences from environmental influences because parents provide both. LO 2.12 Compare and contrast passive, evocative, and active genotype → environment effects. c) Cross-sectional Consider This: Think about how in a biological family it is very difficult to separate genetic influences from environmental influences because parents provide both. LO 2.12 Compare and contrast passive, evocative, and active genotype → environment effects. d) Ethnographic Consider This: Think about how in a biological family it is very difficult to separate genetic influences from environmental influences because parents provide both. LO 2.12 Compare and contrast passive, evocative, and active genotype → environment effects.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Biological Development and the Environment: The Theory of Genotype → Environment Effects Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 2.12 Compare and contrast passive, evocative, and active genotype → environment effects.

EOM_Q2.5.2 2. Which of the following best reflects an example of active genotype-environment effects? a) An adolescent boy chooses to volunteer in the local animal shelter because of his longstanding interest in becoming a veterinarian. b) An adolescent boy’s parents enroll him in piano lessons because they think he should develop musical skills.

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Consider This: Remember that active genotype → environment effects occur when people seek out environments that correspond to their genotypic characteristics. LO 2.12 Compare and contrast passive, evocative, and active genotype → environment effects. c) An adolescent girl’s English teacher asks her to join the debate club because she is excelling in her writing coursework.

Consider This: Remember that active genotype → environment effects occur when people seek out environments that correspond to their genotypic characteristics. LO 2.12 Compare and contrast passive, evocative, and active genotype → environment effects. d) An adolescent girl’s parents send her to boarding school because she has consistently been expelled from school for misbehavior.

Consider This: Remember that active genotype → environment effects occur when people seek out environments that correspond to their genotypic characteristics. LO 2.12 Compare and contrast passive, evocative, and active genotype → environment effects.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Biological Development and the Environment: The Theory of Genotype → Environment Effects Skill: Analyze It Learning Objective: 2.12 Compare and contrast passive, evocative, and active genotype → environment effects.

EOM_Q2.5.3 3. ________ genotype → environment effects occur when a person’s inherited characteristics give rise to responses from others in their environment. a) Evocative b) Active Consider This: An example of this effect would be when parents enroll their son in an architecture camp because at age 12 he could draw intricate designs of complex buildings. LO 2.12 Compare and contrast passive, evocative, and active genotype → environment effects. c) Passive Consider This: An example of this effect would be when parents enroll their son in an architecture camp because at age 12 he could draw intricate designs of complex buildings. LO 2.12 Compare and contrast passive, evocative, and active genotype → environment effects. d) Effective Consider This: An example of this effect would be when parents enroll their son in an architecture camp because at age 12 he could draw intricate designs of complex buildings. LO 2.12 Compare and contrast passive, evocative, and active genotype → environment effects.

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Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Biological Development and the Environment: The Theory of Genotype → Environment Effects Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 2.12 Compare and contrast passive, evocative, and active genotype → environment effects.

EOM_Q2.5.4 4. According to the theory of genotype → environment effects, __________ genotype-environment effects are stable from childhood through emerging adulthood. a) evocative b) active Consider This: Remember that this theory hypothesizes that passive genotype → environment effects become less salient during adolescence. LO 2.13 Explain why genotype → environment effects change over time. c) passive Consider This: Remember that this theory hypothesizes that passive genotype → environment effects become less salient during adolescence. LO 2.13 Explain why genotype → environment effects change over time. d) effective Consider This: Remember that this theory hypothesizes that passive genotype → environment effects become less salient during adolescence. LO 2.13 Explain why genotype → environment effects change over time.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Biological Development and the Environment: The Theory of Genotype → Environment Effects Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: LO 2.13 Explain why genotype → environment effects change over time.

EOM_Q2.5.5 5. An increase in _________ during adolescence is hypothesized to be the main factor explaining increases in active genotype → environment effects. a) autonomy

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b) parental control Consider This: Although some of these choices reflect adequate answers, think about which one reflects the main reason why adolescents would choose to spend time in activities that interest them outside of their family of origin. LO 2.13 Explain why genotype → environment effects change over time. c) cognitive ability Consider This: Although some of these choices reflect adequate answers, think about which one reflects the main reason why adolescents would choose to spend time in activities that interest them outside of their family of origin. LO 2.13 Explain why genotype → environment effects change over time. d) peer relationships Consider This: Although some of these choices reflect adequate answers, think about which one reflects the main reason why adolescents would choose to spend time in activities that interest them outside of their family of origin. LO 2.13 Explain why genotype → environment effects change over time.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Biological Development and the Environment: The Theory of Genotype → Environment Effects Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 2.13 Explain why genotype → environment effects change over time.

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Chapter 2 Quiz EOC_Q2.1 1. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are the two gonadotropins released by the pituitary gland that are responsible for: a) stimulating the development of the gametes. b) most of the observable bodily changes of puberty.

Consider This: Remember that the gametes are egg cells in the ovaries of the female and sperm in the testes of the male. LO 2.1 Describe the functions of the hormones in the feedback loop of the endocrine system and how they initiate puberty. c) myelination of brain neurons and axons.

Consider This: Remember that the gametes are egg cells in the ovaries of the female and sperm in the testes of the male. LO 2.1 Describe the functions of the hormones in the feedback loop of the endocrine system and how they initiate puberty. d) synaptic pruning of the brain’s gray matter.

Consider This: Remember that the gametes are egg cells in the ovaries of the female and sperm in the testes of the male. LO 2.1 Describe the functions of the hormones in the feedback loop of the endocrine system and how they initiate puberty.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Hormonal Changes and Physical Growth Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 2.1 Describe the functions of the hormones in the feedback loop of the endocrine system and how they initiate puberty.

EOC_Q2.2 2. An adequate level of the protein ___________ is required to signal the ___________ to increase its production of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and initiate the process of puberty. a) leptin; hypothalamus b) estradiol; pituitary gland Consider This: Think about the components of the feedback loop that monitor and adjust the levels of the sex hormones during puberty. LO 2.1 Describe the functions of the hormones in the feedback loop of the endocrine system and how they initiate puberty. c) testosterone; hypothalamus 141 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Consider This: Think about the components of the feedback loop that monitor and adjust the levels of the sex hormones during puberty. LO 2.1 Describe the functions of the hormones in the feedback loop of the endocrine system and how they initiate puberty. d) leptin; pituitary gland Consider This: Think about the components of the feedback loop that monitor and adjust the levels of the sex hormones during puberty. LO 2.1 Describe the functions of the hormones in the feedback loop of the endocrine system and how they initiate puberty.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Hormonal Changes and Physical Growth Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 2.1 Describe the functions of the hormones in the feedback loop of the endocrine system and how they initiate puberty.

EOC_Q2.3 3. Which of the following best illustrates the concept of asynchronicity? a) Some body parts grow faster than others during the growth spurt. b) Girls experience the growth spurt earlier than boys.

Consider This: Think about how the torso, chest, and shoulders are the last parts of the body to reach the growth spurt. LO 2.2 Explain how the growth spurt differs for girls and boys, and identify the order in which body parts experience rapid growth. c) Boys’ body parts grow in a different order than those of girls during the growth spurt.

Consider This: Think about how the torso, chest, and shoulders are the last parts of the body to reach the growth spurt. LO 2.2 Explain how the growth spurt differs for girls and boys, and identify the order in which body parts experience rapid growth. d) The extremities are the last body parts to grow during the growth spurt.

Consider This: Think about how the torso, chest, and shoulders are the last parts of the body to reach the growth spurt. LO 2.2 Explain how the growth spurt differs for girls and boys, and identify the order in which body parts experience rapid growth.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Hormonal Changes and Physical Growth Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 2.2 Explain how the growth spurt differs for girls and boys, and identify the order in which body parts experience rapid growth.

EOC_Q2.4 142 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

4. Which of the following best represents the occurrence of the adolescent growth spurt? a) The growth spurt begins at about age 11 for girls and age 13 for boys. b) The growth spurt begins at about age 11 for boys and age 13 for girls.

Consider This: Think about how adolescent girls reach their final height at about age 15 and boys at age 17. LO 2.2 Explain how the growth spurt differs for girls and boys, and identify the order in which body parts experience rapid growth. c) The growth spurt begins at about the same time for boys and girls.

Consider This: Think about how adolescent girls reach their final height about age 15 and boys at age 17. LO 2.2 Explain how the growth spurt differs for girls and boys, and identify the order in which body parts experience rapid growth. d) The growth spurt begins about 3 years earlier for girls than boys.

Consider This: Think about how adolescent girls reach their final height about age 15 and boys at age 17. LO 2.2 Explain how the growth spurt differs for girls and boys, and identify the order in which body parts experience rapid growth.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Hormonal Changes and Physical Growth Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 2.2 Explain how the growth spurt differs for girls and boys, and identify the order in which body parts experience rapid growth.

EOC_Q2.5 5. Jayden is 12 years old, and unbeknownst to him his body is working to produce sperm now that he has reached puberty. Which of the following is Jayden experiencing? a) Development of the primary sex characteristics, specifically spermarche b) Development of the secondary sex characteristics, specifically spermarche Consider This: Think about how the development of the sex hormones and organs related to reproduction is an essential aspect of the pubertal process. LO 2.3 Explain the difference between primary and secondary sex characteristics. c) Development of the primary sex characteristics, specifically pubic hair Consider This: Think about how the development of the sex hormones and organs related to reproduction is an essential aspect of the pubertal process. LO 2.3 Explain the difference between primary and secondary sex characteristics. d) Development of the secondary sex characteristics, specifically pubic hair

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Consider This: Think about how the development of the sex hormones and organs related to reproduction is an essential aspect of the pubertal process. LO 2.3 Explain the difference between primary and secondary sex characteristics.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Sexual Maturity and Physical Functioning Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 2.3 Explain the difference between primary and secondary sex characteristics.

EOC Q2.6 6. Regular ovulations occurs __________ after menstruation starts. a) 5 years b) immediately Consider this: The menstrual system is active for quite a long time before ovulation takes place with every menstruation. LO 2.3 Explain the difference between primary and secondary sex characteristics. c) 1 year Consider this: The menstrual system is active for quite a long time before ovulation takes place with every menstruation. LO 2.3 Explain the difference between primary and secondary sex characteristics. d) 2 years Consider this: The menstrual system is active for quite a long time before ovulation takes place with every menstruation. LO 2.3 Explain the difference between primary and secondary sex characteristics.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Sexual Maturity and Physical Functioning Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 2.3 Explain the difference between primary and secondary sex characteristics.

EOC_Q2.7 7. Both boys and girls tend to follow the same order of the development of secondary sex characteristics. Which of the following reflects the typical first secondary sex characteristic to develop? a) Appearance of pubic hair b) Growth of underarm/facial hair

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Consider This: Think about how the word puberty is derived from the Latin word pubescere, which means “to grow hairy.” LO 2.4 Provide the typical order of development of secondary sex characteristics in boys and girls. c) Growth spurt Consider This: Think about how the word puberty is derived from the Latin word pubescere, which means “to grow hairy.” LO 2.4 Provide the typical order of development of secondary sex characteristics in boys and girls. d) Secretion of increased skin oil and sweat Consider This: Think about how the word puberty is derived from the Latin word pubescere, which means “to grow hairy.” LO 2.4 Provide the typical order of development of secondary sex characteristics in boys and girls.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Sexual Maturity and Physical Functioning Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 2.4 Provide the typical order of development of secondary sex characteristics in boys and girls.

EOC Q2.8 8. The first sign of breast development in girls is the __________, which is one of the first outward signs of puberty in girls. a) breast buds b) appearance of the areola Consider this: The breasts develop from slight enlargements in breast tissue. LO 2.4 Provide the typical order of development of secondary sex characteristics in boys and girls. c) appearance of the labia Consider this: The breasts develop from slight enlargements in breast tissue. LO 2.4 Provide the typical order of development of secondary sex characteristics in boys and girls. d) nipple nubs Consider this: The breasts develop from slight enlargements in breast tissue. LO 2.4 Provide the typical order of development of secondary sex characteristics in boys and girls.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Sexual Maturity and Physical Functioning Skill: Remember the Facts

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Learning Objective: 2.4 Provide the typical order of development of secondary sex characteristics in boys and girls.

EOC_Q2.9 9. Debbie is growing pubic hair and breast buds. Which of the following is Debbie likely to experience next regarding her pubertal development? a) The growth spurt b) Menarche Consider This: Think about how adolescent girls typically experience their first period relatively late in the order of pubertal events. LO 2.5 Chart the typical order of pubertal events, and explain the basis for variations in their order, timing, and total duration. c) Growth of underarm hair Consider This: Think about how adolescent girls typically experience their first period relatively late in the order of pubertal events. LO 2.5 Chart the typical order of pubertal events, and explain the basis for variations in their order, timing, and total duration. d) Secretion of increased skin oil and sweat Consider This: Think about how adolescent girls typically experience their first period relatively late in the order of pubertal events. LO 2.5 Chart the typical order of pubertal events, and explain the basis for variations in their order, timing, and total duration.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Sexual Maturity and Physical Functioning Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 2.5 Chart the typical order of pubertal events, and explain the basis for variations in their order, timing, and total duration.

EOC Q2.10 10. For boys, the first outward sign of puberty is __________. a) growth of the testes b) the lowering of the voice Consider this: Recall the order of pubertal events and know it is associated with spermarche.

LO 2.5 Chart the typical order of pubertal events, and explain the basis for variations in their order, timing, and total duration. c) growth spurt

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Consider this: Recall the order of pubertal events and know it is associated with spermarche.

LO 2.5 Chart the typical order of pubertal events, and explain the basis for variations in their order, timing, and total duration. d) growth of underarm hair Consider this: Recall the order of pubertal events and know it is associated with spermarche.

LO 2.5 Chart the typical order of pubertal events, and explain the basis for variations in their order, timing, and total duration.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Sexual Maturity and Physical Functioning Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 2.5 Chart the typical order of pubertal events, and explain the basis for variations in their order, timing, and total duration.

EOC_Q2.11 11. Jorge is a 15-year-old boy in the United States. Jorge recently visited his doctor, and his BMI indicated he is overweight. BMI is a ratio of __________. a) weight to height b) age to weight Consider This: BMI is a medical measure to identify whether people are underweight, normal weight, overweight, or obese. LO 2.6 Describe how physical functioning changes during puberty, and contrast physical functioning in adolescence and emerging adulthood. c) height to age Consider This: BMI is a medical measure to identify whether people are underweight, normal weight, overweight, or obese. LO 2.6 Describe how physical functioning changes during puberty, and contrast physical functioning in adolescence and emerging adulthood. d) expected weight to actual weight Consider This: BMI is a medical measure to identify whether people are underweight, normal weight, overweight, or obese. LO 2.6 Describe how physical functioning changes during puberty, and contrast physical functioning in adolescence and emerging adulthood.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Sexual Maturity and Physical Functioning Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 2.6 Describe how physical functioning changes during puberty, and contrast physical functioning in adolescence and emerging adulthood.

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EOC Q2.12 12. Of the following people, who is most likely to have the highest VO 2 max measure? a) Thai, a 22-year-old male b) Benji, a 16-year-old male Consider this: Emerging adulthood is a time of peak health. LO 2.6 Describe how physical functioning changes during puberty, and contrast physical functioning in adolescence and emerging adulthood. c) Jossie, a 13-year-old female Consider this: Emerging adulthood is a time of peak health. LO 2.6 Describe how physical functioning changes during puberty, and contrast physical functioning in adolescence and emerging adulthood. d) Xaio, an 30-year-old male Consider this: Emerging adulthood is a time of peak health. LO 2.6 Describe how physical functioning changes during puberty, and contrast physical functioning in adolescence and emerging adulthood.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Sexual Maturity and Physical Functioning Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 2.6 Describe how physical functioning changes during puberty, and contrast physical functioning in adolescence and emerging adulthood.

EOC_Q2.13 13. Jada is a girl growing up in the United States, and Jamila is a girl growing up in Kenya, Africa.

Jada experienced menarche at 12 years old, and Jamila experienced menarche at 16 years old.

Which of the following is the best explanation for the difference in the age at which they experienced menarche? a) Accessibility to high-quality nutrition and medical care in the United States b) Heredity, such that the girls were more likely to experience menarche at the same ages that their mothers did Consider This: Think about what resources may be available to adolescents in Western versus non-Western countries that may explain why research has found puberty begins earlier in Western countries. LO 2.7 Explain how culture influences the timing of puberty. c) Participation in sports activities that pressure girls to maintain low body weight in the United States Consider This: Think about what resources may be available to adolescents in Western versus non-Western countries that may explain why research has found puberty begins earlier in Western countries. LO 2.7 Explain how culture influences the timing of puberty. d) Increased stress levels resulting from exposure to civil war in Africa 148 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Consider This: Think about what resources may be available to adolescents in Western versus non-Western countries that may explain why research has found puberty begins earlier in Western countries. LO 2.7 Explain how culture influences the timing of puberty.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Cultural Responses to Puberty Skill: Analyze It Learning Objective: 2.7 Explain how culture influences the timing of puberty.

EOC_Q2.14 14. Schlegel and Barry found that _______% of the traditional cultures they assessed had pubertal rituals for boys, and _______% had puberty rituals for girls. a) 68; 79 b) 25; 43 Consider This: Think about how traditional cultures place more emphasis on distinct role transitions than Western cultures, as well as how increased access and exposure to a global culture may have influenced traditional cultures’ participation in role transition rituals. LO 2.8 Identify the rates of prevalence of puberty rituals across cultures, and explain the function of these rituals. c) 42; 54 Consider This: Think about how traditional cultures place more emphasis on distinct role transitions than Western cultures, as well as how increased access and exposure to a global culture may have influenced traditional cultures’ participation in role transition rituals. LO 2.8 Identify the rates of prevalence of puberty rituals across cultures, and explain the function of these rituals. d) 10; 89 Consider This: Think about how traditional cultures place more emphasis on distinct role transitions than Western cultures, as well as how increased access and exposure to a global culture may have influenced traditional cultures’ participation in role transition rituals. LO 2.8 Identify the rates of prevalence of puberty rituals across cultures, and explain the function of these rituals.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Cultural Responses to Puberty Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 2.8 Identify the rates of prevalence of puberty rituals across cultures, and explain the function of these rituals.

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EOC_Q2.15 15. Valerie is a 13-year-old White adolescent girl growing up in the United States who recently experienced menarche and is also showing visible secondary sex characteristics such as breast development. Which of the following best reflects Valerie’s family relationships now that she has reached puberty? a) Valerie and her parents now have a more distant relationship, in which she feels less close to her parents. b) Valerie and her parents now have a closer relationship, in which she feels a stronger bond especially with her mother.

Consider This: For a comparison, think about how traditional cultures value interdependence and how that value might influence relationships between adolescents and their parents during puberty. LO 2.9 Compare and contrast cultures in how puberty influences family relations. c) Valerie’s relationship quality with her parents is the same as it was prior to puberty.

Consider This: For a comparison, think about how traditional cultures value interdependence and how that value might influence relationships between adolescents and their parents during puberty. LO 2.9 Compare and contrast cultures in how puberty influences family relations. d) Valerie and her parents now have a closer relationship, in which she feels a stronger bond especially with her father.

Consider This: For a comparison, think about how traditional cultures value interdependence and how that value might influence relationships between adolescents and their parents during puberty. LO 2.9 Compare and contrast cultures in how puberty influences family relations.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Social and Personal Responses to Puberty Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 2.9 Compare and contrast cultures in how puberty influences family relations.

EOC_Q2.16 16. Imagine that Adeline is a 13-year-old girl growing up in America in the 1890s. What is Adeline’s most likely response to her experience of menarche, and why? a) Adeline is likely to be shocked and scared about menarche because the culture of her time did not advocate educating young women about menarche. b) Adeline is likely to be happy about menarche because it reflects her transition to becoming a sexually mature woman.

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Consider This: Think about how puberty was a taboo subject in America during the 19th century. LO 2.10 Describe personal responses to menarche and semenarche among adolescents and how these responses are shaped by cultures. c) Adeline is likely to be happy about menarche because it will make her feel more a part of the culture of her peers who have already begun menstruating.

Consider This: Think about how puberty was a taboo subject in America during the 19th century. LO 2.10 Describe personal responses to menarche and semenarche among adolescents and how these responses are shaped by cultures. d) Adeline is likely to be annoyed about menarche because of having to cope with the biologically based discomfort associated with menstruation known as premenstrual syndrome (PMS).

Consider This: Think about how puberty was a taboo subject in America during the 19th century. LO 2.10 Describe personal responses to menarche and semenarche among adolescents and how these responses are shaped by cultures.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Social and Personal Responses to Puberty Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 2.10 Describe personal responses to menarche and semenarche among adolescents and how these responses are shaped by cultures.

EOC_Q2.17 17. Girls who mature later compared to their peers are likely to experience which of the following? a) Teasing b) Substance use Consider This: For comparison, think about how early maturing girls tend to have older friends and how those friends may influence exposure to certain activities. LO 2.11 Summarize the gender differences in how boys and girls respond to reaching puberty relatively early or late. c) delinquency Consider This: For comparison, think about how early maturing girls tend to have older friends and how those friends may influence exposure to certain activities. LO 2.11 Summarize the gender differences in how boys and girls respond to reaching puberty relatively early or late. d) eating disorders Consider This: For comparison, think about how early maturing girls tend to have older friends and how those friends may influence exposure to certain activities. LO 2.11 151 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Summarize the gender differences in how boys and girls respond to reaching puberty relatively early or late.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Social and Personal Responses to Puberty Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 2.11 Summarize the gender differences in how boys and girls respond to reaching puberty relatively early or late.

EOC_Q2.18 18. Which of the following best summarizes the theory of genotype → environment effects? a) Both genetics and environmental factors make contributions to human development, in which genes influence the kind of environment experienced. b) Human behavior can best be explained by genetic factors alone.

Consider This: Think about the rationale for the direction of the arrow in the naming of this theory. LO 2.12 Compare and contrast passive, evocative, and active genotype → environment effects. c) Human behavior can best be explained by environmental factors alone.

Consider This: Think about the rationale for the direction of the arrow in the naming of this theory. LO 2.12 Compare and contrast passive, evocative, and active genotype → environment effects. d) Both genetics and environmental factors make equal contributions to human development.

Consider This: Think about the rationale for the direction of the arrow in the naming of this theory. LO 2.12 Compare and contrast passive, evocative, and active genotype → environment effects.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Biological Development and the Environment: The Theory of Genotype → Environment Effects Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 2.12 Compare and contrast passive, evocative, and active genotype → environment effects.

EOC_Q2.19 19. Ernesto is an excellent reader and always asks for books for his birthday. This is an example of a(n) __________.

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a) active genotype → environment effect b) passive genotype → environment effect Consider this: Ernesto is taking charge of his own environment. LO 2.12 Compare and contrast passive, evocative, and active genotype → environment effects. c) evocative genotype → environment effect d) Consider this: Ernesto is taking charge of his own environment. LO 2.12 Compare and contrast passive, evocative, and active genotype → environment effects. e) provocative genotype → environmental effect Consider this: Ernesto is taking charge of his own environment. LO 2.12 Compare and contrast passive, evocative, and active genotype → environment effects.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Biological Development and the Environment: The Theory of Genotype → Environment Effects Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 2.12 Compare and contrast passive, evocative, and active genotype → environment effects.

EOC_Q2.20 20. According to the theory of genotype → environment effects, __________ genotype → environment effects become _________ salient during adolescence because parental control tends to diminish, and youth spend more time away from the family of origin. a) passive; less b) passive; more Consider This: Think about how gains in autonomy during adolescence might increase youths’ interest in seeking out environments that match their inherited abilities. LO 2.13 Explain why genotype → environment effects change over time. c) evocative; less Consider This: Think about how gains in autonomy during adolescence might increase youths’ interest in seeking out environments that match their inherited abilities. LO 2.13 Explain why genotype → environment effects change over time. d) evocative; more Consider This: Think about how gains in autonomy during adolescence might increase youths’ interest in seeking out environments that match their inherited abilities. LO 2.13 Explain why genotype → environment effects change over time.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Biological Development and the Environment: The Theory of Genotype → Environment Effects 153 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 2.13 Explain why genotype → environment effects change over time.

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TOTAL ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice GUIDE

Chapter 3 Cognitive Foundations

1. Ed is a 14-year-old boy living in Seattle. Where is Ed likely to face most of his intellectual challenges? a. completing his daily school activities Topic Remember Understand Apply What Analyze It b. working in his chosen career the Facts the Concepts You Know c. providing for his family Brain Multiple Choice 4, 5, 6, 9, 12 2, 3, 8, 11 1, 7, 10 d. testing his bravery Development in Answer: Adolescence and a LO: 3.1 Describe the processes of overproduction (or exuberance) and synaptic pruning Emerging True/False 93-95 adolescence.

96 that take place in the brain during Adulthood Topic: Brain Short Development in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Essay Difficulty: Moderate Piaget’s Skill: Theory of What Multiple Choice 14, 16, 21, 25, 18, 22, 27-30, 31, 35 Apply You Know 13, 15, 17, 19, Cognitive 20, 23, 24, 36, 26, 37 32-34, 38 APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Development

39 True/False 97-101 Short Essay 116 2. Overproduction of synaptic connections occurs in many parts of the brain's gray matter InformationMultiple Choice 44, 48, 49, 52, 40, 41, 47, 54, 42, 43, 45, 50, 46, 51, 58 Processing but is especially concentrated 53 in the __________.

57, 60 55, 56, 59 a. cerebellum Approaches True/False 103 104, 105 102

b. occipital lobes Short Essay 117 c. frontal lobes Practical Multiple Choice 63, 64 62, 65, 66, 67 61, 68 d. corpus callosum Cognition: 106, 107 Answer: c True/False Critical Thinking Short Essay 114, 115 LO: 3.1 Describe the processes of overproduction (or exuberance) and synaptic pruning and Decision Making that take place in the brain during adolescence.

Topic: Brain Multiple Development Adolescence Adulthood Social Cognition Choice in70, 73, 74, 79 and 69,Emerging 75, 78 71, 72, 76, 77 Difficulty: Moderate True/False 108 109 Skill: Understand Concepts Short the Essay APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, The Psychometric Multiple Choice 81-82, 85-89 91,and 92 overarching 83,themes 84, 90 in psychology.

Approach: True/False 110-113 Intelligence Short Essay Testing 3. Which of the following is NOT a function of the frontal lobes?

a. making moral judgments b. solving problems c. planning ahead d. processing speech Answer: d LO: 3.1 Describe the processes of overproduction (or exuberance) and synaptic pruning that take place in the brain during adolescence.

Topic: Brain Development in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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4. Between the ages of 12 and 20, the brain loses 7% to 10% of its gray matter through __________. a. myelination b. synaptic pruning c. exuberance d. synaptic production Answer: b LO: 3.1 Describe the processes of overproduction (or exuberance) and synaptic pruning that take place in the brain during adolescence.

Topic: Brain Development in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

5. What process functions to keep the brain's electrical signals on one path and increases processing speed? a. myelination b. synaptic processing c. fMRI d. maturation Answer: a LO: 3.2 Explain how myelination and changes in the cerebellum enable new cognitive capacities in adolescence.

Topic: Brain Development in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

6. Executive functioning peaks during __________. a. childhood b. early adolescence c. late adolescence d. emerging adulthood Answer: d LO: 3.2 Explain how myelination and changes in the cerebellum enable new cognitive capacities in adolescence.

Topic: Brain Development in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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7. Imagine you are a neurological researcher looking at a PET scan of a 16-year-old boy.

Compared to the brain scan of an 8-year-old girl, you'd most likely see __________. a. an increased frontal lobe b. a larger cerebellum c. decreased myelination d. a smaller hypothalamus Answer: b LO: 3.2 Explain how myelination and changes in the cerebellum enable new cognitive capacities in adolescence.

Topic: Brain Development in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

8. Which of the following is NOT part of the continuing changes in the brain observed during emerging adulthood? a. continued myelination b. continued pruning c. formation of new connections d. shrinking of the cerebellum Answer: d LO: 3.3 Summarize how gray and white matter change through emerging adulthood and beyond, and the neurological changes that make emerging adulthood a stage of high potential as well as high risk.

Topic: Brain Development in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

9. Gray matter is composed of __________ , whereas white matter is composed of __________. a. brain cells; myelinated axons b. myelinated axons; connective tissue c. connective tissue; brain cells d. myelinated axons; brain cells Answer: a LO: 3.3 Summarize how gray and white matter change through emerging adulthood and beyond, and the neurological changes that make emerging adulthood a stage of high potential as well as high risk.

Topic: Brain Development in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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10. Jorge is age 31. Lupita is age 13. When comparing the brains of Jorge and Lupita, which of the following statements summarizes what will be found? a. Jorge’s brain will have more gray matter than Lupita’s brain. b. Jorge’s brain will look very similar to Lupita’s brain. c. Jorge’s brain will have more white matter than Lupita’s brain. d. Jorge’s brain will have a much smaller cerebellum than Lupita’s brain.

Answer: c LO: 3.3 Summarize how gray and white matter change through emerging adulthood and beyond, and the neurological changes that make emerging adulthood a stage of high potential as well as high risk.

Topic: Brain Development in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

11. __________ of the gray matter during emerging adulthood is implicated in the development of schizophrenia, anxiety, and depression. a. Rapid growth b. Rapid synaptic pruning c. Rapid myelination d. Slow growth and myelination Answer: b LO: 3.3 Summarize how gray and white matter change through emerging adulthood and beyond, and the neurological changes that make emerging adulthood a stage of high potential as well as high risk.

Topic: Brain Development in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

12. __________ is the interaction between the maturation of the brain and the environment. a. Cerebellar myelination b. Neurological precociousness c. Neurodevelopmental plasticity d. Mindsets Answer: c LO: 3.3 Summarize how gray and white matter change through emerging adulthood and beyond, and the neurological changes that make emerging adulthood a stage of high potential as well as high risk.

Topic: Brain Development in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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13. After Piaget shifted his interest from studying mollusks to studying human development, he became interested in a. seeing how evolution influenced development. b. children's interactions with animals. c. tracing the impact of genetics. d. wrong answers children gave on intelligence tests.

Answer: d LO: 3.4 Explain the principles of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, including mental structures, maturation, schemes, assimilation, and accommodation.

Topic: Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

14. In terms of Piaget's theory of cognitive development, what statement does NOT belong? a. distinct stages b. formal operations c. continuous change d. maturation Answer: c LO: 3.4 Explain the principles of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, including mental structures, maturation, schemes, assimilation, and accommodation.

Topic: Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

15. The organization of cognitive abilities into a single pattern, such that thinking in all aspects of life is a reflection of that structure, is known as ___________. a. mental structure b. cognitive stage c. assimilation d. accommodation Answer: a LO: 3.4 Explain the principles of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, including mental structures, maturation, schemes, assimilation, and accommodation.

Topic: Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

16. What factor is considered to be the "driving force" in Piaget's theory of stage 159 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

development? a. education b. environment c. maturation d. evolution Answer: c LO: 3.4 Explain the principles of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, including mental structures, maturation, schemes, assimilation, and accommodation.

Topic: Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

17. Piaget proposed that the active construction of reality takes place through the use of schemes. In this model, schemes were defined as a. problems in thought processes. b. mental abilities that involve speed of analyzing. c. mental structures for organizing and interpreting information. d. the way we think about social institutions.

Answer: c LO: 3.4 Explain the principles of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, including mental structures, maturation, schemes, assimilation, and accommodation.

Topic: Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

18. Which of the following is the best example of Piaget's concept of assimilation? a. An infant who knows how to breastfeed does not find it difficult to feed from a bottle. b. A 10th grade student reads a text from a different culture and tries to understand it. c. A 7-year-old sees an airplane for the first time while knowing nothing about flight. d. A young boy from Zimbabwe comes to Canada in January and sees snow.

Answer: a LO: 3.4 Explain the principles of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, including mental structures, maturation, schemes, assimilation, and accommodation.

Topic: Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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19. __________ entails changing a scheme to adapt to new information. a. Assimilation b. Mental structure c. Mental capacity d. Accommodation Answer: d LO: 3.4 Explain the principles of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, including mental structures, maturation, schemes, assimilation, and accommodation.

Topic: Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

20. __________ is the cognitive stage from age 11 up in which people learn to think systematically about possibilities and hypotheses. a. Assimilation b. Accommodation c. Formal operations d. Schemes Answer: c LO: 3.5 Describe formal operations and how the pendulum problem assesses the attainment of this stage.

Topic: Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

21. The pendulum problem presented by Piaget is used to assess _____________. a. operational thinking b. preoperational thinking c. formal operations d. concrete thinking Answer: c LO: 3.5 Describe formal operations and how the pendulum problem assesses the attainment of this stage.

Topic: Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

22. Who is the most likely to understand the metaphor "life is like a box of chocolates"? a. Wayland, a 15-year-old boy b. Forrest, a 10-year-old boy 161 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

c. Carrie, a 12-year-old girl d. Robyn, a 9-year-old girl Answer: a LO: 3.6 Describe how thinking in adolescence becomes more abstract and complex, using metacognition, metaphor, and sarcasm as examples.

Topic: Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

23. __________ is Piaget’s term for the process by which the formal operational thinker systematically tests possible solutions to a problem and arrives at an answer that can be defended and explained. a. Concrete operations b. Formal thinking c. Hypothetical-deductive reasoning d. Formal testing process Answer: c LO: 3.5 Describe formal operations and how the pendulum problem assesses the attainment of this stage.

Topic: Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

24. The ability to think in terms of symbols, ideas, and concepts is called _________. a. metacognition b. abstract thinking c. formal operations d. a metaphor Answer: b LO: 3.6 Describe how thinking in adolescence becomes more abstract and complex, using metacognition, metaphor, and sarcasm as examples.

Topic: Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

25. The thought that the Broncos beat the Jets and the Jets beat the Dolphins, therefore the Broncos ought to be able to beat the Dolphins, involves ___________. a. abstract thinking b. metacognition c. sarcasm 162 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

d. metaphor Answer: a LO: 3.6 Describe how thinking in adolescence becomes more abstract and complex, using metacognition, metaphor, and sarcasm as examples.

Topic: Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

26. The primary purpose of metacognition is to monitor and reason about __________. a. feeling b. problem solving c. others d. thinking Answer: d LO: 3.6 Describe how thinking in adolescence becomes more abstract and complex, using metacognition, metaphor, and sarcasm as examples.

Topic: Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

27. Marketa is a 14-year-old girl who knows when she is studying she needs to monitor her comprehension. Marketa is employing ________ skills. a. hypothetically-deductive b. sarcastic c. metacognitive d. reductionist Answer: c LO: 3.6 Describe how thinking in adolescence becomes more abstract and complex, using metacognition, metaphor, and sarcasm as examples.

Topic: Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

28. Margaret comes to class with a new hair color (orange) and her best friend thinks the look is awful. She scoffs, looks at Margaret, and says "nice hair." Margaret smiles and thanks her friend, missing the negative intention of the comment. Margaret has failed to understand __________. a. automaticity b. sarcasm c. metacognition 163 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

d. a metaphor Answer: b LO: 3.6 Describe how thinking in adolescence becomes more abstract and complex, using metacognition, metaphor, and sarcasm as examples.

Topic: Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

29. Imagine you wrote a brilliant paper that discussed the "extensive individual differences in formal operations." Your view would be contrary to __________. a. Jean Piaget b. Robert Sternberg c. Howard Gardner d. Alfred Binet Answer: a LO: 3.7 Summarize the major critiques of Piaget’s theory, and Piaget’s response.

Topic: Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

30. If Dr. Phil was a Piagetian psychologist, he would most likely believe which of the following statements? a. Development is based on the accumulated experience of humankind. b. Genetics is the single driving force behind intelligence. c. Everyone attains the same cognitive stages at about the same ages. d. The culture you live in will impact your unique developmental trajectory.

Answer: c LO: 3.7 Summarize the major critiques of Piaget’s theory, and Piaget’s response.

Topic: Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

31. Which statement most accurately represents modern conceptions of formal operational thought? Adolescents and adults tend to apply formal operational thought __________. a. to all situations they encounter b. only with regards to scholastic or academic areas c. to situations where they have the most experience d. to no areas of their lives Answer: c LO: 3.7 Summarize the major critiques of Piaget’s theory, and Piaget’s response.

164 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Topic: Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

32. Thirty-one-year-old Paul loves bikes. He is constantly in his garage fixing bikes and on the mountain trails riding them. When faced with bike problems, Paul will most likely apply _________. a. metaphors b. metacognition c. sarcasm d. formal operational reasoning Answer: d LO: 3.7 Summarize the major critiques of Piaget’s theory, and Piaget’s response.

Topic: Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

33. Darlene and Geoff are both taking math classes at Westgate High School. Darlene is in a class where her teacher is constantly doing "hands on" projects with the class. Geoff's teacher simply lectures and assigns homework. Who is more likely to exhibit formal operational thinking? a. Geoff b. Darlene c. both d. neither Answer: b LO: 3.7 Summarize the major critiques of Piaget’s theory, and Piaget’s response.

Topic: Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

34. The best way to test the potential for formal operational reasoning in most cultures is to a. administer an IQ test and score the results. b. tailor the problem to the children's daily lives. c. give students the Piagetian pendulum problem to solve. d. provide a universal task or problem for each child to solve.

Answer: b LO: 3.7 Summarize the major critiques of Piaget’s theory, and Piaget’s response.

Topic: Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Difficulty: Difficult 165 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

35. One of the limitations of Piagetian theory is the __________. a. inability to operationalize and evaluate stages b. need for a stage-like explanation for development c. neglect of the cultural basis of cognitive development d. lack of metacognition Answer: c LO: 3.7 Summarize the major critiques of Piaget’s theory, and Piaget’s response.

Topic: Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

36. According to the text, one positive benefit of Inuit children attending school has been to __________. a. raise their intelligence b. assimilate to the majority culture c. gain autonomy from their parents d. allow a greater range of opportunities Answer: d LO: 3.7 Summarize the major critiques of Piaget’s theory, and Piaget’s response.

Topic: Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

37. The primary purpose of pragmatism is to enhance logical thinking with an awareness of __________. a. practical constraints of real-life situations b. academic and scholastic tasks of the majority culture c. the development of the imaginary audience and personal fable d. the advent of information processing as an explanation of cognition Answer: a LO: 3.8 Describe pragmatism and how it affects thinking from adolescence to adulthood.

Topic: Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

38. Suppose you wrote a profound paper on dialectical thought. You would most likely 166 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

conclude young adults develop an awareness that most problems __________. a. have all crucial pieces of information present b. are complex and don't have a single solution c. have a single perspective to analyze the solution set d. have only two sides which are completely at odds with one another Answer: b LO: 3.8 Describe pragmatism and how it affects thinking from adolescence to adulthood.

Topic: Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

39. A recent study completed by Peng and Nisbett (1999) that focused on dialectical thinking found that what culture tended to promote this type of thinking more than others? a. American b. Korean c. German d. Chinese Answer: d LO: 3.8 Describe pragmatism and how it affects thinking from adolescence to adulthood.

Topic: Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

40. Information-processing approaches see cognitive development as __________, which differs from Piaget’s view. a. continuous b. discontinuous c. laborious d. easy Answer: a LO: 3.9 Identify how information-processing approaches differ from Piaget’s cognitivedevelopmental approach.

Topic: Information-Processing Approaches Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

41. New models of information processing have moved away from what analogy? a. innate learning like mammals b. the mind as a simple computer 167 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

c. social networks as spider webs d. never forgetting how to ride a bike Answer: b LO: 3.9 Identify how information-processing approaches differ from Piaget’s cognitivedevelopmental approach.

Topic: Information-Processing Approaches Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

42. Suppose you were a participant in a study on the original information-processing theory of cognition. Your thought processes would be understood by comparing them to the __________. a. genetics of your parents b. actions of a primate c. other people in your age category d. functions of a computer Answer: d LO: 3.9 Identify how information-processing approaches differ from Piaget’s cognitivedevelopmental approach.

Topic: Information-Processing Approaches Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

43. Why have information-processing models moved away from the analogy of a computer? a. Computers rarely make mistakes, whereas the brain makes many mistakes. b. Computers process information much faster than the brain. c. The brain is more complex than a computer, and the different components of thinking operate simultaneously rather than one at a time. d. The brain is more simple than a computer because the cells of the brain can only fire an action potential (or not) to pass on information.

Answer: c LO: 3.9 Identify how information-processing approaches differ from Piaget’s cognitivedevelopmental approach.

Topic: Information-Processing Approaches Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

44. What are two key aspects of information processing? a. attention and memory b. selection and retrieval 168 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

c. attention and accommodation d. storage and retrieval Answer: a LO: 3.9 Identify how information-processing approaches differ from Piaget’s cognitivedevelopmental approach.

Topic: Information-Processing Approaches Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

45. While Lynn is trying to read a book, her daughter Jennifer is listening to loud music in the same room. In order for Lynn to concentrate on her book, she needs to employ __________. a. divided attention b. processing capacity c. short-term memory d. selective attention Answer: d LO: 3.10 Compare and contrast selective attention and divided attention.

Topic: Information-Processing Approaches Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

46. Which of the following individuals provides the best example of divided attention? a. Kelly, who is listening to a lecture and trying not to fall asleep b. Jorge, who is listening to Lady Gaga while studying for a math test c. Paul, who is trying to eat dinner while his little sister is playing Nintendo d. Shiraz, who is trying to find the reason her computer isn’t working properly while the computer restarts Answer: b LO: 3.10 Compare and contrast selective attention and divided attention.

Topic: Information-Processing Approaches Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

47. Who is best at using selective attention? a. children b. preadolescents c. adolescents d. emerging adults Answer: d 169 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

LO: 3.10 Compare and contrast selective attention and divided attention.

Topic: Information-Processing Approaches Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

48. There are two types of short-term memory: one type is involved in the input and storage of new information; the other type of short-term memory is known as ________ memory. a. selective b. retrieval c. working d. divided Answer: c LO: 3.11 Distinguish between short-term, long-term, and working memory, and explain how adolescents use mnemonic devices.

Topic: Information-Processing Approaches Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

49. From about 16 years of age and forward, the average capacity of short-term memory is about ________ units of information. a. 5 b. 9 c. 7 d. 16 Answer: c LO: 3.11 Distinguish between short-term, long-term, and working memory, and explain how adolescents use mnemonic devices.

Topic: Information-Processing Approaches Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

50. In order to remember his grocery list, 12-year-old Andy organizes the list into food groups (i.e., dairy, grains, junk food). Andy is using ___________. a. his fluid intelligence b. a mnemonic device c. his metacognition d. adolescent egocentrism Answer: b LO: 3.11 Distinguish between short-term, long-term, and working memory, and explain 170 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

how adolescents use mnemonic devices.

Topic: Information-Processing Approaches Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

51. The advantage of mnemonic devices is that they __________. a. make remembering more effective b. help automate processing c. get you hooked on phonics d. contribute to dualistic thinking Answer: a LO: 3.11 Distinguish between short-term, long-term, and working memory, and explain how adolescents use mnemonic devices.

Topic: Information-Processing Approaches Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

52. Processing speed in adolescents is __________. a. faster than in children b. slower than in children c. the same as in children d. organized completely differently than in children Answer: a LO: 3.12 Give an example of automaticity, and explain how executive functioning develops in adolescence.

Topic: Information-Processing Approaches Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

53. The more automatic a cognitive task is, the __________. a. more capacity of working memory is needed b. slower you are able to complete the task c. faster you are able to complete the task d. more processing is needed Answer: c LO: 3.12 Give an example of automaticity, and explain how executive function develops in adolescence.

Topic: Information-Processing Approaches Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts 171 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

54. It is reasonable to conclude that as automaticity decreases, what increases? a. cognitive effort b. processing capacity c. divided attention d. processing speed Answer: a LO: 3.12 Give an example of automaticity, and explain how executive function develops in adolescence.

Topic: Information-Processing Approaches Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

55. Fifteen-year-old Hans can read his math textbooks quickly. His little sister, Heidi, also reads her math books, but it takes her longer and she stumbles over some words. Hans is demonstrating greater __________. a. abstract thinking b. metacognition c. hypothetical deduction d. automaticity Answer: d LO: 3.12 Give an example of automaticity, and explain how executive function develops in adolescence.

Topic: Information-Processing Approaches Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

56. Concerning the automaticity of problem solving, the biggest difference between 9-yearold Cheng and his 50-year-old father, Ming, is that __________. a. Cheng's problem solving is more automatic b. Ming's problem solving is more automatic c. both are the same d. one could not draw conclusions based on their ages Answer: b LO: 3.12 Give an example of automaticity, and explain how executive function develops in adolescence.

Topic: Information-Processing Approaches Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

172 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

57. Executive functioning allows adolescents to do all of the following EXCEPT: a. solve the problem with perfection. b. ignore irrelevant information. c. focus on the most important aspects of a problem. d. enjoy more school success.

Answer: a LO: 3.12 Give an example of automaticity, and explain how executive function develops in adolescence.

Topic: Information-Processing Approaches Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

58. One of the major limitations of the information-processing approach to explaining cognitive development is its use of __________. a. pragmatism b. reductionism c. divisionism d. anthropomorphism Answer: b LO: 3.13 Summarize critiques of information-processing approaches.

Topic: Information-Processing Approaches Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

59. Imagine you are a brilliant scholar writing about the limitations of the informationprocessing approach. Your major argument is based on the reductionist nature of the theory. You would be arguing that information processing __________. a. compartmentalizes intelligence testing b. fails to consider the importance of attention c. fails to consider the whole of thought by examining the individual pieces of cognition d. does not develop a strong metaphor for cognition Answer: c LO: 3.13 Summarize critiques of information-processing approaches.

Topic: Information-Processing Approaches Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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60. Along with the criticism that the information-processing approach is reductionistic, what other major criticism exists? a. Computers are too fast to mirror human thinking. b. Computers are too complicated to mirror human thinking. c. Computers lack emotion, which must be taken into account when considering cognitive functioning. d. Computers are too predictable for an accurate picture of human cognitive functioning.

Answer: c LO: 3.13 Summarize critiques of information-processing approaches.

Topic: Information-Processing Approaches Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

61. Antoine is in his room playing with his chemistry set, which he is using to learn the materials in his science textbook. He is constantly making judgments and considering how his experiments are progressing. Antoine’s mother knows Antoine is using __________. a. perspective taking b. critical thinking skills c. short-term memory d. mnemonic devices Answer: b LO: 3.14 Describe the features of critical thinking in adolescence and how it can best be promoted in schools.

Topic: Practical Cognition: Critical Thinking and Decision Making Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

62. According to the text, both American and Asian secondary schools do a rather poor job of promoting __________. a. cognition b. rote memorization c. critical thinking d. socialization Answer: c LO: 3.14 Describe the features of critical thinking in adolescence and how it can best be promoted in schools.

Topic: Practical Cognition: Critical Thinking and Decision Making Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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63. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of critical thinking? a. making judgments about what information means b. determining if a choice is right or wrong c. relating information you are considering to other information you already know d. considering whether information is valid or invalid Answer: b LO: 3.14 Describe the features of critical thinking in adolescence and how it can best be promoted in schools.

Topic: Practical Cognition: Critical Thinking and Decision Making Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

64. __________ includes the ability to discern evidence-based and unbiased information in media in order to make sound judgments. a. Information literacy b. Media literacy c. News and events literacy d. Technology literacy Answer: b LO: 3.14 Describe the features of critical thinking in adolescence and how it can best be promoted in schools.

Topic: Practical Cognition: Critical Thinking and Decision Making Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

65. Which statement best characterizes the current climate in American high schools? a. Schools tend to embrace the teachings of Gardner and Piaget. b. Schools tend to promote postformal reasoning to prepare students for college. c. Schools promote critical thinking, creativity, and divergent thinking. d. Schools promote rote learning and memorization of concrete facts.

Answer: d LO: 3.14 Describe the features of critical thinking in adolescence and how it can best be promoted in schools.

Topic: Practical Cognition: Critical Thinking and Decision Making Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

66. Why do most states in the United States still treat adolescents differently when they 175 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

commit a crime? a. Fewer adolescents commit crimes and therefore those who do need counseling. b. Adolescents commit less serious crimes, so the justice system should reflect this. c. Adolescents are not held to be as responsible for bad decisions as adults are. d. More adolescents lie.

Answer: c LO: 3.15 Explain how decision-making abilities change in the course of adolescence, including with respect to judging risks.

Topic: Practical Cognition: Critical Thinking and Decision Making Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

67. According to the text, one possible explanation of why adolescents and adults differ in decision making is because mature decision making requires both __________. a. short-term and long-term memory b. fluid and crystallized intelligence c. behavioral and social cognition d. cognitive and psychosocial factors Answer: d LO: 3.15 Explain how decision-making abilities change in the course of adolescence, including with respect to judging risks.

Topic: Practical Cognition: Critical Thinking and Decision Making Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

68. Helena is a young adolescent at a rave. Helena's date, Jose, is trying to convince Helena to try Ecstasy. All Jose's friends are pressuring Helena. If Helena decides to try the drug, it may be due in part to __________. a. the fact that Helena understands the medicinal merits b. her metacognitive development c. the desire to be accepted by peers d. her being at a rave instead of a party Answer: c LO: 3.15 Explain how decision-making abilities change in the course of adolescence, including with respect to judging risks.

Topic: Practical Cognition: Critical Thinking and Decision Making Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

69. Cognitive development in adolescence functions as a(n) __________ that affects all areas of 176 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

thinking. a. foundational base b. fundamental base c. organizational core d. foundational core Answer: c LO: 3.16 Explain what social cognition is and what it means to say cognitive development functions as an “organizational core.”

Topic: Social Cognition Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

70. How is the term “organizational core” applied to the idea of cognitive development? a. It means that cognitive development affects all areas of thinking, no matter the topic. b. It means that through cognitive development we learn to organize our thoughts. c. It means that our organization of the world around us must come from our cognition. d. It means that cognitive development is core to our cultural competencies.

Answer: a LO: 3.16 Explain what social cognition is and what it means to say cognitive development functions as an “organizational core.”

Topic: Social Cognition Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

71. Gerhard is sitting with friends, as he silently reflects on his relationships. He knows that he and Hakeem are best friends because of all of the things they have in common and how easily they can make each other laugh. He knows that he and Roberto share many struggles together and that is what forms their bond. In this reflection on his relationships, Gerhard is showing a high degree of __________ in his thought process. a. relational categorization b. social cognition c. organizational core d. behavioral cognition Answer: b LO: 3.16 Explain what social cognition is and what it means to say cognitive development functions as an “organizational core.”

Topic: Social Cognition Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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72. Elena is talking to her friends Miguel and Atzin. As the friends discuss their first day of third grade, Mr. Kramer notices Elena is more interested in talking about herself. This is an example of her lack of __________. a. social cognition b. critical thinking c. automaticity d. perspective taking Answer: d LO: 3.17 Describe how perspective taking improves in adolescence, and explain how “theory of mind” is related to perspective taking.

Topic: Social Cognition Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

73. __________ is the ability to attribute mental states to one’s self and others, including beliefs, thoughts, and feelings. a. Perspective taking b. Social cognition c. Organizational core d. Theory of mind Answer: d LO: 3.17 Describe how perspective taking improves in adolescence, and explain how “theory of mind” is related to perspective taking.

Topic: Social Cognition Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

74. The term “adolescent egocentrism” stems from the idea that adolescents __________. a. usually think they have high IQs compared to other adolescents b. have difficulty distinguishing their thinking about their own thoughts from their thinking about others’ thoughts c. are very concerned that everyone is watching and judging them d. typically believe they are the smartest and brightest in their class Answer: b LO: 3.18 Describe how the imaginary audience and the personal fable reflect adolescents’ cognitive development.

Topic: Social Cognition Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

178 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

75. The imaginary audience phenomenon is based on the lack of distinction between adolescents' thoughts about themselves and ___________. a. their actual IQ scores b. how media portrays their age group c. how they act in public d. their thoughts about others Answer: d LO: 3.18 Describe how the imaginary audience and the personal fable reflect adolescents’ cognitive development.

Topic: Social Cognition Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

76. Mrs. Nichol is trying to explain to her son that everyone has bad hair days and it's not the end of the world. Jack refuses to leave the house because he knows the humiliation he will endure will go on for months. This shows an example of . a. perspective taking b. pragmatic realism c. personal fable d. imaginary audience Answer: d LO: 3.18 Describe how the imaginary audience and the personal fable reflect adolescents’ cognitive development.

Topic: Social Cognition Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

77. Roberto and his friends have developed a new game. After school, they all climb aboard a freight train, and when it crosses the river, they dive off the top of the box cars into the water. This dangerous behavior is best explained by the __________. a. personal fable b. imaginary audience c. metacognition d. satire Answer: a LO: 3.18 Describe how the imaginary audience and the personal fable reflect adolescents’ cognitive development.

Topic: Social Cognition Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know 179 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

78. The personal fable is built upon what concept? a. optimistic bias b. prosocial behavior c. imaginary audience d. reductionism Answer: c LO: 3.18 Describe how the imaginary audience and the personal fable reflect adolescents’ cognitive development.

Topic: Social Cognition Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

79. According to the text, optimistic bias is defined as a. the gap between what children and adolescents can accomplish alone and what they are capable of doing if guided by a more competent peer. b. the tendency to assume that accidents, diseases, and other misfortunes are more likely to happen to others than to ourselves. c. the cognitive process that occurs when a scheme is changed to adapt new information or assimilate prior knowledge. d. an aspect of short-term memory that refers to where information may be influenced by heuristic thinking.

Answer: b LO: 3.18 Describe how the imaginary audience and the personal fable reflect adolescents’ cognitive development.

Topic: Social Cognition Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

80. What is the goal of intelligence testing? a. to qualify people for special programming in school b. to determine how various individuals within a group might differ in their cognitive abilities c. to identify people who will struggle with literacy or school success d. to qualify people who are particularly gifted for scholarships Answer: b LO: 3.19 Describe the main way intelligence is assessed.

Topic: The Psychometric Approach: Intelligence Testing Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts 180 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

81. Attempting to understand human cognition by evaluating cognitive abilities with intelligence tests is known as the _________. a. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children b. social cognition approach c. cultural cognition approach d. psychometric approach Answer: d LO: 3.19 Describe the main way intelligence is assessed.

Topic: The Psychometric Approach: Intelligence Testing Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

82. A technique for developing a psychological test in which a typical score for each age is established by testing a large random sample of people from a variety of geographical areas and social class backgrounds is called __________. a. median determination b. class averaging c. age norms d. the bell curve Answer: c LO: 3.19 Describe the main way intelligence is assessed.

Topic: The Psychometric Approach: Intelligence Testing Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

83. Jared and his dad are working on Jared's calculus homework. While Jared is quick to respond when he sees information that he learned in class, Jared's dad, Greg, uses his years of experience to figure out the answer. As compared to Greg, Jared possesses better __________. a. multiple intelligence b. fluid intelligence c. absolute intelligence d. crystallized intelligence Answer: b LO: 3.19 Describe the main way intelligence is assessed.

Topic: The Psychometric Approach: Intelligence Testing Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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84. Rupal and her dad are working on Rupal's English homework. While Rupal is quick to respond when she sees information that she learned in class, Rupal's dad, Genoe, uses his years of experience to figure out the answer. As compared to Rupal, Genoe possesses better __________. a. multiple intelligence b. fluid intelligence c. absolute intelligence d. crystallized intelligence Answer: d LO: 3.19 Describe the main way intelligence is assessed.

Topic: The Psychometric Approach: Intelligence Testing Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

85. Studies which focus on transracial adoption have shown that Black children raised in White families have _________. a. low or lower IQs than their White siblings b. low or lower IQs than similarly aged Latino children c. high or higher IQs than the average IQ for White children d. high or higher IQs than their biological siblings Answer: c LO: 3.20 Explain how adoption studies show the expression of genotype  environment effects from childhood through adolescence Topic: The Psychometric Approach: Intelligence Testing Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

86. Which item is NOT considered one of the multiple types of intelligence proposed by Howard Gardner? a. logical mathematical b. interpersonal c. bodily kinesthetic d. crystallized Answer: d LO 3.21: List the types of intelligence in the theory of multiple intelligence, and explain the limitations involved in measuring them.

Topic: The Psychometric Approach: Intelligence Testing Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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87. According to Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences, what is meant by intrapersonal intelligence? a. ability to understand how objects are oriented in space b. understanding of one’s emotions and how they guide actions c. ability to recognize the patterns found in nature d. insight into the meanings of life and death Answer: b LO 3.21: List the types of intelligence in the theory of multiple intelligence, and explain the limitations involved in measuring them.

Topic: The Psychometric Approach: Intelligence Testing Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

88. Which psychologist is credited with the development of a cultural approach to cognition? a. Howard Gardner b. Alfred Binet c. Jean Piaget d. Lev Vygotsky Answer: d LO 3.22: Explain how the zone of proximal development is related to scaffolding in Vygotsky’s theory.

Topic: The Psychometric Approach: Intelligence Testing Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

89. According to the text, Vygotsky's concept of the zone of proximal development is defined as a. the gap between what children and adolescents can accomplish alone and what they are capable of doing if guided by an adult or a more competent peer. b. the tendency to assume that accidents, diseases, and other misfortunes are more likely to happen to others than to ourselves. c. the cognitive process that occurs when a scheme is changed to adapt new information or assimilate prior knowledge. d. an aspect of short-term memory that refers to where information may be influenced by heuristic thinking.

Answer: a LO 3.22: Explain how the zone of proximal development is related to scaffolding in Vygotsky’s theory.

Topic: The Psychometric Approach: Intelligence Testing 183 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

90. Tony is a 12th-grade boy who is having trouble learning about anatomy. Seeing this, Tony's teacher has asked Gladys, a bright classmate of Tony's, to help him understand the concepts he's having trouble with. Deciding to have Gladys help Tony learn anatomy, the teacher is helping Tony work within his __________. a. fluid intelligence b. absolute performance c. zone of proximal development d. triarchic theory of intelligence Answer: c LO 3.22: Explain how the zone of proximal development is related to scaffolding in Vygotsky’s theory.

Topic: The Psychometric Approach: Intelligence Testing Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

91. In order for scaffolding to be successful, what does the teacher need to be aware of? a. when the student becomes competent at the task they are performing b. how a student's innate intelligence will affect the work they will perform c. the effect of optimistic bias in understanding prior knowledge d. whether a student has been exposed to dialectical thinking in their culture Answer: a LO 3.22: Explain how the zone of proximal development is related to scaffolding in Vygotsky’s theory.

Topic: The Psychometric Approach: Intelligence Testing Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

92. What does guidance refer to in Rogoff's concept of guided participation? a. the degree of assistance provided in the zone of proximal development b. what one is capable of doing if instructed by a more competent peer c. the accumulated knowledge needed by a competent peer to assist a student d. the direction offered by cultural and social values as well as social partners Answer: d LO 3.22: Explain how the zone of proximal development is related to scaffolding in Vygotsky’s theory.

Topic: The Psychometric Approach: Intelligence Testing Difficulty: Moderate 184 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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True/False 93. When puberty begins, exuberance occurs in the frontal lobes of the brain. a. True b. False Answer: a LO 3.1: Describe the processes of overproduction (or exuberance) and synaptic pruning that take place in the brain during adolescence.

Topic: Brain Development in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

94. Between the ages of 12 and 20 the brain loses 35% of its gray matter to synaptic pruning. a. True b. False Answer: b LO 3.1: Describe the processes of overproduction (or exuberance) and synaptic pruning that take place in the brain during adolescence.

Topic: Brain Development in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

95. Myelin keeps the brain’s electrical signals on one path and increases their speed. a. True b. False Answer: a LO 3.2 Explain how myelination and changes in the cerebellum enable new cognitive capacities in adolescence.

Topic: Brain Development in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

96. Studies indicate that through the 20s and 30s white matter decreases and gray matter increases in the brain. a. True b. False Answer: b LO 3.3 Summarize how gray and white matter change through emerging adulthood and 186 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

beyond, and the neurological changes that make emerging adulthood a stage of high potential as well as high risk.

Topic: Brain Development in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

97. The two processes involved in the use of schemes are assimilation and analytic thinking. a. True b. False Answer: b LO 3.4 Explain the principles of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, including mental structures, maturation, schemes, assimilation, and accommodation.

Topic: Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

98. The pendulum problem involves showing a pendulum to children or adolescents and asking them to try to figure out what determines the speed at which the pendulum sways from side to side. a. True b. False Answer: a LO 3.5 Describe formal operations and how the pendulum problem assesses the attainment of this stage.

Topic: Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

99. Complex thinking is metacognition. a. True b. False Answer: b LO 3.6 Describe how thinking in adolescence becomes more abstract and complex, using metacognition, metaphor, and sarcasm as examples.

Topic: Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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100. Cultures that do not have formal schooling have adolescents who are likely to reach formal operational thought. a. True b. False Answer: b LO 3.7 Summarize the major critiques of Piaget’s theory, and Piaget’s response.

Topic: Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

101. Pragmatism involves adapting logical thinking to the practical constraints of real-life situations. a. True b. False Answer: a LO 3.8 Describe pragmatism and how it affects thinking from adolescence to adulthood.

Topic: Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

102. An example of divided attention is when Clarice reads a book while listening to rock-n-roll music. a. True b. False Answer: a LO 3.10 Compare and contrast selective attention and divided attention.

Topic: Information-Processing Approaches Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

103. The capacity of long-term memory is limited, and information is retained for specific lengths of time. a. True b. False Answer: b LO 3.11 Distinguish between short-term, long-term, and working memory, and explain how adolescents use mnemonic devices.

Topic: Information-Processing Approaches Difficulty: Easy 188 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

104. The more information you have in your long-term memory, the more you can assimilate information from the environment and the less accommodation is required. a. True b. False Answer: a LO 3.11 Distinguish between short-term, long-term, and working memory, and explain how adolescents use mnemonic devices.

Topic: Information-Processing Approaches Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

105. Adolescents have more experience and knowledge than children do, which enables them to have more effective long-term memory. a. True b. False Answer: a LO 3.11 Distinguish between short-term, long-term, and working memory, and explain how adolescents use mnemonic devices.

Topic: Information-Processing Approaches Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

106.

Critical thinking develops automatically during adolescence. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 3.13 Describe the features of critical thinking in adolescence and how it can best be promoted in schools.

Topic: Practical Cognition: Critical Thinking and Decision Making Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

107.

Asian secondary schools have an especially strong emphasis on critical thinking. a. True b. False Answer: b 189 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

LO: 3.13 Describe the features of critical thinking in adolescence and how it can best be promoted in schools.

Topic: Practical Cognition: Critical Thinking and Decision Making Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

108.

Theory of mind is the ability to attribute mental states to one's self and others. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 3:17 Describe how perspective taking improves in adolescence, and explain how “theory of mind” is related to perspective taking.

Topic: Social Cognition Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

109. In a study by Elkind and his associates (Alberts et al., 2007), it was shown that girls had higher reported scores on personal fable and risk behavior when compared to boys. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 3:18 Describe how the imaginary audience and the personal fable reflect adolescents’ cognitive development.

Topic: Social Cognition Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

110. The relative performance on IQ tests is very unstable; therefore, people's scores vary depending on when they are tested. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 3.19 Describe the main way intelligence is assessed.

Topic: The Psychometric Approach: Intelligence Testing Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

111.

According to research done in the 1990s, Black children raised by White families 190 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

had higher IQs than their White counterparts. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 3.20 Explain how adoption studies show the expression of genotype  environment effects from childhood through adolescence.

Topic: The Psychometric Approach: Intelligence Testing Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

112. Scaffolding refers to the gap between what adolescents can accomplish alone and what they are capable of doing if guided by an adult or a more competent peer. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 3.22 Explain how the zone of proximal development is related to scaffolding in Vygotsky’s theory.

Topic: The Psychometric Approach: Intelligence Testing Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

113. Rogoff's concept of guided participation refers to the teaching interaction between people as they participate in culturally valued activity. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 3.22 Explain how the zone of proximal development is related to scaffolding in Vygotsky’s theory.

Topic: The Psychometric Approach: Intelligence Testing Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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Essay 114. Compare and contrast short-term and long-term memory. Highlight the similarities and differences and define each.

LO: 3.11 Distinguish between short-term, long-term, and working memory, and explain how adolescents use mnemonic devices.

Topic: Information-Processing Approaches Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Answer: Short-term memory: memory for information that is currently the focus of your attention; it has a limited capacity and retains information for a short period of time (30 seconds or less). The more information you have the less efficient short-term memory is.

Working memory is a “mental workbench” where you keep information as you are working on it. Long-term memory: memory for information that is committed to storage, so you can draw on it even if your attention is not focused on it. Long-term memory has an unlimited capacity, and information is retained indefinitely. The more information you have the more efficient long-term memory is. Similarities: both improve substantially during adolescence, both are described and detailed as part of information processing; they work together to create human memory.

115. Discuss the limitations of information processing's reliance on a computer as a metaphor for human cognition.

LO: 3.13 Summarize critiques of the information-processing approach.

Topic: Information-Processing Approaches Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Answer: The computer metaphor fails to capture the nature of human cognition based on lack of self-reflection—computers have no capacity to reflect on how their cognitive processes are integrated. They have no awareness—computers are not aware of their decision-making. They have no emotion—emotional response is an important part of cognition. Computers also lack metacognition— computers lack the capacity to be aware and think about their own thinking.

116. Describe (using examples) what recent research has shown in three areas about brain development in adolescence and emerging adulthood.

LO: 3.1 Describe the processes of overproduction (or exuberance) and synaptic pruning that take place in the brain during adolescence; 3.23 Explain how myelination and changes in the cerebellum enable new cognitive capacities in adolescence; & 3.3 Summarize how gray and white matter change through emerging adulthood and beyond, and the neurological changes that make emerging adulthood a stage of high potential as well as high risk.

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Topic: Brain Development in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Answer: It is clear that the brain grows a lot more, and a lot differently than we had known in the past. Overproduction peaks at about age 11 or 12, but obviously that is not when our cognitive abilities peak. In the years that follow, a massive amount of synaptic pruning takes place, in which the overproduction of synapses is whittled down considerably. Like overproduction, myelination was previously thought to be over prior to puberty but has now been found to continue through the teens. The cerebellum continues to grow through adolescence and well into emerging adulthood. The new findings confirm in many ways what we had known from studies using other methods, that adolescents are distinctly different and more advanced in their thinking than children are, but their cognitive development is not yet mature. Their abilities in areas such as making decisions, anticipating the consequences of their actions, and solving complex problems are not as advanced as they will be once they have reached adulthood and their basic brain development is more or less complete. There are both gains and losses in the course of brain development in adolescence and emerging adulthood. The same neurological changes that make thinking faster and more efficient also make it more rigid and less flexible.

117. Describe the differences between Vygotsky's sociocultural approach to cognitive development and Piaget's approach.

LO: 3.4 Explain the principles of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, including mental structures, maturation, schemes, assimilation, and accommodation; 3.22 Explain how the zone of proximal development is related to scaffolding in Vygotsky’s theory.

Topic: Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development & The Psychometric Approach: Intelligence Testing Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Answer: Piaget believed that development proceeds from the individual to the social world.

Egocentric speech suggests that the child is self-centered and unable to consider the point of view of others. Piaget also maintained that development precedes learning. Vygotsky believed that development begins at the social level and moves towards individual internalization. Egocentric speech is seen as a transition between the child's learning language in a social communicative context and attempting to internalize it as "private" or "inner speech" (i.e., thoughts). For Vygotsky, learning precedes development. Both agree that development may be initiated by cognitive conflict. Like Piaget, Vygotsky believed that children's egocentric speech was an important part of their cognitive development. The two differed in how they viewed the purpose of egocentric speech.

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REVEL QUIZ QUESTIONS

Quiz 3.1: Brain Development in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood EOM_Q3.1.1 1. Between the ages of 12 and 20, the average brain loses up to ________ % of its gray matter through a process called ________. a) 10; synaptic pruning b) 10; overproduction Consider This: Think about how this process enhances the brain’s efficiency as brain pathways become more specialized. LO 3.1 Describe the processes of overproduction (or exuberance) and synaptic pruning that take place in the brain during adolescence. c) 3; synaptic pruning Consider This: Think about how this process enhances the brain’s efficiency as brain pathways become more specialized. LO 3.1 Describe the processes of overproduction (or exuberance) and synaptic pruning that take place in the brain during adolescence. d) 3; overproduction Consider This: Think about how this process enhances the brain’s efficiency as brain pathways become more specialized. LO 3.1 Describe the processes of overproduction (or exuberance) and synaptic pruning that take place in the brain during adolescence.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Brain Development in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 3.1 Describe the processes of overproduction (or exuberance) and synaptic pruning that take place in the brain during adolescence.

EOM_Q3.1.2 2. ___________ is the development of a fatty sheath around neurons, and along with synaptic pruning ___________ executive functioning during adolescence. a) Myelination; increases b) Overproduction; increases

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Consider This: Think about how this process serves the function of keeping the brain’s electrical signals on one path and increases their speed. LO 3.2 Explain how myelination and changes in the cerebellum enable new cognitive capacities in adolescence. c) Myelination; decreases Consider This: Think about how this process serves the function of keeping the brain’s electrical signals on one path and increases their speed. LO 3.2 Explain how myelination and changes in the cerebellum enable new cognitive capacities in adolescence. d) Overproduction; decreases Consider This: Think about how this process serves the function of keeping the brain’s electrical signals on one path and increases their speed. LO 3.2 Explain how myelination and changes in the cerebellum enable new cognitive capacities in adolescence.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Brain Development in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 3.2 Explain how myelination and changes in the cerebellum enable new cognitive capacities in adolescence.

EOM_Q3.1.3 3. As a result of recent findings from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies, researchers now know that the ________ is the last brain structure to stop growing in emerging adulthood and is involved in higher functions such as development of _________. a) cerebellum; social skills b) frontal lobe; social skills Consider This: Think about how before fMRI studies, this part of the lower brain was primarily believed to be responsible for basic motor skills. LO 3.2 Explain how myelination and changes in the cerebellum enable new cognitive capacities in adolescence. c) cerebellum; posture Consider This: Think about how before fMRI studies, this part of the lower brain was primarily believed to be responsible for basic motor skills. LO 3.2 Explain how myelination and changes in the cerebellum enable new cognitive capacities in adolescence. d) frontal lobe; posture Consider This: Think about how before fMRI studies, this part of the lower brain was primarily believed to be responsible for basic motor skills. LO 3.2 Explain how myelination and changes in the cerebellum enable new cognitive capacities in adolescence.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Brain Development in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood 195 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 3.2 Explain how myelination and changes in the cerebellum enable new cognitive capacities in adolescence.

EOM_Q3.1.4 4. Emerging adults develop enhanced self-control over their emotions because of new connections in the brain between the ____________ and parts of the lower brain that are involved in emotion and motivation. a) prefrontal cortex b) temporal lobes Consider This: Think about how this part of the brain is located within the foremost lobe of the brain. LO 3.3 Summarize how gray and white matter change through emerging adulthood and beyond, and the neurological changes that make emerging adulthood a stage of high potential as well as high risk. c) occipital lobes Consider This: Think about how this part of the brain is located within the foremost lobe of the brain. LO 3.3 Summarize how gray and white matter change through emerging adulthood and beyond, and the neurological changes that make emerging adulthood a stage of high potential as well as high risk. d) cerebral cortex Consider This: Think about how this part of the brain is located within the foremost lobe of the brain. LO 3.3 Summarize how gray and white matter change through emerging adulthood and beyond, and the neurological changes that make emerging adulthood a stage of high potential as well as high risk.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Brain Development in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 3.3 Summarize how gray and white matter change through emerging adulthood and beyond, and the neurological changes that make emerging adulthood a stage of high potential as well as high risk.

EOM_Q3.1.5 5. Although synaptic pruning during adolescence is a normative biological process that enhances the efficiency and maturity of cognitive skills, recent research has found that it also may be linked to the development of mental health disorders during emerging adulthood.

Which of the following best summarizes the research on the link between synaptic pruning and mental health disorders?

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a) Rapid synaptic pruning during adolescence may heighten vulnerability to stress, and thus increase the likelihood of developing mental health disorders in emerging adulthood. b) Rapid synaptic pruning during adolescence may heighten vulnerability to stress, and thus decrease the likelihood of developing mental health disorders in emerging adulthood.

Consider This: Think about how removing neural pathways that are integral to processing emotions may influence mental health outcomes. LO 3.3 Summarize how gray and white matter change through emerging adulthood and beyond, and the neurological changes that make emerging adulthood a stage of high potential as well as high risk. c) Slow synaptic pruning during adolescence may heighten vulnerability to stress, and thus increase the likelihood of developing mental health disorders in emerging adulthood.

Consider This: Think about how removing neural pathways that are integral to processing emotions may influence mental health outcomes. LO 3.3 Summarize how gray and white matter change through emerging adulthood and beyond, and the neurological changes that make emerging adulthood a stage of high potential as well as high risk. d) Slow synaptic pruning during adolescence may heighten vulnerability to stress, and thus decrease the likelihood of developing mental health disorders in emerging adulthood.

Consider This: Think about how removing neural pathways that are integral to processing emotions may influence mental health outcomes. LO 3.3 Summarize how gray and white matter change through emerging adulthood and beyond, and the neurological changes that make emerging adulthood a stage of high potential as well as high risk.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Brain Development in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Skill: Analyze It Learning Objective: 3.3 Summarize how gray and white matter change through emerging adulthood and beyond, and the neurological changes that make emerging adulthood a stage of high potential as well as high risk.

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Quiz 3.2: Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development EOM_Q3.2.1 1. Cory is a sophomore in high school. He just finished taking Algebra and will take Geometry during his junior year. According to Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, because of Cory’s Algebra foundation, some of the Geometry concepts will be familiar and he will be able to use ________ to incorporate them into his existing math scheme. However, many of the Geometry concepts will be brand new and he will have to use ________ to develop new aspects of his math scheme. a) assimilation; accommodation b) assimilation; maturation Consider This: Although all of the answer choice pairs reflect principles of Piaget’s theory, think about which pair usually takes place together and represents complementary aspects of cognition. LO 3.4 Explain the principles of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, including mental structures, maturation, schemes, assimilation, and accommodation. c) accommodation; assimilation Consider This: Although all of the answer choice pairs reflect principles of Piaget’s theory, think about which pair usually takes place together and represents complementary aspects of cognition. LO 3.4 Explain the principles of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, including mental structures, maturation, schemes, assimilation, and accommodation. d) accommodation; maturation Consider This: Although all of the answer choice pairs reflect principles of Piaget’s theory, think about which pair usually takes place together and represents complementary aspects of cognition. LO 3.4 Explain the principles of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, including mental structures, maturation, schemes, assimilation, and accommodation.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 3.4 Explain the principles of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, including mental structures, maturation, schemes, assimilation, and accommodation.

EOM_Q3.2.2 2. _____________ involves the development of the ability to think scientifically and apply the rigor of the scientific method to cognitive tasks. a) Formal operations b) Hypothetical-deductive reasoning 198 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Consider This: Think about how Piaget developed a theory of cognitive development that spanned infancy, childhood, and adolescence and how thinking changes across the stages of development. LO 3.5 Describe formal operations and how the pendulum problem assesses the attainment of this stage. c) Preoperational thinking Consider This: Think about how Piaget developed a theory of cognitive development that spanned infancy, childhood, and adolescence and how thinking changes across the stages of development. LO 3.5 Describe formal operations and how the pendulum problem assesses the attainment of this stage. d) The cognitive stage Consider This: Think about how Piaget developed a theory of cognitive development that spanned infancy, childhood, and adolescence and how thinking changes across the stages of development. LO 3.5 Describe formal operations and how the pendulum problem assesses the attainment of this stage.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 3.5 Describe formal operations and how the pendulum problem assesses the attainment of this stage.

EOM_Q3.2.3 3. Kara’s mom and dad are discussing the latest choices being made by the president for the healthcare system. Kara overhears them and comes into the room to add to the discussion. To their surprise, she makes some excellent points and seems to understand the challenges of healthcare quite well. This is an example of Kara using __________. a) abstract thinking b) hypothetical-deductive reasoning Consider this: Remember that this type of reasoning is characteristic of the formal operations stage of cognitive development. LO 3.6 Describe how thinking adolescence becomes more abstract and complex, using metacognition, metaphor, and sarcasm as examples. c) assimilation reasoning Consider This: Remember that this type of reasoning is characteristic of the formal operations stage of cognitive development. LO 3.6 Describe how thinking adolescence becomes more abstract and complex, using metacognition, metaphor, and sarcasm as examples. d) accommodation reasoning Consider this: Remember that this type of reasoning is characteristic of the formal operations stage of cognitive development. LO 3.6 Describe how thinking adolescence 199 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

becomes more abstract and complex, using metacognition, metaphor, and sarcasm as examples.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 3.6 Describe how thinking in adolescence becomes more abstract and complex, using metacognition, metaphor, and sarcasm as examples.

EOM 3.2.4 4. Researchers critiquing Piaget’s theory have speculated about the extent to which cultures differ in whether their members reach formal operations at all. Which of the following statements best reflects Piaget’s response to this critique? a) Piaget suggested that even though all people have the potential for formal operational thinking, they apply it first to areas in which their culture has provided them with the most experience. b) Piaget suggested that because certain cultures do not have formal schooling, the absence of this education will limit the development of formal operations.

Consider This: Think about how the pendulum problem may not be relevant to people in all cultures because the materials and the task may be unfamiliar to them. LO 3.7 Summarize the major critiques of Piaget’s theory, and Piaget’s response. c) Piaget suggested that formal operations will only be used in cultures that are scientifically advanced because science requires utilization of hypothetical-deductive reasoning.

Consider This: Think about how the pendulum problem may not be relevant to people in all cultures because the materials and the task may be unfamiliar to them. LO 3.7 Summarize the major critiques of Piaget’s theory, and Piaget’s response. d) Piaget suggested that because formal operations require so much effort and time, all cultures are limited in the number of members who can achieve formal operations.

Consider This: Think about how the pendulum problem may not be relevant to people in all cultures because the materials and the task may be unfamiliar to them. LO 3.7 Summarize the major critiques of Piaget’s theory, and Piaget’s response.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 3.7 Summarize the major critiques of Piaget’s theory, and Piaget’s response.

EOM_Q3.2.5 200 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

5. Postformal thinking is characterized by its attention to ___________. a) the complexities of everyday life as well as its practical necessities b) decision making and problem solving Consider This: This is thinking that comes as the last stage of cognitive development. LO 3.8 Describe pragmatism and how it affects thinking from adolescence to adulthood. c) logical thinking and divergent thinking Consider This: This is thinking that comes as the last stage of cognitive development. LO 3.8 Describe pragmatism and how it affects thinking from adolescence to adulthood. d) memorization and learning Consider This: This is thinking that comes as the last stage of cognitive development. LO 3.8 Describe pragmatism and how it affects thinking from adolescence to adulthood.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 3.8 Describe pragmatism and how it affects thinking from adolescence to adulthood.

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Quiz 3.3: Information-Processing Approaches EOM_Q3.3.1 1. Contrary to Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, the information-processing approach is continuous and instead focuses on the components of thinking that are integral to cognition across the life span. Two of the components of the thinking process that the informationprocessing approach focuses on are _________ and _________. a) attention; memory b) attention; assimilation Consider This: Think about how the information-processing approach suggests that information processing begins with stimulus information that enters the senses and is then stored if deemed important. LO 3.9 Identify how information-processing approaches differ from Piaget’s cognitive-developmental approach. c) memory; assimilation Consider This: Think about how the information-processing approach suggests that information processing begins with stimulus information that enters the senses and is then stored if deemed important. LO 3.9 Identify how information-processing approaches differ from Piaget’s cognitive-developmental approach. d) assimilation; accommodation Consider This: Think about how the information-processing approach suggests that information processing begins with stimulus information that enters the senses and is then stored if deemed important. LO 3.9 Identify how information-processing approaches differ from Piaget’s cognitive-developmental approach.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Information-Processing Approaches Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 3.9 Identify how information-processing approaches differ from Piaget’s cognitive-developmental approach.

EOM_Q3.3.2 2. __________ attention is the ability to focus on relevant information while screening out information that is irrelevant, and adolescents tend to be __________ than preadolescent children at tasks that require this kind of attention.

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a) Selective; better b) Divided; better Consider This: Think about how emerging adults tend to be better at this kind of attention than adolescents. LO 3.10 Compare and contrast selective attention and divided attention. c) Selective; worse Consider This: Think about how emerging adults tend to be better at this kind of attention than adolescents. LO 3.10 Compare and contrast selective attention and divided attention. d) Divided: worse Consider This: Think about how emerging adults tend to be better at this kind of attention than adolescents. LO 3.10 Compare and contrast selective attention and divided attention.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Information-Processing Approaches Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 3.10 Compare and contrast selective attention and divided attention.

EOM_Q3.3.3 3. Max is studying for a science test on the planets. To remember the order of the plants, he is repeating the following: “My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Nachos.” The first letter for each word in this phrase stands for a planet, such that it begins with Mercury and ends with Neptune. What type of memory strategy is Max using? a) Mnemonic device b) Hierarchy technique Consider This: This type of memory strategy is commonly used among adolescents and is useful for organizing information into coherent patterns. LO 3.11 Distinguish between short-term, long-term, and working memory, and explain how adolescents use mnemonic devices. c) Cramming Consider This: This type of memory strategy is commonly used among adolescents and is useful for organizing information into coherent patterns. LO 3.11 Distinguish between short-term, long-term, and working memory, and explain how adolescents use mnemonic devices. d) Metacognition 203 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Consider This: This type of memory strategy is commonly used among adolescents and is useful for organizing information into coherent patterns. LO 3.11 Distinguish between short-term, long-term, and working memory, and explain how adolescents use mnemonic devices.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Information-Processing Approaches Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 3.11 Distinguish between short-term, long-term, and working memory, and explain how adolescents use mnemonic devices.

EOM_Q3.3.4 4. Adolescents are better than children at solving cognitive problems without becoming distracted and are able to adjust their strategy as the nature of the problem changes. This is called ____________ and an example of this ability is __________. a) executive functioning; driving a car b) automaticity; driving a car Consider This: Research has found that this skill helps adolescents in a testing situation focus on the most important aspects of a problem and ignore irrelevant information. LO 3.12 Give an example of automaticity, and explain how executive functioning develops in adolescence. c) executive functioning; adding Consider This: Research has found that this skill helps adolescents in a testing situation focus on the most important aspects of a problem and ignore irrelevant information. LO 3.12 Give an example of automaticity, and explain how executive functioning develops in adolescence. d) automaticity; adding Consider This: Research has found that this skill helps adolescents in a testing situation focus on the most important aspects of a problem and ignore irrelevant information. LO 3.12 Give an example of automaticity, and explain how executive functioning develops in adolescence.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Information-Processing Approaches Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 3.12 Give an example of automaticity, and explain how executive functioning develops in adolescence.

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EOM_Q3.3.5 5. Researchers critiquing information-processing approaches have found that adolescents and emerging adults placed in situations that elicit a high level of ___________ are ___________ likely to engage in advanced reasoning in their executive functioning. a) emotion; less b) boredom; less Consider This: Think about how adolescents and emerging adults are more susceptive to peer influence and why this can influence reasoning. LO 3.13 Summarize critiques of information-processing approaches. c) emotion; more Consider This: Think about how adolescents and emerging adults are more susceptive to peer influence and why this can influence reasoning. LO 3.13 Summarize critiques of information-processing approaches. d) boredom; more Consider This: Think about how adolescents and emerging adults are more susceptive to peer influence and why this can influence reasoning. LO 3.13 Summarize critiques of information-processing approaches.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Information-Processing Approaches Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 3.13 Summarize critiques of information-processing approaches.

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Quiz 3.4: Practical Cognition: Critical Thinking and Decision Making EOM_Q3.4.1 1. _____________ involves recognizing the opportunity to analyze information, making judgments about what it means, relating it to other information, and considering how it might be valid or invalid. a) Critical thinking b) Metacognition Consider This: This is a type of practical cognition that has great potential to develop in adolescence, but many educational systems instead focus on rote memorization. LO 3.14 Describe the features of critical thinking in adolescence and how it can best be promoted in schools. c) Reflective judgment Consider This: This is a type of practical cognition that has great potential to develop in adolescence, but many educational systems instead focus on rote memorization. LO 3.14 Describe the features of critical thinking in adolescence and how it can best be promoted in schools. d) Dialectical thinking Consider This: This is a type of practical cognition that has great potential to develop in adolescence, but many educational systems instead focus on rote memorization. LO 3.14 Describe the features of critical thinking in adolescence and how it can best be promoted in schools.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Practical Cognition: Critical Thinking and Decision Making Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 3.14 Describe the features of critical thinking in adolescence and how it can best be promoted in schools.

EOM_Q3.4.2

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2. According to cognitive psychologist Daniel Keating, critical-thinking skills do not develop automatically in adolescence. Which of the following needs to occur during adolescence to increase the likelihood that youth will develop the utilization of critical thinking? a) Exposure to an educational environment that promotes and values critical-thinking skills b) Exposure to an educational environment that promotes and values rote memorization Consider This: Think about the research finding that educational settings that focus on discourse and interaction between teachers tend to promote developing critical-thinking skills. LO 3.14 Describe the features of critical thinking in adolescence and how it can best be promoted in schools. c) Exposure to an educational environment that is structured so that one teacher lectures to a large group of students Consider This: Think about how the research finding that educational settings that focus on discourse and interaction between teachers tend to promote developing criticalthinking skills. LO 3.14 Describe the features of critical thinking in adolescence and how it can best be promoted in schools. d) Exposure to an educational environment that is structured so that students are encouraged to achieve a 100 on every test Consider This: Think about how the research finding that educational settings that focus on discourse and interaction between teachers tend to promote developing criticalthinking skills. LO 3.14 Describe the features of critical thinking in adolescence and how it can best be promoted in schools.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Practical Cognition: Critical Thinking and Decision Making Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 3.14 Describe the features of critical thinking in adolescence and how it can best be promoted in schools.

EOM_Q3.4.3 3. A researcher is investigating decision-making skills in adolescence by asking groups of 4th, 8th, and 12th graders to identify risks associated with dropping out of high school. According to behavioral decision theory, which of the following is likely to be a result of this study? a) Twelfth graders were able to identify the most risks associated with dropping out of high school, including consequences such as limiting future career opportunities. b) Eighth graders were able to identify an equal number of risks associated with dropping out of high school as 4th graders, including the basic consequence of not earning a high school diploma.

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Consider This: Think about how research studies indicate that competence in decision making varies substantially with age, with preadolescent children demonstrating less skills with decision making than adolescents. LO 3.15 Explain how decision-making abilities change in the course of adolescence, including with respect to judging risks. c) Fourth graders were able to identify an equal number of risks associated with dropping out of high school as 12th graders, including the basic consequence of not earning a high school diploma.

Consider This: Think about how research studies indicate that competence in decision making varies substantially with age, with preadolescent children demonstrating less skills with decision making than adolescents. LO 3.15 Explain how decision-making abilities change in the course of adolescence, including with respect to judging risks. d) Eighth graders were able to identify the most risks associated with dropping out of high school, including consequences such as limiting future career opportunities.

Consider This: Think about how research studies indicate that competence in decision making varies substantially with age, with preadolescent children demonstrating less skills with decision making than adolescents. LO 3.15 Explain how decision-making abilities change in the course of adolescence, including with respect to judging risks.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Practical Cognition: Critical Thinking and Decision Making Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 3.15 Explain how decision-making abilities change in the course of adolescence, including with respect to judging risks.

EOM_Q3.4.4 4. Glynis is an adolescent thinking about where she wants to go in the future. When thinking about her future, she is going to be __________ than her 9-year-old sister at __________. a) better; identifying a wider range of possible choices for her future b) worse; evaluating the information she has available Consider this: Adolescents have had more experiences than their younger siblings. LO 3.15 Explain how decision-making abilities change in the course of adolescence, including with respect to judging risks. c) worse; anticipating the consequences of her choices Consider this: Adolescents have had more experiences than their younger siblings. LO 3.15 Explain how decision-making abilities change in the course of adolescence, including with respect to judging risks. d) better; avoiding listening to her peers’ opinions 208 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Consider this: Adolescents have had more experiences than their younger siblings. LO 3.15 Explain how decision-making abilities change in the course of adolescence, including with respect to judging risks.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Practical Cognition: Critical Thinking and Decision Making Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 3.15 Explain how decision-making abilities change in the course of adolescence, including with respect to judging risks.

EOM_Q3.4.5 5. The fact that youth in America must be 18 years of age to vote, make independent decisions about medical treatments, and enter into legally binding contracts reflects which of the following research findings about decision making? a) Early adolescents are less skilled than late adolescents or emerging adults at identifying and evaluating the consequences of a wide range of possible choices. b) Because 18 is the age at which most youth complete high school, it follows that 18 should be the age at which independent decision making is allowed.

Consider This: Think about how research has found 12th graders are more likely than 10th or 8th graders to mention risks to be considered about hypothetical medical procedures. LO 3.15 Explain how decision-making abilities change in the course of adolescence, including with respect to judging risks. c) Adolescents and emerging adults are equally skilled at identifying and evaluating the consequences of a wide range of possible choices.

Consider This: Think about how research has found 12th graders are more likely than 10th or 8th graders to mention risks to be considered about hypothetical medical procedures. LO 3.15 Explain how decision-making abilities change in the course of adolescence, including with respect to judging risks. d) Adolescents and emerging adults are equally skilled at identifying and evaluating and integrating information to make decisions.

Consider This: Think about how research has found 12th graders are more likely than 10th or 8th graders to mention risks to be considered about hypothetical medical procedures. LO 3.15 Explain how decision-making abilities change in the course of adolescence, including with respect to judging risks.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Practical Cognition: Critical Thinking and Decision Making Skill: Understand the Concepts 209 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning Objective: 3.15 Explain how decision-making abilities change in the course of adolescence, including with respect to judging risks.

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Quiz 3.5: Social Cognition EOM_Q3.5.1 1. _____________ is the term for the way we think about other people, social relationships, and social institutions. a) Social cognition b) Relational cognition Consider This: This type of cognition greatly develops during adolescence and includes abilities such as perspective taking. LO 3.16 Explain what social cognition is and what it means to say cognitive development functions as an “organizational core.” c) Institutional cognition Consider This: This type of cognition greatly develops during adolescence and includes abilities such as perspective taking. LO 3.16 Explain what social cognition is and what it means to say cognitive development functions as an “organizational core.” d) Personal cognition Consider This: This type of cognition greatly develops during adolescence and includes abilities such as perspective taking. LO 3.16 Explain what social cognition is and what it means to say cognitive development functions as an “organizational core.”

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Social Cognition Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 3.16 Explain what social cognition is and what it means to say cognitive development functions as an “organizational core.”

EOM_Q3.5.2 2. Which of the following scenarios best reflects research on adolescent perspective taking, prosocial behavior, and peer relationships? a) Katya has many friends because she is sympathetic, kind, and considerate. b) Bobby has many friends because he excels at sports and was awarded the most valuable player of his soccer team.

Consider This: Think about how perspective-taking abilities are positively correlated with prosocial behaviors among adolescents. LO 3.17 Describe how perspective taking

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improves in adolescence, and explain how “theory of mind” is related to perspective taking. c) Jameson has many friends because he is funny and was awarded the class comedian of his sophomore class.

Consider This: Think about how perspective-taking abilities are positively correlated with prosocial behaviors among adolescents. LO 3.17 Describe how perspective taking improves in adolescence, and explain how “theory of mind” is related to perspective taking. d) Abby has many friends because she wears fashionable clothes and educates her classmates about runway designers.

Consider This: Think about how perspective-taking abilities are positively correlated with prosocial behaviors among adolescents. LO 3.17 Describe how perspective taking improves in adolescence, and explain how “theory of mind” is related to perspective taking.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Social Cognition Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 3.17 Describe how perspective taking improves in adolescence, and explain how “theory of mind” is related to perspective taking.

EOM_Q3.5.3 3. Which of the following best reflects adolescents’ development of theory of mind? a) Jack is able to describe in detail his parents’ thoughts and feelings about their marriage. b) Francis is able to describe in detail her thoughts and feelings about her future educational aspirations.

Consider This: Think about how theory of mind is the ability to attribute mental states to one’s self and others, including beliefs, thoughts, and feelings. LO 3.17 Describe how perspective taking improves in adolescence, and explain how “theory of mind” is related to perspective taking. c) Harry is able to describe in detail his thoughts and feelings about his body image.

Consider This: Think about how theory of mind is the ability to attribute mental states to one’s self and others, including beliefs, thoughts, and feelings. LO 3.17 Describe how perspective taking improves in adolescence, and explain how “theory of mind” is related to perspective taking.

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d) Maria is able to describe in detail her thoughts and feelings about her relationships with her friends.

Consider This: Think about how theory of mind is the ability to attribute mental states to one’s self and others, including beliefs, thoughts, and feelings. LO 3.17 Describe how perspective taking improves in adolescence, and explain how “theory of mind” is related to perspective taking.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Social Cognition Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 3.17 Describe how perspective taking improves in adolescence, and explain how “theory of mind” is related to perspective taking.

EOM_Q3.5.4 4. Which of the following scenarios best reflects adolescents’ experiences of the personal fable? a) Tyler does not care about doing well in school because he believes he will become a professional basketball player in the NBA given he was recently awarded the most valuable player of his high school team and was also featured in the town newspaper as a star athlete. b) Marta spilled ketchup on her t-shirt during lunch and is extremely embarrassed, so she tries to hide the red stain by wearing a jacket so that none of her classmates will notice.

Consider This: Think about how adolescents’ belief in the uniqueness of their personal experiences and personal destiny is the personal fable. LO 3.18 Describe how the imaginary audience and the personal fable reflect adolescents’ cognitive development. c) Stuart does not own a pair of Nike brand shoes, which are popular at his school, and when he wears his non-Nike shoes and hears someone giggling, he is convinced they are laughing at him because he isn’t wearing Nike shoes.

Consider This: Think about how adolescents’ belief in the uniqueness of their personal experiences and personal destiny is the personal fable. LO 3.18 Describe how the imaginary audience and the personal fable reflect adolescents’ cognitive development. d) Ling is obsessed with having the best social media profile picture, so she had her makeup done by a professional stylist and then had pictures taken by a professional photographer.

Consider This: Think about how adolescents’ belief in the uniqueness of their personal experiences and personal destiny is the personal fable. LO 3.18 Describe how the imaginary audience and the personal fable reflect adolescents’ cognitive development.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Social Cognition Skill: Analyze It 213 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning Objective: 3.18 Describe how the imaginary audience and the personal fable reflect adolescents’ cognitive development.

EOM_Q3.5.5 5. A researcher is investigating optimistic bias among adolescents and adults by administering a survey on smoking risks. An item on the survey is “I could smoke for a few years and then quit if I want to,” and participants respond to the item on a scale that ranges from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 5 (Strongly Agree). What is likely to be a finding from this study, and why? a) The majority of adolescents are likely to Strongly Agree (score of 5) with this item because they do not believe they will ultimately die from smoking because they think they will not become addicted. b) The majority of adolescent smokers are likely to Strongly Disagree (score of 1) with this item because they have been educated about smoking risks through their health classes at school.

Consider This: Think about how optimistic bias is defined as the tendency to assume that accidents, diseases, and other misfortunes are more likely to happen to others than to ourselves. LO 3.18 Describe how the imaginary audience and the personal fable reflect adolescents’ cognitive development. c) Adults and adolescents are equally likely to Strongly Agree (score of 5) with this item because both believe they will not succumb to the addictive properties of nicotine.

Consider This: Think about how optimistic bias is defined as the tendency to assume that accidents, diseases, and other misfortunes are more likely to happen to others than to ourselves. LO 3.18 Describe how the imaginary audience and the personal fable reflect adolescents’ cognitive development. d) Nearly all adults will Strongly Disagree (score of 1) with this item because they have the cognitive abilities to predict the long-term health consequences associated with becoming addicted to smoking.

Consider This: Think about how optimistic bias is defined as the tendency to assume that accidents, diseases, and other misfortunes are more likely to happen to others than to ourselves. LO 3.18 Describe how the imaginary audience and the personal fable reflect adolescents’ cognitive development.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Social Cognition Skill: Analyze It Learning Objective: 3.18 Describe how the imaginary audience and the personal fable reflect adolescents’ cognitive development.

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Quiz 3.6: The Psychometric Approach: Intelligence Testing EOM_Q3.6.1 1. Which of the following could be an item from a Verbal Comprehension Index of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-V)? a) Describing similarities between computers and cell phones b) Arranging blocks into a geometrical pattern that is displayed on a card Consider This: This index includes a Vocabulary task. LO 3.19 Describe the main way intelligence is assessed. c) Completing pictures where something is missing Consider This: This index includes a Vocabulary task. LO 3.19 Describe the main way intelligence is assessed. d) Matching numbers and symbols Consider This: This index includes a Vocabulary task. LO 3.19 Describe the main way intelligence is assessed.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: The Psychometric Approach: Intelligence Testing Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 3.19 Describe the main way intelligence is assessed.

EOM_Q3.6.2 2. _______ intelligence refers to mental abilities that involve speed of analyzing, processing, and reacting to information, and this type of intelligence tends to _______ in emerging adulthood. a) Fluid; peak b) Crystallized; peak Consider This: Think about how this type of intelligence is measured by the Processing Speed Index of the WAIS-V. LO 3.19 Describe the main way intelligence is assessed. c) Fluid; stabilize 215 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Consider This: Think about how this type of intelligence is measured by the Processing Speed Index of the WAIS-V. LO 3.19 Describe the main way intelligence is assessed. d) Crystallized; stabilize Consider This: Think about how this type of intelligence is measured by the Processing Speed Index of the WAIS-V. LO 3.19 Describe the main way intelligence is assessed.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: The Psychometric Approach: Intelligence Testing Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 3.19 Describe the main way intelligence is assessed.

EOM_Q3.6.3 3. Results from transracial adoption studies have found that in general, when Black children are raised in adoptive White families, their IQs are as high or higher than the average IQ for White children. These findings indicate overall differences in IQ between White and Black people are mostly a result of _________ factors. a) social class b) genetic Consider This: Remember that adoption studies eliminate the problem of passive genotype --> environment effects. LO 3.20 Explain how adoption studies show the expression of genotype --> environment effects from childhood through adolescence. c) evocative Consider This: Remember that adoption studies eliminate the problem of passive genotype --> environment effects. LO 3.20 Explain how adoption studies show the expression of genotype --> environment effects from childhood through adolescence. d) passive Consider This: Remember that adoption studies eliminate the problem of passive genotype --> environment effects. LO 3.20 Explain how adoption studies show the expression of genotype --> environment effects from childhood through adolescence.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: The Psychometric Approach: Intelligence Testing Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 3.20 Explain how adoption studies show the expression of genotype --> environment effects from childhood through adolescence.

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EOM_Q3.6.4 4. Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences has received many criticisms; however, the overarching issue revolves around how intelligence should be defined. Critics of Gardner’s theory assert his definition of intelligence is too _______. a) broad b) narrow Consider This: Think about whether the ability to become a prima ballerina at a young age reflects kinesthetic intelligence or kinesthetic talent. LO 3.21 List the types of intelligence in the theory of multiple intelligence, and explain the limitations involved in measuring them. c) reductionistic Consider This: Think about whether the ability to become a prima ballerina at a young age reflects kinesthetic intelligence or kinesthetic talent. LO 3.21 List the types of intelligence in the theory of multiple intelligence, and explain the limitations involved in measuring them. d) fragmented Consider This: Think about whether the ability to become a prima ballerina at a young age reflects kinesthetic intelligence or kinesthetic talent. LO 3.21 List the types of intelligence in the theory of multiple intelligence, and explain the limitations involved in measuring them.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: The Psychometric Approach: Intelligence Testing Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 3.21 List the types of intelligence in the theory of multiple intelligence, and explain the limitations involved in measuring them.

EOM_Q3.6.5 5. According to Vygotsky’s theory, adolescents learn best if instruction is provided at the ________ of their zone of proximal development and then is gradually removed as competence is developed. This principle of gradually removing direct instruction is known as ________. a) top; scaffolding b) top; mentoring Consider This: Think about how Vygotsky viewed learning as a social process, through the interactions between someone who possesses knowledge and someone who is in the process of obtaining it. LO 3.22 Explain how the zone of proximal development is related to scaffolding in Vygotsky’s theory.

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c) bottom; scaffolding Consider This: Think about how Vygotsky viewed learning as a social process, through the interactions between someone who possesses knowledge and someone who is in the process of obtaining it. LO 3.22 Explain how the zone of proximal development is related to scaffolding in Vygotsky’s theory. d) bottom; mentoring Consider This: Think about how Vygotsky viewed learning as a social process, through the interactions between someone who possesses knowledge and someone who is in the process of obtaining it. LO 3.22 Explain how the zone of proximal development is related to scaffolding in Vygotsky’s theory.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: The Psychometric Approach: Intelligence Testing Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 3.22 Explain how the zone of proximal development is related to scaffolding in Vygotsky’s theory.

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Chapter 3 Quiz EOC_Q3.1 1. During early adolescence the brain undergoes a considerable thickening of synaptic neural connections that is called ____________, and this process is concentrated in the ____________ lobes of the brain. a) overproduction; frontal b) overproduction; temporal Consider This: Think about how the area of the brain in which most of the thickening of synaptic connections occurs is responsible for planning and decision making. LO 3.1 Describe the processes of overproduction (or exuberance) and synaptic pruning that take place in the brain during adolescence. c) myelination; frontal Consider This: Think about how the area of the brain in which most of the thickening of synaptic connections occurs is responsible for planning and decision making. LO 3.1 Describe the processes of overproduction (or exuberance) and synaptic pruning that take place in the brain during adolescence. d) myelination; temporal Consider This: Think about how the area of the brain in which most of the thickening of synaptic connections occurs is responsible for planning and decision making. LO 3.1 Describe the processes of overproduction (or exuberance) and synaptic pruning that take place in the brain during adolescence.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Brain Development in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 3.1 Describe the processes of overproduction (or exuberance) and synaptic pruning that take place in the brain during adolescence.

EOC_Q3.2 2. How does myelination, the development of the fatty sheath around brain neurons, influence cognition during adolescence?

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a) The myelin sheath insulates neurons and enables faster and more clear transmission of electrical signals, which enhances executive functioning during adolescence. b) The myelin sheath becomes thick and fatty during the pubertal process and can slow neural connections, which reduces executive functioning during adolescence.

Consider This: Think about how the brain’s white matter mostly consists of myelinated axons and how neurological efficiency may be influenced by the myelin sheath. LO 3.2 Explain how myelination and changes in the cerebellum enable new cognitive capacities in adolescence. c) Myelination increases the production of the brain’s gray matter, or neurons, which thus promote advancements in cognitive development during adolescence.

Consider This: Think about how the brain’s white matter mostly consists of myelinated axons and how neurological efficiency may be influenced by the myelin sheath. LO 3.2 Explain how myelination and changes in the cerebellum enable new cognitive capacities in adolescence. d) Myelination is the last component of brain development during adolescence and is primarily responsible for functions such as mathematics, music, and even social skills.

Consider This: Think about how the brain’s white matter mostly consists of myelinated axons and how neurological efficiency may be influenced by the myelin sheath. LO 3.2 Explain how myelination and changes in the cerebellum enable new cognitive capacities in adolescence.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Brain Development in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 3.2 Explain how myelination and changes in the cerebellum enable new cognitive capacities in adolescence.

EOC_Q3.3 3. Which of the following best summarizes the changes in gray and white matter that take place during emerging adulthood? a) During emerging adulthood, the proportion of gray matter decreases, and white matter increases so that the brain’s processing becomes even more efficient. b) During emerging adulthood, the proportion of gray and white matter both increase at an equal rate, which makes the brain less vulnerable to mental disorders.

Consider This: Think about how myelination increases during adolescence, which is related to improved executive functioning. LO 3.3 Summarize how gray and white matter change through emerging adulthood and beyond, and the neurological changes that make emerging adulthood a stage of high potential as well as high risk.

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c) During emerging adulthood, the proportion of gray and white matter both increase at an equal rate, which makes the brain more vulnerable to mental disorders.

Consider This: Think about how myelination increases during adolescence, which is related to improved executive functioning. LO 3.3 Summarize how gray and white matter change through emerging adulthood and beyond, and the neurological changes that make emerging adulthood a stage of high potential as well as high risk. d) During emerging adulthood, the proportion of gray matter increases, and white matter decreases so that the brain’s processing becomes even more efficient.

Consider This: Think about how myelination increases during adolescence, which is related to improved executive functioning. LO 3.3 Summarize how gray and white matter change through emerging adulthood and beyond, and the neurological changes that make emerging adulthood a stage of high potential as well as high risk.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Brain Development in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Skill: Analyze It Learning Objective: 3.3 Summarize how gray and white matter change through emerging adulthood and beyond, and the neurological changes that make emerging adulthood a stage of high potential as well as high risk.

EOC_Q3.4 4. Which of the following best summarizes Piaget’s theory of cognitive development? a) Cognitive development proceeds in distinct stages and progresses with age, in which each stage is organized into a coherent mental structure. b) Cognitive development proceeds in distinct stages and progresses because of environmental stimulation, such that environmental rewards and punishments shape mental development.

Consider This: Think about how Piaget thought the driving force behind cognitive development was maturation. LO 3.4 Explain the principles of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, including mental structures, maturation, schemes, assimilation, and accommodation. c) Cognitive development proceeds in a continuous fashion and is limitless, indicating much variability in mental development can exist within ages and is highly dependent on environmental factors.

Consider This: Think about how Piaget thought the driving force behind cognitive development was maturation. LO 3.4 Explain the principles of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, including mental structures, maturation, schemes, assimilation, and accommodation.

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d) Cognitive development proceeds in a continuous fashion but is highly dependent on genetic factors such that mental development will only occur within a restricted range regardless of environmental factors.

Consider This: Think about how Piaget thought the driving force behind cognitive development was maturation. LO 3.4 Explain the principles of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, including mental structures, maturation, schemes, assimilation, and accommodation.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 3.4 Explain the principles of Piaget’s theory of cognitive accommodation.

EOC_Q3.5 5. The students in Ms. Rodriguez’s class are asked to determine which of two paper towels is the strongest. The students begin testing the towels and come up with a conclusion by the end of class. It is clear that these students have mastered __________ in their thinking. a) formal operations b) preoperational applications Consider This: Think about how during this stage, youth focus on what can be experienced and manipulated in the physical environment. LO 3.5 Describe formal operations and how the pendulum problem assesses the attainment of this stage. c) concrete operations Consider This: Think about how during this stage, youth focus on what can be experienced and manipulated in the physical environment. LO 3.5 Describe formal operations and how the pendulum problem assesses the attainment of this stage. d) sensorimotor operations Consider This: Think about how during this stage, youth focus on what can be experienced and manipulated in the physical environment. LO 3.5 Describe formal operations and how the pendulum problem assesses the attainment of this stage.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 3.5 Describe formal operations and how the pendulum problem assesses the attainment of this stage.

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EOC_Q3.6 6. A researcher is investigating children’s and adolescents’ ability to understand metaphors.

Which of the following best reflects an adolescent’s description of the meaning of the saying “A chain is only as strong as its weakest link”? a) “When a group of people are working together to solve a problem, every person must contribute strongly for optimal success.” b) “A chain made of steel will be strong and will not have weak links compared to a chain made of plastic.”

Consider This: Think about how with formal operations, adolescents become capable of understanding metaphors that are subtler and have multiple meanings. LO 3.6 Describe how thinking in adolescence becomes more abstract and complex, using metacognition, metaphor, and sarcasm as examples. c) “If you replace weak plastic links with strong steel links, a chain will be less likely to break.”

Consider This: Think about how with formal operations, adolescents become capable of understanding metaphors that are subtler and have multiple meanings. LO 3.6 Describe how thinking in adolescence becomes more abstract and complex, using metacognition, metaphor, and sarcasm as examples. d) “If a chain has a weak link, it will be more likely to break.”

Consider This: Think about how with formal operations, adolescents become capable of understanding metaphors that are subtler and have multiple meanings. LO 3.6 Describe how thinking in adolescence becomes more abstract and complex, using metacognition, metaphor, and sarcasm as examples.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 3.6 Describe how thinking in adolescence becomes more abstract and complex, using metacognition, metaphor, and sarcasm as examples.

EOC_Q3.7 7. A researcher is investigating adolescents’ and emerging adults’ ability to engage in pragmatic thinking by asking them to predict what will happen in this scenario: “A man is unhappy with his job and despite having expensive medical bills, he has decided to quit his job if his boss gives him the night shift again. The boss posted the upcoming work schedule, and the man is assigned the night shift. What will the man do?” Which of the following best reflects an adolescent’s prediction?

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a) The man will quit his job because he said he would if his boss gave him the night shift, which he does not like. b) Despite being unhappy, the man should consider staying in his current job until he finds a new job so he can continue to pay his medical bills.

Consider This: Remember that pragmatic thinking is characterized by a greater recognition of practical limitations to logical thinking. LO 3.8 Describe pragmatism and how it affects thinking from adolescence to adulthood. c) The man should talk with his boss to negotiate a work schedule that better fits his needs.

Consider This: Remember that pragmatic thinking is characterized by a greater recognition of practical limitations to logical thinking. LO 3.8 Describe pragmatism and how it affects thinking from adolescence to adulthood. d) The man should talk with his coworkers to see if they have experienced similar treatment from the boss, and plan to unionize to protect their rights.

Consider This: Remember that pragmatic thinking is characterized by a greater recognition of practical limitations to logical thinking. LO 3.8 Describe pragmatism and how it affects thinking from adolescence to adulthood.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Skill: Analyze It Learning Objective: 3.8 Describe pragmatism and how it affects thinking from adolescence to adulthood.

EOC_Q3.8 8. Rather than viewing cognitive development as separated into distinct stages, informationprocessing approaches view changes in cognition to be _____________. a) continuous b) componential Consider This: Think about how information-processing approaches focus on the thinking processes that exist at all ages. LO 3.9 Identify how information-processing approaches differ from Piaget’s cognitive-developmental approach. c) unlimited Consider This: Think about how information-processing approaches focus on the thinking processes that exist at all ages. LO 3.9 Identify how information-processing approaches differ from Piaget’s cognitive-developmental approach. d) discontinuous 224 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Consider This: Think about how information-processing approaches focus on the thinking processes that exist at all ages. LO 3.9 Identify how information-processing approaches differ from Piaget’s cognitive-developmental approach.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Information-Processing Approaches Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 3.9 Identify how information-processing approaches differ from Piaget’s cognitive-developmental approach.

EOC_Q3.9 9. Kevin is reading his history textbook while watching his favorite TV program. Kevin is engaging in ___________ attention, and this is likely to influence a ___________ performance grade on his history homework. a) divided; lower b) selective; lower Consider This: Another example of this type of attention is reading a book while listening to music. LO 3.10 Compare and contrast selective attention and divided attention. c) divided; higher Consider This: Another example of this type of attention is reading a book while listening to music. LO 3.10 Compare and contrast selective attention and divided attention. d) selective; higher Consider This: Another example of this type of attention is reading a book while listening to music. LO 3.10 Compare and contrast selective attention and divided attention.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Information-Processing Approaches Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 3.10 Compare and contrast selective attention and divided attention.

EOC_Q3.10 10. Chelsea made a new friend at summer camp, and she wants to stay in touch with her friend, so they are exchanging phone numbers. Chelsea does not have a piece of paper to write down her friend’s phone number. What type of memory is Chelsea using to remember the phone number? a) Short-term memory 225 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

b) Long-term memory Consider This: Think about how this type of memory can manage an average of seven units of information. LO 3.11 Distinguish between short-term, long-term, and working memory, and explain how adolescents use mnemonic devices. c) Episodic memory Consider This: Think about how this type of memory can manage an average of seven units of information. LO 3.11 Distinguish between short-term, long-term, and working memory, and explain how adolescents use mnemonic devices. d) Explicit memory Consider This: Think about how this type of memory can manage an average of seven units of information. LO 3.11 Distinguish between short-term, long-term, and working memory, and explain how adolescents use mnemonic devices.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Information-Processing Approaches Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 3.11 Distinguish between short-term, long-term, and working memory, and explain how adolescents use mnemonic devices.

EOC_Q3.11 11. When James was in the third grade, he used a technique involving his fingers to help him remember the multiplication table for the number nine. Now that James is in the fifth grade, he no longer needs to use the finger technique and is fast and accurate with all of his times tables.

What aspect of information processing has James developed? a) Automaticity b) Executive functioning Consider This: Think about how this aspect of information processing is defined as how much cognitive effort a person needs to devote to processing information. LO 3.12 Give an example of automaticity, and explain how executive functioning develops in adolescence. c) Selective attention Consider This: Think about how this aspect of information processing is defined as how much cognitive effort a person needs to devote to processing information. LO 3.12 Give an example of automaticity, and explain how executive functioning develops in adolescence. d) Divided attention

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Consider This: Think about how this aspect of information processing is defined as how much cognitive effort a person needs to devote to processing information. LO 3.12 Give an example of automaticity, and explain how executive functioning develops in adolescence.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Information-Processing Approaches Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 3.12 Give an example of automaticity, and explain how executive functioning develops in adolescence.

EOC_Q3.12 12. Which of the following best summarizes the critique that information-processing approaches are reductionist? a) Information-processing approaches fail to consider how human cognition works as a whole rather than as a set of isolated parts. b) Information-processing approaches fail to consider how human emotions may influence cognitive functioning.

Consider This: Think about how Piaget’s theory conceptualized cognitive development as a holistic process. LO 3.13 Summarize critiques of information-processing approaches. c) Because computers have such incredibly fast processing speeds, they are not the best representative for human cognitive functioning.

Consider This: Think about how Piaget’s theory conceptualized cognitive development as a holistic process. LO 3.13 Summarize critiques of information-processing approaches. d) Because computer technology is exponentially advancing, computers are not the best representative for human cognitive functioning.

Consider This: Think about how Piaget’s theory conceptualized cognitive development as a holistic process. LO 3.13 Summarize critiques of information-processing approaches.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Information-Processing Approaches Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 3.13 Summarize critiques information-processing approaches.

EOC_Q3.13

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13. Which of the following best exemplifies a classroom characteristic that promotes the development of critical-thinking skills among adolescents in secondary school? a) Juan is pouring together different materials, such as water, sand, oil, and chalk, and making hypotheses about the properties of the resulting mixtures for his science project. b) Maggie is memorizing and reciting the Gettysburg Address for her history project.

Consider This: Remember that critical thinking involves analyzing information and considering how it might be valid or invalid. LO 3.14 Describe the features of critical thinking in adolescence and how it can best be promoted in schools. c) Grace is writing down facts about the planet Mercury for her science project.

Consider This: Remember that critical thinking involves analyzing information and considering how it might be valid or invalid. LO 3.14 Describe the features of critical thinking in adolescence and how it can best be promoted in schools. d) Michael is practicing for the spelling championship by repeating the spelling of the top 10 commonly misspelled words.

Consider This: Remember that critical thinking involves analyzing information and considering how it might be valid or invalid. LO 3.14 Describe the features of critical thinking in adolescence and how it can best be promoted in schools.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Practical Cognition: Critical Thinking and Decision Making Skill: Analyze It Learning Objective: 3.14 Describe the features of critical thinking in adolescence how it can best be promoted in schools.

EOC_Q3.14 14. According to research on decision making, even though adolescents may demonstrate similar decision-making abilities as adults, they are likely to make different decisions than adults because they are _____________ influenced by psychosocial factors such as ___________. a) more; peers b) more; laws Consider This: Think about how during adolescence youth spend increasingly more time away from their parents and how exposure to different social contexts might influence decision-making competence. LO 3.15 Explain how decision-making abilities change in the course of adolescence, including with respect to judging risks. c) less; peers Consider This: Think about how during adolescence youth spend increasingly more time away from their parents and how exposure to different social contexts might influence 228 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

decision-making competence. LO 3.15 Explain how decision-making abilities change in the course of adolescence, including with respect to judging risks. d) less; laws Consider This: Think about how during adolescence youth spend increasingly more time away from their parents and how exposure to different social contexts might influence decision-making competence. LO 3.15 Explain how decision-making abilities change in the course of adolescence, including with respect to judging risks.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Practical Cognition: Critical Thinking and Decision Making Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 3.15 Explain how decision-making abilities change in the course of adolescence, including with respect to judging risks.

EOC_Q3.15 15. Laili is great at taking the perspective of her peers. This ability is most likely to lead to her increased __________. a) popularity b) anxiety Consider this: Being able to see the world as others see it should improve your relationships. LO 3.17 Describe how perspective taking improves in adolescence, and explain how “theory of mind” is related to perspective taking. c)

social pressure to succeed Consider this: Being able to see the world as others see it should improve your relationships. LO 3.17 Describe how perspective taking improves in adolescence, and explain how ―theory of mind‖ is related to perspective taking.

d) emotional sensitivity Consider this: Being able to see the world as others see it should improve your relationships. LO 3.17 Describe how perspective taking improves in adolescence, and explain how “theory of mind” is related to perspective taking.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Social Cognition Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 3.17 Describe how perspective taking improves in adolescence, and explain how “theory of mind” is related to perspective taking.

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EOC_Q3.16 16. Which of the following scenarios best reflects adolescents’ experiences of the imaginary audience? a) Becky is going to prom, but she is quite upset because she has developed a pimple on her forehead and is afraid everyone at the prom will notice it and make fun of her. b) Taylor is obsessed with a famous pop star and fantasizes about meeting the star and getting to hang out with her for a day.

Consider This: Think about how the imaginary audience results from adolescents’ limited capacity to distinguish between their thinking about themselves and their thinking about the thoughts of others. LO 3.18 Describe how the imaginary audience and the personal fable reflect adolescents’ cognitive development. c) Tyrone likes to drag race his car down a stretch of highway that is steep and windy, and while some of his friends have been in accidents, he feels confident that he will not wreck.

Consider This: Think about how the imaginary audience results from adolescents’ limited capacity to distinguish between their thinking about themselves and their thinking about the thoughts of others. LO 3.18 Describe how the imaginary audience and the personal fable reflect adolescents’ cognitive development. d) Louis is a talented musician who has won a few competitions, and thinks that he does not need to achieve in school because he is going to become a famous singer.

Consider This: Think about how the imaginary audience results from adolescents’ limited capacity to distinguish between their thinking about themselves and their thinking about the thoughts of others. LO 3.18 Describe how the imaginary audience and the personal fable reflect adolescents’ cognitive development.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Social Cognition Skill: Analyze It Learning Objective: 3.18 Describe how the imaginary audience and the personal fable reflect adolescents’ cognitive development.

EOC_Q3.17 17. Timmy is 14 years old and is going to take a test to evaluate his cognitive abilities and determine how his overall intelligence quotient compares to other adolescents his age. Most likely Timmy will take the _____________, which reflects the _____________, approach for measuring intelligence. a) Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-V); psychometric b) Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-V); psychoanalytic 230 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Consider This: Think about which scale would be used for someone who is Timmy’s age.

LO 3.19 Describe the main way intelligence is assessed. c) Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-V); psychometric Consider This: Think about which scale would be used for someone who is Timmy’s age.

LO 3.19 Describe the main way intelligence is assessed. d) Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-V); psychoanalytic Consider This: Think about which scale would be used for someone who is Timmy’s age.

LO 3.19 Describe the main way intelligence is assessed.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: The Psychometric Approach: Intelligence Testing Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 3.19 Describe the main way intelligence is assessed.

EOC_Q3.18 18. Likely because of a gradual increase in _________ genotypeenvironment interactions, by the time adopted children reach adolescence, the correlation between their IQs and the IQs of their adoptive parents has _________. a) active; declined b) active; increased Consider This: Think about how adolescents’ gains in autonomy and decision making might influence choices about time spent on homework, for example, and how that might then influence intellectual development. LO 3.20 Explain how adoption studies show the expression of genotype  environment effects from childhood through adolescence. c) passive; declined Consider This: Think about how adolescents’ gains in autonomy and decision making might influence choices about time spent on homework, for example, and how that might then influence intellectual development. LO 3.20 Explain how adoption studies show the expression of genotype  environment effects from childhood through adolescence. d) passive; increased Consider This: Think about how adolescents’ gains in autonomy and decision making might influence choices about time spent on homework, for example, and how that might then influence intellectual development. LO 3.20 Explain how adoption studies show the expression of genotype  environment effects from childhood through adolescence.

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Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: The Psychometric Approach: Intelligence Testing Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 3.20 Explain how adoption studies show the expression of genotype  environment effects from childhood through adolescence.

EOC_Q3.19 19. Mario is taking a home economics class and is a novice at cooking. For his final project, he must successfully bake and compile a three-layer cake. According to Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory of cognitive development, which of the following scenarios best reflects how Mario would be able to achieve this task? a) At first, Mario’s teacher should provide him with substantial direct instruction on baking, and as he gains knowledge and skills with baking, his teacher should gradually remove assistance. b) Mario’s teacher should constantly monitor his every baking activity and provide detailed feedback on all of his cooking skills throughout the entire duration of the class.

Consider This: Remember that according to Vygotsky, youth learn best if the instruction they are provided is near the top of the zone of proximal development. LO 3.22 Explain how the zone of proximal development is related to scaffolding in Vygotsky’s theory. c) In general, Mario’s teacher should not provide him with any cooking instructions because he needs to learn how to be independent in the kitchen.

Consider This: Remember that according to Vygotsky, youth learn best if the instruction they are provided is near the top of the zone of proximal development. LO 3.22 Explain how the zone of proximal development is related to scaffolding in Vygotsky’s theory. d) Even though Mario’s friends in the class are also inexperienced bakers, he should only ask them for help because they can learn from their cooking mistakes together.

Consider This: Remember that according to Vygotsky, youth learn best if the instruction they are provided is near the top of the zone of proximal development. LO 3.22 Explain how the zone of proximal development is related to scaffolding in Vygotsky’s theory.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: The Psychometric Approach: Intelligence Testing Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 3.22 Explain how the zone of proximal development is related to scaffolding in Vygotsky’s theory.

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EOC_Q3.20 20. Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences includes nine types of intelligence. Which of the following type of intelligence reflects skills regarding empathy, interaction, and understanding with other people? a) Interpersonal b) Intrapersonal Consider This: Think about how Gardner argues that this type of intelligence cannot be measured or captured by traditional intelligence testing. LO 3.21 List the types of intelligence in the theory of multiple intelligence, and explain the limitations involved in measuring them. c) Existential Consider This: Think about how Gardner argues that this type of intelligence cannot be measured or captured by traditional intelligence testing. LO 3.21 List the types of intelligence in the theory of multiple intelligence, and explain the limitations involved in measuring them. d) Linguistic Consider This: Think about how Gardner argues that this type of intelligence cannot be measured or captured by traditional intelligence testing. LO 3.21 List the types of intelligence in the theory of multiple intelligence, and explain the limitations involved in measuring them.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: The Psychometric Approach: Intelligence Testing Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 3.21 List the types of intelligence in the theory of multiple intelligence, and explain the limitations involved in measuring them.

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TOTAL ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice GUIDE

Chapter 4 Cultural Beliefs

1. Which statement best characterizes the term symbolic inheritance? a. the processes by which people acquire the behaviors and beliefs of the culture they live in b. developing a set of beliefs that serve as a basis for political attitudes. c. a set of ideas and understandings, both implicit and explicit, about persons, Topic Remember What culture Analyze It society, nature, and divinity that serve asUnderstand a guide to life inApply a particular the Facts the Concepts d. gaining property and personal belongings after the deathYou of a Know loved one Cultural Beliefs Multiple Choice 1, 5, 16, 20, 2, 4, 6-8, 11, 3, 9, 10, 12Answer: c andLO: 4.1 Define cultural beliefs and explain 23 how they15, 17-19, 21, 14symbolic inheritance. reflect a culture’s Socialization 22, 24-26 Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Socialization True/False 87-91 Difficulty: Easy Essay 104 Skill: Remember Short the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching in psychology.

Cultural Beliefs Multiple Choice 27, 35 29, 31, 33 themes 28, 30, 32, in Adolescence 34, 36 True/False 92 2. Cultural beliefShort systems include the roles that are appropriate for particular persons.

Essay What role is NOT a legitimate cultural role?

Religious a.

Beliefs Multiple Choice 39, 46, 53, 37, 39, 40, 42, 41, 43, 48, 52 cognitive 54, 56, 57 44, 45, 47, 49, 50, 51 b. age-related 55, 58 c. social status True/False 93-96 d. gender Short Essay Answer: a Cultural Beliefs Multiple Choice 59, 60, 68,they61, 62, 64-66, 63, 73, 77 inheritance.

67 LO: 4.1 Define cultural beliefs and explain how reflect a culture’s symbolic andTopic: MoralCultural Beliefs and Socialization 70, 71, 78 69, 72, 74-76 Development True/False 99 97, 98 Difficulty: Moderate Essay 107 105 106 Skill: UnderstandShort the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Political Beliefs Multiple Choice 83, 83, 85 84 80 79, 86

True/False 100 101-103 Short Essay 108 3. Bill is wrestling with his desires. He is tempted to steal a bicycle he saw in an unlocked garage, but he has not yet decided whether or not to do it. Bill's mental dilemma shows us that he is beginning to exert __________. a. role preparation b. self-regulation c. metacognition d. symbolic inheritance Answer: b LO: 4.2 Describe the process of socialization and the three main outcomes.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Socialization Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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4. The goals and desires of the outcomes of socialization are often learned __________. a. explicitly b. implicitly c. academically d. through directed teaching Answer: b LO: 4.2 Describe the process of socialization and the three main outcomes.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Socialization Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

5. The ideas and beliefs that people learn as part of socialization, indicating what is important, what is to be valued, what is to be lived for, and how to explain and offer consolation for the individual’s mortality are known as ___________. a. self-regulation b. role preparation c. moral development d. sources of meaning Answer: d LO: 4.2 Describe the process of socialization and the three main outcomes.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Socialization Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

6. According to the text, one important reason why adolescents need to learn selfregulation is to regulate __________. a. individualism b. sexual impulses c. political beliefs d. moral development Answer: b LO: 4.2 Describe the process of socialization and the three main outcomes.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Socialization Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

7. In the Jewish tradition, the bar/bat mitzvah __________. a. signifies that an adolescent is allowed to drink alcohol 235 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

b. signifies adult participation in religious life c. communicates the moral teachings of Kohlberg d. takes place at age 21 Answer: b LO: 4.2 Describe the process of socialization and the three main outcomes.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Socialization Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

8. The contrast between individualism and collectivism is best captured in a discussion about __________. a. poetic-conventional faith b. intelligence c. variations in cultural beliefs d. autonomous morality Answer: c LO: 4.3 Define individualism and collectivism and explain how they foster independent and interdependent selves.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Socialization Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

9. Collectivistic cultures promote the development of an interdependent self. If you wanted to research such collectivism by visiting a culture where it is prominent, you would most likely travel to __________. a. Canada b. Germany c. Korea d. Australia Answer: c LO: 4.3 Define individualism and collectivism and explain how they foster independent and interdependent selves.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Socialization Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

10. Tish is a 15-year-old girl who believes that everyone should be their "own person," make their own decisions, and have the freedom to choose a course in life. Of the following, where would Tish most likely live? a. Japan 236 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

b. China c. Iran d. Canada Answer: d LO: 4.3 Define individualism and collectivism and explain how they foster independent and interdependent selves.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Socialization Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

11. In a culture characterized by narrow socialization, what traits are highly prized? a. obedience and conformity b. individualism and choice c. intimacy and fidelity d. complexity and tradition Answer: a LO: 4.4 Distinguish between broad and narrow socialization and specify how they are related to individualism and collectivism.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Socialization Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

12. If you were writing a research paper about collectivistic and individualistic beliefs, one caution you would have to keep in mind would be __________. a. these categories describe overall tendencies for beliefs, but individual differences exist b. that diversity can be suppressed for the purposes of clearer explanation c. to target only those cultures which typify the pure types d. the level of collectivism or individualism in a culture is uniquely determined by the wealth of that culture's members Answer: a LO: 4.4 Distinguish between broad and narrow socialization and specify how they are related to individualism and collectivism.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Socialization Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

13. Desi is always striving to be better than his coworkers. He is considered to be very competitive at work, but at home Desi strives to maintain harmony with family members to promote cooperation. After reading Chapter 4, you would conclude 237 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

__________. a. we know for certain that Desi lives in Canada b. Desi is very young and doesn't know how to act c. Desi is a unique individual who is unlike most people d. these two drives can coexist in Desi Answer: d LO: 4.4 Distinguish between broad and narrow socialization and specify how they are related to individualism and collectivism.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Socialization Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

14. P.J. is a 13-year-old boy who needs to work in order to help feed his family. P.J. feels the pressure to conform to his culture's beliefs. Where does P.J. most likely live? a. Sweden b. England c. Canada d. Japan Answer: d LO: 4.4 Distinguish between broad and narrow socialization and specify how they are related to individualism and collectivism.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Socialization Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

15. Which statement would originate from an individual who has adopted a strongly positive view on the merits of narrow socialization? a. I think adolescents should conform to our culture's norms. b. Morality is a stage-related theory of development. c. I think adolescents should be individuals. d. Cultures set a range of opportunities for development.

Answer: a LO: 4.4 Distinguish between broad and narrow socialization and specify how they are related to individualism and collectivism.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Socialization Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

16. Which of the following sources of socialization diminish in influence during adolescence?

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a. nuclear and extended family b. school and teachers c. media and community d. peers and friends Answer: a LO: 4.5 Identify the seven contexts of socialization and describe the broad and narrow forms each one takes.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Socialization Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

17. Determine if the following description represents a context of broad socialization, narrow socialization, both, or neither: Young people are allowed to choose for themselves among a wide range of possible occupations. Workplaces generally reward creativity and individual achievement. a. broad b. narrow c. both d. neither Answer: a LO: 4.5 Identify the seven contexts of socialization and describe the broad and narrow forms each one takes.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Socialization Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

18. Determine if the following description represents a context of broad socialization, narrow socialization, both, or neither: Legal restrictions are placed on a wide range of behavior, including sexuality and political expression, and are backed by swift and severe punishment. a. broad b. narrow c. both d. neither Answer: b LO: 4.5 Identify the seven contexts of socialization and describe the broad and narrow forms each one takes.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Socialization Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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19. Determine if the following description represents a context of broad socialization, narrow socialization, both, or neither: Media are tightly controlled by governmental authorities, and media content is mostly targeted to provide gratification of individual desires and impulses. a. broad b. narrow c. both d. neither Answer: c LO: 4.5 Identify the seven contexts of socialization and describe the broad and narrow forms each one takes.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Socialization Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

20. Kakari is an Aborigine child living in Australia. Kakari likely lives by what set of cultural beliefs? a. the Koran b. the Ramadan c. the Law d. the Shalshelet Answer: c LO: 4.6 Explain how the teaching of the Law to adolescent Aborigines represents socialization for cultural beliefs.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Socialization Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

21. Aborigine Law does NOT include an explanation of __________. a. how the world began b. the male circumcision ritual c. where to hunt and how to prepare food d. moral precepts of how interpersonal relations are conducted Answer: c LO: 4.6 Explain how the teaching of the Law to adolescent Aborigines represents socialization for cultural beliefs.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Socialization Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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22. Kev is a young Aborigine in Australia who feels the adolescent rituals in his culture are outdated and irrelevant. Kev is probably being influenced by ___________. a. the Law b. globalization c. moral development d. social desirability Answer: b LO: 4.6 Explain how the teaching of the Law to adolescent Aborigines represents socialization for cultural beliefs.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Socialization Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

23. The cultural beliefs in the Law are __________. a. unrealistic b. collectivistic c. individualistic d. broad Answer: b LO: 4.6 Explain how the teaching of the Law to adolescent Aborigines represents socialization for cultural beliefs.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Socialization Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

24. Over the course of the 20th century, what changed in the Middletown studies? a. Narrow socialization values declined while broad socialization values became central to parents’ child-rearing beliefs. b. Broad socialization values declined while narrow socialization values increased. c. More focus on living for the community occurred as globalization demonstrated the benefits of promoting cooperation and obedience among community members. d. Individualism slowly died.

Answer: a LO: 4.7 Summarize the change in values shown in the two Middletown studies.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Socialization Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

25. When looking at the child-rearing values of women in Middletown in 1928 and1978, 241 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

how did the importance of independence and tolerance change? a. Teaching tolerance and independence both decreased in importance between 1928 and 1978. b. Teaching tolerance and independence stayed about the same between 1928 and 1978. c. Teaching tolerance and independence both increased in importance between 1928 and 1978. d. Teaching tolerance decreased in importance while teaching independence increased in importance between 1928 and 1978.

Answer: c LO: 4.7 Summarize the change in values shown in the two Middletown studies.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Socialization Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

26. The Boy Scouts were conceived as a way to overcome the perceived danger of ______. a. globalization b. religious teachings c. immigrants d. moral decline Answer: d LO: 4.7 Summarize the change in values shown in the two Middletown studies.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Socialization Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

27. Which statement best represents the definition of "custom complex"? a. a belief based on non-religious values that permeates a culture and becomes part of its norms b. a stage of moral development characterized by a realization of social conventions c. a pathological fear of other cultures' traditions d. a normative cultural practice and the beliefs, values, sanctions, rules, motives, and satisfactions associated with it Answer: d LO: 4.8 Define custom complex and give your own example of how it operates in adolescence.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs in Adolescence Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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28. Sami is a 15-year-old girl who likes a boy named Nal. Unfortunately in Sami's country, dating is discouraged. Sami and Nal most likely live in __________. a. Sweden b. United States c. Austria d. Thailand Answer: d LO: 4.8 Define custom complex and give your own example of how it operates in adolescence.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs in Adolescence Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

29. One Western cultural belief which underlies the practice of dating is that young people should __________. a. spend time with their families b. have a right to decide with whom they are intimate c. not have sexual experiences prior to marriage d. have a restricted level of leisure time Answer: b LO: 4.8 Define custom complex and give your own example of how it operates in adolescence.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs in Adolescence Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

30. Which of the following is the best example of something that is ontogenetic? a. Frederic gets taller as he gets older. b. Paulette’s mom buys her many books and she becomes an avid reader. c. Georgia gets a tutor for math and begins to excel in that course. d. Luka gains a love of music after his father buys him a guitar.

Answer: a LO: 4.8 Define custom complex and give your own example of how it operates in adolescence.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs in Adolescence Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

31. When comparing the majority culture of America with its minority cultures, what is 243 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

most noticeable in the comparison? a. The majority culture is collectivistic while the minority cultures tend to be more individualistic. b. The majority and minority cultures tend to be very individualistic. c. The majority and minority cultures tend to be very collectivistic. d. The majority culture is individualistic while the minority cultures tend to be more collectivistic.

Answer: d LO: 4.9 Describe the main variations in cultural beliefs among American immigrant groups.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs in Adolescence Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

32. Juan is the child of Marta and José. Juan lives in Phoenix, Arizona, with his parents and two sisters. Juan is a second-generation Latino. According to the text, Juan is more likely than most majority American adolescents to __________. a. show his independence towards his family b. have problems with his sisters c. defy his parents d. have a strong tie to his family Answer: d LO: 4.9 Describe the main variations in cultural beliefs among American immigrant groups.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs in Adolescence Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

33. According to the text, which statement typically applies to Asian American emerging adults in their beliefs about a key criterion of adulthood? a. gaining their independence from their parents b. beginning to date and thinking about marriage c. becoming capable of financially supporting parents d. embracing the American majority culture Answer: c LO: 4.9 Describe the main variations in cultural beliefs among American immigrant groups.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs in Adolescence Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

34. Joel was born in the United States and has lived in New York for his entire life.

According to the text, what message would Joel likely be exposed to in popular media?

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a. collectivism b. cynicism c. individualism d. conservatism Answer: c LO: 4.9 Describe the main variations in cultural beliefs among American immigrant groups.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs in Adolescence Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

35. By what year is it predicted that White Americans of European background will cease to be the numerical majority in American society? a. 2030 b. 2035 c. 2040 d. 2045 Answer: d LO: 4.9 Describe the main variations in cultural beliefs among American immigrant groups.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs in Adolescence Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

36. Robyn feels that until she gets married she will live with her parents. As well, Robyn knows when she becomes an adult she will have her aging parents live with her and her husband. From this information, we can conclude that Robyn is most likely a. an Asian adolescent living in Hong Kong. b. a White adolescent living in Australia. c. an Asian adolescent living in the United States. d. a White adolescent living in Canada.

Answer: a LO: 4.9 Describe the main variations in cultural beliefs among American immigrant groups.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs in Adolescence Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

37. According to the text, religions typically specify a code for behavior and these codes usually contain rules for __________. a. self-regulation b. family structures c. sexuality 245 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

d. education Answer: a LO: 4.10 Specify the features of American adolescents’ religious beliefs and practices, including Moralistic Therapeutic Deism.

Topic: Religious Beliefs Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

38. According to the text, which statement about religion is TRUE? a. Religious beliefs are high among European adolescents as well as European older adults. b. Adolescents and emerging adults in developed countries tend to be less religious than their counterparts in traditional cultures. c. Most American adolescents don't believe in God and actively deny that such a being exists. d. Adults tend to be less religious than adolescents but reclaim religiosity as they move to their older years.

Answer: b LO: 4.10 Specify the features of American adolescents’ religious beliefs and practices, including Moralistic Therapeutic Deism.

Topic: Religious Beliefs Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

39. According to the text, what developed country has more religious people than virtually any other? a. France b. Belgium c. Canada d. United States Answer: d LO: 4.10 Specify the features of American adolescents’ religious beliefs and practices, including Moralistic Therapeutic Deism.

Topic: Religious Beliefs Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

40. A study that investigated religious participation versus how people reported their religious activity concluded that __________. a. self-reports were lower than participation 246 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

b. the data was inconclusive c. self-reports and participation were the same d. participation was lower than self-reports Answer: d LO: 4.10 Specify the features of American adolescents’ religious beliefs and practices, including Moralistic Therapeutic Deism.

Topic: Religious Beliefs Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

41. Carlos is filling out a survey for a class he is taking in college. When asked how often he attends church, he claims he attends church every week even though he hasn’t been to church in a few months. He stated he attends church regularly because he believes regular attendance will be seen more positively than his real attendance of every now and then. Carlos is responding to __________. a. experimenter bias b. participant bias c. denial d. social desirability Answer: d LO: 4.10 Specify the features of American adolescents’ religious beliefs and practices, including Moralistic Therapeutic Deism.

Topic: Religious Beliefs Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

42. Which of the following statements best embodies a feature of the "Moralistic Therapeutic Deism," according to Smith and Denton (2005)? a. "Life is nasty, brutish, and short." b. "God speaks to people in dreams." c. "Good people go to heaven when they die." d. "Purgatory is where souls go first."

Answer: c LO: 4.10 Specify the features of American adolescents’ religious beliefs and practices, including Moralistic Therapeutic Deism.

Topic: Religious Beliefs Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

43. Albert is 17 years old. Albert is not a very religious person. According to the text, what 247 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

factor(s) may account for Albert's lack of religiosity? a. Albert's parents disagree about their religious beliefs. b. Albert's parents are happily married. c. Albert is African American. d. Albert has high self-esteem.

Answer: a LO: 4.10 Specify the features of American adolescents’ religious beliefs and practices, including Moralistic Therapeutic Deism.

Topic: Religious Beliefs Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

44. In the American majority culture, adolescents who are more religious report __________. a. higher rates of premarital sex b. lower rates of risk behavior c. higher rates of depression d. lower rates of parental divorce Answer: b LO: 4.10 Specify the features of American adolescents’ religious beliefs and practices, including Moralistic Therapeutic Deism.

Topic: Religious Beliefs Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

45. How are Ramadan and the Koran related? a. Ramadan and the Koran are holy rituals practiced by Muslims. b. Ramadan commemorates the revelation of the Koran. c. The Koran commemorates the revelation of Ramadan. d. Ramadan and the Koran are not related.

Answer: b LO: 4.10 Specify the features of American adolescents’ religious beliefs and practices, including Moralistic Therapeutic Deism.

Topic: Religious Beliefs Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

46. What country has the largest Muslim population? a. Indonesia b. India c. Pakistan 248 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

d. Saudi Arabia Answer: a LO: 4.10 Specify the features of American adolescents’ religious beliefs and practices, including Moralistic Therapeutic Deism.

Topic: Religious Beliefs Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

47. Current studies of self-reported participation in religious activities have concluded that self-reports are probably __________. a. accurate b. understated because of social desirability c. inflated by social desirability d. inaccurate because people have trouble remembering this information Answer: c LO: 4.10 Specify the features of American adolescents’ religious beliefs and practices, including Moralistic Therapeutic Deism.

Topic: Religious Beliefs Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

48. Eighteen-year-old Rebecca was asked in a phone interview if she attends church at least twice a month. She said yes. Rebecca has not attended church twice a month in over 15 years. Why would Rebecca say she regularly attends when she does not? a. poetic-conventional faith b. social desirability c. moral development d. conventional reasoning Answer: b LO: 4.10 Specify the features of American adolescents’ religious beliefs and practices, including Moralistic Therapeutic Deism.

Topic: Religious Beliefs Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

49. Rani is a young Muslim girl. As Ramadan is approaching, Rani is preparing for her first fast. Knowing this we can conclude __________. a. Rani is married b. Rani has reached menarche c. Rani is a preadolescent child 249 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

d. nothing about Rani Answer: b LO: 4.10 Specify the features of American adolescents’ religious beliefs and practices, including Moralistic Therapeutic Deism.

Topic: Religious Beliefs Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

50. Vaughn is 22 years old. His parents took him to church every Sunday until he was 16 years old. Based on the research presented, now that Vaughn is an emerging adult we would predict that a. he will attend church less often. b. his parents no longer attend church. c. he will not take his children to church. d. his parents continue to pressure him to attend church.

Answer: a LO: 4.11 Summarize the similarities and differences between American adolescents and emerging adults in their religious beliefs and practices.

Topic: Religious Beliefs Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

51. Tanya is a 16-year-old girl living in Salt Lake City. Tanya has attended church regularly for as long as she can remember. Lately she is not attending regularly and only goes to mass on holidays. According to the text, what is one possible reason for Tanya's change? a. She feels the secular pressure from peers. b. She no longer believes in God. c. She is making a break with her parents’ religious beliefs and practices. d. Sixteen-year-olds aren't welcome in church.

Answer: c LO: 4.11 Summarize the similarities and differences between American adolescents and emerging adults in their religious beliefs and practices.

Topic: Religious Beliefs Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

52. Which of the following people is most likely to be religious? a. Lucita is an emerging adult from Spain. b. Xiao Yun is an adolescent from Japan. c. Heidi is an emerging adult from the Netherlands.

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d. Louda is an adolescent from a traditional culture in Africa.

Answer: d LO: 4.11 Summarize the similarities and differences between American adolescents and emerging adults in their religious beliefs and practices.

Topic: Religious Beliefs Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

53. What percentage of 18- to 23-year-olds reported that religious faith is “very” or “extremely” important in their lives? a. 30% b. 44% c. 62% d. 75% Answer: b 4.11 Summarize the similarities and differences between American adolescents and emerging adults in their religious beliefs and practices.

Topic: Religious Beliefs Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

54. What percentage of 18- to 23-year-olds reported believing in God? a. 24% b. 45% c. 62% d. 75% Answer: d LO: 4.11 Summarize the similarities and differences between American adolescents and emerging adults in their religious beliefs and practices.

Topic: Religious Beliefs Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

55. When considering religious beliefs in emerging adults, which of the following statements is most correct? a. Emerging adults have a tendency to put an individualized stamp on their religious beliefs. b. Most emerging adults are following the religious beliefs of their parents. c. Most emerging adults have moved completely away from religion. d. Emerging adults have a tendency to support religious institutions without 251 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

question.

Answer: a LO: 4.11 Summarize the similarities and differences between American adolescents and emerging adults in their religious beliefs and practices.

Topic: Religious Beliefs Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

56. What percentage of emerging adults in America identify as “nones”? a. 12% b. 25% c. 36% d. 45% Answer: c LO: 4.11 Summarize the similarities and differences between American adolescents and emerging adults in their religious beliefs and practices.

Topic: Religious Beliefs Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

57. What percentage of emerging adults in Denmark identify as a “none”? a. 25% b. 45% c. 60% d. 80% Answer: d LO: 4.11 Summarize the similarities and differences between American adolescents and emerging adults in their religious beliefs and practices.

Topic: Religious Beliefs Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

58. The least religious countries tend to be __________. a. the least affluent and going through political turmoil b. the most prosperous and well-functioning c. the most prosperous but engaging in political turmoil d. the least affluent but well-functioning Answer: b LO: 4.11 Summarize the similarities and differences between American adolescents and emerging adults in their religious beliefs and practices.

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Topic: Religious Beliefs Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

59. According to the text, who was the scholar who did research on adolescent moral development? a. Albert Bandura b. Lawrence Kohlberg c. Robert Sternberg d. Carol Gilligan Answer: b LO: 4.12 Describe Kohlberg’s cognitive-developmental levels of moral reasoning, and two important critiques of his theory.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Moral Development Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

60. If you were a research participant of Lawrence Kohlberg's moral development project, you would be a(n) __________. a. 10-year-old boy b. 14-year-old girl c. 18-year-old boy d. 9-year-old girl Answer: a LO: 4.12 Describe Kohlberg’s cognitive-developmental levels of moral reasoning, and two important critiques of his theory.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Moral Development Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

61. Kohlberg's theory of moral development is based on __________. a. how children and adolescents discussed the rules of games b. whether they thought the person in the moral dilemma was right or wrong c. how participants explained their conclusions to dilemma discussions d. observation of how children interacted with siblings and parents Answer: c LO: 4.12 Describe Kohlberg’s cognitive-developmental levels of moral reasoning, and two important critiques of his theory.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Moral Development Difficulty: Moderate 253 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

62. Kohlberg believed that moral reasoning changed in predictable ways as __________. a. maturation occurred b. the brain developed c. cognitive abilities developed d. emotional awareness developed Answer: c LO: 4.12 Describe Kohlberg’s cognitive-developmental levels of moral reasoning, and two important critiques of his theory.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Moral Development Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

63. Giselle reasons at Kohlberg's Stage 1: punishment and obedience orientation. What would Giselle be most likely to say about lying? a. "Lying is OK if there are benefits for me." b. "Lying is OK if the truth would hurt more." c. "Lying is wrong because it hurts other people’s feelings." d. "Lying is wrong because Mommy spanks me when I lie."

Answer: d LO: 4.12 Describe Kohlberg’s cognitive-developmental levels of moral reasoning, and two important critiques of his theory.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Moral Development Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

64. Kohlberg's Stage 3 (in Level 2) is characterized by __________. a. reference to social order b. care and loyalty to others c. avoidance of punishment d. an independent moral code Answer: b LO: 4.12 Describe Kohlberg’s cognitive-developmental levels of moral reasoning, and two important critiques of his theory.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Moral Development Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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65. After following his participants for 20 years, Kohlberg found his theory was supported in two ways. One, the level of moral reasoning tends to increase with age and two, __________. a. the changes in moral reasoning are dependent on brain development b. moral development is dependent on community influence c. moral development proceeds in a predicted way d. emotional development precedes moral development Answer: c LO: 4.12 Describe Kohlberg’s cognitive-developmental levels of moral reasoning, and two important critiques of his theory.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Moral Development Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

66. Which statement best characterizes Kohlberg's conclusions concerning moral development? a. Moral development is not related to intelligence. b. People could skip lower stages of moral development. c. Moral development proceeded unpredictably. d. Moral development progresses with age.

Answer: d LO: 4.12 Describe Kohlberg’s cognitive-developmental levels of moral reasoning, and two important critiques of his theory.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Moral Development Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

67. The primary criticisms of Kohlberg’s theory have included ___________. a. that his theory applies universally and that the levels of moral development he proposes are mental structures b. that his theory only applies to young people, and it is a lifelong process c. that his theory focuses on morality as fear of punishment and that it occurs in systematic steps d. that his theory only applies to the wealthy and the young Answer: a LO: 4.12 Describe Kohlberg’s cognitive-developmental levels of moral reasoning, and two important critiques of his theory.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Moral Development Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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68. __________ has argued that it is impossible to understand moral reasoning unless you understand the cultural worldview that underlies it. a. Carol Gilligan. b. Richard Shweder. c. Lawrence Welker. d. Lene Jensen.

Answer: b LO: 4.12 Describe Kohlberg’s cognitive-developmental levels of moral reasoning, and two important critiques of his theory.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Moral Development Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

69. Schweder’s argument is that Kohlberg’s theory fails to include ____________. a. women b. children c. culturally diverse moral concepts d. new moral dilemmas brought on by technology Answer: c LO: 4.12 Describe Kohlberg’s cognitive-developmental levels of moral reasoning, and two important critiques of his theory.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Moral Development Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

70. According to Lene Jensen, the ultimate basis of morality is a person’s _________. a. social status b. political beliefs c. worldview d. emotional maturity Answer: c LO: 4.13 Describe the worldview theory of moral development, including the three ethics and the cultural-developmental template model.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Moral Development Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

71. A worldview is a set of ____________ beliefs that explain what it means to be human, how 256 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

human relationships should be conducted, and how human problems should be addressed. a. emotional b. cultural c. social d. psychological Answer: b LO: 4.13 Describe the worldview theory of moral development, including the three ethics and the cultural-developmental template model.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Moral Development Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

72. Which of the following is NOT one of the three ethics proposed by Jensen? a. Ethic of Autonomy b. Ethic of Community c. Ethic of Divinity d. Ethic of Fairness Answer: d LO: 4.13 Describe the worldview theory of moral development, including the three ethics and the cultural-developmental template model.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Moral Development Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

73. Danika is trying to decide the right thing to do. Her friend Lisa wants Danika to accompany her to the clinic where she is scheduled to have an abortion. Danika really wants to support Lisa who is going through a harrowing experience. Ultimately, Danika decides she cannot accompany Lisa because of her religious beliefs. Danika's reasoning focuses on the Ethic of __________. a. Majority b. Autonomy c. Divinity d. Community Answer: c LO: 4.13 Describe the worldview theory of moral development, including the three ethics and the cultural-developmental template model.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Moral Development Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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74. Recent research shows that adolescents in the United States have moral views related more on the Ethic of ________ than on the other ethics of the worldview model. a. Majority b. Autonomy c. Divinity d. Community Answer: b LO: 4.13 Describe the worldview theory of moral development, including the three ethics and the cultural-developmental template model.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Moral Development Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

75. Based on the research, which of the following is expected to rise throughout the course of development? a. Ethic of Divinity b. Ethic of Autonomy c. Ethic of Community d. Ethic of Policy Answer: c LO: 4.13 Describe the worldview theory of moral development, including the three ethics and the cultural-developmental template model.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Moral Development Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

76. What do Kohlberg’s cognitive-developmental theory and the cultural-developmental approach to morality have in common? a. Both approaches highlight that adolescents and emerging adults think more in terms of collective considerations than children. b. Both approaches have the limitation that they fail to capture when moral development really begins. c. Both approaches try to justify morality development as a result of the threat of punishment. d. Both approaches have had limited research that supports them.

Answer: a LO: 4.14 Define prosocial behavior and moral identity, and describe their development in adolescence.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Moral Development Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts 258 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

77. Katerina noticed that some of her classmates did not have school supplies, so she organized a school supply drive to make sure that everyone had the supplies they needed to start school. Katerina is demonstrating a __________ behavior. a. good b. bad c. prosocial d. sympathetic Answer: c LO: 4.14 Define prosocial behavior and moral identity, and describe their development in adolescence.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Moral Development Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

78. A __________ is a person’s commitment to positive moral ideas in thought and behavior. a. moral stance b. political identity c. communal identity d. moral identity Answer: d LO: 4.14 Define prosocial behavior and moral identity, and describe their development in adolescence.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Moral Development Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

79. What does the development of religious and political thinking in adolescents have in common? a. In both areas, adolescents in Western cultures begin to move toward greater abstraction. b. In both areas, adolescents in Eastern cultures take on an individualistic perspective. c. Religious and political beliefs are not developed until emerging adulthood. d. Cultural beliefs do not affect the development of religious and political beliefs.

Answer: a LO: 4.15 Describe how cognitive changes in adolescence result in changes in political beliefs.

Topic: Political Beliefs Difficulty: Difficult 259 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

80. In terms of political views, Pierre believes that no matter when you steal, you go to jail.

His sister Margaret knows that sometimes you may not be punished for stealing. From this we can predict that a. Margaret is younger. b. Pierre is younger. c. The siblings are the same age, but Pierre has never stolen anything. d. Margaret thinks the laws are eternal and unchangeable.

Answer: b LO:4.15 Describe how cognitive changes in adolescence result in changes in political beliefs.

Topic: Political Beliefs Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

81. Who is the climate activist discussed in the text, and how old was she when she became an activist? a. Lene Jensen; 32 b. Greta Thunberg; 15 c. Carol Gilligan; 52 d. Malala Yousafzai; 13 Answer: b LO:4.15 Describe how cognitive changes in adolescence result in changes in political beliefs.

Topic: Political Beliefs Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

82. Who is the youngest recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize for her work writing in favor of greater educational opportunities for girls in the Middle East? a. Malala Yousafzai b. Greta Thunberg c. Lene Jensen d. Fatima Locinzer Answer: a LO:4.15 Describe how cognitive changes in adolescence result in changes in political beliefs.

Topic: Political Beliefs Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts 260 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

83. What percentage of first-year college students in the United State have done volunteer work in the past year? a. 28% b. 50% c. 63% d. 86% Answer: d LO:4.16 Explain, from a developmental perspective, why emerging adults are so likely to become involved in political movements.

Topic: Political Beliefs Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

84. Frustrated and alienated from conventional political processes, emerging adults direct their energies toward __________. a. their education b. specific areas of importance to them c. their work or careers d. their families Answer: b LO:4.16 Explain, from a developmental perspective, why emerging adults are so likely to become involved in political movements.

Topic: Political Beliefs Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

85. The "Cultural Revolution" that took place in ________ between 1966 and 1975 was instigated by the head of that country's government, but was carried out almost entirely by emerging adults. a. Japan b. Indonesia c. Yemen d. China Answer: d LO:4.16 Explain, from a developmental perspective, why emerging adults are so likely to become involved in political movements.

Topic: Political Beliefs Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts 261 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

86. Which of the following is a reason why emerging adults tend to have a renewed interest in political action? a. It is a time when social commitments are at their low point. b. Involvement in politics can be a strategy toward finding a perspective mate. c. Many jobs that are being pursued during emerging adulthood involve politics. d. They may find that making a difference in their community is more interesting now that they are independent.

Answer: a LO:4.16 Explain, from a developmental perspective, why emerging adults are so likely to become involved in political movements.

Topic: Political Beliefs Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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True/False 87. The set of ideas and understandings, both implicit and explicit, about people, society, nature, and divinity that serve as a guide to life in a particular culture is their cultural beliefs. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 4.1 Define cultural beliefs and explain how they reflect a culture’s symbolic inheritance.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Socialization Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

88. All cultures share similar socialization outcomes and similar socialization beliefs. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 4.2 Describe the process of socialization and the three main outcomes.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Socialization Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

89. According to the text, Eastern cultures such as Japanese and Chinese place a high emphasis on individualistic values. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 4.3 Define individualism and collectivism and explain how they foster independent and interdependent selves.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Socialization Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

90. Most cultures with narrow socialization are less economically developed than the West. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 4.4 Distinguish between broad and narrow socialization and specify how they are related to individualism and collectivism.

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Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Socialization Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

91. A key part of traditional adolescent socialization among the Aborigines involves the ritual teaching of a set of cultural beliefs known as the Law. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 4.6 Explain how the teaching of the Law to adolescent Aborigines represents socialization for cultural beliefs.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Socialization Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

92. According to the text, American minority cultural beliefs tend to be less collectivistic and more individualistic than the cultural beliefs of the American majority culture. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 4.9 Describe the main variations in cultural beliefs among American immigrant groups.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs in Adolescence Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

93. Americans are not as religious as most other developed countries. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 4.10 Specify the features of American adolescents’ religious beliefs and practices, including Moralistic Therapeutic Deism.

Topic: Religious Beliefs Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

94. According to the text, in American society religious faith and practices tend to be stronger among African Americans than among European Americans. a. True 264 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

b. False Answer: a LO: 4.10 Specify the features of American adolescents’ religious beliefs and practices, including Moralistic Therapeutic Deism.

Topic: Religious Beliefs Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 95. In American studies, religiosity generally declines from adolescence through emerging adulthood. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 4.11 Summarize the similarities and differences between American adolescents and emerging adults in their religious beliefs and practices.

Topic: Religious Beliefs Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 96. According to the National Study on Youth and Religion, approximately 75% of emerging adults polled reported that they do not believe in God or any form of higher power. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 4.11 Summarize the similarities and differences between American adolescents and emerging adults in their religious beliefs and practices.

Topic: Religious Beliefs Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 97. Kohlberg believed that one's culture was the single biggest determinant of how that individual would develop a personal code of moral thought and behavior. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 4.12 Describe Kohlberg’s cognitive-developmental levels of moral reasoning, and two important critiques of his theory.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Moral Development Difficulty: Easy Skill: Understand the Concepts 265 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 98. According to Jensen, the ultimate basis of morality is a person's worldview. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 4.13 Describe the worldviews theory of moral development, including the three ethics and the cultural-developmental template model.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Moral Development Difficulty: Easy Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 99. Helping an older person across the street would be considered a prosocial behavior. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 4.14 Define prosocial behavior and moral identity, and describe their development in adolescence.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Moral Development Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

100. Emerging adults' political participation is generally higher now than during previous generations. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 4.16 Explain, from a developmental perspective, why emerging adults are so likely to become involved in political movements.

Topic: Political Beliefs Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 101. Emerging adults in the West are more likely than older adults to be involved in organizations devoted to particular issues such as racism. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 4.16 Explain, from a developmental perspective, why emerging adults are so likely to 266 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

become involved in political movements.

Topic: Political Beliefs Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 102. One reason why emerging adults are likely to be involved in extreme political movements is that they have greater social ties and obligations. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 4.16 Explain, from a developmental perspective, why emerging adults are so likely to become involved in political movements.

Topic: Political Beliefs Difficulty: Easy Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 103. For emerging adults, embracing an extreme political ideology may relieve the discomfort that can accompany the uncertainty and doubt of ideological explorations. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 4.16 Explain, from a developmental perspective, why emerging adults are so likely to become involved in political movements.

Topic: Political Beliefs Difficulty: Easy Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology =

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Essay 104. Compare and contrast broad and narrow socialization.

LO: 4.4 Distinguish between broad and narrow socialization and specify how they are related to individualism and collectivism.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Socialization Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Answer: • Broad socialization -- cultures that favor individualism; encourage individual uniqueness, independence, and self-expression; encourage broad socialization with little restrictiveness in socialization; Western cultures tend toward broad socialization, and these cultures tend to be more economically developed. Narrow socialization—cultures that favor collectivism; hold obedience and conformity as the highest values; discourage deviation from cultural expectations; encourage narrow socialization with high degree of restrictiveness in socialization; Eastern cultures tend toward narrow socialization, and these cultures tend to be less economically developed.

105. Choose any two stages of Kohlberg's theory of moral development. Describe each and provide illustrative examples not outlined in your text.

LO: 4.12 Describe Kohlberg’s cognitive-developmental levels of moral development and two important critiques of his theory.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Moral Development Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Answer: Stage 1 -- punishment and obedience orientation; rules should be obeyed to avoid punishment. Stage 2—individualism and purpose orientation; what is right satisfies one's own needs and leads to rewards for oneself. Stage 3— interpersonal concordance orientation; care of and loyalty to others is emphasized. Stage 4—social systems orientation; judgments are made by reference to concepts such as social order, law, and justice. Stage 5—community rights and individual rights orientation; sees society's laws as important but also sees it as important to question them and change them if they are obstacles to freedom and justice. Stage 6—universal ethical principles orientation; development of an independent moral code based on universal principles.

106. List and describe two major critiques of Kohlberg's theory of moral development, noting the scholar(s) associated with each criticism.

LO: 4.12 Describe Kohlberg’s cognitive-developmental levels of moral reasoning, and two important critiques of his theory.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Moral Development Difficulty: Difficult 268 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Answer: One critique pertains to Kohlberg’s claim that his levels are mental structures.

Kohlberg claimed his levels of moral reasoning were mental structures just like Piaget’s cognitive stages. This means that a person should think about all moral issues in terms of the level of moral reasoning that they are currently in, rather than skipping around among levels depending on the moral issue. Research indicates this is not the case. The second critique pertains to Kohlberg’s claim that his theory applies universally. Kohlberg argued that moral development has only one natural path of maturation. This doesn’t honor cultural diversity (see Shweder).

107. Briefly describe the relation of moral reasoning, moral evaluations, and moral behaviors in terms of the worldviews approach to moral development, outlining the three associated "ethics."

LO: 4. 14 Describe the worldviews theory of moral development, including the three ethics and the cultural-developmental template model.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Moral Development Difficulty: Easy Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Answer: A worldviews approach provides the basis for moral reasoning (explanation for why things are right or wrong). Moral reasoning yields moral evaluations or judgments as to whether a particular behavior is right or wrong. Moral evaluations then prescribe moral behaviors. The Ethic of Autonomy: the individual is the primary moral authority. One has the right to do as she or he wishes as long as her or his behavior does no harm to others.

The Ethic of Community: individuals are members of social groups to which they have obligations and commitments. The Ethic of Divinity: individuals are spiritual entities subject to the rules and precepts of a divine authority.

108. Describe the changes that occur across adolescence and emerging adulthood in political beliefs and behaviors.

LO: 4. 15 Describe how cognitive changes in adolescence result in changes in political beliefs. 4.16 Explain, from a developmental perspective, why emerging adults are so likely to become involved in political movements.

Topic: Political Beliefs Difficulty: Easy Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Answer: Changes in adolescents’ views are rooted in their cognitive development. It becomes more abstract and complex during adolescence. However, they are largely excluded from formal political process. Once they become emerging adults they are able to vote and engage in the process. Unfortunately, their participation remains low. They are, however, more likely than older adults to be involved in organizations devoted to issues that they feel strongly about. They are more likely to be involved in movements like 269 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

protests.

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REVEL QUIZ QUESTIONS

Quiz 4.1: Cultural Beliefs and Socialization EOM_Q4.1.1 1. ________________ are the commonly held norms and moral standards of a culture, the standards of right and wrong that set expectations for behavior. a) Cultural beliefs b) Symbolic inheritances Consider This: These may also include beliefs about how and where life originated and what happens after death. LO 4.1 Define cultural beliefs and explain how they reflect a culture’s symbolic inheritance. c) Gender roles Consider This: These may also include beliefs about how and where life originated and what happens after death. LO 4.1 Define cultural beliefs and explain how they reflect a culture’s symbolic inheritance. d) Custom complexes Consider This: These may also include beliefs about how and where life originated and what happens after death. LO 4.1 Define cultural beliefs and explain how they reflect a culture’s symbolic inheritance.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Socialization Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 4.1 Define cultural beliefs and explain how they reflect a culture’s symbolic inheritance.

EOM_Q4.1.2 2. Maria’s friends want her to skip school to go shopping at a new store that is opening at the mall. Maria feels pressure to join her friends and really wants to go to the store; however, she decides not to join them because she does not want to get in trouble and receive detention.

Which of the outcomes of socialization listed is reflected in this scenario? a) Self-regulation b) Role preparation

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Consider This: Think about how during adolescence, youth develop the cognitive ability to have a conscience and understand what their culture values as appropriate behavior. LO 4.2 Describe the process of socialization and the three main outcomes. c) Individualism Consider This: Think about how during adolescence, youth develop the cognitive ability to have a conscience and understand what their culture values as appropriate behavior. LO 4.2 Describe the process of socialization and the three main outcomes. d) Sources of meaning Consider This: Think about how during adolescence, youth develop the cognitive ability to have a conscience and understand what their culture values as appropriate behavior. LO 4.2 Describe the process of socialization and the three main outcomes.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Socialization Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 4.2 Describe the process of socialization and the three main outcomes.

EOM_Q4.1.3 3. Sandy’s parents have taught her how to change a tire and the oil in her car because they want her to develop self-sufficiency. Sandy is growing up in a(n) ____________ culture that promotes the development of the ____________ self. a) individualistic; independent b) individualistic; interdependent Consider This: Think about how cultures vary in the range of individual differences that they allow or encourage. LO 4.3 Define individualism and collectivism and explain how they foster independent and interdependent selves. c) collectivistic; independent Consider This: Think about how cultures vary in the range of individual differences that they allow or encourage. LO 4.3 Define individualism and collectivism and explain how they foster independent and interdependent selves. d) collectivistic; interdependent Consider This: Think about how cultures vary in the range of individual differences that they allow or encourage. LO 4.3 Define individualism and collectivism and explain how they foster independent and interdependent selves.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate 272 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Socialization Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 4.3 Define individualism and collectivism and explain how they foster independent and interdependent selves.

EOM_Q4.1.4 4. During adolescence, the socialization influence of school tends to increase as youth spend more time in school to garner an education and prepare for adult responsibilities. Cultures can be broad or narrow with regard to school socialization. Which of the following pairs of examples reflects the contrast between broad and narrow school socialization? a) Teachers promote students’ individuality and attempt to adapt the curriculum to each student’s individual needs and preferences; students are taught a standardized curriculum rather than on independent or critical thinking b) Students are firmly disciplined; students must abide by a dress code Consider This: The terms broad and narrow refer to the range of individual differences cultures allow or encourage. LO 4.5 Identify the seven contexts of socialization and describe the broad and narrow forms each one takes. c) Teachers promote individual achievements; teachers promote creativity Consider This: The terms broad and narrow refer to the range of individual differences cultures allow or encourage. LO 4.5 Identify the seven contexts of socialization and describe the broad and narrow forms each one takes. d) Youth are allowed to choose their own friends; youth are expected to socialize with members of the same social class Consider This: The terms broad and narrow refer to the range of individual differences cultures allow or encourage. LO 4.5 Identify the seven contexts of socialization and describe the broad and narrow forms each one takes.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Socialization Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 4.5 Identify the seven contexts of socialization and describe the broad and narrow forms each one takes.

EOM_Q4.1.5 5. Which child-rearing belief was rated as the least important value by women assessed during the late 1970s in the famous Middletown study? a) Strict obedience 273 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

b) Loyalty to church Consider This: Remember that during the 20th century, American majority culture transitioned to placing a higher value on broad socialization. LO 4.7 Summarize the change in values shown in the two Middletown studies. c) Good manners Consider This: Remember that during the 20th century, American majority culture transitioned to placing a higher value on broad socialization. LO 4.7 Summarize the change in values shown in the two Middletown studies. d) Tolerance Consider This: Remember that during the 20th century, American majority culture transitioned to placing a higher value on broad socialization. LO 4.7 Summarize the change in values shown in the two Middletown studies.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Socialization Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 4.7 Summarize the change in values shown in the two Middletown studies.

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Quiz 4.2: Cultural Beliefs in Adolescence EOM_Q4.2.1 1. Scholars define a _________________ as consisting of two primary components, which include a typical practice in a culture and the cultural beliefs that provide the basis for the practice. a) custom complex b) socialization outcome Consider This: Think about how all aspects of development are influenced by the cultural context in which they take place. LO 4.8 Define custom complex and give your own example of how it operates in adolescence. c) symbolic inheritance Consider This: Think about how all aspects of development are influenced by the cultural context in which they take place. LO 4.8 Define custom complex and give your own example of how it operates in adolescence. d) gender role Consider This: Think about how all aspects of development are influenced by the cultural context in which they take place. LO 4.8 Define custom complex and give your own example of how it operates in adolescence.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Cultural Beliefs in Adolescence Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 4.8 Define custom complex and give your own example of how it operates in adolescence.

EOM_Q4.2.2 2. Which of the following best illustrates a custom complex in a culture that values individualism? a) Adolescents are allowed to choose their own friends, with whom they spend a considerable amount of unsupervised time. b) Adolescents are allowed to have friends only of the same sex.

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Consider This: Think about whether or not this customary practice is based in individualism. LO 4.8 Define custom complex and give your own example of how it operates in adolescence. c) Adolescents are allowed to spend time with their friends only when being supervised by a parent.

Consider This: Think about whether or not this customary practice is based in individualism. LO 4.8 Define custom complex and give your own example of how it operates in adolescence. d) Adolescents are allowed little time to spend with their friends due to family obligations.

Consider This: Think about whether or not this customary practice is based in individualism. LO 4.8 Define custom complex and give your own example of how it operates in adolescence.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Cultural Beliefs in Adolescence Skill: Analyze It Learning Objective: 4.8 Define custom complex and give your own example of how it operates in adolescence.

EOM_Q4.2.3 3. Which of the following is the best definition of a custom complex? a) A customary practice and the beliefs, values, rules, motives, and satisfactions associated with it; that is, a normative practice in a culture and the cultural beliefs that provide the basis for that practice. b) A practice in a culture that has a wide variety of ways the practice is played out. It is free of norms and expectations.

Consider This: Dating is a custom complex whose practice reflects cultural beliefs. LO 4.8 Define custom complex and give your own example of how it operates in adolescence. c) A practice in a culture that reflects strict control and cannot be varied.

Consider This: Dating is a custom complex whose practice reflects cultural beliefs. LO 4.8 Define custom complex and give your own example of how it operates in adolescence. d) A practice in a culture that does not carry expectations, beliefs, values, motives associated with it.

Consider This: Dating is a custom complex whose practice reflects cultural beliefs. LO 4.8 Define custom complex and give your own example of how it operates in adolescence.

Answer: a 276 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Difficulty: Easy Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Socialization Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 4.8 Define custom complex and give your own example of how it operates in adolescence.

EOM_Q4.2.4 4. Sofia is a 14-year-old Latina girl growing up in the United States. She greatly respects the authority of her parents and feels a strong attachment and obligation to her family. As part of an American __________ culture, she is being socialized to develop __________ values. a) minority; collectivistic b) minority; individualistic Consider This: Think about how many countries contain a variety of cultures with a variety of different cultural beliefs. LO 4.9 Describe the main variations in cultural beliefs among American immigrant groups. c) majority; collectivistic Consider This: Think about how many countries contain a variety of cultures with a variety of different cultural beliefs. LO 4.9 Describe the main variations in cultural beliefs among American immigrant groups. d) majority; individualistic Consider This: Think about how many countries contain a variety of cultures with a variety of different cultural beliefs. LO 4.9 Describe the main variations in cultural beliefs among American immigrant groups.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Cultural Beliefs in Adolescence Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 4.9 Describe the main variations in cultural beliefs among American immigrant groups.

EOM_Q4.2.5 5. Zhang Wei is a second-generation Chinese adolescent living with his mother in Sydney, Australia. Zhang Wei wants to be like the teens he sees in shows about White American and Australian families on television. This is likely to influence which of the following? a) Conflict between Zhang Wei and his parents b) Conflict between Zhang Wei and his friends 277 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Consider This: Think about how daily exposure to socialization influences outside the family can influence changes in cultural beliefs. LO 4.9 Describe the main variations in cultural beliefs among American immigrant groups. c) Conflict between Zhang Wei and his teachers Consider This: Think about how daily exposure to socialization influences outside the family can influence changes in cultural beliefs. LO 4.9 Describe the main variations in cultural beliefs among American immigrant groups. d) Closer relationships between Zhang Wei and his parents Consider This: Think about how daily exposure to socialization influences outside the family can influence changes in cultural beliefs. LO 4.9 Describe the main variations in cultural beliefs among American immigrant groups.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Cultural Beliefs in Adolescence Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 4.9 Describe the main variations in cultural beliefs among American immigrant groups.

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Quiz 4.3: Religious Beliefs EOM Q4.3.1 1.

Jaoquin is an adolescent in a developed country. His religiosity is most likely ___________ his grandfather’s religiosity when you compare them. a) less than b) more than Consider this: Religiosity has changed over the last two centuries, which might impact the current generation. LO 4.10 Specify the features of American adolescents’ religious beliefs and practices, including Moralistic Therapeutic Deism. c) about the same as Consider this: Religiosity has changed over the last two centuries, which might impact the current generation. LO 4.10 Specify the features of American adolescents’ religious beliefs and practices, including Moralistic Therapeutic Deism. d) more complex and based in a new moral system than Consider this: Religiosity has changed over the last two centuries, which might impact the current generation. LO 4.10 Specify the features of American adolescents’ religious beliefs and practices, including Moralistic Therapeutic Deism.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Religious Beliefs Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 4.10 Specify the features of American adolescents’ religious beliefs and practices, including Moralistic Therapeutic Deism.

EOM_Q4.3.2 2. Many American adolescents are religious, but many others are not. Which of the following best explains differences among adolescents in their religiosity? a) Family factors, such as parental agreement on religious beliefs b) Cognitive factors, such as IQ level Consider This: Think about which of these answers has the strongest association with socialization of religious beliefs. LO 4.10 Specify the features of American adolescents’ religious beliefs and practices, including Moralistic Therapeutic Deism. c) Biological factors, such as timing of puberty

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Consider This: Think about which of these answers has the strongest association with socialization of religious beliefs. LO 4.10 Specify the features of American adolescents’ religious beliefs and practices, including Moralistic Therapeutic Deism. d) School factors, such as relationships with teachers Consider This: Think about which of these answers has the strongest association with socialization of religious beliefs. LO 4.10 Specify the features of American adolescents’ religious beliefs and practices, including Moralistic Therapeutic Deism.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Religious Beliefs Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 4.10 Specify the features of American adolescents’ religious beliefs and practices, including Moralistic Therapeutic Deism.

EOM_Q4.3.3 3. According to the National Survey of Youth and Religion, which of the following is true about the relation between American emerging adults’ religious beliefs and religious practices? a) Seventy-five percent believe in God; about 30% attend religious services at least once a month b) Fifty percent believe in God; 50% attend religious services twice a month Consider This: Today’s emerging adults have skeptical views of religious institutions. LO 4.11 Summarize the similarities and differences between American adolescents and emerging adults in their religious beliefs and practices. c) Fifty percent believe in God; 65% attend religious services twice a month Consider This: Today’s emerging adults have skeptical views of religious institutions. LO 4.11 Summarize the similarities and differences between American adolescents and emerging adults in their religious beliefs and practices. d) Twenty percent believe in God; 90% attend religious services at least once a month Consider This: Today’s emerging adults have skeptical views of religious institutions. LO 4.11 Summarize the similarities and differences between American adolescents and emerging adults in their religious beliefs and practices.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Religious Beliefs Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 4.11 Summarize the similarities and differences between American adolescents and emerging adults in their religious beliefs and practices.

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EOM_Q4.3.4 4. In emerging adulthood, religiosity continues to be ___________. a) individualized b) collectivistic Consider This: Think about how emerging adulthood is typified by people engaging in identity explorations to determine how their values may be similar or different than their parents. LO 4.11 Summarize the similarities and differences between American adolescents and emerging adults in their religious beliefs and practices. c) diversified Consider This: Think about how emerging adulthood is typified by people engaging in identity explorations to determine how their values may be similar or different than their parents. LO 4.11 Summarize the similarities and differences between American adolescents and emerging adults in their religious beliefs and practices. d) Unified Consider This: Think about how emerging adulthood is typified by people engaging in identity explorations to determine how their values may be similar or different than their parents. LO 4.11 Summarize the similarities and differences between American adolescents and emerging adults in their religious beliefs and practices.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Religious Beliefs Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 4.11 Summarize the similarities and differences between American adolescents and emerging adults in their religious beliefs and practices.

EOM_Q4.3.5 5. Of those emerging adults who report to be religious, a high proportion of them identify as __________. a) unaffiliated b) Protestant Consider This: Think about why these emerging adults are considered “nones.” LO 4.11 Summarize the similarities and differences between American adolescents and emerging adults in their religious beliefs and practices. c) Catholic

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Consider This: Think about why these emerging adults are considered “nones.” LO 4.11 Summarize the similarities and differences between American adolescents and emerging adults in their religious beliefs and practices. d) Baptist Consider This: Think about why these emerging adults are considered “nones.” LO 4.11 Summarize the similarities and differences between American adolescents and emerging adults in their religious beliefs and practices.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Religious Beliefs Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 4.11 Summarize the similarities and differences between American adolescents and emerging adults in their religious beliefs and practices.

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Quiz 4.4: Cultural Beliefs and Moral Development EOM 4.4.1 1. Who developed a theory of moral development that was based on cognitive development? a) Kohlberg b) Piaget Consider this: Who are the scientists associated with cognitive development, social development, and psychological development. LO 4.12 Describe Kohlberg’s cognitivedevelopmental levels of moral reasoning, and two important critiques of his theory. c) Erikson Consider this: Who are the scientists associated with cognitive development, social development, and psychological development. LO 4.12 Describe Kohlberg’s cognitivedevelopmental levels of moral reasoning, and two important critiques of his theory. d) Shweder Consider this: Who are the scientists associated with cognitive development, social development, and psychological development. LO 4.12 Describe Kohlberg’s cognitivedevelopmental levels of moral reasoning, and two important critiques of his theory.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Moral Development Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 4.12 Describe Kohlberg’s cognitive-developmental levels of moral reasoning, and two important critiques of his theory.

EOM 4.4.2 2. Preconventional reasoning is to self-centered considerations as conventional reasoning is to ___________. a) standards of the group b) parental expectations Consider this: Moral development advances from very narrow concerns to concerns that are more global. LO 4.12 Describe Kohlberg’s cognitive-developmental levels of moral reasoning, and two important critiques of his theory. c) autonomous perceptions of universal perceptions pertaining to justice and the rights of individuals Consider this: Moral development advances from very narrow concerns to concerns that are more global. LO 4.12 Describe Kohlberg’s cognitive-developmental levels of moral reasoning, and two important critiques of his theory. d) perceived expectations of God

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Consider this: Moral development advances from very narrow concerns to concerns that are more global. LO 4.12 Describe Kohlberg’s cognitive-developmental levels of moral reasoning, and two important critiques of his theory.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Moral Development Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 4.12 Describe Kohlberg’s cognitive-developmental levels of moral reasoning, and two important critiques of his theory.

EOM 4.4.3 3. According to Shweder, the ultimate basis of morality is a person’s __________. a) worldview b) fear of consequences Consider this: Shweder was a major critic of Kohlberg. LO 4.13 Describe the worldviews theory of moral development, including the three ethics and the culturaldevelopmental template model. c) need to belong Consider this: Shweder was a major critic of Kohlberg. LO 4.13 Describe the worldviews theory of moral development, including the three ethics and the culturaldevelopmental template model. d) need to honor others Consider this: Shweder was a major critic of Kohlberg. LO 4.13 Describe the worldviews theory of moral development, including the three ethics and the culturaldevelopmental template model.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Moral Development Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 4.13 Describe the worldviews theory of moral development, including the three ethics and the cultural-developmental template model.

EOM 4.4.4 4. When faced with a moral dilemma, Cora’s friends ask her, ―What would Jesus do?‖ This suggestion directs Cora to reason within the __________. a) Ethic of Divinity b) Ethic of Community Consider this: It appears Cora and her friends have a religious worldview. LO 4.13 Describe the worldviews theory of moral development, including the three ethics and the cultural-developmental template model. c) Ethic of Authority Consider this: It appears Cora and her friends have a religious worldview. LO 4.13 Describe the worldviews theory of moral development, including the three ethics and the cultural-developmental template model. d) Ethic of Autonomy 284 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Consider this: It appears Cora and her friends have a religious worldview. LO 4.13 Describe the worldviews theory of moral development, including the three ethics and the cultural-developmental template model.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Moral Development Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 4.13 Describe the worldviews theory of moral development, including the three ethics and the cultural-developmental template model.

EOM 4.4.5 5. Klaus has Down syndrome and tried out for the football team at school. When he plays, both his team and the opposing team help him to run farther, pass longer, and solidly catch the ball. The team appears to be practicing a(n) __________. a) prosocial behavior b) amorality Consider this: This is a behavior that promotes the well-being of others. LO 4.14 Define prosocial behavior and moral identity, and describe their development in adolescence. c) moral identity Consider this: This is a behavior that promotes the well-being of others. LO 4.14 Define prosocial behavior and moral identity, and describe their development in adolescence. d) conventional reasoning approach to the dilemma of his playing the game Consider this: This is a behavior that promotes the well-being of others. LO 4.14 Define prosocial behavior and moral identity, and describe their development in adolescence.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Moral Development Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 4.14 Define prosocial behavior and moral identity, and describe their development in adolescence.

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Quiz 4.5: Political Beliefs EOM_Q4.5.1 1. In general, political beliefs become __________ as adolescents age. a) more abstract and more complex b) more simplified Consider this: The development of political beliefs is very similar to the development of religious or moral thinking. LO 4.15 Describe how cognitive changes in adolescence result in changes in political beliefs. c) inflexible Consider this: The development of political beliefs is very similar to the development of religious or moral thinking. LO 4.15 Describe how cognitive changes in adolescence result in changes in political beliefs. d) more authoritarian Consider this: The development of political beliefs is very similar to the development of religious or moral thinking. LO 4.15 Describe how cognitive changes in adolescence result in changes in political beliefs.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Political Beliefs Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 4.15 Describe how cognitive changes in adolescence result in changes in political beliefs.

EOM_Q4.5.2 2. Who became the youngest recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize when it was awarded to her for her advocacy for greater educational opportunities for girls in her home country? a) Malala Yousafzai b)Greta Thunberg Consider This: Emerging adults are especially likely to be involved in revolutionary and extreme movements because they have fewer social ties and obligations than people in other age groups. LO 4.15 Describe how cognitive changes in adolescence result in changes in political beliefs. c) Jean Piaget

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Consider This: Emerging adults are especially likely to be involved in revolutionary and extreme movements because they have fewer social ties and obligations than people in other age groups. LO 4.15 Describe how cognitive changes in adolescence result in changes in political beliefs. d) Lene Jensen Consider This: Emerging adults are especially likely to be involved in revolutionary and extreme movements because they have fewer social ties and obligations than people in other age groups. LO 4.15 Describe how cognitive changes in adolescence result in changes in political beliefs.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Political Beliefs Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 4.15 Describe how cognitive changes in adolescence result in changes in political beliefs.

EOM 4.5.3 3. Emerging adults are __________ than older adults to participate in political demonstrations. a) more likely b) less likely Consider this: This is contrary to their lower participation in conventional political events. LO 4.16 Explain, from a developmental perspective, why emerging adults are so likely to become involved in political movements. c) equally likely Consider this: This is contrary to their lower participation in conventional political events. LO 4.16 Explain, from a developmental perspective, why emerging adults are so likely to become involved in political movements. d) less eager Consider this: This is contrary to their lower participation in conventional political events. LO 4.16 Explain, from a developmental perspective, why emerging adults are so likely to become involved in political movements.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Political Beliefs Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 4.16 Explain, from a developmental perspective, why emerging adults are so likely to become involved in political movements.

EOM_Q4.5.4 4. Gene is an emerging adult in college who is interested in becoming active in a campus organization. Like many other emerging adults, Gene is interested in improving the state of his community, society, and the world. Given this information, which of the following organizations is Gene most likely to join?

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a) Student Environmental Action Coalition b) Student Marketing Society Consider This: Which organization would best allow Gene to improve the state of his community, society, and the world? LO 4.16 Explain, from a developmental perspective, why emerging adults are so likely to become involved in political movements. c) Student Yearbook Association Consider This: Which organization would best allow Gene to improve the state of his community, society, and the world? LO 4.16 Explain, from a developmental perspective, why emerging adults are so likely to become involved in political movements. d) The lacrosse team Consider This: Which organization would best allow Gene to improve the state of his community, society, and the world? LO 4.16 Explain, from a developmental perspective, why emerging adults are so likely to become involved in political movements.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Political Beliefs Skill: Analyze It Learning Objective: 4.16 Explain, from a developmental perspective, why emerging adults are so likely to become involved in political movements.

EOM_Q4.5.5 5. Which of the following is the best developmental explanation for why emerging adults often become involved in political movements? a) Emerging adults are in a time of identity explorations, one aspect of which is ideology. b) Emerging adults are part of a generation that is unusually self-centered.

Consider This: This is a generational explanation, not a developmental explanation, and in any case, it is not true that this generation of emerging adults is self-centered. LO 4.16 Explain, from a developmental perspective, why emerging adults are so likely to become involved in political movements. c) Emerging adults are at a life stage when worldviews tend to be fixed and rigid.

Consider This: Emerging adults’ ideological views tend to be changing, not fixed, because they are still developing their ideological identity. LO 4.16 Explain, from a developmental perspective, why emerging adults are so likely to become involved in political movements. d) Emerging adults are part of a generation known for being self-righteous.

Consider This: This is a generational explanation, not a developmental explanation, and in any case, it is not true that this generation of emerging adults is self-righteous. LO 4.16 288 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Explain, from a developmental perspective, why emerging adults are so likely to become involved in political movements.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Political Beliefs Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 4. 16 Explain, from a developmental perspective, why emerging adults are so likely to become involved in political movements.

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Chapter 4 Quiz EOC_Q4.1 1. As a result of increased cognitive capabilities, adolescence is a premier time for cultures to educate youth about their set of beliefs and ideas that are the foundation for norms and standards of behavior. This set of beliefs and ideas is called ____________, a) cultural beliefs b) standards Consider This: Although all of these answer options are informed by a culture’s set of beliefs and ideas, think about the overarching concept that drives the formation of these options. LO 4.1 Define cultural beliefs and explain how they reflect a culture’s symbolic inheritance. c) roles Consider This: Although all of these answer options are informed by a culture’s set of beliefs and ideas, think about the overarching concept that drives the formation of these options. LO 4.1 Define cultural beliefs and explain how they reflect a culture’s symbolic inheritance. d) morals Consider This: Although all of these answer options are informed by a culture’s set of beliefs and ideas, think about the overarching concept that drives the formation of these options. LO 4.1 Define cultural beliefs and explain how they reflect a culture’s symbolic inheritance.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Socialization Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 4.1 Define cultural beliefs and explain how they reflect a culture’s symbolic inheritance.

EOC_Q4.2 2. Fatima is a 13-year-old girl in the Middle Eastern country of Saudi Arabia. Growing up in a country that endorses Islamic principles, she must wear a veil to cover her face and body to demonstrate modesty. Fatima is being socialized to adhere to a strict female gender role, which includes valuing virginity before marriage. Which socialization outcome does this describe? a) Role preparation 290 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

b) Sources of meaning Consider This: Think about how socialization is defined as the process by which people acquire the behaviors and beliefs of the culture they live in, including standards for how youth should behave to be ready for adult responsibilities. LO 4.2 Describe the process of socialization and the three main outcomes. c) Self-regulation Consider This: Think about how socialization is defined as the process by which people acquire the behaviors and beliefs of the culture they live in, including standards for how youth should behave to be ready for adult responsibilities. LO 4.2 Describe the process of socialization and the three main outcomes. d) Collectivism Consider This: Think about how socialization is defined as the process by which people acquire the behaviors and beliefs of the culture they live in, including standards for how youth should behave to be ready for adult responsibilities. LO 4.2 Describe the process of socialization and the three main outcomes.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Socialization Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 4.2 Describe the process of socialization and the three main outcomes.

EOC_Q4.3 3. Ethan is a 15-year-old boy growing up in New York City. Having won his school’s science fair, he is going to compete at the state science fair. Ethan wants to win the state title to receive the prestige that accompanies it. Given his focus on this individualistic achievement, what would Ethan be most likely to say upon winning the state science fair? a) “I am proud of my hard work.” b) “I could not have achieved this without my teacher.”

Consider This: Think about how individualistic cultures value self-expression and selffocus. LO 4.3 Define individualism and collectivism and explain how they foster independent and interdependent selves. c) “I respect my competitors’ projects.”

Consider This: Think about how individualistic cultures value self-expression and selffocus. LO 4.3 Define individualism and collectivism and explain how they foster independent and interdependent selves. d) “I want to thank my parents for their support.”

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Consider This: Think about how individualistic cultures value self-expression and selffocus. LO 4.3 Define individualism and collectivism and explain how they foster independent and interdependent selves.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Socialization Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 4.3 Define individualism and collectivism and explain how they foster independent and interdependent selves.

EOC 4.4 4. Western culture teaches __________ , while Eastern culture teaches __________. a) individualism; collectivism b) independence; autonomy Consider this: These are opposite philosophies. LO 4.3 Define individualism and collectivism and explain how they foster independent and interdependent selves. c) autonomy; individualism Consider this: These are opposite philosophies. LO 4.3 Define individualism and collectivism and explain how they foster independent and interdependent selves. d) collectivism; individualism Consider this: These are opposite philosophies. LO 4.3 Define individualism and collectivism and explain how they foster independent and interdependent selves.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Socialization Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 4.3 Define individualism and collectivism and explain how they foster independent and interdependent selves.

EOC_Q4.5 5. Seo-yeon is a 16-year-old girl living in Korea. Growing up in this Eastern country and culture, she has cultivated a strong belief in prioritizing familial obligations and social order. She is experiencing ______________ cultural values that are being taught through the process of ______________ socialization. a) collectivistic; narrow b) individualistic; broad 292 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Consider This: Think about how socialization across all cultures involves some degree of restrictiveness on individual preferences and inclinations, and that some cultures may be more restrictive than others. LO 4.4 Distinguish between broad and narrow socialization and specify how they are related to individualism and collectivism. c) collectivistic; broad Consider This: Think about how socialization across all cultures involves some degree of restrictiveness on individual preferences and inclinations, and that some cultures may be more restrictive than others. LO 4.4 Distinguish between broad and narrow socialization and specify how they are related to individualism and collectivism. d) individualistic; narrow Consider This: Think about how socialization across all cultures involves some degree of restrictiveness on individual preferences and inclinations, and that some cultures may be more restrictive than others. LO 4.4 Distinguish between broad and narrow socialization and specify how they are related to individualism and collectivism.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Socialization Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 4.4 Distinguish between broad and narrow socialization and specify how they are related to individualism and collectivism.

EOC_Q4.6 6. In Western cultures, the socialization influence of the __________ tends to diminish during adolescence. a) family b) legal system Consider This: Think about how Western cultures tend to endorse broad socialization, and how this might shift the level of influence each source of socialization has during adolescence. LO 4.5 Identify the seven contexts of socialization and describe the broad and narrow forms each one takes. c) community Consider This: Think about how Western cultures tend to endorse broad socialization, and how this might shift the level of influence each source of socialization has during adolescence. LO 4.5 Identify the seven contexts of socialization and describe the broad and narrow forms each one takes. d) school

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Consider This: Think about how Western cultures tend to endorse broad socialization, and how this might shift the level of influence each source of socialization has during adolescence. LO 4.5 Identify the seven contexts of socialization and describe the broad and narrow forms each one takes.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Socialization Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 4.5 Identify the seven contexts of socialization and describe the broad and narrow forms each one takes.

EOC 4.7 7. Xu works at a job where he puts together orders to be shipped from a factory. His father decided this was the best job for him. In his job, doing things the same way each time is highly rewarded and innovative thinking is discouraged. Xu is clearly being raised in what type of culture? a) Narrow b) Individualistic Consider this: Recall the primary differences between collectivistic contexts and individualistic contexts. LO 4.5 Identify the seven contexts of socialization and describe the broad and narrow forms each one takes. c) Broad Consider this: Recall the primary differences between collectivistic contexts and individualistic contexts. LO 4.5 Identify the seven contexts of socialization and describe the broad and narrow forms each one takes. d) Authoritarian Consider this: Recall the primary differences between collectivistic contexts and individualistic contexts. LO 4.5 Identify the seven contexts of socialization and describe the broad and narrow forms each one takes.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Socialization Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 4.5 Identify the seven contexts of socialization and describe the broad and narrow forms each one takes.

EOC_Q4.8 8. Which aspect of the traditional teaching of the Law to adolescent Aborigines represents the socialization outcome of cultivating sources of meaning? a) An understanding of the origin of the world, such as divine beliefs

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b) An understanding of controlling one’s sexual desires, including marrying within one’s social class Consider This: Although all of the answer choices might reflect a socialization outcome of the Law, remember that sources of meaning cultivate an overarching awareness of what is to be valued and lived for. LO 4.6 Explain how the teaching of the Law to adolescent Aborigines represents socialization for cultural beliefs. c) An understanding of abiding to strict gender norms, including the male being the hierarchical figure Consider This: Although all of the answer choices might reflect a socialization outcome of the Law, remember that sources of meaning cultivate an overarching awareness of what is to be valued and lived for. LO 4.6 Explain how the teaching of the Law to adolescent Aborigines represents socialization for cultural beliefs. d) An understanding of the importance of participating in the Law to promote social status within the community Consider This: Although all of the answer choices might reflect a socialization outcome of the Law, remember that sources of meaning cultivate an overarching awareness of what is to be valued and lived for. LO 4.6 Explain how the teaching of the Law to adolescent Aborigines represents socialization for cultural beliefs.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Socialization Skill: Understand the concepts Learning Objective: 4.6 Explain how the teaching of the Law to the adolescent Aborigines represents socialization for cultural beliefs.

EOC 4.9 9. The cultural beliefs expressed in the Law taught to the Aborigines are ___________. a) collectivistic b) domineering Consider this: Socialization among the Aborigines is narrow. LO 4.6 Explain how the teaching of the Law to the adolescent Aborigines represents socialization for cultural beliefs. c) individualistic Consider this: Socialization among the Aborigines is narrow. LO 4.6 Explain how the teaching of the Law to the adolescent Aborigines represents socialization for cultural beliefs. d) permissive Consider this: Socialization among the Aborigines is narrow. LO 4.6 Explain how the teaching of the Law to the adolescent Aborigines represents socialization for cultural beliefs.

Answer: a 295 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Difficulty: Easy Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Socialization Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 4.6 Explain how the teaching of the Law to the adolescent Aborigines represents socialization for cultural beliefs.

EOC_Q4.10 10. From the 1920s to the 1980s, women in the famous Middletown studies reported a dramatic shift in child-rearing beliefs that emphasized broad socialization values and minimized narrow socialization values. Which of the following pairs of beliefs reflect this shift? a) Increased value of independence; decreased value of obedience b) Increased value of obedience; decreased value of independence Consider This: Remember that broad and narrow socialization values emphasize the cultivation of the independent and interdependent self, respectively. LO 4.7 Summarize the change in values shown in the two Middletown studies. c) Increased value of loyalty to church; decreased value of good manners Consider This: Remember that broad and narrow socialization values emphasize the cultivation of the independent and interdependent self, respectively. LO 4.7 Summarize the change in values shown in the two Middletown studies. d) Increased value of good manners; decreased value of loyalty to church Consider This: Remember that broad and narrow socialization values emphasize the cultivation of the independent and interdependent self, respectively. LO 4.7 Summarize the change in values shown in the two Middletown studies.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Socialization Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 4.7 Summarize the change in values shown in the two Middletown studies.

EOC_Q4.11 11. The Chinese custom that adolescents should not question their teachers, and the underlying belief in respect for authority, is an example of a ________________. a) custom complex b) gender role Consider This: Think about how a common practice, such as adolescent dating, can greatly vary in terms of its acceptance depending on the cultural beliefs surrounding that

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practice. LO 4.8 Define custom complex and give your own example of how it operates in adolescence. c) socialization practice Consider This: Think about how a common practice, such as adolescent dating, can greatly vary in terms of its acceptance depending on the cultural beliefs surrounding that practice. LO 4.8 Define custom complex and give your own example of how it operates in adolescence. d) symbolic inheritance Consider This: Think about how a common practice, such as adolescent dating, can greatly vary in terms of its acceptance depending on the cultural beliefs surrounding that practice. LO 4.8 Define custom complex and give your own example of how it operates in adolescence.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Cultural Beliefs in Adolescence Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 4.8 Define custom complex and give your own example of how it operates in adolescence.

EOC_Q4.12 12. When adolescents immigrate to a different culture, which of the following best describes what they experience? a) Minority adolescents are exposed to a kind of socialization within the family that is different from the socialization they experience outside of their family. b) Minority adolescents will experience consistent socialization within their family and outside their family.

Consider This: Think about how acculturation into the majority culture can influence changes in values as a result of daily exposure to socialization influences outside the family. LO 4.9 Describe the main variations in cultural beliefs among American immigrant groups. c) Minority adolescents are successful at resisting any outside influences and only experience socialization from their family unit.

Consider This: Think about how acculturation into the majority culture can influence changes in values as a result of daily exposure to socialization influences outside the family. LO 4.9 Describe the main variations in cultural beliefs among American immigrant groups. d) Most minority adolescent migrants will migrate to countries that have identical socialization pressures in the family and outside the family.

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Consider This: Think about how acculturation into the majority culture can influence changes in values as a result of daily exposure to socialization influences outside the family. LO 4.9 Describe the main variations in cultural beliefs among American immigrant groups.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Cultural Beliefs in Adolescence Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 4.9 Describe the main variations in cultural beliefs among American immigrant groups.

EOC_Q4.13 13. Although American adolescents tend to be more religious than adolescents in other developed countries, their religious beliefs do not follow a traditional doctrine and are more generalized. This general set of beliefs is called Moralistic Therapeutic Deism and includes which of the following features? a) Believing that the central goal of life is to be happy and to feel good about oneself b) Praying once a week Consider This: Although all of the answer choices reflect common religious behaviors reported by American adolescents, think more broadly about the kinds of overarching religious beliefs that American adolescents report endorsing. LO 4.10 Specify the features of American adolescents’ religious beliefs and practices, including Moralistic Therapeutic Deism. c) Attending religious services twice a month Consider This: Although all of the answer choices reflect common religious behaviors reported by American adolescents, think more broadly about the kinds of overarching religious beliefs that American adolescents report endorsing. LO 4.10 Specify the features of American adolescents’ religious beliefs and practices, including Moralistic Therapeutic Deism. d) Being involved in a youth group Consider This: Although all of the answer choices reflect common religious behaviors reported by American adolescents, think more broadly about the kinds of overarching religious beliefs that American adolescents report endorsing. LO 4.10 Specify the features of American adolescents’ religious beliefs and practices, including Moralistic Therapeutic Deism.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Religious Beliefs Skill: Remember the Facts 298 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning Objective: 4.10 Specify the features of American adolescents’ religious beliefs and practices, including Moralistic Therapeutic Deism.

EOC_Q4.14 14. When is religiosity generally at its lowest across the lifespan? a) Emerging adulthood b) Adolescence Consider this: When do individuals question their beliefs the most? LO 4.11 Summarize the similarities and differences between American adolescents and emerging adults in their religious beliefs and practices. c) Middle adulthood Consider This: When do individuals question their beliefs the most? LO 4.11 Summarize the similarities and differences between American adolescents and emerging adults in their religious beliefs and practices. d) Late adulthood Consider This: When do individuals question their beliefs the most? LO 4.11 Summarize the similarities and differences between American adolescents and emerging adults in their religious beliefs and practices.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Religious Beliefs Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 4.11 Summarize the similarities and differences between American adolescents and emerging adults in their religious beliefs and practices.

EOC_Q4.16 16. Kohlberg conducted 20 years of follow-up research on his participants’ moral reasoning development. Which of the following was one of the key findings of this longitudinal research? a) Stages of moral reasoning tended to increase with age. b) Participants were found to skip a stage of moral reasoning.

Consider This: Think about how Kohlberg viewed moral development as based on cognitive development, such that moral thinking changes in predictable ways as cognitive abilities develop. LO 4.12 Describe Kohlberg’s cognitive-developmental levels of moral reasoning, and two important critiques of his theory. c) Ninety percent of participants reached the stage of postconventional reasoning.

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Consider This: Think about how Kohlberg viewed moral development as based on cognitive development, such that moral thinking changes in predictable ways as cognitive abilities develop. LO 4.12 Describe Kohlberg’s cognitive-developmental levels of moral reasoning, and two important critiques of his theory. d) Participants were found to regress in their stage of moral reasoning over time.

Consider This: Think about how Kohlberg viewed moral development as based on cognitive development, such that moral thinking changes in predictable ways as cognitive abilities develop. LO 4.12 Describe Kohlberg’s cognitive-developmental levels of moral reasoning, and two important critiques of his theory.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Moral Development Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 4.12 Describe Kohlberg’s cognitive-developmental levels of moral reasoning, and two important critiques of his theory.

EOC_Q4.17 17. Shweder challenged Kohlberg’s assumptions for his classification system of moral reasoning development. His research provided evidence that moral reasoning is not a simple reflection of a person's level of cognitive development. Rather, moral reasoning is rooted in _________________. a) cultural beliefs b) brain development Consider This: Think about how Shweder argued that Kohlberg’s system of moral reasoning was biased toward an individualistic, Western perspective. LO 4.13 Describe the worldviews theory of moral development, including the three ethics and the culturaldevelopmental template model. c) socioeconomic status Consider This: Think about how Shweder argued that Kohlberg’s system of moral reasoning was biased toward an individualistic, Western perspective. LO 4.13 Describe the worldviews theory of moral development, including the three ethics and the culturaldevelopmental template model. d) gender roles Consider This: Think about how Shweder argued that Kohlberg’s system of moral reasoning was biased toward an individualistic, Western perspective. LO 4.13 Describe the worldviews theory of moral development, including the three ethics and the culturaldevelopmental template model.

Answer: a 300 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Moral Development Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 4.13 Describe the worldviews theory of moral development, including the three ethics and the cultural-developmental template model.

EOC_Q4.18 18. Jill’s friend Amy wants Jill to accompany her to the hospital to have an abortion, and Jill is trying to decide the right thing to do. Jill wants to support Amy through this difficult time, but Jill decides she cannot accompany Amy because of her religious beliefs. Jill’s decision is guided by the Ethic of _____________. a) Divinity b) Community Consider This: Remember that a worldview is a set of cultural beliefs that explain what it means to be human, how human relations should be conducted, and how human problems should be addressed. LO 4.13 Describe the worldviews theory of moral development, including the three ethics and the cultural-developmental template model. c) Collectivism Consider This: Remember that a worldview is a set of cultural beliefs that explain what it means to be human, how human relations should be conducted, and how human problems should be addressed. LO 4.13 Describe the worldviews theory of moral development, including the three ethics and the cultural-developmental template model. d) Autonomy Consider This: Remember that a worldview is a set of cultural beliefs that explain what it means to be human, how human relations should be conducted, and how human problems should be addressed. LO 4.13 Describe the worldviews theory of moral development, including the three ethics and the cultural-developmental template model.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Cultural Beliefs and Moral Development Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 4.13 Describe the worldviews theory of moral development, including the three ethics and the cultural-developmental template model.

EOC_Q4.19 19. Political belief development most closely reflects ___________ development. a) cognitive b) social 301 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Consider this: What underlying system must develop for thoughts and beliefs to occur? LO 4.15 Describe how cognitive changes in adolescence result in changes in political beliefs. c) emotional Consider this: What underlying system must develop for thoughts and beliefs to occur? LO 4.15 Describe how cognitive changes in adolescence result in changes in political beliefs. d) physical Consider this: What underlying system must develop for thoughts and beliefs to occur? LO 4.15 Describe how cognitive changes in adolescence result in changes in political beliefs.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Political Beliefs Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 4.15 Describe how cognitive changes in adolescence result in changes in political beliefs.

EOC_Q4.20 20. Emerging adults are likely to be involved in organizations working toward change in a specific area, including political movements. Which of the following reflects a developmental perspective for why emerging adults are likely to be involved in political movements? a) Emerging adults are engaging in identity explorations to find an ideological framework for explaining the world. b) Emerging adults are trying to establish more of an equal relationship with their parents.

Consider This: Although all of the answer choices reflect key markers that define the transition to adulthood, think about which one best reflects the developmental change occurring during emerging adulthood that is associated with people investigating what their beliefs and values are. LO 4.16 Explain, from a developmental perspective, why emerging adults are so likely to become involved in political movements. c) Emerging adults are trying to engage in more independent decision making.

Consider This: Although all of the answer choices reflect key markers that define the transition to adulthood, think about which one best reflects the developmental change occurring during emerging adulthood that is associated with people investigating what their beliefs and values are. LO 4.16 Explain, from a developmental perspective, why emerging adults are so likely to become involved in political movements. d) Emerging adults are trying to gain financial independence from their parents.

Consider This: Although all of the answer choices reflect key markers that define the transition to adulthood, think about which one best reflects the developmental change 302 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

occurring during emerging adulthood that is associated with people investigating what their beliefs and values are. LO 4.16 Explain, from a developmental perspective, why emerging adults are so likely to become involved in political movements.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Political Beliefs Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 4.16 Explain, from a developmental perspective, why emerging adults are so likely to become involved in political movements.

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TOTAL ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice GUIDE

Chapter 5 Gender

1. The fact that Laniya will eventually grow breasts defines her __________ development, while the fact that Laniya is more likely than a male to have a negative body image refers to her __________ development. a. gender; sexual b. sexual; gender Topic c. gender; gender Remember Understand Apply What Analyze It the Facts the Concepts You Know d. sexual; sexual Adolescents Multiple Choice 2, 3, 8, 9, 12, 6, 7, 11, 131, 10, 16, 19 4, 5, 25 Answer: b and Gender in 18, sex, 23, 24 20-22socialization.

LO: 5.1 Define the following terms: gender,15, and17, gender Traditional True/False 91, 94-96 92, 93 Topic: Adolescents and Gender in Traditional Cultures Cultures Difficulty: Moderate Short Essay 110 109 Skill: Apply What You Know Adolescents Multiplekey Choice 28, principles, 33, 35 26, 27, 29, 30, themes 31 APA LO: 1.1 Describe concepts, and overarching in psychology. and Gender in 32, 35, 36-38 American True/False 97, 98 History 2. The process through which cultures communicate gender expectations to children and Short Essay adolescents is called _____________.

Socialization Multiple Choice 42, 44, 45, 39-41, 46, 47, 43, 56 48 a. gender roles and Gender in 50, 52, 53, 49, 51, 54, 55 b. gender socialization the West 57 c. sex identification True/False 99 101-105 d. sex intent Short Essay 111, 112 108 Answer: b Gender: Choice 64 sex, gender,58, 63, 65, 60, 62, 66, 61 LO: 5.1 DefineMultiple the following terms: and59, gender socialization.

Problems 67-69 70, 71 Topic:and Adolescents and Gender in Traditional Cultures Stereotypes 99 103-105 Difficulty: EasyTrue/False Skill: Remember theEssay Facts Short 111, 112 108 APAthe LO: 1.1 Describe concepts, and overarching Beyond Multiplekey Choice 79, principles, 82, 86, 72, 73, 75, 77, themes 74, 78 in psychology.

76

Binary

90

80, 81, 83-85, 87-89 3. In your text, the use of the term True/False 106sex refers to the a. theoretical notion of socially constructed identities.

Short Essaypatterns in various societies. b. mate selection c. biological status of being male or female. d. psychological status of being male or female.

Answer: c LO: 5.1 Define the following terms: sex, gender, and gender socialization.

Topic: Adolescents and Gender in Traditional Cultures Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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4. Victor is an adolescent growing up in a traditional culture. Which of the following best expresses the changes Victor has experienced since childhood? a. Victor spends a lot of time with his mother helping with household chores and raising his siblings now that he is an adolescent. b. Victor spends a great deal of time with his siblings making sure they are safe. c. Victor sometimes works with his father, but much of his time is spent with peers. d. Victor is taken care of by his grandmother and has few responsibilities to his family and household.

Answer: c LO: 5.2 Summarize the gender roles of adolescent girls in traditional cultures, including how gender expectations change from middle childhood to adolescence.

Topic: Adolescents and Gender in Traditional Cultures Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

5. Victoria is an adolescent growing up in a traditional culture. Which of the following best expresses the changes Victoria has experienced since middle childhood? a. Victoria spends a lot of time with her mother helping with household chores and raising her siblings now that she is an adolescent. b. Victoria spends a great deal of time with her peers playing music and games. c. Victoria sometimes works with her father. d. Victoria is taken care of by her grandmother and has few responsibilities to her family and household.

Answer: a LO: 5.2 Summarize the gender roles of adolescent girls in traditional cultures, including how gender expectations change from middle childhood to adolescence.

Topic: Adolescents and Gender in Traditional Cultures Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

6. During adolescence in traditional cultures, the world __________ for boys and __________ for girls. a. expands; contracts b. expands; expands c. contracts; expands d. contracts; contracts Answer: a LO: 5.2 Summarize the gender roles of adolescent girls in traditional cultures, including how gender expectations change from middle childhood to adolescence.

Topic: Adolescents and Gender in Traditional Cultures Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts 305 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

7. In cultures where socialization would be considered narrow, it tends to be the narrowest of all with regard to ______________. a. vocational choices b. gender expectations c. socioeconomic mobility d. development of political positions Answer: b LO: 5.2 Summarize the gender roles of adolescent girls in traditional cultures, including how gender expectations change from middle childhood to adolescence.

Topic: Adolescents and Gender in Traditional Cultures Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

8. Which statement best reflects adolescents' family relationships in traditional cultures? a. Boys have more contact with their mothers than do girls. b. Boys have more contact with peers than do girls. c. Girls have more contact with peers than do boys. d. Girls have more contact with their fathers than do boys.

Answer: b LO: 5.2 Summarize the gender roles of adolescent girls in traditional cultures, including how gender expectations change from middle childhood to adolescence.

Topic: Adolescents and Gender in Traditional Cultures Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

9. Which of the following is most true of adolescent relationships in traditional cultures?

Boys and girls ___________. a. live very different lives and spend little time together b. spend a great deal of time working together c. spend most of their time with friends and at school d. spend very little time with their immediate family Answer: a LO: 5.2 Summarize the gender roles of adolescent girls in traditional cultures, including how gender expectations change from middle childhood to adolescence.

Topic: Adolescents and Gender in Traditional Cultures Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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10. Brittany is eight years old. Her daily activities include helping her mother make meals, running the household, and looking after her baby brother. Most likely, Brittany lives in a(n) ___________. a. traditional culture b. urban Westernized area c. large single-family household d. industrialized European nation Answer: a LO: 5.2 Summarize the gender roles of adolescent girls in traditional cultures, including how gender expectations change from middle childhood to adolescence.

Topic: Adolescents and Gender in Traditional Cultures Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

11. Which of the following tasks best reflects the socialization of adolescent girls in traditional cultures? Preparation for ___________ a. leaving the family home b. entering the workplace c. establishing peer relationships d. marriage and gender-specific adult roles Answer: d LO: 5.2 Summarize the gender roles of adolescent girls in traditional cultures, including how gender expectations change from middle childhood to adolescence.

Topic: Adolescents and Gender in Traditional Cultures Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

12. Chinas (1991) studied adolescent girls and women in a traditional village in ________. a. Canada b. Columbia c. Japan d. Mexico Answer: d LO: 5.2 Summarize the gender roles of adolescent girls in traditional cultures, including how gender expectations change from middle childhood to adolescence.

Topic: Adolescents and Gender in Traditional Cultures Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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13. Cross-cultural analyses have shown that in traditional cultures a boy is considered a man when he is able to __________. a. divide and conquer b. clothe and feed himself c. work, war, and wager d. provide, protect, and procreate Answer: d LO: 5.3 Describe the three requirements of manhood for adolescent boys in traditional cultures.

Topic: Adolescents and Gender in Traditional Cultures Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

14. The idea that attaining manhood is considered a difficult achievement is best reflected by ____________. a. a large population of males who do not conform to traditional ways b. many cultures having a special word meaning "failed man” c. a large proportion of matriarchal societies d. many cultures having a distinct name for adolescent males Answer: b LO: 5.3 Describe the three requirements of manhood for adolescent boys in traditional cultures.

Topic: Adolescents and Gender in Traditional Cultures Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

15. Which of the following most accurately represents manhood requirements in traditional cultures? a. acquiring useful skills and developing character qualities b. discovering new ideas through formal education c. learning how to raise a family by working alongside female family members d. separating from home and village ties Answer: a LO: 5.3 Describe the three requirements of manhood for adolescent boys in traditional cultures.

Topic: Adolescents and Gender in Traditional Cultures Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

16. Petro is a young man being raised in a traditional culture. He will be expected to learn 308 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

how to serve many functions associated with manhood as he grows into adulthood. One of those functions, the ability to ________, is associated with the character qualities of diligence and stamina. a. pragmatize b. procreate c. protect d. provide Answer: d LO: 5.3 Describe the three requirements of manhood for adolescent boys in traditional cultures.

Topic: Adolescents and Gender in Traditional Cultures Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

17. Which of the following would NOT be considered a significant risk associated with the performance of female circumcision? a. an increase in infertility rates b. a great deal of bleeding c. chronic pain during menstruation or urination d. heightened risk of urinary infections Answer: a LO: 5.3 Describe the three requirements of manhood for adolescent boys in traditional cultures.

Topic: Adolescents and Gender in Traditional Cultures Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

18. Gilmore (1990) studied the Mehinaku people who live in the remote Brazilian rain forest. The Mehinaku culture has been affected very little by __________. a. research procedures b. gender expectations c. village traditions d. globalization Answer: d LO: 5.3 Describe the three requirements of manhood for adolescent boys in traditional cultures.

Topic: Adolescents and Gender in Traditional Cultures Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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19. Kedrick is a 12-year-old member of Mehinaku society. He is often sick and stays at home to help his mother rather than fishing with his father and practicing wrestling.

Kedrick is likely to be a. ridiculed and called names like "little girl." b. married earlier than most of his peers. c. considered a tribal religious leader when he reaches manhood. d. more desirable to the women in his village.

Answer: a LO: 5.3 Describe the three requirements of manhood for adolescent boys in traditional cultures.

Topic: Adolescents and Gender in Traditional Cultures Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

20. In your text, which of the following is put forth as a function of female circumcision? a. It is a form of male control over female sexuality. b. It is a traditional method of practicing hygiene. c. It provides equality with males who are also circumcised. d. It shows females' ability to endure pain.

Answer: a LO: 5.3 Describe the three requirements of manhood for adolescent boys in traditional cultures.

Topic: Adolescents and Gender in Traditional Cultures Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

21. The use of derogatory names for men who prefer the company of women illustrates ___________. a. pressure to conform to culturally prescribed gender norms b. a subordinate role of men in matriarchal societies c. the absence of passionate manhood d. instrumental traits of males Answer: a LO: 5.3 Describe the three requirements of manhood for adolescent boys in traditional cultures.

Topic: Adolescents and Gender in Traditional Cultures Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

22. In your text, the idea is raised that opportunities for girls will increase with ________.

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a. increased globalization b. an equal decrease in globalization c. a return to traditional cultural values d. an increased female population in the West Answer: a LO: 5.4 Explain how and why gender roles are changing in developing countries due to globalization.

Topic: Adolescents and Gender in Traditional Cultures Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

23. Increased emphasis on gender roles in adolescence is characteristic of __________. a. traditional cultures only b. cultures affected by globalization c. industrialized cultures more so than traditional cultures d. both traditional and industrialized cultures Answer: d LO: 5.4 Explain how and why gender roles are changing in developing countries due to globalization.

Topic: Adolescents and Gender in Traditional Cultures Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

24. In the Mayan community, what did attending high school do to adolescents’ views of gender? a. They stuck to a very traditional understanding of gender roles. b. They had a much less traditional view of gender roles. c. They tended to reverse the traditional gender roles completely. d. There was no change based solely on attending high school.

Answer: b LO: 5.4 Explain how and why gender roles are changing in developing countries due to globalization.

Topic: Adolescents and Gender in Traditional Cultures Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

25. In the Mayan community, adolescents who attended high school saw a much less traditional breakdown of gender roles. According to your text, what led to this change in adolescents’ view of gender roles? a. Because they were enrolled in school the two genders got to spend much more time 311 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

together and girls had more opportunity to express themselves. b. Teachings in the high school about gender roles were less traditional. c. The teachers at the high school demonstrated much less traditional roles to the students. d. Exposure to textbooks that introduced less traditional gender roles opened the door to a new understanding of gender.

Answer: a LO: 5.4 Explain how and why gender roles are changing in developing countries due to globalization.

Topic: Adolescents and Gender in Traditional Cultures Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

26. Which of the following was MOST likely to be the adult role of a young middle-class woman in 18th and 19th century America? a. wife and mother b. teacher or nurse c. nun or telephone operator d. hostess or waitress Answer: a LO: 5.5 Explain how gender expectations for adolescent girls through American history both supported and restricted them more than adolescent girls today.

Topic: Adolescents and Gender in American History Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

27. Eunice is 13 years old and lives with her family in 1861. She is about to begin puberty, but her parents have avoided educating her about menarche. They have withheld this information because they believe that girls a. should be seen and not heard. b. need more access to higher education. c. have limited intellectual capacity to understand biology. d. should remain innocent from sexual knowledge.

Answer: d LO: 5.5 Explain how gender expectations for adolescent girls through American history both supported and restricted them more than adolescent girls today.

Topic: Adolescents and Gender in American History Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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28. Historically, American girls were socially constricted in terms of employment, sexuality, and __________. a. language development b. health care c. family relationships d. physical appearance Answer: d LO: 5.5 Explain how gender expectations for adolescent girls through American history both supported and restricted them more than adolescent girls today.

Topic: Adolescents and Gender in American History Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

29. Historically, service organizations such as the YWCA provided a "protective umbrella" for the nurturing of adolescent girls. The focus of activities was mainly on __________. a. physical appearance and deportment b. building relationships, serving the community, and developing character qualities c. marriage preparation and health education d. social adjustment and conflict resolution Answer: b LO: 5.5 Explain how gender expectations for adolescent girls through American history both supported and restricted them more than adolescent girls today.

Topic: Adolescents and Gender in American History Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

30. Brumberg (1997) argues that although today's adolescent girls are less constricted than their historical counterparts, they are also a. more likely to suffer from emotional problems. b. less integrated into the lives of adult women outside their families. c. more integrated into the lives of adult women outside their families. d. overwhelmed by the pressure of having too many vocational choices.

Answer: b LO: 5.5 Explain how gender expectations for adolescent girls through American history both supported and restricted them more than adolescent girls today.

Topic: Adolescents and Gender in American History Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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31. Gerald is a young man who is preparing to become the head of his future household.

Like most of his peers, Gerald believes it is more important to contribute to community and family than to pursue personal goals of wealth and success. The year is most likely a. 1547. b. 1776. c. 1969. d. 1999.

Answer: b LO: 5.6 Describe how views of the values of self-control and self-expression in men changed in the course of American history.

Topic: Adolescents and Gender in American History Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

32. In colonial America in the 17th and 18th centuries, preparations for manhood most closely resembled those in __________. a. present-day America b. traditional cultures c. 19th-century America d. the era of self-made manhood Answer: b LO: 5.6 Describe how views of the values of self-control and self-expression in men changed in the course of American history.

Topic: Adolescents and Gender in American History Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

33. In America, the concept of self-made manhood is associated with what century? a. 17th b. 18th c. 19th d. 20th Answer: c LO: 5.6 Describe how views of the values of self-control and self-expression in men changed in the course of American history.

Topic: Adolescents and Gender in American History Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

34. The year is 1865, and Jan is a member of a popular volunteer youth organization. The 314 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

organization stresses the importance of service to others, belief in God, and developing self-control. Sometimes during meetings, the group engages in competitive sports, and occasionally has rowdy celebrations under the leadership of their 19-year-old president. Jan is most likely ___________. a. female b. male c. from a rural area d. from a wealthy family Answer: b LO: 5.6 Describe how views of the values of self-control and self-expression in men changed in the course of American history.

Topic: Adolescents and Gender in American History Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

35. Individualism is most closely associated with __________ manhood. a. traditional b. communal c. passionate d. diminishing Answer: c LO: 5.6 Describe how views of the values of self-control and self-expression in men changed in the course of American history.

Topic: Adolescents and Gender in American History Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

36. During the 20th century, what paramount virtues became critical for adolescent boys to learn in the course of becoming a man? a. self-control and self-denial b. self-service and self-sacrifice c. self-expression and self-enjoyment d. self-indulgence and self-control Answer: c LO: 5.6 Describe how views of the values of self-control and self-expression in men changed in the course of American history.

Topic: Adolescents and Gender in American History Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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37. Today, American adolescents are entering an adult world in which traditional gender beliefs are ____________. a. stronger than in the past b. virtually nonexistent c. more egalitarian than in the past d. reversed relative to previous attitudes Answer: c LO: 5.7 Summarize the changes in beliefs about gender in American society since the 1970s.

Topic: Adolescents and Gender in American History Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

38. Research shows that approximately ________ of Americans have beliefs about gender roles consistent with those in traditional cultures. a. one-half b. one-quarter or less c. one-third d. three-quarters Answer: b LO: 5.7 Summarize the changes in beliefs about gender in American society since the 1970’s.

Topic: Adolescents and Gender in American History Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

39. Hill and Lynch (1991) argue that the increase in the intensity of gender socialization at adolescence is __________. a. the same for boys and girls b. greater for boys than for girls c. greater for girls than for boys d. dependent upon socioeconomic status Answer: c LO: 5.8 Describe how gender socialization changes from middle childhood to adolescence.

Topic: Socialization and Gender in the West Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

40. Which of the following best reflects the socialization patterns of boys and girls in Western culture? a. Boys are more self-conscious about their appearance and take more interest in 316 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

forming intimate friendships. b. Girls and boys are equally self-conscious about their appearance and forming intimate friendships. c. Girls are more self-conscious about their appearance and take more interest in forming intimate friendships. d. Boys are less self-conscious about their appearance and take more interest in forming intimate friendships.

Answer: c LO: 5.8 Describe how gender socialization changes from middle childhood to adolescence.

Topic: Socialization and Gender in the West Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

41. Which of the following age groups are more likely to describe both themselves and others in terms of stereotypically masculine and feminine traits? a. children b. adolescents c. emerging adults d. adults Answer: b LO: 5.8 Describe how gender socialization changes from middle childhood to adolescence.

Topic: Socialization and Gender in the West Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

42. Which of the following best defines differential gender socialization? a. Gender expectations differ across cultures within developed and developing countries. b. Boys and girls are socialized according to different gender expectations. c. Gender intensification decreases with age in non-Westernized cultures. d. Boys are more likely than girls to conform to gender expectations.

Answer: b LO: 5.9 Describe the evidence for differential gender socialization in the family, with peers, and in school.

Topic: Socialization and Gender in the West Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

43. Daryl, a thirteen-year-old boy, takes jazz dancing lessons and wants to be a fashion designer. According to research, he is likely to experience __________.

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a. some peer ridicule and be less popular b. academic difficulties c. peer acceptance and popularity d. late maturation Answer: a LO: 5.9 Describe the evidence for differential gender socialization in the family, with peers, and in school.

Topic: Socialization and Gender in the West Difficulty: Difficulty Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

44. The research finding that 90 percent of infants observed at an American shopping mall were wearing gender-specific clothing provides support for __________. a. differential gender socialization b. the gender intensification hypothesis c. gender stereotypes d. self-socialization Answer: a LO: 5.9 Describe the evidence for differential gender socialization in the family, with peers, and in school.

Topic: Socialization and Gender in the West Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

45. Differential gender socialization becomes more pronounced during __________. a. adulthood b. adolescence c. middle childhood d. early childhood Answer: b LO: 5.9 Describe the evidence for differential gender socialization in the family, with peers, and in school.

Topic: Socialization and Gender in the West Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

46. Carmela encourages her daughter to "express" her feelings, while she advises her son to "forget about" his hurt feelings over an argument with his friend. Most likely, Carmela's behaviors result from ___________.

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a. favoritism toward her daughter b. intentions to treat her children differently c. beliefs arising from her own gender socialization d. ignorance of inherent differences between boys and girls Answer: c LO: 5.9 Describe the evidence for differential gender socialization in the family, with peers, and in school.

Topic: Socialization and Gender in the West Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

47. In a study by Jackson and colleagues (2014), which of the following directions of bias were found to be the most salient? a. male faculty members' biases against female students b. male faculty members' biases against male students c. female faculty members' biases against female students d. female faculty members' biases against male students Answer: a LO: 5.9 Describe the evidence for differential gender socialization in the family, with peers, and in school.

Topic: Socialization and Gender in the West Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

48. Alex finds enjoyment in after-school activities that include playing soccer, showing off on the latest video game, gossiping with friends, or playing with dolls. Alex isn't concerned about whether after-school activities are "boy" things or "girl" things. Alex is most likely a ___________. a. 5-year-old boy b. 9-year-old girl c. 12-year-old boy d. 16-year-old girl Answer: b LO: 5.9 Describe the evidence for differential gender socialization in the family, with peers, and in school.

Topic: Socialization and Gender in the West Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

49. Which of the following is NOT a typical article topic in magazines targeted to adolescent 319 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

girls? a. fashion and beauty b. health c. weight reduction/control d. professional careers Answer: d LO: 5.10 Summarize how adolescent girls respond to gender socialization in social media.

Topic: Socialization and Gender in the West Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

50. According to research, the percentage of teen magazines devoted to advertising is nearly __________. a. one-quarter b. one-third c. one-half d. two-thirds Answer: c LO: 5.10 Summarize how adolescent girls respond to gender socialization in social media.

Topic: Socialization and Gender in the West Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

51. Unrealistic beauty ideals in magazines likely contribute to adolescent girls' _________. a. increased self-confidence b. negative body image c. early maturation d. late maturation Answer: b LO: 5.10 Summarize how adolescent girls respond to gender socialization in social media.

Topic: Socialization and Gender in the West Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

52. A __________ is a gender-based cognitive structure for organizing and processing information. a. gender heuristic b. gender prototype c. gender schema d. gender role 320 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Answer: c LO: 5.11 Describe how gender schema theory and social identity theory explain gender differences.

Topic: Socialization and Gender in the West Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

53. Gender schema theory states that __________. a. gender helps us organize the people in our world b. gender is one of our most important schemas from early childhood onward c. gender is fluid and cannot be fixed into categories d. when we understand gender, we can use it to categorize gender roles Answer: b LO: 5.11 Describe how gender schema theory and social identity theory explain gender differences.

Topic: Socialization and Gender in the West Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

54. Horatio has just mastered gender identity and identifies himself as a boy. It is likely that Horatio is __________ year(s) old. a. one b. three c. five d. seven Answer: b LO: 5.11 Describe how gender schema theory and social identity theory explain gender differences.

Topic: Socialization and Gender in the West Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

55. Of the following groups, who enforces gender conformity most strongly? a. adolescent boys b. adolescent girls c. both boys and girls enforce conformity equally d. adult women Answer: a LO: 5.11 Describe how gender schema theory and social identity theory explain gender differences.

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Topic: Socialization and Gender in the West Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

56. Bonnie is in kindergarten. She tells her mom, "I don't want to go to the hockey game— that's for stinky boys!" This scenario best illustrates ___________. a. media control b. parental influence c. self-socialization d. social identity theory Answer: c LO: 5.11 Describe how gender schema theory and social identity theory explain gender differences.

Topic: Socialization and Gender in the West Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

57. __________ is a theory that hypothesizes that identifying with a social group leads to biases in favor of one’s own group. a. Social identity theory b. Self-socialization theory c. Gender identity theory d. Gender schema theory Answer: a LO: 5.11 Describe how gender schema theory and social identity theory explain gender differences.

Topic: Socialization and Gender in the West Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

58. Boys are found to be more aggressive than girls due to ____________ factors. a. strictly biological b. simply socialization c. a combination of biological and socialization d. a combination of media and environmental Answer: c LO: 5.12 Contrast adolescent boys and girls in the major problem that results from their gender socialization.

Topic: Gender: Problems and Stereotypes Difficulty: Moderate 322 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

59. According to the text, for adolescent girls, gender role socialization is most problematic with regard to __________. a. submissiveness b. body image c. early sexuality d. social cognition Answer: b LO: 5.12 Contrast adolescent boys and girls in the major problem that results from their gender socialization.

Topic: Gender: Problems and Stereotypes Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

60. Jake plays defensive tackle on his high school football team and is an aggressive player on the field. According to research, which of the following is most likely to be TRUE? Jake is __________. a. unpopular with peers b. popular with peers c. academically gifted d. a late-maturer Answer: b LO: 5.12 Contrast adolescent boys and girls in the major problem that results from their gender socialization.

Topic: Gender: Problems and Stereotypes Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

61. Insults that ridicule a boy’s manhood provide evidence of __________. a. a parallel between Western and traditional cultures b. underlying violence in patriarchal societies c. the effects of the women's movement d. self-made manhood Answer: a LO: 5.12 Contrast adolescent boys and girls in the major problem that results from their gender socialization.

Topic: Gender: Problems and Stereotypes Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It 323 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

62. Jonathan sometimes starts physical fights with his friends and often shouts insults at other neighborhood kids. When his mother asks him what was wrong, he replies that he "is just acting normal—it's cool to be tough." According to research, Jonathan has a good chance of __________. a. doing well in business as an adult b. marrying at a young age c. being abused by his parents d. engaging in other problem behaviors Answer: d LO: 5.12 Contrast adolescent boys and girls in the major problem that results from their gender socialization.

Topic: Gender: Problems and Stereotypes Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

63. According to your text, masculine and feminine stereotypes are one aspect of __________. a. adolescent egocentrism b. cultural norms c. social cognition d. gender schemas Answer: d LO: 5.13 Explain why gender stereotypes persist despite limited evidence for their validity.

Topic: Gender: Problems and Stereotypes Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

64. A __________ occurs when people believe others possess certain characteristics simply as a result of being a member of a particular group. a. prototype b. schema c. role d. stereotype Answer: d LO: 5.13 Explain why gender stereotypes persist despite limited evidence for their validity.

Topic: Gender: Problems and Stereotypes Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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65. A classic study by Goldberg, in which women asked to evaluate the quality of several articles written by professionals in the field, found that the women __________. a. rated articles equally no matter who was the author b. rated articles written by women more highly c. rated articles written by men more highly d. rated articles more highly if they were written about the STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) fields Answer: c LO: 5.13 Explain why gender stereotypes persist despite limited evidence for their validity.

Topic: Gender: Problems and Stereotypes Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

66. You have a friend who is 6’10” tall, another who is 4’10”, and several who are somewhere between 5 and 6 feet tall. This scenario reflects the concept of __________. a. meta-analysis b. normal distribution c. effect size d. instrumental traits Answer: b LO: 5.13 Explain why gender stereotypes persist despite limited evidence for their validity.

Topic: Gender: Problems and Stereotypes Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

67. In terms of gender differences in adolescence and emerging adulthood, which of the following is the most accurate? For most characteristics, there is ______________ between genders. a. more difference than similarity b. no significant difference c. more similarity than difference d. limited means of determining differences Answer: c LO: 5.13 Explain why gender stereotypes persist despite limited evidence for their validity.

Topic: Gender: Problems and Stereotypes Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

68. Gender differences may be exaggerated because __________.

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a. b. c. d.

our gender schemas alert us to information that confirms our expectations research is often conducted on people with narrow cultural views globalization is influencing traditional cultures and marginalized populations most people do not understand sociological categories in terms of their own expectations

Answer: a LO: 5.13 Explain why gender stereotypes persist despite limited evidence for their validity.

Topic: Gender: Problems and Stereotypes Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

69. Social roles theory asserts that the social roles for men and women may __________. a. disprove the cognitive developmental theory of gender b. be based in biology c. increases women's chances for employment outside the home d. enhance or suppress certain skills Answer: d LO: 5.13 Explain why gender stereotypes persist despite limited evidence for their validity.

Topic: Gender: Problems and Stereotypes Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

70. Belinda plans to study early childhood development. Her decision was based upon her love of baby-sitting when she was in high school and looking after her young niece on the weekends. Her brother Brad disliked baby-sitting and tried to "get out of it" when it was his turn. Most likely, Belinda __________. a. is naturally a more nurturing person than Brad b. has developed skills and is thus more interested in childcare than Brad c. is considerably older than Brad d. has more career options, but is still more interested in childcare than Brad Answer: b LO: 5.13 Explain why gender stereotypes persist despite limited evidence for their validity.

Topic: Gender: Problems and Stereotypes Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

71. Helen is a researcher interested in gender differences in students' math achievement.

She plans to use the meta-analysis technique because __________. a. it is more accurate than collecting data in schools b. there are very few studies published on this topic 326 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

c. there are many studies published on this topic d. it is more respected than other methodologies Answer: c LO: 5.13 Explain why gender stereotypes persist despite limited evidence for their validity.

Topic: Gender: Problems and Stereotypes Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

72. Which statement most accurately represents the expressive traits ascribed to women?

Women are generally ____________ than men. a. more yielding and sympathetic b. more forceful and analytical c. more willing to take risks d. more self-sufficient Answer: a LO: 5.14 Describe research findings on femininity, masculinity, and androgyny.

Topic: Beyond the Binary Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

73. A cross-cultural study of the qualities of an "ideal man" or "ideal woman" was conducted, and the results showed that for both cases the most important quality was a. being physically attractive. b. having a good sense of humor. c. being kind and honest. d. a high level of intelligence.

Answer: c LO: 5.14 Describe research findings on femininity, masculinity, and androgyny.

Topic: Beyond the Binary Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

74. Eleanor and Jerry are adolescents who both have some masculine traits and some feminine traits. According to research, _________. a. Eleanor is more likely than Jerry to have a positive self-image b. Jerry is more likely than Eleanor to have a positive self-image c. Jerry and Eleanor are likely to be ostracized d. this will have no bearing on self-image Answer: a LO: 5.14 Describe research findings on femininity, masculinity, and androgyny.

327 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Topic: Beyond the Binary Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

75. Peer acceptance is highest among __________. a. androgynous boys and masculine girls b. androgynous girls and masculine boys c. feminine girls and androgynous boys d. masculine girls and feminine boys Answer: b LO: 5.14 Describe research findings on femininity, masculinity, and androgyny.

Topic: Beyond the Binary Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

76. The year is 1958. Norma is applying to different law schools. Which of the following would be accurate advice for Norma, given the year? a. "Norma, your grades are so high you should apply to Harvard Law School." b. "Norma, it's too bad Harvard doesn't grant degrees to women—your grades are so high." c. "Women are not allowed to practice law." d. "It’s easier for women to get into medical school than law school."

Answer: b LO: 5.14 Describe research findings on femininity, masculinity, and androgyny.

Topic: Beyond the Binary Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

77. Which of the following was NOT an event associated with the women's movement? a. The kidnapping of a wealthy publisher opposing women’s rights. b. The National Organization for Women is founded. c. Demonstrations protesting beauty pageants. d. A nationwide strike for women’s rights.

Answer: a LO: 5.14 Describe research findings on femininity, masculinity, and androgyny.

Topic: Beyond the Binary Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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78. Jorge was assigned male at birth but identifies as a female. Jorge is _________. a. cisgender b. transgender c. agender d. bigender Answer: b LO: 5.15 Explain why transgender and nonbinary adolescents and emerging adults are gaining research attention.

Topic: Beyond the Binary Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

79. In the United States, about __________% of adults are transgender, while about __________% of 18- to 24-year-olds identify as transgender. a. 2; 5 b. .6; 2 c. .1; 4 d. 3; 7 Answer: b LO: 5.15 Explain why transgender and nonbinary adolescents and emerging adults are gaining research attention.

Topic: Beyond the Binary Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

80. Which of the following is NOT identified in the text as a notable risk for transgender adolescents and emerging adults? a. physical and verbal aggression b. homelessness and suicide c. dating violence d. academic discrimination Answer: d LO: 5.15 Explain why transgender and nonbinary adolescents and emerging adults are gaining research attention.

Topic: Beyond the Binary Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

81. When discussing the resilience of transgender and nonbinary youth, what factor has 329 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

been shown by research to improve resilience? a. the support of parents b. educational programs at schools teaching about transgender and nonbinary youth c. the support of the medical community d. more political policies supporting transgender and nonbinary youth and adults Answer: a LO: 5.15 Explain why transgender and nonbinary adolescents and emerging adults are gaining research attention.

Topic: Beyond the Binary Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

82. __________ describes how individuals have more than one social identity and that these various identities overlap. a. Intersectionality b. Marianismo c. Self-socialization d. Differential socialization Answer: a LO: 5.16 Explain how the gender roles of African Americans, Asian Americans, and Latinos are rooted in their distinctive cultural histories.

Topic: Beyond the Binary Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

83. Your text mentions the characteristics displayed by African American women that reflect the difficult challenges they have faced historically. Which of the following is NOT one of those characteristics? a. self-reliance b. assertiveness c. confidence d. perseverance Answer: c LO: 5.16 Explain how the gender roles of African Americans, Asian Americans, and Latinos are rooted in their distinctive cultural histories.

Topic: Beyond the Binary Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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84. In 2019, which of the following groups had the highest percentage of men who were unpartnered ? a. Asian Americans b. Latinos c. European Americans d. African Americans Answer: d LO: 5.16 Explain how the gender roles of African Americans, Asian Americans, and Latinos are rooted in their distinctive cultural histories.

Topic: Beyond the Binary Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

85. The Cool Pose is intended to demonstrate all of the following EXCEPT ______. a. strength b. toughness c. sensitivity d. detachment Answer: c LO: 5.16 Explain how the gender roles of African Americans, Asian Americans, and Latinos are rooted in their distinctive cultural histories.

Topic: Beyond the Binary Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

86. What percentage of African American children are born to single mothers? a. 23% b. 39% c. 57% d. 70% Answer: d LO: 5.16 Explain how the gender roles of African Americans, Asian Americans, and Latinos are rooted in their distinctive cultural histories.

Topic: Beyond the Binary Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

87. Which of the following best summarizes the stereotypes assumed for Asian American women ? a. They are seen as aggressive and demanding.

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b. They are seen as submissive and exotic. c. They are seen as exotic and emotional. d. They are seen as highly intelligent but lack personality.

Answer: b LO: 5.16 Explain how the gender roles of African Americans, Asian Americans, and Latinos are rooted in their distinctive cultural histories.

Topic: Beyond the Binary Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

88. Which of the following best summarizes the stereotypes assumed for Asian American men ? a. They are seen as highly intelligent but bad at sports. b. They are seen as aggressive and confident. c. They are seen as weak and permissive. d. They are seen as demanding and as loners.

Answer: a LO: 5.16 Explain how the gender roles of African Americans, Asian Americans, and Latinos are rooted in their distinctive cultural histories.

Topic: Beyond the Binary Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

89. Caring for children, taking care of the home, and providing emotional support for their husband is the general role for _________. a. Latinas b. Asian American women c. African American women d. European American women Answer: a LO: 5.16 Explain how the gender roles of African Americans, Asian Americans, and Latinos are rooted in their distinctive cultural histories.

Topic: Beyond the Binary Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

90. __________ is the belief, common in Catholic cultures, that women should emulate the Virgin Mary by being submissive and self-denying. a. Machismo b. Marianismo 332 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

c. Gender expectations d. Intersectionality Answer: b LO: 5.16 Explain how the gender roles of African Americans, Asian Americans, and Latinos are rooted in their distinctive cultural histories.

Topic: Beyond the Binary Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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True/False 91. Gender implies that differences between boys and girls are due to cultural and social beliefs, influences, and perceptions. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 5.1 Define the following terms: sex, gender, and gender socialization.

Topic: Adolescents and Gender in Traditional Cultures Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

92. In traditional cultures, socialization becomes broader for girls and narrower for boys in adolescence. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 5.2 Summarize the gender roles of adolescent girls in traditional cultures, including how gender expectations change from middle childhood to adolescence.

Topic: Adolescents and Gender in Traditional Cultures Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

93. In traditional cultures, boys are allowed and even expected to gain some sexual experience before marriage. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 5.2 Summarize the gender roles of adolescent girls in traditional cultures, including how gender expectations change from middle childhood to adolescence.

Topic: Adolescents and Gender in Traditional Cultures Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

94. In traditional cultures, an adolescent boy must demonstrate the ability to solve problems, critically think, and provide for his family to be considered a man. a. True b. False Answer: b 334 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

LO: 5.3 Describe the three requirements of manhood for adolescent boys in traditional cultures.

Topic: Adolescents and Gender in Traditional Cultures Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

95. Today, women tend to earn less money than men for similar work. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 5.4 Explain how and why gender roles are changing in developing countries due to globalization.

Topic: Adolescents and Gender in Traditional Cultures Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

96. Research shows that economic development and perceptions of gender roles are NOT strongly related. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 5.4 Explain how and why gender roles are changing in developing countries due to globalization.

Topic: Adolescents and Gender in Traditional Cultures Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

97. The historical belief that intellectual work endangered women's health is an example of a gender difference thought to be a sex difference. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 5.5 Explain how gender expectations for adolescent girls through American history both supported and restricted them more than adolescent girls today.

Topic: Adolescents and Gender in American History Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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98. The results of the General Social Survey have found that there has not been much of a shift in beliefs about gender roles, with only a small number of Americans abandoning traditional beliefs about what men and women should be expected to do. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 5.7 Summarize the changes in beliefs about gender in American society since the 1970s.

Topic: Adolescents and Gender in American History Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

99. Research shows that teachers generally reinforce traditional cultural messages regarding gender. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 5.9 Describe the evidence for differential gender socialization in the family, with peers, and in school.

Topic: Socialization and Gender in the West Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

100. Research shows women in college tend to get more support from both male and female professors, leading to an uptick in the number of women working in STEM fields. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 5.9 Describe the evidence for differential gender socialization in the family, with peers, and in school.

Topic: Socialization and Gender in the West Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

101. According to research, gender roles may temporarily become more flexible during middle childhood. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 5.9 Describe the evidence for differential gender socialization in the family, with peers, and in school.

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Topic: Socialization and Gender in the West Difficulty: Easy Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

102. In teen magazines for girls, articles about career choices are the most common, followed by articles about fashion and beauty. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 5.10 Summarize how adolescent girls respond to general socialization in social media.

Topic: Socialization and Gender in the West Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

103. Adolescents who value aggressive behavior as part of male gender roles are more likely to engage in problem behavior. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 5.12 Contrast adolescent boys and girls in the major problem that results from their gender socialization.

Topic: Gender: Problems and Stereotypes Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

104. The intensified gender socialization in adolescence can be a source of body-image problems in girls. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 5.12 Contrast adolescent boys and girls in the major problem that results from their gender socialization.

Topic: Gender: Problems and Stereotypes Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

105. The term "opposite sex" accurately describes the differences between men and women.

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a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 5.13 Explain why gender stereotypes persist despite limited evidence for their validity.

Topic: Gender: Problems and Stereotypes Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

106.

Femininity is associated with sympathy, compassion, and gentleness. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 5.14 Describe research findings on femininity, masculinity, and androgyny.

Topic: Beyond the Binary Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

107. Cisgender refers to a person whose gender self-identification does not match the sex assigned at birth. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 5.15 Explain why transgender and nonbinary adolescents and emerging adults are gaining research attention.

Topic: Beyond the Binary Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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Essay 108. Define differential gender socialization. Provide an example.

LO: 5.9 Describe the evidence for differential gender socialization in the family, with peers, and in school.

Topic: Socialization and Gender in the West Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Answer: Differential gender socialization—Socializing boys and girls according to different expectations regarding appropriate behaviors and attitudes. Gender appropriate behavior is encouraged, while gender inappropriate behavior is often ridiculed by peers. Example: Bran and Lucia have decorated their nursery in blue with pictures of cars, boats, and airplanes when their test results indicated they were going to have a boy. Example: Aunt Phaedra buys Helene a Barbie Doll and Jay a chemistry set. Example: Darryl's older brother teases him when he says he wants to take figure skating lessons instead of hockey.

109. Contrast gender roles of male and female adolescents in traditional cultures.

LO: 5.2 Summarize the gender roles of adolescent girls in traditional cultures, including how gender expectations change from middle childhood to adolescence; 5.3 Describe the three requirements of manhood for adolescent boys in traditional cultures.

Topic: Adolescents and Gender in Traditional Cultures Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Answer: Gender roles for males and females are distinct; girls work alongside mothers and other women learning skills related to running the home and childcare. Boys learn skills related to the tasks of providing, protecting, and procreating.

110. Discuss possible effects of globalization upon gender role perceptions in traditional cultures.

LO: 5.4 Explain how and why gender roles are changing in developing countries due to globalization.

Topic: Adolescents and Gender in Traditional Cultures Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Answer: Economic development is associated with availability of contraception. Men's physical prowess becomes less important as work becomes more specialized and focused on information technology. Gender roles are likely to become more egalitarian.

111.

Discuss media influences in terms of gender socialization in adolescence.

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LO: 5.10 Summarize how adolescent girls respond to gender socialization in social media.

Topic: Socialization and Gender in the West Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Answer: Media popular with adolescents promote gender stereotypes, for example, magazines for girls focus on physical appearance. Gender intensification at adolescence and culture makes girls susceptible to the message to strive to conform to presented ideals. The focus on physical appearance in the female gender role is associated with girls' negative body image, depression, and eating disorders. For boys, gender expectations and value of aggression are associated with problems and problem behavior.

112. Define gender schema theory and discuss the possible effects of these schemes on how adolescents interpret behaviors of others.

LO: 5.11 Describe how gender schema theory and social identity theory explain gender differences.

Topic: Socialization and Gender in the West Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Answer: Gender schema theory portrays gender as one of the fundamental ways that people organize information about the world. By the time we reach adolescence, we have learned to categorize an enormous range of activities, objects, and personality characteristics as "male" or "female." Gender schemas influence how we interpret the behavior of others and what we expect from them.

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REVEL QUIZ QUESTIONS

Chapter 5: Gender Quiz 5.1: Adolescents and Gender in Traditional Cultures EOM_Q5.1.1 1. The fact that boys typically have less contact with their families, whereas girls maintain a close relationship with their mothers and spend much time with them on a daily basis, reflects a __________ difference between boys and girls during adolescence in traditional cultures. a) gender b) sex Consider This: Think about how these differences are rooted in the socialization practices of traditional cultures that communicate expectations about how girls and boys should behave. LO 5.1 Define the following terms: sex, gender, and gender socialization. c) biological Consider This: Think about how these differences are rooted in the socialization practices of traditional cultures that communicate expectations about how girls and boys should behave. LO 5.1 Define the following terms: sex, gender, and gender socialization. d) social Consider This: Think about how these differences are rooted in the socialization practices of traditional cultures that communicate expectations about how girls and boys should behave. LO 5.1 Define the following terms: sex, gender, and gender socialization.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Adolescents and Gender in Traditional Cultures Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 5.1 Define the following terms: sex, gender, and gender socialization.

EOM_Q5.1.2 2. In traditional cultures, socialization becomes more ________ for girls during adolescence, as girls prepare for gender-specific adult responsibilities such as ________. a) narrow; raising children b) narrow; hunting skills 341 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Consider This: For a comparison, think about how in traditional cultures adolescent boys are socialized to spend more time with their peers and elder men outside of their family to learn the capacities that are integral for manhood, such as protection. LO 5.2 Summarize the gender roles of adolescent girls in traditional cultures, including how gender expectations change from middle childhood to adolescence. c) broad; raising children Consider This: For a comparison, think about how in traditional cultures adolescent boys are socialized to spend more time with their peers and elder men outside of their family to learn the capacities that are integral for manhood, such as protection. LO 5.2 Summarize the gender roles of adolescent girls in traditional cultures, including how gender expectations change from middle childhood to adolescence. d) broad; hunting skills Consider This: For a comparison, think about how in traditional cultures adolescent boys are socialized to spend more time with their peers and elder men outside of their family to learn the capacities that are integral for manhood, such as protection. LO 5.2 Summarize the gender roles of adolescent girls in traditional cultures, including how gender expectations change from middle childhood to adolescence.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Adolescents and Gender in Traditional Cultures Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 5.2 Summarize the gender roles of adolescent girls in traditional cultures, including how gender expectations change from middle childhood to adolescence.

EOM_Q5.1.3 3. Which of the following is NOT one of the three requirements of manhood for boys in traditional cultures? a) Protect b) Provide Consider This: Men in traditional cultures must take on a role that allows them to assure that their family will survive and grow. LO 5.3 Describe the three requirements of manhood for adolescent boys in traditional cultures. c) Procreate Consider This: Men in traditional cultures must take on a role that allows them to assure that their family will survive and grow. LO 5.3 Describe the three requirements of manhood for adolescent boys in traditional cultures. d) Prevent Consider This: Men in traditional cultures must take on a role that allows them to assure that their family will survive and grow. LO 5.3 Describe the three requirements of manhood for adolescent boys in traditional cultures.

Answer: a 342 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Adolescents and Gender in Traditional Cultures Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 5.3 Describe the three requirements of manhood for adolescent boys in traditional cultures.

EOM_Q5.1.4 4. Among adolescent boys in traditional cultures, developing the character qualities of ____________ leads to sexual opportunities that help boys demonstrate the capacity to ____________ that is required to achieve manhood status. a) confidence and boldness; procreate b) diligence and fortitude; procreate Consider This: Think about how adolescent boys in traditional cultures must learn to provide by developing economic skills in addition to the character qualities of diligence and stamina. LO 5.3 Describe the three requirements of manhood for adolescent boys in traditional cultures. c) confidence and boldness; protect Consider This: Think about how adolescent boys in traditional cultures must learn to provide by developing economic skills in addition to the character qualities of diligence and stamina. LO 5.3 Describe the three requirements of manhood for adolescent boys in traditional cultures. d) courage and fortitude; protect Consider This: Think about how adolescent boys in traditional cultures must learn to provide by developing economic skills in addition to the character qualities of diligence and stamina. LO 5.3 Describe the three requirements of manhood for adolescent boys in traditional cultures.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Adolescents and Gender in Traditional Cultures Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 5.3 Describe the three requirements of manhood for adolescent boys in traditional cultures.

EOM_Q5.1.5 5. Which of the following best summarizes research evidence for how economic development in developing countries is influencing more egalitarian gender roles?

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a) Adolescents in developing countries have less conservative perceptions of gender roles than adults. b) Emerging adults in developing countries are pursuing careers that involve less technological skills.

Consider This: For a comparison, think about how in developed countries the proportion of women in fields such as medicine, business, and law is considerably higher than 20 years ago. LO 5.4 Explain how and why gender roles are changing in developing countries due to globalization. c) Adolescents in developing countries have more conservative perceptions of gender roles than adults.

Consider This: For a comparison, think about how in developed countries the proportion of women in fields such as medicine, business, and law is considerably higher than 20 years ago. LO 5.4 Explain how and why gender roles are changing in developing countries due to globalization. d) Emerging adults in developing countries are pursuing careers that involve more domestic skills.

Consider This: For a comparison, think about how in developed countries the proportion of women in fields such as medicine, business, and law is considerably higher than 20 years ago. LO 5.4 Explain how and why gender roles are changing in developing countries due to globalization.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Adolescents and Gender in Traditional Cultures Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 5.4 Explain how and why gender roles are changing in developing countries due to globalization.

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Quiz 5.2: Adolescents and Gender in American History EOM_Q5.2.1 1. Across the 18th and 19th centuries in America, women strove to achieve the female ideal of the time, which included wearing corsets to make their waists look smaller. This example reflects how adolescent girls have historically been narrowly constricted in the area of _____________. a) physical appearance b) sexuality Consider This: Think about how during the 1920s shaving the legs and underarms became the convention for American women, and dieting became a common practice in an effort to attain a slim, boyish figure. LO 5.5 Explain how gender expectations for adolescent girls through American history both supported and restricted them more than adolescent girls today. c) occupational roles Consider This: Think about how during the 1920s shaving the legs and underarms became the convention for American women, and dieting became a common practice in an effort to attain a slim, boyish figure. LO 5.5 Explain how gender expectations for adolescent girls through American history both supported and restricted them more than adolescent girls today. d) intellectual ability Consider This: Think about how during the 1920s shaving the legs and underarms became the convention for American women, and dieting became a common practice in an effort to attain a slim, boyish figure. LO 5.5 Explain how gender expectations for adolescent girls through American history both supported and restricted them more than adolescent girls today.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Adolescents and Gender in American History Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 5.5 Explain how gender expectations for adolescent girls through American history both supported and restricted them more than adolescent girls today.

EOM_Q5.2.2 345 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

2. According to historian Joan Brumberg, which of the following reflects how adolescent girls through American history were more supported than adolescent girls today? a) Adolescent girls in the 19th and early 20th centuries had the opportunity to participate in voluntary organizations, such as the YWCA, which taught girls valuable skills and connected them with female mentors in their communities. b) Adolescent girls in the 19th and early 20th centuries of physical and mental strength.

Consider This: Think about how Brumberg argues that adolescent girls today are less constricted but also more vulnerable and less integrated into the lives of adult women outside their families. LO 5.5 Explain how gender expectations for adolescent girls through American history both supported and restricted them more than adolescent girls today. c) Adolescent girls in the 19th and early 20th centuries had the opportunity to participate in school programs that focused on the development of science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) skills to prepare them for technological careers.

Consider This: Think about how Brumberg argues that adolescent girls today are less constricted but also more vulnerable and less integrated into the lives of adult women outside their families. LO 5.5 Explain how gender expectations for adolescent girls through American history both supported and restricted them more than adolescent girls today. d) Adolescent girls in the 19th and early 20th centuries had the opportunity to participate in sex education programs to learn how their bodies would be changing during puberty so that they could be prepared for events such as menarche.

Consider This: Think about how Brumberg argues that adolescent girls today are less constricted but also more vulnerable and less integrated into the lives of adult women outside their families. LO 5.5 Explain how gender expectations for adolescent girls through American history both supported and restricted them more than adolescent girls today.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Adolescents and Gender in American History Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 5.5 Explain how gender expectations for adolescent girls through American history both supported and restricted them more than adolescent girls today.

EOM_Q5.2.3 3. According to historian Anthony Rotundo, gender expectations for young males in America during the 19th century reflected an increased emphasis on individualistic qualities in which _________ replaced self-control as a paramount virtue of young males. Because this increased still further over time, Rotundo refers to the 20th century as the era of _________ manhood.

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a) self-expression; passionate b) self-expression; self-made Consider This: Think about how during the 20th century, emotions such as anger and sexual desire became regarded more favorably as part of the manhood ideal. LO 5.6 Describe how views of the values of self-control and self-expression in men changed in the course of American history. c) self-denial; passionate Consider This: Think about how during the 20th century, emotions such as anger and sexual desire became regarded more favorably as part of the manhood ideal. LO 5.6 Describe how views of the values of self-control and self-expression in men changed in the course of American history. d) self-denial; self-made Consider This: Think about how during the 20th century, emotions such as anger and sexual desire became regarded more favorably as part of the manhood ideal. LO 5.6 Describe how views of the values of self-control and self-expression in men changed in the course of American history.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Adolescents and Gender in American History Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 5.6 Describe how views of the values of self-control and self-expression in men changed in the course of American history.

EOM_Q5.2.4 4. According to historian Anthony Rotundo, which of the following scenarios best reflects the ideal man of the era of communal manhood? a) Joseph is working on his father’s farm and is learning how to tend to crops and run a farming business so that he can prepare to become the provider for his future family. b) Joseph is lifting weights because he has an interest in participating in physical fitness activities to develop a muscular body that conveys strength and sexual desire.

Consider This: Think about how the era of communal manhood occurred during the 17th and 18th centuries in America. LO 5.6 Describe how views of the values of self-control and self-expression in men changed in the course of American history. c) Joseph is a member of the Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) and participates in community service activities that foster his development of self-control, strength, and discipline.

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Consider This: Think about how the era of communal manhood occurred during the 17th and 18th centuries in America. LO 5.6 Describe how views of the values of self-control and self-expression in men changed in the course of American history. d) Joseph is moving into the city away from his family’s farm to work in a factory and learn a vocational trade so that he can become independent from his family.

Consider This: Think about how the era of communal manhood occurred during the 17th and 18th centuries in America. LO 5.6 Describe how views of the values of self-control and self-expression in men changed in the course of American history.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Adolescents and Gender in American History Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 5.6 Describe how views of the values of self-control and self-expression in men changed in the course of American history.

EOM_Q5.2.5 5. Although results from the General Social Survey (GSS) show a clear trend toward more egalitarian gender attitudes among Americans in recent decades, which of the following is a result from the GSS that reflects how Americans continue to harbor traditional gender attitudes? a) About 25% of Americans report they believe women should focus on caring for children and running the household. b) About 65% of Americans report they believe that preschoolers will suffer if their mothers work.

Consider This: Think about how results from the GSS indicate about one-quarter to onethird of Americans report they believe men should hold the power in the home. LO 5.7 Summarize the changes in beliefs about gender in American society since the 1970s. c) About 80% of Americans report they believe men are better politicians.

Consider This: Think about how results from the GSS indicate about one-quarter to one third of Americans report they believe men should hold the power in the home. LO 5.7 Summarize the changes in beliefs about gender in American society since the 1970s. d) About 30% of Americans report they believe working mothers can have warm relationships with their children.

Consider This: Think about how results from the GSS indicate about one-quarter to one third of Americans report they believe men should hold the power in the home. LO 5.7 Summarize the changes in beliefs about gender in American society since the 1970s.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult 348 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Topic: Adolescents and Gender in American History Skill: Analyze It Learning Objective: 5.7 Summarize the changes in beliefs about gender in American society since the 1970s.

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Quiz 5.3: Socialization and Gender in the West EOM_Q5.3.1 1. Which of the following research evidence on the gender intensification hypothesis best reflects how gender socialization changes from middle childhood to adolescence? a) Despite a comparable amount of weight gain across adolescence, adolescent girls report greater increases in body dissatisfaction compared to adolescent boys. b) Children report a higher adherence to gender stereotypes than adolescent girls and boys.

Consider This: Think about how the gender intensification hypothesis proposes that physical attractiveness becomes an especially important part of the female gender role during adolescence. LO 5.8 Describe how gender socialization changes from middle childhood to adolescence. c) Despite a comparable amount of weight gain across adolescence, adolescent girls report decreases in body dissatisfaction compared to adolescent boys.

Consider This: Think about how the gender intensification hypothesis proposes that physical attractiveness becomes an especially important part of the female gender role during adolescence. LO 5.8 Describe how gender socialization changes from middle childhood to adolescence. d) Children report a similar adherence to gender stereotypes as adolescent girls and boys.

Consider This: Think about how the gender intensification hypothesis proposes that physical attractiveness becomes an especially important part of the female gender role during adolescence. LO 5.8 Describe how gender socialization changes from middle childhood to adolescence.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Socialization and Gender in the West Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 5.8 Describe how gender socialization changes from middle childhood to adolescence.

EOM_Q5.3.2 2. Which of the following best reflects research evidence on the differential gender socialization that occurs in the school?

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a) Female professors are less likely to agree with explicit stereotypes, such as “Men are better at math than women,” compared with male professors. b) Girls tend to receive more peer support for their science interests than boys during adolescence.

Consider This: Think about how researchers have also found teachers in elementary and secondary school tend to reinforce the traditional cultural gender roles. LO 5.9 Describe the evidence for differential gender socialization in the family, with peers, and in school. c) Female professors are more likely to agree with explicit stereotypes, such as “Men are better at math than women,” compared with male professors.

Consider This: Think about how researchers have also found teachers in elementary and secondary school tend to reinforce the traditional cultural gender roles. LO 5.9 Describe the evidence for differential gender socialization in the family, with peers, and in school. d) Girls and boys tend to receive an equal amount of peer support for their science interests during adolescence.

Consider This: Think about how researchers have also found teachers in elementary and secondary school tend to reinforce the traditional cultural gender roles. LO 5.9 Describe the evidence for differential gender socialization in the family, with peers, and in school.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Socialization and Gender in the West Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 5.9 Describe the evidence for differential gender socialization in the family, with peers, and in school.

EOM 5.3.3 3. The text discusses a study in which American families were observed in a shopping mall.

Observers noted that about __________ of the infants in the mall were wearing clothing that was gender-specific in color and style. a) 90% b) 75% Consider this: Gender socialization begins early in virtually every culture. LO 5.9 Describe the evidence for differential gender socialization in the family, with peers, and in school. c) 63% Consider this: Gender socialization begins early in virtually every culture. LO 5.9 Describe the evidence for differential gender socialization in the family, with peers, and in school. d) 50%

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Consider this: Gender socialization begins early in virtually every culture. LO 5.9 Describe the evidence for differential gender socialization in the family, with peers, and in school.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Socialization and Gender in the West Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 5.9 Describe the evidence for differential gender socialization in the family, with peers, and in school.

EOM 5.3.4 4. Studies on the impact of social media effects on body dissatisfaction in girls showed ___________. a) the more time spent on Facebook, the more likely the girls were to report dissatisfaction with their appearance and a ―drive for thinness‖ b) that there was no relationship between the amount of time that girls spent on Facebook and their dissatisfaction with their body Consider this: Everyone puts their best face forward on Facebook for social comparison.

LO 5.10 Summarize how adolescent girls respond to gender socialization in social media. c) the less time spent on Facebook, the more likely girls were to report dissatisfaction with their appearance and a need to do body modification Consider this: Everyone puts their best face forward on Facebook for social comparison.

LO 5.10 Summarize how adolescent girls respond to gender socialization in social media. d) the impact of media on body dissatisfaction was only observed when considering older, more traditional media formats like television Consider this: Everyone puts their best face forward on Facebook for social comparison.

LO 5.10 Summarize how adolescent girls respond to gender socialization in social media.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Socialization and Gender in the West Skill: Analyze It Learning Objective: 5.10 Summarize how adolescent girls respond to gender socialization in social media.

EOM 5.3.5 5. At what age do children understand gender identity? a) 3 years old b) 6 months old Consider this: Children must be at least old enough to hold schemas in their mind. LO 5.11 Describe how gender schema theory and social identity theory explain gender differences. c) 5 years old 352 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Consider this: Children must be at least old enough to hold schemas in their mind. LO 5.11 Describe how gender schema theory and social identity theory explain gender differences. d) 1 year old Consider this: Children must be at least old enough to hold schemas in their mind. LO 5.11 Describe how gender schema theory and social identity theory explain gender differences.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Socialization and Gender in the West Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 5.11 Describe how gender schema theory and social identity theory explain gender differences.

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Quiz 5.4 Gender: Problems and Stereotypes EOM 5.4.1 1.

During adolescence the major problem that arises from gender socialization for American girls is __________. a) physical appearance insecurity b) pressure to succeed Consider this: What are the primary messages sent to girls about what girls should be like? LO 5.12 Contrast adolescent boys and girls in the major problem that results from their gender socialization. c) limited opportunities for future careers Consider this: What are the primary messages sent to girls about what girls should be like? LO 5.12 Contrast adolescent boys and girls in the major problem that results from their gender socialization. d) emotionality Consider this: What are the primary messages sent to girls about what girls should be like? LO 5.12 Contrast adolescent boys and girls in the major problem that results from their gender socialization.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Gender: Problems and Stereotypes Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 5.12 Contrast adolescent boys and girls in the major problem that results from their gender socialization.

EOM 5.4.2 2. During adolescence, the major problem that arises from gender socialization for boys is __________. a) aggressiveness b) pressure to succeed Consider this: What are the primary messages sent to boys about what boys should be like? LO 5.12 Contrast adolescent boys and girls in the major problem that results from their gender socialization. c) too many opportunities to choose from for future careers Consider this: What are the primary messages sent to girls about what girls should be like? LO 5.12 Contrast adolescent boys and girls in the major problem that results from their gender socialization. d) dissatisfaction with physical appearance Consider this: What are the primary messages sent to girls about what girls should be like? LO 5.12 Contrast adolescent boys and girls in the major problem that results from their gender socialization.

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Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Gender: Problems and Stereotypes Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 5.12 Contrast adolescent boys and girls in the major problem that results from their gender socialization.

EOM 5.4.3 3.

When investigating gender stereotypes involving work, research reveals that emerging adults __________. a) evaluate women’s work performance less favorably than men’s b) are less accepting of men taking on jobs that are traditionally seen as a woman’s job Consider this: Stereotypes can powerfully impact our perceptions. LO 5.13 Explain why gender stereotypes persist despite limited evidence for their validity. c) evaluate men’s work performance less favorably than women’s Consider this: Stereotypes can powerfully impact our perceptions. LO 5.13 Explain why gender stereotypes persist despite limited evidence for their validity. d) report greater job satisfaction in jobs seen as appropriate to their gender Consider this: Stereotypes can powerfully impact our perceptions. LO 5.13 Explain why gender stereotypes persist despite limited evidence for their validity.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Gender: Problems and Stereotypes Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 5.13 Explain why gender stereotypes persist despite limited evidence for their validity.

EOM 5.4.4 4. According to ____________, gender stereotypes persist because roles for females and males enhance or suppress different capabilities, so that females and males tend to develop different skills and attitudes, which then leads to gender-specific behaviors. a) social roles theory b) sex roles theory Consider This: Think about how as a consequence of differential gender socialization, and because girls grow up seeing childcare as a possible future role, but boys generally do not, girls are more likely to develop skills and attitudes that involve caring for children. LO 5.13 Explain why gender stereotypes persist despite limited evidence for their validity. c) gender roles theory Consider This: Think about how as a consequence of differential gender socialization, and because girls grow up seeing childcare as a possible future role, but boys generally do 355 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

not, girls are more likely to develop skills and attitudes that involve caring for children. LO 5.13 Explain why gender stereotypes persist despite limited evidence for their validity. d) biased roles theory Consider This: Think about how as a consequence of differential gender socialization, and because girls grow up seeing childcare as a possible future role, but boys generally do not, girls are more likely to develop skills and attitudes that involve caring for children. LO 5.13 Explain why gender stereotypes persist despite limited evidence for their validity.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Gender: Problems and Stereotypes Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 5.13 Explain why gender stereotypes persist despite limited evidence for their validity.

EOM 5.4.5 5. According to your text, why do so many people continue to think of the genders as radically different in many ways? a) We recognize behaviors that support our gender schema expectations while disregarding behaviors that don’t support our gender schema, and generally, social roles of men and women tend to confirm our stereotypes. b) Our in group and out group biases are confirmed through behaviors, so we hang on to our biases.

Consider this: Biases blind us to seeing the truth. LO 5.13 Explain why gender stereotypes persist despite limited evidence for their validity. c) Gender stereotyped behaviors are part of our genetics, so we can’t help but confirm biases.

Consider this: Biases blind us to seeing the truth. LO 5.13 Explain why gender stereotypes persist despite limited evidence for their validity. d) We are reinforced to maintain our biases by others in our peer groups.

Consider this: Biases blind us to seeing the truth. LO 5.13 Explain why gender stereotypes persist despite limited evidence for their validity.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Gender: Problems and Stereotypes Skill: Analyze It Learning Objective: 5.13 Explain why gender stereotypes persist despite limited evidence for their validity.

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Quiz 5.5 Beyond the Binary EOM 5.5.1 1. According to the Bem Sex Role Inventory, __________ tends to be associated with characteristics like nurturing and compliant and __________ tends to be associated with characteristics like independence and aggression. a) Femininity; masculinity b) Masculinity; androgyny Consider this: What characteristics are ascribed to various genders? LO 5.14 Describe research findings on femininity, masculinity, and androgyny. c) Androgyny; femininity Consider this: What characteristics are ascribed to various genders? LO 5.14 Describe research findings on femininity, masculinity, and androgyny. d) Femininity; androgyny Consider this: What characteristics are ascribed to various genders? LO 5.14 Describe research findings on femininity, masculinity, and androgyny.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Beyond the Binary Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 5.14 Describe research findings on femininity, masculinity, and androgyny.

EOM 5.5.2 2. Which of the following best reflects the research evidence on androgynous adolescents and emerging adults? a) Across adolescence and emerging adulthood, androgynous girls and women have the highest level of peer acceptance and report the highest level of positive body image. b) Across adolescence and emerging adulthood, androgynous girls and women have the lowest level of peer acceptance and report the lowest level of positive body image.

Consider This: Think about how researchers have found that boys and men who violate gender norms, including being soft spoken and tender, are viewed negatively compared to their peers. LO 5.14 Describe the research findings on femininity, masculinity, and androgyny. c) Across adolescence and emerging adulthood, androgynous boys and men have the highest level of peer acceptance and report the highest level of positive body image.

Consider This: Think about how researchers have found that boys and men who violate gender norms, including being soft spoken and tender, are viewed negatively compared

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to their peers. LO 5.14 Describe the research findings on femininity, masculinity, and androgyny. d) Across adolescence and emerging adulthood, both androgynous boys and girls have the highest levels of peer acceptance and report the highest levels of positive body image.

Consider This: Think about how researchers have found that boys and men who violate gender norms, including being soft spoken and tender, are viewed negatively compared to their peers. LO 5.14 Describe the research findings on femininity, masculinity, and androgyny.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Beyond the Binary Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 5.14 Describe research findings on femininity, masculinity, and androgyny.

EOM_Q5.5.3 3. Transgender adolescents are at high risk for ________, but they also often demonstrate _______. a) verbal and physical aggression; resilience b) obesity; high self-esteem Consider This: What sorts of issues do transgender adolescents usually grapple with? LO 5.15 Explain why transgender and nonbinary adolescents and emerging adults are gaining research attention. c) depression; high grades in school Consider This: What sorts of issues do transgender adolescents usually grapple with? LO 5.15: Explain why transgender and nonbinary adolescents and emerging adults are gaining research attention. d) obesity; high grades in school Consider This: What sorts of issues do transgender adolescents usually grapple with? LO 5.15: Explain why transgender and nonbinary adolescents and emerging adults are gaining research attention.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Beyond the Binary Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 5.15 Explain why transgender and nonbinary adolescents and emerging adults are gaining research attention.

EOM_Q5.5.4 358 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

4. Alex has felt he was born in the wrong body. Alex was assigned male status at birth, but Alex identifies more as a woman than a man. Jordan was also assigned male status at birth and Jordan self-identifies as a man. Alex could be considered to be __________ while Jordan is considered __________. a) transgender, cisgender b) nonbinary; transgender Consider this: Gender identity refers to a person’s own understanding of their gender. LO 5.15 Explain why transgender and nonbinary adolescents and emerging adults are gaining research attention. c) transgender; nonbinary Consider this: Gender identity refers to a person’s own understanding of their gender. LO 5.15 Explain why transgender and nonbinary adolescents and emerging adults are gaining research attention. d) cisgender; transgender Consider this: Gender identity refers to a person’s own understanding of their gender. LO 5.15 Explain why transgender and nonbinary adolescents and emerging adults are gaining research attention.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Beyond the Binary Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 5.15 Explain why transgender and nonbinary adolescents and emerging adults are gaining research attention.

EOM 5.5.5 5. Stereotypically, how are Asian American men sometimes seen in American culture? a) Weak and asexual b) As risk takers and aggressive Consider this: What characteristics are assigned to them? LO 5.16 Explain how the gender roles of African Americans, Asian Americans, and Latinos are rooted in their distinctive cultural histories. c) Of low intelligence and motivation Consider this: What characteristics are assigned to them? LO 5.16 Explain how the gender roles of African Americans, Asian Americans, and Latinos are rooted in their distinctive cultural histories. d) Exotic and submissive Consider this: What characteristics are assigned to them? LO 5.16 Explain how the gender roles of African Americans, Asian Americans, and Latinos are rooted in their distinctive cultural histories.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Beyond the Binary 359 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 5.16 Explain how the gender roles of African Americans, Asian Americans, and Latinos are rooted in their distinctive cultural histories.

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Chapter 5 Quiz EOC_Q5.1 1. The fact that females undergo menarche and males undergo significant muscular development during puberty reflects a ________ difference, which implies that the difference has a ________ basis. a) sex; biological b) sex; cultural Consider This: Other examples of this type of difference include breast development among females and facial hair growth among males during puberty. LO 5.1 Define the following terms: sex, gender, and gender socialization. c) gender; biological Consider This: Other examples of this type of difference include breast development among females and facial hair growth among males during puberty. LO 5.1 Define the following terms: sex, gender, and gender socialization. d) gender; cultural Consider This: Other examples of this type of difference include breast development among females and facial hair growth among males during puberty. LO 5.1 Define the following terms: sex, gender, and gender socialization.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Adolescents and Gender in Traditional Cultures Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 5.1 Define the following terms: sex, gender, and gender socialization.

EOC 5.2 2. Claire’s mother applauds when Claire takes care of her baby doll Chava. However, she turns her back and ignores Claire when she plays with a truck. Often, she even tries to redirect Claire back to Chava when she is playing with the truck. This is a form of ___________. a) gender socialization b) sexual differentiation Consider this: This is a process by which Claire’s mother communicates her gender expectations to Claire. LO 5.1 Define sex, gender, and gender socialization.

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c) punishment Consider this: This is a process by which Claire’s mother communicates her gender expectations to Claire. LO 5.1 Define sex, gender, and gender socialization. d) ostracism Consider this: This is a process by which Claire’s mother communicates her gender expectations to Claire. LO 5.1 Define sex, gender, and gender socialization.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Adolescents and Gender in Traditional Cultures Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 5.1 Define the following terms: sex, gender, and gender socialization.

EOC_Q5.3 3. Which of the following scenarios reflects how gender expectations change from middle childhood to adolescence for adolescent girls in traditional cultures? a) As a young girl, Sofia attended school for 10 years to learn how to read and write. Now that Sofia is 16 years old, she is considered to be marriageable age and is being chaperoned at public festivals to initiate courtship with adolescent boys. b) As a young girl, Sofia attended school for 10 years to learn how to read and write. Now that Sofia is 16 years old, she is considered to be independent and allowed to pursue her own future without influence from her family.

Consider This: Think about how the socialization of girls in traditional cultures tends to become more narrow during adolescence and focuses on preparation for gender-specific adult work. LO 5.2 Summarize the gender roles of adolescent girls in traditional cultures, including how gender expectations change from middle childhood to adolescence. c) Sofia excelled in school, and now that she is age 16 her parents are encouraging her to think about what university she would like to attend.

Consider This: Think about how the socialization of girls in traditional cultures tends to become more narrow during adolescence and focuses on preparation for gender-specific adult work. LO 5.2 Summarize the gender roles of adolescent girls in traditional cultures, including how gender expectations change from middle childhood to adolescence. d) As a young girl, Sofia helped her mother take care of her younger siblings and accomplish household work chores. Now that Sofia is 16 years old, she is considered to be independent and allowed to pursue her own future without influence from her family.

Consider This: Think about how the socialization of girls in traditional cultures tends to become more narrow during adolescence and focuses on preparation for gender-specific adult work. LO 5.2 Summarize the gender roles of adolescent girls in traditional cultures, including how gender expectations change from middle childhood to adolescence.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate 362 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Topic: Adolescents and Gender in Traditional Cultures Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 5.2 Summarize the gender roles of adolescent girls in traditional cultures, including how gender expectations change from middle childhood to adolescence.

EOC_Q5.4 4. Which of the following reflects how globalization is influencing gender role socialization among adolescents in developing countries? a) Globalization promotes more industrialized economies, which is influencing socialization of adolescent boys toward technological careers rather than traditional hunting or farming careers. b) Globalization promotes establishing secondary school as a normative experience, which makes it more likely that adolescent boys and girls have equal access and opportunity to gain an education.

Consider This: Think about how research findings indicate adolescents in developing countries have less conservative perceptions of gender roles than adults do. LO 5.4 Explain how and why gender roles are changing in developing countries due to globalization. c) Globalization promotes more industrialized economies, which allows a majority of adolescent girls to pursue science careers rather than traditional domestic careers.

Consider This: Think about how research findings indicate adolescents in developing countries have less conservative perceptions of gender roles than adults do. LO 5.4 Explain how and why gender roles are changing in developing countries due to globalization. d) Globalization promotes establishing secondary school as a normative experience, which is influencing socialization of adolescent boys and girls so that the majority of adolescents worldwide pursue college educations after graduating from high school.

Consider This: Think about how research findings indicate adolescents in developing countries have less conservative perceptions of gender roles than adults do. LO 5.4 Explain how and why gender roles are changing in developing countries due to globalization.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Adolescents and Gender in Traditional Cultures Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 5.4 Explain how and why gender roles are changing in developing countries due to globalization.

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EOC_Q5.5 5. Which of the following scenarios reflects how adolescent girls growing up in the 18th and 19th centuries in America faced restrictive gender expectations? a) Sylvie is pursuing a career as a seamstress because she has been sewing since she was a little girl. b) Sylvie is pursuing a career as a lawyer because she was captain of her high school debate team.

Consider This: Think about how professions that required intellectual work were considered “unhealthy” for women during the 18th and 19th centuries in America. LO 5.5 Explain how gender expectations for adolescent girls through American history both supported and restricted them more than adolescent girls today. c) Sylvie is pursuing a career as a landscape architect because she enjoys the physical work of gardening.

Consider This: Think about how professions that required intellectual work were considered “unhealthy” for women during the 18th and 19th centuries in America. LO 5.5 Explain how gender expectations for adolescent girls through American history both supported and restricted them more than adolescent girls today. d) Sylvie is pursuing a career as a banker because she has excelled in her accounting and math classes at college.

Consider This: Think about how professions that required intellectual work were considered “unhealthy” for women during the 18th and 19th centuries in America. LO 5.5 Explain how gender expectations for adolescent girls through American history both supported and restricted them more than adolescent girls today.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Adolescents and Gender in American History Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 5.5 Explain how gender expectations for adolescent girls through American history both supported and restricted them more than adolescent girls today.

EOC_Q5.6 6. Historian Anthony Rotundo refers to the ____________ century as the era of ____________ because an explicit emphasis on developing the individualistic character qualities considered necessary for manhood, such as self-control and independent decision-making, became paramount. a) 19th; self-made manhood b) 20th; self-made manhood

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Consider This: Think about how during this century the phrase “decision of character” became a popular term to describe passage from boyhood to manhood. LO 5.6 Describe how views of the values of self-control and self-expression in men changed in the course of American history. c) 19th; passionate manhood Consider This: Think about how during this century the phrase “decision of character” became a popular term to describe passage from boyhood to manhood. LO 5.6 Describe how views of the values of self-control and self-expression in men changed in the course of American history. d) 20th; passionate manhood Consider This: Think about how during this century the phrase “decision of character” became a popular term to describe passage from boyhood to manhood. LO 5.6 Describe how views of the values of self-control and self-expression in men changed in the course of American history.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Adolescents and Gender in American History Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 5.6 Describe how views of the values of self-control and self-expression in men changed in the course of American history.

EOC_Q5.7 7. Results from the General Social Survey include which of the following about gender role beliefs among Americans since the 1970s? a) Since the 1970s the proportion of Americans who endorse egalitarian gender roles has increased, such that fewer Americans today believe that preschoolers would suffer if their mothers worked. b) Since the 1970s the proportion of Americans who endorse egalitarian gender roles has decreased, such that fewer Americans today believe that preschoolers would suffer if their mothers worked.

Consider This: Think about how egalitarian gender roles reflect believing in more equality between men and women. LO 5.7 Summarize the changes in beliefs about gender in American society since the 1970s. c) Since the 1970s the proportion of Americans who endorse egalitarian gender roles has increased, such that more Americans today believe that preschoolers would suffer if their mothers worked.

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Consider This: Think about how egalitarian gender roles reflect believing in more equality between men and women. LO 5.7 Summarize the changes in beliefs about gender in American society since the 1970s. d) Since the 1970s the proportion of Americans who endorse egalitarian gender roles has decreased, such that more Americans today believe that preschoolers would suffer if their mothers worked.

Consider This: Think about how egalitarian gender roles reflect believing in more equality between men and women. LO 5.7 Summarize the changes in beliefs about gender in American society since the 1970s.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Adolescents and Gender in American History Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 5.7 Summarize the changes in beliefs about gender in American society since the 1970’s.

EOC_Q5.8 8. According to the ________________ proposed by psychologists Hill and Lynch, behavioral and psychological differences between boys and girls become more distinct as adolescence progresses because of increasing socialization pressures to adhere to culturally prescribed gender roles. a) gender intensification hypothesis b) sex intensification hypothesis Consider This: Remember what the difference is between the definitions for gender and sex. LO 5.8 Describe how gender socialization changes from middle childhood to adolescence. c) pubertal intensification hypothesis Consider This: Remember what the difference is between the definitions for gender and sex. LO 5.8 Describe how gender socialization changes from middle childhood to adolescence. d) stereotype intensification hypothesis Consider This: Remember what the difference is between the definitions for gender and sex. LO 5.8 Describe how gender socialization changes from middle childhood to adolescence.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Socialization and Gender in the West Skill: Remember the Facts 366 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning Objective: 5.8 Describe how gender socialization changes from middle childhood to adolescence.

EOC_Q5.9 9. Which of the following scenarios reflects the research evidence for differential gender socialization that occurs in the family? a) Nate has a later curfew than his sister, and Nate is younger than his sister. b) Nate’s parents always ask him, but not his twin sister, where he is going and who he is hanging out with.

Consider This: Think about how studies have found that parents tend to monitor girls more than boys during adolescence. LO 5.9 Describe the evidence for differential gender socialization in the family, with peers, and in school. c) Nate has an earlier curfew than his sister, and Nate is younger than his sister.

Consider This: Think about how studies have found that parents tend to monitor girls more than boys during adolescence. LO 5.9 Describe the evidence for differential gender socialization in the family, with peers, and in school. d) Nate’s parents never ask him or his twin sister where he is going and who he is hanging out with.

Consider This: Think about how studies have found that parents tend to monitor girls more than boys during adolescence. LO 5.9 Describe the evidence for differential gender socialization in the family, with peers, and in school.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Socialization and Gender in the West Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 5.9 Describe the evidence for differential gender socialization in the family, with peers, and in school.

EOC 5.10 10. Which of the following scenarios best describes how young children’s peers support gender socialization? a) When Wilfred plays dolls with Joanie, he is ridiculed by the other children. b) When Lupita plays dolls with Alondra, she is ridiculed by the other children for not wrestling with the boys.

Consider this: Tradition is a powerful force. LO 5.9 Describe the evidence for differential gender socialization in the family, with peers, and in school. c) When Cho plays with Ricardo, he is ridiculed by the other children for not playing house with Jenny.

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Consider this: Tradition is a powerful force. LO 5.9 Describe the evidence for differential gender socialization in the family, with peers, and in school. d) When Cathy plays with Pete and his trucks, they are told they are really cute together by the other children.

Consider this: Tradition is a powerful force. LO 5.9 Describe the evidence for differential gender socialization in the family, with peers, and in school.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Socialization and Gender in the West Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 5.9 Describe the evidence for differential gender socialization in the family, with peers, and in school.

EOC_Q5.11 11. Research investigating links between Facebook use and body image has found that adolescent girls: a) tend to draw negative conclusions about their appearance when making comparisons to the Facebook pictures of other girls. b) believe their photos on Facebook make them look too thin.

Consider This: Think about how research findings on adolescent girls’ responses to Facebook show that girls often draw negative conclusions about how they look compared to other girls LO 5.10 Summarize how adolescent girls respond to gender socialization in social media. c) tend to draw positive conclusions about their appearance when making comparisons to the Facebook pictures of other girls.

Consider This: Think about how research findings on adolescent girls’ responses to Facebook show that girls often draw negative conclusions about how they look compared to other girls LO 5.10 Summarize how adolescent girls respond to gender socialization in social media. d) care mostly about how witty they seem to others on Facebook, not how they look.

Consider This: Think about how research findings on adolescent girls’ responses to Facebook show that girls often draw negative conclusions about how they look compared to other girls LO 5.10 Summarize how adolescent girls respond to gender socialization in social media.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Socialization and Gender in the West Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 5.10 Summarize how adolescent girls respond to gender socialization in social media.

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EOC 5.12 12. When investigating the impact of social media on body image/dissatisfaction, which of the following statements is true? a) Both boys and girls reported body dissatisfaction as their exposure to social media increased. b) Only boys report body dissatisfaction when they are exposed to social media.

Consider this: Does social media follow the same pattern as older media formats? LO 5.10 Summarize how adolescent girls respond to gender socialization in social media. c) Only girls report body dissatisfaction when they are exposed to social media.

Consider this: Does social media follow the same pattern as older media formats? LO 5.10 Summarize how adolescent girls respond to gender socialization in social media. d) Neither girls nor boys report body dissatisfaction when exposed to social media.

Consider this: Does social media follow the same pattern as older media formats? LO 5.10 Summarize how adolescent girls respond to gender socialization in social media.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Socialization and Gender in the West Skill: Analyze It Learning Objective: 5.10 Summarize how adolescent girls respond to gender socialization in social media.

EOC 5.13 13. A gender-based cognitive structure for organizing and processing information is called a __________. a) gender schema b) gender identity Consider this: What do we use regularly to organize things in our environment? LO 5.11 Describe how gender schema theory and social identity theory explain gender differences. c) gender theory Consider this: What do we use regularly to organize things in our environment? LO 5.11 Describe how gender schema theory and social identity theory explain gender differences. d) self-socialization statement Consider this: What do we use regularly to organize things in our environment? LO 5.11 Describe how gender schema theory and social identity theory explain gender differences.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Socialization and Gender in the West Skill: Remember the Facts 369 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning Objective: 5.11 Describe how gender schema theory and social identity theory explain gender differences.

EOC 5.14 14. Of the following pairs, identify the pair that represents those who would respond most negatively to cross-gender behaviors. a) Fathers and sons b) Mothers and daughters Consider this: Members of higher status groups tend to guard in-group boundaries more strictly than members of lower-status groups. LO 5.11 Describe how gender schema theory and social identity theory explain gender differences. c) Mothers and sons Consider this: Members of higher status groups tend to guard in-group boundaries more strictly than members of lower-status groups. LO 5.11 Describe how gender schema theory and social identity theory explain gender differences. d) Fathers and daughters Consider this: Members of higher status groups tend to guard in-group boundaries more strictly than members of lower-status groups. LO 5.11 Describe how gender schema theory and social identity theory explain gender differences.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Socialization and Gender in the West Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 5.11 Describe how gender schema theory and social identity theory explain gender differences.

EOC_Q5.15 15. Problems that arise from gender socialization among adolescent girls tend to be a result of a focus on _____________, whereas problems that arise from gender socialization among adolescent boys tend to be because of a focus on ____________. a) physical appearance; aggressiveness b) intellectual ability; creative ability Consider This: Think about why adolescent boys who are successful at sports tend to be the most popular among their peers. LO 5.12 Contrast adolescent boys and girls in the major problem that results from their gender socialization. c) aggressiveness; physical appearance Consider This: Think about why adolescent boys who are successful at sports tend to be the most popular among their peers. LO 5.12 Contrast adolescent boys and girls in the major problem that results from their gender socialization. d) creative ability; intellectual ability

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Consider This: Think about why adolescent boys who are successful at sports tend to be the most popular among their peers. LO 5.12 Contrast adolescent boys and girls in the major problem that results from their gender socialization.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Gender: Problems and Stereotypes Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 5.12 Contrast adolescent boys and girls in the major problem that results from their gender socialization.

EOC_Q5.16 16. Men are strong and women are talkative would be considered gender __________. a) stereotypes b) norms Consider this: What can contribute to unearned biases? LO 5.13 Explain why gender stereotypes persist despite limited evidence for their validity. c) expectations Consider this: What can contribute to unearned biases? LO 5.13 Explain why gender stereotypes persist despite limited evidence for their validity. d) Intensities Consider this: What can contribute to unearned biases? LO 5.13 Explain why gender stereotypes persist despite limited evidence for their validity.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Gender: Problems and Stereotypes Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 5.13 Explain why gender stereotypes persist despite limited evidence for their validity.

EOC 5.17 17. Masculine traits such as being ambitious and competitive are referred to as ___________ traits and are reflected in adolescents’ perceptions of gender ideals because research has found that adolescents rank the importance of having a good __________ as the most important quality for the “ideal” man. a) instrumental; job b) instrumental; physical appearance Consider This: Think about how femininity is associated with being compassionate and gentle. LO 5.14 Describe research findings on femininity, masculinity, and androgyny. c) expressive; job Consider This: Think about how femininity is associated with being compassionate and gentle. LO 5.14 Describe research findings on femininity, masculinity, and androgyny.

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d) expressive; physical appearance Consider This: Think about how femininity is associated with being compassionate and gentle. LO 5.14 Describe research findings on femininity, masculinity, and androgyny.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Beyond the Binary Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 5.14 Describe research findings on femininity, masculinity, and androgyny.

EOC_Q5.18 18. Brooke was born female but does not identify as a girl. Upon reaching adolescence, Brooke asked that people use the name “Brooks” and began self-identifying as nonbinary. Which of the following scenarios demonstrates a challenge “Brooks” is at risk of experiencing compared to other adolescents? a) Brooks has a higher risk of experiencing verbal and physical aggression compared to other adolescents. b) Brooks has a higher risk of doing poorly in school compared to other adolescents.

Consider This: Think about how violations of traditional gender roles might influence social responses to these non-normative behaviors. LO 5.15 Explain why transgender and nonbinary adolescents and emerging adults are gaining research attention. c) Brooks has a lower risk of having an eating disorder compared to other adolescents.

Consider This: Think about how violations of traditional gender roles might influence social responses to these non-normative behaviors. LO 5.15 Explain why transgender and nonbinary adolescents and emerging adults are gaining research attention. d) Brooks has a lower risk of dropping out of school compared to other adolescents.

Consider This: Think about how violations of traditional gender roles might influence social responses to these non-normative behaviors. LO 5.15 Explain why transgender and nonbinary adolescents and emerging adults are gaining research attention.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Beyond the Binary Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 5.15 Explain why transgender and nonbinary adolescents and emerging adults are gaining research attention.

EOC_Q5.19

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19. Mateo is an adolescent who is being raised in a traditional Latino home. Which of the following scenarios reflects the ideology of machismo that Mateo is being socialized to develop? a) Mateo’s father is teaching him that as a man he is the head of the household. b) Being one of 10 children in his family, Mateo is being socialized to desire a small family so that he can allocate more quality time to his children.

Consider This: For a comparison, think about how Latina women are traditionally taught to emulate the Virgin Mary by being submissive and self-denying. LO 5.16 Explain how the gender roles of African Americans, Latinos, and Asian Americans are rooted in their distinctive cultural histories. c) Mateo’s father is teaching him that as a man he is the head of the household and every decisions he makes should be informed by his wife’s opinions.

Consider This: For a comparison, think about how Latina women are traditionally taught to emulate the Virgin Mary by being submissive and self-denying. LO 5.16 Explain how the gender roles of African Americans, Latinos, and Asian Americans are rooted in their distinctive cultural histories. d) Mateo is being socialized to openly express his emotions, including laughing as well as crying.

Consider This: For a comparison, think about how Latina women are traditionally taught to emulate the Virgin Mary by being submissive and self-denying. LO 5.16 Explain how the gender roles of African Americans, Latinos, and Asian Americans are rooted in their distinctive cultural histories.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Beyond the Binary Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 5.16 Explain how the gender roles of African Americans, Latinos, and Asian Americans are rooted in their distinctive cultural histories.

EOC 5.20 20. Which of the following reflects research results on gender stereotypes that provides insight into why gender stereotypes continue to exist? a) College students rate articles they believe are written by men as higher in quality than articles believed to be written by women because of gender schemas that seek to confirm expectations that men are more intellectual than women. b) College students rate articles they believe are written by men on a “female” field, such as dietetics, to be lower in quality than if the same article were written by a woman because of gender schemas that seek to confirm expectations that women are more suitable for nurturing careers.

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Consider This: Remember that gender schemas draw our attention to examples that confirm our expectations, so that we perceive the behavior of others to be more gender consistent than it actually is. LO 5.13 Explain why gender stereotypes persist despite limited evidence for their validity. c) College students rate articles they believe are written by men lower in quality than articles believed to be written by women because of gender schemas that seek to confirm expectations that men are less intellectual than women.

Consider This: Remember that gender schemas draw our attention to examples that confirm our expectations, so that we perceive the behavior of others to be more gender consistent than it actually is. LO 5.13 Explain why gender stereotypes persist despite limited evidence for their validity. d) College students rate articles they believe are written by women to be higher in quality than if the same article were written by a man because of gender schemas that seek to confirm expectations that women have higher verbal abilities than men do.

Consider This: Remember that gender schemas draw our attention to examples that confirm our expectations, so that we perceive the behavior of others to be more gender consistent than it actually is. LO 5.13 Explain why gender stereotypes persist despite limited evidence for their validity.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Gender: Problems and Stereotypes Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 5.13 Explain why gender stereotypes persist despite limited evidence for their validity.

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TOTAL ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice GUIDE

Chapter 6 The Self

1. Which of the following is associated with adolescent cognitive development? a. inability to see others' perspectives b. self-reflection c. concrete thought d. a lack of object permanence Topic Answer: b Remember Understand Apply What Analyze It LO: 6.1 Summarize the differences conceptions of the self. theamong Facts cultures the in Concepts You Know Topic: Self-Conceptions SelfMultiple Choice 3, 6, 17 1, 4, 5, 10, 15 8, 9, 11-14, 2, 7 Difficulty: Moderate Conceptions 16 Skill: Understand the Concepts 96, 97 True/False APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Short Essay Self-Esteem Multiple Choice 22, 24-27, 29, 19-21, 23, 31, 28, 38 18 30, 32 33-37, 39 2. Which of True/False the following questions best reflects the ability to question self-conception?

98-101 a. How will I make my living?

Short Essay 114 113 b. What kind of person am I? The Emotional Multiple Choice 40, 42, 44, 41, 43, 46, 51 47, 48, 50 c. Who is responsible for my behavior?

Self 45,move 49, 52 d. What can I do today to forward?

True/False 102-104 Answer: b Short Essay LO: 6.1 Summarize the differences among cultures in conceptions of the self.

Identity Multiple Choice 53, 54, 56, 55, 58, 61, 69, 57, 59, 63, 77 Topic: Self-Conceptions 60, 62, 64, 74, 75 65-67, 70Difficulty: Difficult 68, 73, 76, 78 72 Skill: Analyze It True/False 105-109 APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Short Essay 115, 116 The Multiple choice 81 80, 83, 84, 86- 79, 82, 94 85, 89 Multicultural 88, 90-93, 95 3. What is the meaning of self-esteem?

Self True/False the type 110-112 a. understanding of person you are b. a person’s well-being Essay overall sense of worth and117 c. becoming more aware of your own emotions and how you impact others’ emotions d. a perception of capacity and how that fits into your society Answer: b LO: 6.1 Summarize the differences among cultures in conceptions of the self.

Topic: Self-Conceptions Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

4. Which of the following is most TRUE of identity development? a. Middle childhood is the key life period for identity development.

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b. During adolescence, a person's identity is solidified. c. Adolescence and emerging adulthood are crucial periods for development. d. After the first six years of life, a person's identity is set.

Answer: c LO: 6.1 Summarize the differences among cultures in conceptions of the self.

Topic: Self-Conceptions Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

5. An individualistic culture cultivates an independent self and a collectivistic culture cultivates a(n) __________ self. a. collection b. social c. ideal d. interdependent Answer: d LO: 6.1 Summarize the differences among cultures in conceptions of the self.

Topic: Self-Conceptions Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

6. The term self-esteem was first invented by American a. Mary Cover Jones. b. William James. c. G. Stanley Hall. d. Susan Harter.

Answer: b LO: 6.1 Summarize the differences among cultures in conceptions of the self.

Topic: Self-Conceptions Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

7. Of the following countries, where is the independent self likely to be MOST embraced as being culturally important? a. China b. the United Kingdom c. the United States d. Pakistan Answer: c LO: 6.1 Summarize the differences among cultures in conceptions of the self.

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Topic: Self-Conceptions Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

8. Constantine is a young adult who spends a lot of time volunteering for his church. He gladly gives a portion of his paycheck to his aunt and grandmother each month.

Constantine's wife, Vera, is very upset and thinks that he should be focusing on his own career and trying to get ahead. Which of the following is most likely true of this couple? a. Constantine grew up in an individualistic culture; Vera grew up in a collectivistic culture. b. Constantine grew up in a collectivistic culture; Vera grew up in an individualistic culture. c. They are exhibiting normal behavior due to differential gender socialization. d. They are experiencing normal troubles associated with marriage in emerging adulthood.

Answer: b LO: 6.1 Summarize the differences among cultures in conceptions of the self.

Topic: Self-Conceptions Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

9. Jiang is twelve years old. He arrives home after school and announces to his family, "I am the best public speaker in my class! I am so proud of myself. I'm going to be a great journalist!" Jiang's father replied by saying, "You shouldn't brag, Jiang. Remember your responsibilities." The father's comments best exemplify __________ cultural values. a. individualistic b. collectivistic c. broadly defined d. self-reflective Answer: b LO: 6.1 Summarize the differences among cultures in conceptions of the self.

Topic: Self-Conceptions Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

10. Self-conceptions in childhood tend to be concrete while self-conceptions in adolescence tend to be ___________. a. combined b. defined c. vague 377 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

d. abstract Answer: d LO: 6.2 Describe the different kinds of selves adolescents may have, and explain how this variation reflects adolescents’ cognitive development.

Topic: Self-Conceptions Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

11. When asked to describe himself, Kolton replies, "I have a sister named Jo and I live in Fort Qu'Appelle." Most likely Kolton is _________ year(s) old. a. one b. five c. fourteen d. sixteen Answer: b LO: 6.2 Describe the different kinds of selves adolescents may have, and explain how this variation reflects adolescents’ cognitive development.

Topic: Self-Conceptions Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

12. Muukadu's stepmother was a "workaholic" and was hardly ever home. Muukadu plans to apply for law school, but swears she will not be like her stepmother. This scenario best reflects Muukadu's __________. a. actual self b. feared self c. abstract thought d. barometric self-esteem Answer: b LO: 6.2 Describe the different kinds of selves adolescents may have, and explain how this variation reflects adolescents’ cognitive development.

Topic: Self-Conceptions Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

13. For an adolescent, feelings of failure may result from awareness of a difference between the ___________. a. false self and ideal self b. the ideal self and the feared self c. the concrete self and the abstract self 378 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

d. actual self and the ideal self Answer: d LO: 6.2 Describe the different kinds of selves adolescents may have, and explain how this variation reflects adolescents’ cognitive development.

Topic: Self-Conceptions Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

14. Brenda knows that her grandmother suffered from alcoholism and that her drinking ultimately contributed to her early death. Brenda dreads the idea of turning to alcohol herself, and promises her mother that she'll never take a drink. The idea of becoming someone with an alcohol problem represents Brenda's ________ self. a. acquired b. unique c. feared d. idealized Answer: c LO: 6.2 Describe the different kinds of selves adolescents may have, and explain how this variation reflects adolescents’ cognitive development.

Topic: Self-Conceptions Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

15. One reason that depression is more prevalent in adolescence than in childhood may be that ___________. a. feelings of inadequacy stem from large discrepancies between actual and ideal selves b. parents do not understand what it is like to be an adolescent c. children do not have a sense of self d. feelings of loneliness accompany adolescents' abstract self-understanding Answer: a LO: 6.2 Describe the different kinds of selves adolescents may have, and explain how this variation reflects adolescents’ cognitive development.

Topic: Self-Conceptions Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

16. Lauren, a ninth-grade student, describes herself as a pretty good guitar player and an excellent math student who can't understand chemistry. She says she is wild and extroverted with friends in her band, yet she is shy and quiet at school. Lauren's self379 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

description reflects __________. a. the inability to integrate different aspects of her identity b. that she is significantly different from most of her peers c. differential gender socialization d. the ability to recognize contradictions in her personality Answer: d LO: 6.2 Describe the different kinds of selves adolescents may have, and explain how this variation reflects adolescents’ cognitive development.

Topic: Self-Conceptions Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

17. According to research, an adolescent is most likely to put on a "false self" with __________. a. parents b. dating partners c. close friends d. teachers Answer: b LO: 6.2 Describe the different kinds of selves adolescents may have, and explain how this variation reflects adolescents’ cognitive development.

Topic: Self-Conceptions Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

18. Which of the following best represents the pattern of self-esteem seen throughout the progression of adolescence and emerging adulthood? a. Self-esteem increases during early adolescence, declines in late adolescence, and rises again in emerging adulthood. b. Self-esteem rises throughout all of the adolescence and emerging adulthood. c. Self-esteem decreases during early adolescence, increases in late adolescence, and decreases again in emerging adulthood. d. Self-esteem decreases during early adolescence, increases in late adolescence, and continues to increase through emerging adulthood.

Answer: d LO: 6.3 Explain how and why self-esteem changes from preadolescence through adolescence, including ethnic variations.

Topic: Self-Esteem Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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19. Which of the following may contribute to a decline in self-esteem experienced in adolescence? a. imaginary audience b. response bias c. separation d. personal fable Answer: a LO: 6.3 Explain how and why self-esteem changes from preadolescence through adolescence, including ethnic variations.

Topic: Self-Esteem Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

20. The value placed upon self-esteem in the United States is associated with __________. a. child welfare b. individualism c. interdependence d. the age of adolescence Answer: b LO: 6.3 Explain how and why self-esteem changes from preadolescence through adolescence, including ethnic variations.

Topic: Self-Esteem Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

21. Which of the following is associated with declining self-esteem over time, which may lead to further issues? a. peer victimization b. accomplishment of easy tasks c. accomplishment of difficult tasks d. failure Answer: a LO: 6.3 Explain how and why self-esteem changes from preadolescence through adolescence, including ethnic variations.

Topic: Self-Esteem Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

22. Research has found that ________ tend to have higher self-esteem than members of other racial/ethnic groups.

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a. African Americans b. Caucasians c. Hispanic Americans d. Asian Americans Answer: a LO: 6.3 Explain how and why self-esteem changes from preadolescence through adolescence, including ethnic variations.

Topic: Self-Esteem Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

23. Which culture promotes self-esteem the least? a. African Americans b. Latinos c. Asian Americans d. European Americans Answer: c LO: 6.3 Explain how and why self-esteem changes from preadolescence through adolescence, including ethnic variations.

Topic: Self-Esteem Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

24. Which of the following scholars distinguished between baseline self-esteem and barometric self-esteem? a. Susan Harter b. Erik Erikson c. Lawrence Kohlberg d. Morris Rosenberg Answer: d LO: 6.4 Identify which of Harter’s eight domains of self-concepts has the most influence on global self-esteem in adolescence, and explain why self-esteem rises in emerging adulthood.

Topic: Self-Esteem Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

25. A person’s stable, enduring sense of worth and well-being is their __________ self-esteem. a. normal b. baseline 382 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

c. barometric d. lasting Answer: b LO: 6.4 Identify which of Harter’s eight domains of self-concepts has the most influence on global self-esteem in adolescence, and explain why self-esteem rises in emerging adulthood.

Topic: Self-Esteem Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

26. The fluctuating sense of worth and well-being people have as they respond to different thoughts, experiences, and interactions in the course of a day is their ___________ selfesteem. a. abnormal b. baseline c. variable d. barometric Answer: d LO: 6.4 Identify which of Harter’s eight domains of self-concepts has the most influence on global self-esteem in adolescence, and explain why self-esteem rises in emerging adulthood.

Topic: Self-Esteem Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

27. When would a person likely experience the most intense fluctuations in barometric selfesteem? a. early adolescence b. middle adolescence c. late adolescence d. emerging adulthood Answer: a LO: 6.4 Identify which of Harter’s eight domains of self-concepts has the most influence on global self-esteem in adolescence, and explain why self-esteem rises in emerging adulthood.

Topic: Self-Esteem Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

28. You are walking with your friend when suddenly their phone beeps and they must stop 383 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

and record their emotion right at that moment. You, being a student of psychology, know that your friend is likely participating in a study using the ______________. a. delayed sampling method b. experience sampling method c. just-in-time sampling method d. random sampling method Answer: b LO: 6.4 Identify which of Harter’s eight domains of self-concepts has the most influence on global self-esteem in adolescence, and explain why self-esteem rises in emerging adulthood.

Topic: Self-Esteem Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

29. The Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents was developed by ____________. a. Morris Rosenberg b. Carol Gilligan c. James Marcia d. Susan Harter Answer: d LO: 6.4 Identify which of Harter’s eight domains of self-concepts has the most influence on global self-esteem in adolescence, and explain why self-esteem rises in emerging adulthood.

Topic: Self-Esteem Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

30. Which of the following is NOT one of the domains of self-image proposed by Harter in her Self-Perceptions Profile for Adolescents? a. athletic competence b. close friendship c. extracurricular participation d. social acceptance Answer: c LO: 6.4 Identify which of Harter’s eight domains of self-concepts has the most influence on global self-esteem in adolescence, and explain why self-esteem rises in emerging adulthood.

Topic: Self-Esteem Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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31. To establish reliability of the subscales of Harter’s questionnaire, she calculated the ______________ of each subscale. a. standard deviation b. range c. internal consistency d. external validity Answer: c LO: 6.4 Identify which of Harter’s eight domains of self-concepts has the most influence on global self-esteem in adolescence, and explain why self-esteem rises in emerging adulthood.

Topic: Self-Esteem Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

32. The ____________ of a scale is the extent to which it really measures what it claims to measure. a. inference b. reliability c. validity d. variability Answer: c LO: 6.4 Identify which of Harter’s eight domains of self-concepts has the most influence on global self-esteem in adolescence, and explain why self-esteem rises in emerging adulthood.

Topic: Self-Esteem Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

33. Lee responded to the Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents. Lee has a high self-image in terms of global self-esteem. According to Harter, which other measure is likely to be high? a. close relationships b. physical appearance c. romantic appeal d. social acceptance Answer: b LO: 6.4 Identify which of Harter’s eight domains of self-concepts has the most influence on global self-esteem in adolescence, and explain why self-esteem rises in emerging adulthood.

Topic: Self-Esteem Difficulty: Moderate 385 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

34. Which one of the following statements relates to girls' decline in self-esteem in adolescence? a. Normal physical development is at odds with a cultural ideal of thinness. b. Boys typically have a more negative body image than do girls. c. Girls' scholastic achievement is typically lower than that of boys. d. Teachers are more likely to see them as being disciplinary problems in school.

Answer: a LO: 6.4 Identify which of Harter’s eight domains of self-concepts has the most influence on global self-esteem in adolescence, and explain why self-esteem rises in emerging adulthood.

Topic: Self-Esteem Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

35. Most of research showing a decline in girls' self-esteem in adolescence and a gender difference in perceived physical appearance has focused mainly on ___________. a. middle-class Canadian adolescents b. White adolescents c. African American college students d. adolescents of minority ethnicity Answer: b LO: 6.4 Identify which of Harter’s eight domains of self-concepts has the most influence on global self-esteem in adolescence, and explain why self-esteem rises in emerging adulthood.

Topic: Self-Esteem Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

36. An increase in self-esteem in emerging adulthood is associated with all of the following EXCEPT ____________. a. comfort with one's physical appearance b. improved relationships with parents c. social acceptance from peers d. ability to ignore peers’ frequent evaluations Answer: d LO: 6.4 Identify which of Harter’s eight domains of self-concepts has the most influence on global self-esteem in adolescence, and explain why self-esteem rises in emerging adulthood.

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Topic: Self-Esteem Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

37. Recent research has shown that the best way to increase school-related self-esteem is to __________. a. teach them knowledge and skills that can be the basis of real achievements b. praise students regardless of real effort or achievement c. encourage students to rate themselves favorably on self-image questionnaires d. teach students how to praise themselves even when they don't try to do well Answer: a LO: 6.5 Explain why self-esteem is relatively high for some adolescents and relatively low for others.

Topic: Self-Esteem Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

38. Tessa's parents have noticed that she has low self-esteem. Of the following, what is the best advice for them? a. Provide acceptance and approval. b. Send her to a "boot camp." c. Do nothing; it's a normal phase. d. Seek treatment for depression.

Answer: a LO: 6.5 Explain why self-esteem is relatively high for some adolescents and relatively low for others.

Topic: Self-Esteem Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

39. In the 1960s and 1970s, American educational programs designed to enhance selfesteem reflected a predominant belief that self-esteem __________. a. is a result of school success b. is a cause of school success c. had declined steadily since World War II d. is a socio-cultural invention Answer: b LO: 6.5 Explain why self-esteem is relatively high for some adolescents and relatively low for others.

Topic: Self-Esteem 387 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

40. Throughout the ages, the period of adolescence has been considered a time of __________. a. increased emotionality b. increased resiliency c. decreased cognition d. decreased ambition Answer: a LO: 6.6 Summarize the evidence for emotional volatility in adolescence.

Topic: The Emotional Self Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

41. According to most scholars, increased emotionality in adolescence can be attributed primarily to __________. a. raging hormones b. cognitive and environmental factors c. the generation gap d. storm and stress Answer: b LO: 6.6 Summarize the evidence for emotional volatility in adolescence.

Topic: The Emotional Self Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

42. According to the text, recent research indicates that ___________ may make a significant contribution to adolescents' emotionality. a. media consumption b. globalization c. brain development d. environmental toxins Answer: c LO: 6.6 Summarize the evidence for emotional volatility in adolescence.

Topic: The Emotional Self Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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43. Though research on emotionality during emerging adulthood is scarce, what did a longitudinal study find? a. From ages 18 to 25, negative emotions decrease. b. From ages 18 to 25, positive emotions decrease. c. From ages 18 to 25, negative emotions stay the same as they were during adolescence. d. From ages 18 to 25, negative emotions increase.

Answer: a LO: 6.6 Summarize the evidence for emotional volatility in adolescence.

Topic: The Emotional Self Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

44. Which of the following best summarizes research findings concerning time spent alone in adolescence? a. During adolescence, alone time decreases. b. During adolescence, alone time increases. c. During adolescence, alone time stays the same as in childhood. d. During adolescence, alone time decreases and time with family increases.

Answer: b LO: 6.7 Describe the extent to which adolescents and emerging adults spend time alone, and their emotional states while alone.

Topic: The Emotional Self Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

45. During the waking hours of the day, about how much time do emerging adults spend alone? a. about 1 to 2 hours per day b. about 4 to 5 hours per day c. about 7 to 9 hours per day d. about 10 to 12 hours per day Answer: b LO: 6.7 Describe the extent to which adolescents and emerging adults spend time alone, and their emotional states while alone.

Topic: The Emotional Self Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

46. During adolescents’ alone time, what happens to their emotions?

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a. Adolescents feel very positive and actually see a reduction in positive mood as the time comes to be with others again. b. Adolescents feel somewhat negative but begin feeling positive again toward the end of their alone time as though they are restored. c. Adolescents feel negative and remain that way even after time alone. d. Adolescents feel generally positive and feel even more positive after time alone.

Answer: b LO: 6.7 Describe the extent to which adolescents and emerging adults spend time alone, and their emotional states while alone.

Topic: The Emotional Self Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

47. Celeste spends an unusually large amount of time alone. In fact, her parents notice that she is alone over half of the time. Celeste is likely to have a ___________. a. greater than average chance of psychological difficulties b. lower than average chance of experiencing adjustment problems c. greater than average chance of school success d. lower than average chance of relationship difficulties Answer: a LO: 6.7 Describe the extent to which adolescents and emerging adults spend time alone, and their emotional states while alone.

Topic: The Emotional Self Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

48. Dominick has ten brothers and sisters and shares a bedroom with two brothers. His parents take in boarders who sleep in the basement. Dominick rarely gets to spend time alone, and sometimes wears his ear buds just to block out the noise and be alone with his thoughts. Dominick is likely to have a ___________. a. greater than average chance of psychological difficulties b. lower than average chance of experiencing adjustment problems c. greater than average chance of school success d. lower than average chance of relationship difficulties Answer: a LO: 6.7 Describe the extent to which adolescents and emerging adults spend time alone, and their emotional states while alone.

Topic: The Emotional Self Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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49. Robert Weiss (1973) makes the distinction between two types of loneliness: social and ___________. a. spiritual b. unsocial c. emotional d. constructive Answer: c LO: 6.7 Describe the extent to which adolescents and emerging adults spend time alone, and their emotional states while alone.

Topic: The Emotional Self Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

50. Jakob goes out a lot. He hangs around with a lot of guys from his neighborhood and his school. They are always skateboarding together downtown and playing video games.

However, Jakob feels like he has no one to talk to about his problems and the things that are important to him. Jakob is experiencing __________. a. social loneliness b. emotional loneliness c. separation d. marginality Answer: b LO: 6.7 Describe the extent to which adolescents and emerging adults spend time alone, and their emotional states while alone.

Topic: The Emotional Self Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

51. During which of the following life periods do people tend to spend the most time alone? a. childhood b. adolescence c. emerging adulthood d. middle adulthood Answer: c LO: 6.7 Describe the extent to which adolescents and emerging adults spend time alone, and their emotional states while alone.

Topic: The Emotional Self Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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52. During the COVID-19 quarantines, adolescents and emerging adults experienced __________. a. an improvement in social media relationships b. a heightened sense of loneliness c. an increase in social loneliness, but an improvement in emotional loneliness d. a decrease in social loneliness, but an increase in emotional loneliness Answer: b LO: 6.7 Describe the extent to which adolescents and emerging adults spend time alone, and their emotional states while alone.

Topic: The Emotional Self Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

53. According to Erikson, each life period is characterized by a specific ___________. a. developmental crisis b. physical experience c. socio-cognitive task d. ethical dilemma Answer: a LO: 6.8 Explain how identity issues develop in adolescence, according to Erikson’s theory, and how and why identity development might go off track.

Topic: Identity Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

54. Which of the following scholars proposed the theory of the adolescent identity crisis? a. James Marcia b. Erik Erikson c. Carol Gilligan d. Susan Harter Answer: b LO: 6.8 Explain how identity issues develop in adolescence, according to Erikson’s theory, and how and why identity development might go off track.

Topic: Identity Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

55. According to Erikson, an infant's developmental task is to ___________. a. achieve a secure sense of identity 392 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

b. differentiate between the self and others c. establish a secure sense of trust d. learn language in order to communicate Answer: c LO: 6.8 Explain how identity issues develop in adolescence, according to Erikson’s theory, and how and why identity development might go off track.

Topic: Identity Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

56. According to Erikson, the central task of adolescence focuses on ___________. a. real identity versus identity consolidation b. identity versus identity confusion c. childhood identity versus sexual identity d. identity versus immaturity Answer: b LO: 6.8 Explain how identity issues develop in adolescence, according to Erikson’s theory, and how and why identity development might go off track.

Topic: Identity Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

57. Katima walks through the world with great confidence in who she is and how she fits into the world around her. Katima has a clear sense of her ___________. a. trust b. self c. identity d. role in the community Answer: c LO: 6.8 Explain how identity issues develop in adolescence, according to Erikson’s theory, and how and why identity development might go off track.

Topic: Identity Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

58. According to Erikson, why is it so important to establish a sense of identity in adolescence? a. It is critical to beginning the separation from parents required for adulthood. b. It is a basis for initial commitments in adult life and is a foundation for later stages of development.

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c. It is critical to establish your place in the world at this age as you prepare to make decisions about college, career, and family. d. It is important to establish who you are so that you can develop lasting relationships in the community.

Answer: b LO: 6.8 Explain how identity issues develop in adolescence, according to Erikson’s theory, and how and why identity development might go off track.

Topic: Identity Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

59. Joaquin has had seven jobs in the last five months. He doesn’t seem to be able to commit to one path for his career. Erikson would probably say that Joaquin has declared a _____________. a. psychosocial moratorium b. negative identity c. positive identity d. delayed identity Answer: a LO: 6.8 Explain how identity issues develop in adolescence, according to Erikson’s theory, and how and why identity development might go off track.

Topic: Identity Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

60. Psychohistory is the psychological analysis of ____________. a. mental health institutions b. major historical figures c. important historical events d. academic institutions Answer: b LO: 6.8 Explain how identity issues develop in adolescence, according to Erikson’s theory, and how and why identity development might go off track.

Topic: Identity Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

61. Erikson (1958) used the life history of Martin Luther to illustrate ________. a. the identity crisis in adolescence and emerging adulthood b. the impact of religious beliefs on self-esteem 394 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

c. career choices during adolescence and emerging adulthood d. intimacy versus isolation Answer: a LO: 6.8 Explain how identity issues develop in adolescence, according to Erikson’s theory, and how and why identity development might go off track.

Topic: Identity Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

62. The key areas of identity formation in adolescence are love, work, and ____________. a. ideology b. rebellion c. body image d. entertainment Answer: a LO: 6.8 Explain how identity issues develop in adolescence, according to Erikson’s theory, and how and why identity development might go off track.

Topic: Identity Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

63. Enid looks up to her aunt who is a writer and wants to be just like her when she grows up. According to Erikson, which of the following terms describes this situation? a. retention b. separation c. ideal self d. identification Answer: d LO: 6.8 Explain how identity issues develop in adolescence, according to Erikson’s theory, and how and why identity development might go off track.

Topic: Identity Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

64. Which of the following best describes the psychosocial moratorium? a. a period during adolescence where various identities are explored b. a period of identity consolidation in emerging adulthood c. the inability to decide about the future d. the suspension of working on identity formation Answer: a 395 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

LO: 6.8 Explain how identity issues develop in adolescence, according to Erikson’s theory, and how and why identity development might go off track.

Topic: Identity Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

65. Juan is a high school senior. He's not sure what he wants to study in college, but he is considering either teaching or nursing. He has a part-time job as a clerk in a medical clinic and volunteers at his stepsister's preschool. We could say that Juan is experiencing a. identity achievement. b. identity foreclosure. c. identity diffusion. d. psychosocial moratorium.

Answer: d LO: 6.8 Explain how identity issues develop in adolescence, according to Erikson’s theory, and how and why identity development might go off track.

Topic: Identity Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

66. Blake is 28 years old and hasn't settled down. He has started college twice and quit, unsure of what career would suit his personality. He plays in a rock band on the weekends and secretly hopes he will be discovered by a record company, but doesn't really like performing all that much. According to the theory of Erik Erikson, Blake is most likely experiencing a. identity foreclosure. b. identity confusion. c. negative identity. d. marginality.

Answer: b LO: 6.8 Explain how identity issues develop in adolescence, according to Erikson’s theory, and how and why identity development might go off track.

Topic: Identity Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

67. Fiona has always excelled in school and is a talented artist and pianist. Her parents have always told her, "You're so bright; you can be anything you want!" Now a young adult, Fiona is having difficulty deciding what to do and as a result feels depressed and unable 396 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

to do anything. Most likely, Fiona is experiencing a. parental control. b. psychosocial moratorium. c. identity confusion. d. her feared self.

Answer: c LO: 6.8 Explain how identity issues develop in adolescence, according to Erikson’s theory, and how and why identity development might go off track.

Topic: Identity Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

68. Which of the following researchers developed the "Identity Status Interview"? a. Erik Erikson b. James Marcia c. Reed Larson d. Jean Phinney Answer: b LO: 6.9 Connect Erikson’s theory of identity development to the identity status model on which most research is based.

Topic: Identity Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

69. Each identity status contains a different combination of exploration and __________. a. crisis b. reflection c. commitment d. assimilation Answer: c LO: 6.9 Connect Erikson’s theory of identity development to the identity status model on which most research is based.

Topic: Identity Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

70. Ingrid is trying to "find herself." She is traveling to Asia and Europe next month and also plans to attend several career seminars when she returns home. Right now, she is considering a career in engineering and is taking a prerequisite physics course by correspondence. However, she has been talking to her aunt lately about her aunt's 397 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

experiences staying home with her kids while she runs a home-based Internet business.

All in all, Ingrid feels "up in the air," but she is trying to figure it all out. Which of the following identity statuses best describes Ingrid? a. achievement b. foreclosure c. moratorium d. diffusion Answer: c LO: 6.9 Connect Erikson’s theory of identity development to the identity status model on which most research is based.

Topic: Identity Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

71. Dylan plans to get his commercial pilot's license and be a pilot at the company where both his father and grandfather work. He's never given it a second thought. Dylan's brother Aidan constantly warns him, "Take some time, man, don't rush into it; do what's right for you." Dylan always replies, "If being a pilot is good enough for Dad and Grandpa, it's good enough for me. Besides, they would be very disappointed if I backed out." Which of the following identity statuses best describes Dylan? a. foreclosure b. moratorium c. diffusion d. achievement Answer: a LO: 6.9 Connect Erikson’s theory of identity development to the identity status model on which most research is based.

Topic: Identity Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

72. During her first year of college, Sarah left her options open by choosing a variety of courses. She had planned to be a business major, but after two summers of volunteering in a hospital, she decided that business went against her sense of values. She was able to transfer into a social work program at the start of her second year of college and is now sure she wants to go into social work. During this time, she had stopped going to church. Recently, she has started going to church again but has decided to join an ecumenical congregation that fits best with her beliefs. All in all, Sara feels like she has made the right choices. Which of the following identity statuses best describes Sarah? a. diffusion b. moratorium c. foreclosure 398 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

d. achievement Answer: d LO: 6.9 Connect Erikson’s theory of identity development to the identity status model on which most research is based.

Topic: Identity Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

73. Adolescents in the foreclosure status tend to score higher on a measure of ___________. a. rebelliousness b. conformity c. inquisitiveness d. independence Answer: b LO: 6.9 Connect Erikson’s theory of identity development to the identity status model on which most research is based.

Topic: Identity Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

74. Conformity is likely to be thought of more unfavorably in ___________. a. a Western culture b. a non-Western culture c. adolescence d. emerging adulthood Answer: a LO: 6.9 Connect Erikson’s theory of identity development to the identity status model on which most research is based.

Topic: Identity Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

75. Why is identify development seen as a process of emerging adulthood more so than a process of adolescence? a. Researchers have found it takes longer to reach identity achievement than they expected. b. Researchers have found that identity development doesn’t even begin in adolescence, it only begins in college. c. Researchers have found that adolescence is a time of moratorium on identity development.

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d. Researchers have found that adolescence is a time of identity diffusion.

Answer: a LO: 6.10 Explain why identity development is now regarded as more characteristic of emerging adulthood than adolescence, and discuss limitations of identity theory in regard to culture.

Topic: Identity Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

76. Some studies indicate that identity achievement may ___________ for emerging adults who do not attend college as compared to those who do attend college. a. come slower b. come faster c. be more complicated d. come around the same time Answer: b LO: 6.10 Explain why identity development is now regarded as more characteristic of emerging adulthood than adolescence, and discuss limitations of identity theory in regard to culture.

Topic: Identity Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

77. Regarding identity formation, which of the following statements is true? a. Most of the research has only looked at Western cultures, so it may not apply to other cultures. b. Most of the research has only looked at developing countries, so it may not apply to other cultures. c. Most of the research has only covered adolescence, so applying conclusions across the lifespan may not be appropriate. d. Very little research on identity formation has been done.

Answer: a LO: 6.10 Explain why identity development is now regarded as more characteristic of emerging adulthood than adolescence, and discuss limitations of identity theory in regard to culture.

Topic: Identity Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

78. Explorations in love and work are narrower for __________ in traditional cultures than for 400 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

__________. a. adolescents; emerging adults b. emerging adults; adolescents c. girls; boys d. boys; girls Answer: c LO: 6.10 Explain why identity development is now regarded as more characteristic of emerging adulthood than adolescence, and discuss limitations of identity theory in regard to culture.

Topic: Identity Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

79. For adolescents in minority cultures, the cognitive ability of self-reflection may bring about a heightened awareness of all but which of the following? a. what it means to be a member of a minority group b. the cultural stereotypes others may hold c. differences between the majority and minority cultures d. their own need to break free of their family’s cultural background Answer: d LO: 6.11 Describe the Ethnic Identity Model.

Topic: The Multicultural Self Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

80. One of the challenges with identity formation for members of ethnic minorities is that they must __________ the values of their ethnic group with the values of the majority culture. a. reconcile b. add together c. keep separate d. override Answer: a LO: 6.11 Describe the Ethnic Identity Model.

Topic: The Multicultural Self Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

81. Which of the following scholars is well-known for the study of identity formation of members of ethnic minorities in Western society?

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a. James Marcia b. Carol Gilligan c. Jean Phinney d. Robert Weiss Answer: c LO: 6.11 Describe the Ethnic Identity Model.

Topic: The Multicultural Self Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

82. It is Chantel's first day at a new high school. At lunch, a girl from her class asks her, "Where are you from? What's your background?" Chantel replies, "My parents are originally from Korea, but I really think of myself as just Canadian." Chantel's statement best illustrates __________. a. marginality b. biculturalism c. separation d. assimilation Answer: d LO: 6.11 Describe the Ethnic Identity Model.

Topic: The Multicultural Self Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

83. Which of the following ethnic identity statuses is characterized by low identification with the majority culture? a. marginality b. assimilated c. bicultural d. separation Answer: a LO: 6.11 Describe the Ethnic Identity Model.

Topic: The Multicultural Self Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

84. Of the following, which group of adolescents is most likely to view themselves as bicultural? a. Mexican American b. African American 402 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

c. Native American d. Puerto Rican Answer: a LO: 6.11 Describe the Ethnic Identity Model.

Topic: The Multicultural Self Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

85. With regard to ethnic identity, a separation orientation most likely will result from __________. a. discrimination experienced by members of ethnic minority groups b. conflict in parent-adolescent relationships c. the loss of traditional cultural values and practices d. international trends in globalization Answer: a LO: 6.11 Describe the Ethnic Identity Model.

Topic: The Multicultural Self Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

86. Separation is the most common ethnic identity status among ____________ adolescents. a. Asian American b. Mexican American c. African American d. Native American Answer: c LO: 6.11 Describe the Ethnic Identity Model.

Topic: The Multicultural Self Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

87. Marginality is the most pervasive among ___________ adolescents. a. Asian American b. Mexican American c. African American d. Native American Answer: d LO: 6.11 Describe the Ethnic Identity Model.

Topic: The Multicultural Self Difficulty: Moderate 403 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

88. Adolescents tend to be more aware of their ethnic identity when they are a ___________. a. hybrid identity b. numeric minority c. numeric majority d. fully assimilated individual Answer: b LO: 6.12 Summarize factors that promote ethnic identity awareness, and describe effects of having an ethnic minority identity.

Topic: The Multicultural Self Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

89. Phinney proposed that emerging adulthood may be an especially important time for developing ethnic identity because of the __________. a. development of even more abstract thinking by emerging adults b. exposure of emerging adults to new contexts c. development of overall identity d. further pressure to maintain traditional ethnic values during adulthood Answer: b LO: 6.12 Summarize factors that promote ethnic identity awareness, and describe effects of having an ethnic minority identity.

Topic: The Multicultural Self Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

90. Which of the following is an important factor in the socialization of ethnic identity? a. peers b. multimedia c. family d. school Answer: c LO: 6.12 Summarize factors that promote ethnic identity awareness, and describe effects of having an ethnic minority identity.

Topic: The Multicultural Self Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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91. Having a strong sense of one’s ethnic identity is related to all of the following EXCEPT _________. a. involvement in civic and political activities b. lower rates of risk behaviors c. negative peer relationships d. academic achievement Answer: c LO: 6.12 Summarize factors that promote ethnic identity awareness, and describe effects of having an ethnic minority identity.

Topic: The Multicultural Self Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

92. Which of the following is NOT a reason that globalization has a particularly strong impact on adolescents and emerging adults? a. Adolescents and emerging adults have higher exposure to media. b. More adolescents and emerging adults are living in urban areas than rural ones, which leads to more exposure to a diversity of ideas. c. Adolescence and emerging adulthood is an important time for identity development. d. Adolescents and emerging adults who gain freedom from their families are more easily influenced by outside ideas.

Answer: d LO: 6.13 Explain why adolescents and emerging adults are especially influenced by globalization, and describe how globalization is influencing their identity development.

Topic: The Multicultural Self Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

93. As a consequence of __________ many young people around the world adopt a(n)_________ identity. a. racism; bicultural b. racism; assimilated c. globalization; separation d. globalization; bicultural Answer: d LO: 6.13 Explain why adolescents and emerging adults are especially influenced by globalization, and describe how globalization is influencing their identity development.

Topic: The Multicultural Self Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts 405 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

94. Mobashar lives in Pakistan and is a member of a rap group. His favorite recording artist is Jay-Z. His rap group integrates traditional music with rap. He plans to study information and communications technologies at college and is happy with the arranged marriage that awaits him. Mobashar's situation best exemplifies ___________. a. hybrid identity b. marginalization c. immigrant identity d. identity confusion Answer: a LO: 6.13 Explain why adolescents and emerging adults are especially influenced by globalization, and describe how globalization is influencing their identity development.

Topic: The Multicultural Self Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

95. Related to issues of globalization, the pervasiveness of identity confusion may be best equated to __________. a. hybrid identity b. identity foreclosure c. marginalized identity d. identity achievement Answer: c LO: 6.13 Explain why adolescents and emerging adults are especially influenced by globalization, and describe how globalization is influencing their identity development.

Topic: The Multicultural Self Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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True/False 96. Cultures that emphasize an independent, individualistic self often discourage reflection about the self. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 6.1 Summarize the differences among cultures in conceptions of the self.

Topic: Self-Conceptions Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

97. In adolescence, self-conceptions become more abstract and complex. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 6.2 Describe the different kinds of selves adolescents may have, and explain how this variation reflects adolescents’ cognitive development.

Topic: Self-Conceptions Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

98. Levon feels good about his physical appearance and friendships but worries that he is not so good at school. According to Harter, it is possible for Levon to have healthy global self-esteem. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 6.4 Identify which of Harter’s eight domains of self-concepts has the most influence on global self-esteem in adolescence, and explain why self-esteem rises in emerging adulthood.

Topic: Self-Esteem Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

99. Adolescent boys are more likely than girls to focus on physical appearance as a basis for self-esteem. a. True b. False 407 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Answer: b LO: 6.4 Identify which of Harter’s eight domains of self-concepts has the most influence on global self-esteem in adolescence, and explain why self-esteem rises in emerging adulthood.

Topic: Self-Esteem Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

100.

Global self-esteem and physical appearance are closely linked for emerging adults. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 6.4 Identify which of Harter’s eight domains of self-concepts has the most influence on global self-esteem in adolescence, and explain why self-esteem rises in emerging adulthood.

Topic: Self-Esteem Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

101. According to research, African American adolescent girls are more likely to have a positive body image than White American adolescent girls. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 6.4 Identify which of Harter’s eight domains of self-concepts has the most influence on global self-esteem in adolescence, and explain why self-esteem rises in emerging adulthood.

Topic: Self-Esteem Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

102.

Adolescents tend to experience more negative moods than preadolescents or adults. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 6.6 Summarize the evidence for emotional volatility in adolescence.

Topic: The Emotional Self Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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103.

Adolescents do NOT report more extremes of emotions than children or adults. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 6.6 Summarize the evidence for emotional volatility in adolescence.

Topic: The Emotional Self Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

104. According to research, adolescents spend approximately one-fourth of their time alone. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 6.7 Describe the extent to which adolescents and emerging adults spend time alone, and their emotional states while alone.

Topic: The Emotional Self Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

105. According to Erikson, adolescence is the most crucial age in terms of identity development. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 6.8 Explain how identity issues develop in adolescence, according to Erikson’s theory, and how and why identity development might go off track.

Topic: Identity Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

106. Erikson's work on identity formation was mostly based on the findings from research projects. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 6.8 Explain how identity issues develop in adolescence, according to Erikson’s theory, and how and why identity development might go off track.

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Topic: Identity Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

107. Of all the identity statuses in adolescence, diffusion is the most likely to be predictive of anxiety, apathy, and having a disconnected relationship with one's parents. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 6.9 Connect Erikson’s theory of identity development to the identity status model on which most research is based.

Topic: Identity Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 108.

"Prolonged adolescence" is most likely to occur in industrialized societies. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 6.9 Connect Erikson’s theory of identity development to the identity status model on which most research is based.

Topic: Identity Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 109.

For most people, identity formation takes well into emerging adulthood. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 6.10 Explain why identity development is now regarded as more characteristics of emerging adulthood than adolescence, and discuss limitations of identity theory in regard to culture.

Topic: Identity Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

110.

Biculturalism is the option that involves leaving behind the ways of one's ethnic 410 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

group and adopting the values and way of life of the majority culture. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 6.11 Describe the Ethnic Identity Model.

Topic: The Multicultural Self Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

111.

In adolescence, the role of peers in ethnic socialization increases. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 6.12 Summarize factors that promote ethnic identity awareness, and describe effects of having an ethnic minority identity.

Topic: The Multicultural Self Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

112. Because of globalization, more young people around the world now develop a hybrid identity. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 6.13 Explain why adolescents and emerging adults are especially influenced by globalization, and describe how globalization is influencing their identity development.

Topic: The Multicultural Self Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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Essay 113. Provide reasons for a decline in self-esteem during early adolescence. Include reference to gender differences.

LO: 6.3 Explain how and why self-esteem changes from preadolescence through adolescence, including ethnic variations; 6.4 Identify which of Harter’s eight domains of self-concepts has the most influence on global self-esteem in adolescence, and explain why self-esteem rises in emerging adulthood; & 6.5 Explain why self-esteem is relatively high for some adolescents and relatively low for others.

Topic: Self-Esteem Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Answer: Adolescents' changing cognitive abilities and associated "egocentrism" (i.e., imaginary audience) coupled with ability to understand sarcasm. Peer-oriented nature of adolescence in Western cultures makes peer judgments highly salient. Research shows that an important caution is not to exaggerate the degree of decline in self-esteem among adolescents. Harter's research has shown that girls tend to rate themselves lower than boys on physical appearance, but higher than boys on close friendships.

114. List and describe influences upon self-esteem in adolescence.

LO: 6.5 Explain why self-esteem is relatively high for some adolescents and relatively low for others.

Topic: Self-Esteem Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Answer: Self-esteem is enhanced by parental support and encouragement. Approval from adults outside the family contributes to self-esteem. School success contributes to selfesteem. Inflated self-esteem may be associated with adjustment problems.

115. According to Erikson, the three principal areas of identity formation for adolescents and emerging adults are love, work, and ideology. Discuss and relate these to the cultural values of individualism in America.

LO: 6.8 Explain how identity issues develop in adolescence, according to Erikson’s theory, and how and why identity development might go off track.

Topic: Identity Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Answer: Psychosocial moratorium (a period of exploration) is more viable in industrialized societies. Individualism is associated with independence in decision making about beliefs, etc. An extended period of adolescence (exploration) is associated with industrialized 412 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

societies. Limitations on exploration in both love and work in traditional cultures have been more restrictive for girls than boys in those cultures.

116. Describe four possible alternatives of ethnic identity and provide an example of each demonstrating an awareness of the cultural makeup of the United States.

LO: 6.12 Describe the Ethnic Identity Model.

Topic: Identity Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Answer: Assimilation—leaving behind the ways of one's ethnic group and adopting the values and way of life of the majority culture in keeping with the "melting pot" theme.

Separation—associating only with members of one's own ethnic group and rejecting the ways of the majority culture. African American and Puerto Rican adolescents are more likely to have a separation orientation (legacy of racism and discrimination in America).

Marginality: rejecting one's culture of origin, but also experiencing rejection from the majority culture. Marginality is common among Native American adolescents (legacy of legislated cultural destruction). Biculturalism: dual identity based upon one's ethnic group of origin and based in the majority culture. Overall, minority adolescents tend to view themselves as bicultural. Mexican American and Asian American adolescents are most likely to view themselves as bicultural.

117. Outline important issues relating to the impact of globalization on identity development during adolescence and emerging adulthood.

LO: 6.13 Explain why adolescents and emerging adults are especially influenced by globalization and describe how globalization is influencing their identity development.

Topic: The Multicultural Self Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Answer: Many adolescents around the world adopt bicultural identities, even within their own countries/cultures. Hybrid identities arise when features of globalization (e.g., media, etc.) alter traditional cultural practices and beliefs. Higher levels of immigration may increase the complexity of identity development. Globalization may lead to an increase in the pervasiveness of identity confusion and marginalization, which in turn may be associated with problems such as depression, suicide, and substance use.

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REVEL QUIZ QUESTIONS

Chapter 6: The Self Quiz 6.1: Self-Conceptions EOM_Q6.1.1 1. Cultures where individualistic values are emphasized use _____ socialization to promote an ______ view of the self. a) broad; independent b) broad; interdependent Consider This: For a comparison, think about how collectivistic cultures socialize youth to consider social roles and obligations as an important part of their self. LO 6.1 Summarize the differences among cultures in conceptions of the self. c) narrow; independent Consider This: For a comparison, think about how collectivistic cultures socialize youth to consider social roles and obligations as an important part of their self. LO 6.1 Summarize the differences among cultures in conceptions of the self. d) narrow; interdependent Consider This: For a comparison, think about how collectivistic cultures socialize youth to consider social roles and obligations as an important part of their self. LO 6.1 Summarize the differences among cultures in conceptions of the self.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Self-Conceptions Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.1 Summarize the differences among cultures in conceptions of the self.

EOM_Q6.1.2 2. Cultures where collectivistic values are emphasized use _____ socialization to promote an ______ view of the self. a) narrow; interdependent b) narrow; independent

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Consider This: Think about how collectivistic cultures socialize youth to value social obligations as an important part of their self. LO 6.1 Summarize the differences among cultures in conceptions of the self. c) broad; interdependent Consider This: Think about how collectivistic cultures socialize youth to value social obligations as an important part of their self. LO 6.1 Summarize the differences among cultures in conceptions of the self. d) broad; independent Consider This: Think about how collectivistic cultures socialize youth to value social obligations as an important part of their self. LO 6.1 Summarize the differences among cultures in conceptions of the self.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Self-Conceptions Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.1 Summarize the differences among cultures in conceptions of the self.

EOM_Q6.1.3 3. Bethany has done well in high school and hopes to go to a good university, but she worries that she might do poorly and drop out like her older brother did. Bethany is imagining which type of possible self? a) Feared self b) Ideal self Consider This: This type of possible self is defined as the person the adolescent imagines it is possible to become but dreads becoming. LO 6.2 Describe the different kinds of selves adolescents may have, and explain how this variation reflects adolescents’ cognitive development. c) False self Consider This: This type of possible self is defined as the person the adolescent imagines it is possible to become but dreads becoming. LO 6.2 Describe the different kinds of selves adolescents may have, and explain how this variation reflects adolescents’ cognitive development. d) Anxious self Consider This: This type of possible self is defined as the person the adolescent imagines it is possible to become but dreads becoming. LO 6.2 Describe the different kinds of selves adolescents may have, and explain how this variation reflects adolescents’ cognitive development.

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Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Self-Conceptions Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 6.2 Describe the different kinds of selves adolescents may have, and explain how this variation reflects adolescents’ cognitive development.

EOM_Q6.1.4 4. A researcher is investigating differences between fifth and eighth graders’ descriptions of their self-concepts. Which of the following best reflects a response an eighth grader would provide when asked to describe themselves? a) “I am a serious flute player and I have a great best friend, Jen; we really know each other and trust each other.” b) “I play soccer and I have a twin brother whose name is Caleb.”

Consider This: Think about how researchers have found that self-conceptions become more abstract and focused on intangible personality characteristics from childhood to adolescence. LO 6.2 Describe the different kinds of selves adolescents may have, and explain how this variation reflects adolescents’ cognitive development. c) “I like to spend time with my family, and once a week we have family game night.”

Consider This: Think about how researchers have found that self-conceptions become more abstract and focused on intangible personality characteristics from childhood to adolescence. LO 6.2 Describe the different kinds of selves adolescents may have, and explain how this variation reflects adolescents’ cognitive development. d) “I think science is fun and I am part of my school’s Science Olympiad team.”

Consider This: Think about how researchers have found that self-conceptions become more abstract and focused on intangible personality characteristics from childhood to adolescence. LO 6.2 Describe the different kinds of selves adolescents may have, and explain how this variation reflects adolescents’ cognitive development.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Self-Conceptions Skill: Analyze It Learning Objective: 6.2 Describe the different kinds of selves adolescents may have, and explain how this variation reflects adolescents’ cognitive development.

EOM_Q6.1.5

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5. Researchers have found that adolescents report they are most likely to exhibit a(n) _______ self when interacting with _______, because they want to impress someone or to conceal aspects of themselves they do not want others to see. a) false; dating partners b) false; parents Consider This: Think about how researchers have found that adolescents are least likely to exhibit this type of self around their close friends. LO 6.2 Describe the different kinds of selves adolescents may have, and explain how this variation reflects adolescents’ cognitive development. c) ideal; dating partners Consider This: Think about how researchers have found that adolescents are least likely to exhibit this type of self around their close friends. LO 6.2 Describe the different kinds of selves adolescents may have, and explain how this variation reflects adolescents’ cognitive development. d) ideal; parents Consider This: Think about how researchers have found that adolescents are least likely to exhibit this type of self around their close friends. LO 6.2 Describe the different kinds of selves adolescents may have, and explain how this variation reflects adolescents’ cognitive development.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Self-Conceptions Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.2 Describe the different kinds of selves adolescents may have, and explain how this variation reflects adolescents’ cognitive development.

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Quiz 6.2: Self-Esteem EOM_Q6.2.1 1. A researcher is investigating differences in self-esteem among American ethnic groups, specifically African American, Asian American, and European American adolescents. After computing the mean self-esteem scores for each ethnic group, which of the following is likely to be the order of the self-esteem scores from highest to lowest, and why? a) African Americans will report the highest self-esteem scores and Asian Americans the lowest, with European American adolescents in between, because Asian cultures tend to discourage high self-evaluations. b) African Americans will report the lowest self-esteem scores and Asian Americans the highest, with European American adolescents in between, because Asian cultures tend to encourage high self-evaluations.

Consider This: Think about how Asian cultures tend to promote development of the interdependent self, which includes a focus on others’ needs versus self needs. LO 6.3 Explain how and why self-esteem changes from preadolescence through adolescence, including ethnic variations. c) European American adolescents will report the highest self-esteem scores and African Americans the lowest, with Asian Americans in between, because of African American experiences with discrimination.

Consider This: Think about how Asian cultures tend to promote development of the interdependent self, which includes a focus on others’ needs versus self needs. LO 6.3 Explain how and why self-esteem changes from preadolescence through adolescence, including ethnic variations. d) European American adolescents will report the lowest self-esteem scores and African Americans the highest, with Asian Americans in between, because the African American culture’s history of slavery discourages conformity.

Consider This: Think about how Asian cultures tend to promote development of the interdependent self, which includes a focus on others’ needs versus self needs. LO 6.3 Explain how and why self-esteem changes from preadolescence through adolescence, including ethnic variations.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Self-Esteem Skill: Analyze It

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Learning Objective: 6.3 Explain how and why self-esteem changes from preadolescence through adolescence, including ethnic variations.

EOM_Q6.2.2 2. Katherine argued with her sister during breakfast and felt angry on the car ride to school, but once she got to school and chatted with friends about planning a trip to the mall she felt happy. Katherine soon felt miserable because she got a poor grade on her Language Arts test, but her spirits were quickly lifted when the boy she liked smiled at her during lunch. This scenario reflects fluctuations in _________ self-esteem. a) barometric b) baseline Consider This: Think about how researchers have found that variations in this type of selfesteem can be quite intense during adolescence, thus contributing to a high level of moodiness among adolescents. LO 6.4 Identify which of Harter’s eight domains of selfconcepts has the most influence on global self-esteem in adolescence, and explain why self-esteem rises in emerging adulthood. c) global Consider This: Think about how researchers have found that variations in this type of selfesteem can be quite intense during adolescence, thus contributing to a high level of moodiness among adolescents. LO 6.4 Identify which of Harter’s eight domains of selfconcepts has the most influence on global self-esteem in adolescence, and explain why self-esteem rises in emerging adulthood. d) social Consider This: Think about how researchers have found that variations in this type of selfesteem can be quite intense during adolescence, thus contributing to a high level of moodiness among adolescents. LO 6.4 Identify which of Harter’s eight domains of selfconcepts has the most influence on global self-esteem in adolescence, and explain why self-esteem rises in emerging adulthood.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Self-Esteem Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.4 Identify which of Harter’s eight domains of self-concepts has the most influence on global self-esteem in adolescence, and explain why self-esteem rises in emerging adulthood.

EOM_Q6.2.3

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3. Which of the following domains of self-concept is assessed by this survey item: ―Some teenagers feel like they could do better at work they do for pay, but other teenagers feel that they are doing really well at work they do for pay.‖ a) Job competence b) Scholastic competence Consider This: Although all of the answer choices reflect domains of self-concept, which one reflects the extent to which adolescents feel they are ready for part-time work and have work skills? LO 6.4 Identify which of Harter’s eight domains of self-concepts has the most influence on global self-esteem in adolescence, and explain why self-esteem rises in emerging adulthood. c) Behavioral conduct Consider This: Although all of the answer choices reflect domains of self-concept, which one reflects the extent to which adolescents feel they are ready for part-time work and have work skills? LO 6.4 Identify which of Harter’s eight domains of self-concepts has the most influence on global self-esteem in adolescence, and explain why self-esteem rises in emerging adulthood. d) Social acceptance Consider This: Although all of the answer choices reflect domains of self-concept, which one reflects the extent to which adolescents feel they are ready for part-time work and have work skills? LO 6.4 Identify which of Harter’s eight domains of self-concepts has the most influence on global self-esteem in adolescence, and explain why self-esteem rises in emerging adulthood.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Self-Esteem Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 6.4 Identify which of Harter’s eight domains of self-concepts has the most influence on global self-esteem in adolescence, and explain why self-esteem rises in emerging adulthood.

EOM_Q6.2.4 4. Which of the following survey items best reflects the self-concept domain of romantic appeal? a) “Some teenagers feel that they are fun and interesting on a date, but other teenagers wonder about how fun and interesting they are on a date.” b) “Some teenagers think that they are good looking, but other teenagers think that they are not very good looking.”

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Consider This: Although all of the answer choices reflect items that are on Susan Harter’s Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents, which item best assesses adolescents’ perceptions that they are romantically attractive to those in whom they are interested?

LO 6.4 Identify which of Harter’s eight domains of self-concepts has the most influence on global self-esteem in adolescence, and explain why self-esteem rises in emerging adulthood. c) “Some teenagers understand how to get peers to accept them, but other teenagers don’t understand how to get peers to accept them.”

Consider This: Although all of the answer choices reflect items that are on Susan Harter’ Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents, which item best assesses adolescents’ perceptions that they are romantically attractive to those in whom they are interested?

LO 6.4 Identify which of Harter’s eight domains of self-concepts has the most influence on global self-esteem in adolescence, and explain why self-esteem rises in emerging adulthood. d) “Some teenagers are able to make really close friends, but other teenagers find it hard to make really close friends.”

Consider This: Although all of the answer choices reflect items that are on Susan Harter’s Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents, which item best assesses adolescents’ perceptions that they are romantically attractive to those in whom they are interested?

LO 6.4 Identify which of Harter’s eight domains of self-concepts has the most influence on global self-esteem in adolescence, and explain why self-esteem rises in emerging adulthood.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Self-Esteem Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.4 Identify which of Harter’s eight domains of self-concepts has the most influence on global self-esteem in adolescence, and explain why self-esteem rises in emerging adulthood.

EOM_Q6.2.5 5. Which of the following best describes the current perspective on associations between school success and self-esteem among adolescents? a) School success and self-esteem are mutually reinforcing, in that doing well in school enhances adolescents’ self-esteem, which in turn gives them confidence that promotes further school success. b) Confidence in one’s abilities to be successful at school, even if the school material is beyond the adolescent’s abilities, will guarantee school success.

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Consider This: Think about how a correlation does not imply causation. LO 6.5 Explain why self-esteem is relatively high for some adolescents and relatively low for others. c) Having an inflated sense of self-esteem is necessary for adolescents to obtain a high level of school success, especially with the achievement standards being so competitive today.

Consider This: Think about how a correlation does not imply causation. LO 6.5 Explain why self-esteem is relatively high for some adolescents and relatively low for others. d) Self-esteem is a cause of school success rather than a consequence, in that having a high level of self-esteem is the only way for adolescents to achieve a high level of school success.

Consider This: Think about how a correlation does not imply causation. LO 6.5 Explain why self-esteem is relatively high for some adolescents and relatively low for others.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Self-Esteem Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.5 Explain why self-esteem is relatively high for some adolescents and relatively low for others.

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Quiz 6.3: The Emotional Self EOM_Q6.3.1 1. Which of the following best summarizes the research findings from brain-imaging studies on emotional volatility during adolescence? a) Compared to adults, adolescents had higher brain activation in the amygdala and lower brain activation in the frontal lobes in response to pictures displaying strong emotions, indicating adolescents are prone to respond to emotional stimuli in a less rational way. b) Compared to adults, adolescents had lower brain activation in the amygdala and higher brain activation in the frontal lobes in response to pictures displaying strong emotions, indicating adolescents are prone to respond to emotional stimuli in a more rational way.

Consider This: Think about how the frontal lobes are involved in higher functions such as reasoning, planning, and decision making. LO 6.6 Summarize the evidence for emotional volatility in adolescence. c) Compared to adults, adolescents had higher brain activation in the hypothalamus and lower brain activation in the frontal lobes in response to pictures displaying strong emotions, indicating adolescents are prone to respond to emotional stimuli in a less rational way.

Consider This: Think about how the frontal lobes are involved in higher functions such as reasoning, planning, and decision making. LO 6.6 Summarize the evidence for emotional volatility in adolescence. d) Compared to adults, adolescents had lower brain activation in the hypothalamus and higher brain activation in the frontal lobes in response to pictures displaying strong emotions, indicating adolescents are prone to respond to emotional stimuli in a more rational way.

Consider This: Think about how the frontal lobes are involved in higher functions such as reasoning, planning, and decision making. LO 6.6 Summarize the evidence for emotional volatility in adolescence.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: The Emotional Self Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.6 Summarize the evidence for emotional volatility in adolescence.

EOM_Q6.3.2 2. What does the research evidence suggest about emotionality in emerging adulthood?

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a) Research suggests that from ages 18 to 25, negative emotions, such as feeling depressed or angry, decrease, indicating for most youth the self becomes happier and more stable from adolescence to emerging adulthood. b) Research suggests that from ages 18 to 25, negative emotions, such as feeling depressed or angry, increase, indicating for most youth the self becomes less happy and more volatile from adolescence to emerging adulthood.

Consider This: Think about how studies have found that for most youth, self-esteem rises during emerging adulthood. LO 6.6 Summarize the evidence for emotional volatility in adolescence. c) Research suggests that from ages 18 to 25, positive emotions, such as feeling happy or energetic, decrease, highlighting emerging adulthood as a time of instability.

Consider This: Think about how studies have found that for most youth, self-esteem rises during emerging adulthood. LO 6.6 Summarize the evidence for emotional volatility in adolescence. d) Research suggests that from ages 18 to 25, positive emotions, such as feeling happy or energetic, remain unchanged, indicating the self as stable and enduring from adolescence to emerging adulthood.

Consider This: Think about how studies have found that for most youth, self-esteem rises during emerging adulthood. LO 6.6 Summarize the evidence for emotional volatility in adolescence.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: The Emotional Self Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.6 Summarize the evidence for emotional volatility in adolescence.

EOM_Q6.3.3 3. Studies of daily time use show that over the course of adolescence, time spent alone __________. a) increases b) decreases Consider This: This trend will continue into emerging adulthood. LO 6.7 Describe the extent to which adolescents and emerging adults spend time alone, and their emotional states while alone. c) is dangerous Consider This: This trend will continue into emerging adulthood. LO 6.7 Describe the extent to which adolescents and emerging adults spend time alone, and their emotional states while alone.

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d) remains the same Consider This: This trend will continue into emerging adulthood. LO 6.7 Describe the extent to which adolescents and emerging adults spend time alone, and their emotional states while alone.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: The Emotional Self Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.7 Describe the extent to which adolescents and emerging adults spend time alone, and their emotional states while alone.

EOM_Q6.3.4 4. Wolfgang and Petra are siblings who are in middle school. Whereas Wolfgang spends almost all of his time away from school at home alone in his bedroom, Petra spends almost all of of her time away from school with friends and peers. If Wolfgang and Petra are like many other adolescents studied with the same behaviors, which of the following are Wolfgang and Petra MOST likely to experience? a) Both Wolfgang and Petra are likely to experience high rates of school problems and depression. b) Both Wolfgang and Petra are likely to experience low rates of school problems and depression.

Consider This: Remember that a moderate amount of alone time can be constructive for adolescents because it facilitates self-reflection and mood regeneration. LO 6.7 Describe the extent to which adolescents and emerging adults spend time alone, and their emotional states while alone. c) Wolfgang is likely to experience a high rate of depression, and Petra is likely to experience a low rate of school problems.

Consider This: Remember that a moderate amount of alone time can be constructive for adolescents because it facilitates self-reflection and mood regeneration. LO 6.7 Describe the extent to which adolescents and emerging adults spend time alone, and their emotional states while alone. d) Wolfgang is likely to experience a low rate of depression, and Petra is likely to experience a high rate of school problems.

Consider This: Remember that a moderate amount of alone time can be constructive for adolescents because it facilitates self-reflection and mood regeneration. LO 6.7 Describe the extent to which adolescents and emerging adults spend time alone, and their emotional states while alone.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult 425 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Topic: The Emotional Self Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 6.7 Describe the extent to which adolescents and emerging adults spend time alone, and their emotional states while alone.

EOM_Q6.3.5 5. Athena is a first-year college student who lives in the dormitory on campus. Athena has many interactions with people throughout a typical day, from chatting with roommates about their daily plans over breakfast to reviewing notes with classmates after physics lectures.

Despite these many interactions, Athena feels lonely because the interactions are not rewarding to her. What type of loneliness is Athena experiencing? a) Emotional loneliness b) Social loneliness Consider This: Think about how the definition of this type of loneliness reflects a deficit in the quality of social contacts and relationships, not the quantity. LO 6.7 Describe the extent to which adolescents and emerging adults spend time alone, and their emotional states while alone. c) Family loneliness Consider This: Think about how the definition of this type of loneliness reflects a deficit in the quality of social contacts and relationships, not the quantity. LO 6.7 Describe the extent to which adolescents and emerging adults spend time alone, and their emotional states while alone. d) Peer loneliness Consider This: Think about how the definition of this type of loneliness reflects a deficit in the quality of social contacts and relationships, not the quantity. LO 6.7 Describe the extent to which adolescents and emerging adults spend time alone, and their emotional states while alone.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: The Emotional Self Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 6.7 Describe the extent to which adolescents and emerging adults spend time alone, and their emotional states while alone.

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Quiz 6.4: Identity EOM_Q6.4.1 1.

According to Erikson’s theory, identity confusion reflects a failure to establish commitments in which of the following areas? a) Love, work, and ideology b) Family, work, and peers Consider This: Think about which group of areas is most important for establishing a clear identity in adolescence as the basis for initial commitments in adult life and as a foundation for later stages of development. LO 6.8 Explain how identity issues develop in adolescence, according to Erikson’s theory, and how and why identity development might go off track. c) Love, peers, and ideology Consider This: Think about which group of areas is most important for establishing a clear identity in adolescence as the basis for initial commitments in adult life and as a foundation for later stages of development. LO 6.8 Explain how identity issues develop in adolescence, according to Erikson’s theory, and how and why identity development might go off track. d) Work, family, and peers Consider This: Think about which group of areas is most important for establishing a clear identity in adolescence as the basis for initial commitments in adult life and as a foundation for later stages of development. LO 6.8 Explain how identity issues develop in adolescence, according to Erikson’s theory, and how and why identity development might go off track.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Identity Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 6.8 Explain how identity issues develop in adolescence, according to Erikson’s theory, and how and why identity development might go off track.

EOM_Q6.4.2 2. Research on the identity status model has found that the identity statuses are differentially associated with aspects of adolescent development. For instance, adolescents in the __________ status report lower levels of self-esteem and poorer relationship quality with parents compared to adolescents in the __________ status.

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a) diffusion; achievement b) achievement; diffusion Consider This: Adolescents who engage in high levels of identity exploration and commitment tend to report the most positive developmental outcomes, such as high levels of self-esteem and cooperation. LO 6.9 Connect Erikson’s theory of identity development to the identity status model on which most research is based. c) moratorium; achievement Consider This: Adolescents who engage in high levels of identity exploration and commitment tend to report the most positive developmental outcomes, such as high levels of self-esteem and cooperation. LO 6.9 Connect Erikson’s theory of identity development to the identity status model on which most research is based. d) achievement; moratorium Consider This: Adolescents who engage in high levels of identity exploration and commitment tend to report the most positive developmental outcomes, such as high levels of self-esteem and cooperation. LO 6.9 Connect Erikson’s theory of identity development to the identity status model on which most research is based.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Identity Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.9 Connect Erikson’s theory of identity development to the identity status model on which most research is based.

EOM 6.4.3 3. Erikson used the term ―identity crisis‖ to describe the process through which young people construct their identity, while Marcia and others prefer to refer to this process as _____________. a) exploration b) a moratorium Consider this: Rather than this process being full of anguish and struggle, it could be a possible investigation of possibilities. LO 6.9 Connect Erikson’s theory of identity development to the identity status model on which most research is based. c) identity confusion Consider this: Rather than this process being full of anguish and struggle, it could be a possible investigation of possibilities. LO 6.9 Connect Erikson’s theory of identity development to the identity status model on which most research is based. d) identity diffusion Consider this: Rather than this process being full of anguish and struggle, it could be a possible investigation of possibilities. LO 6.9 Connect Erikson’s theory of identity development to the identity status model on which most research is based.

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Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Identity Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.9 Connect Erikson’s theory of identity development to the identity status model on which most research is based.

EOM 6.4.4 4. Identity achievement appears most likely to occur during __________. a) emerging adulthood b) childhood Consider this: It was once believed to be a part of adolescence, but it seems to take longer these days. LO 6.10 Explain why identity development is now regarded as more characteristic of emerging adulthood than adolescence, and discuss limitations of identity theory in regard to culture. c) adolescence Consider this: It was once believed to be a part of adolescence, but it seems to take longer these days. LO 6.10 Explain why identity development is now regarded as more characteristic of emerging adulthood than adolescence, and discuss limitations of identity theory in regard to culture. d) middle adulthood Consider this: It was once believed to be a part of adolescence, but it seems to take longer these days. LO 6.10 Explain why identity development is now regarded as more characteristic of emerging adulthood than adolescence, and discuss limitations of identity theory in regard to culture.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Identity Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 6.10 Explain why identity development is now regarded as more characteristic of emerging adulthood than adolescence, and discuss limitations of identity theory in regard to culture.

EOM 6.4.5 5. Limitations on exploration in both love and work are narrower for ___________ in traditional cultures than for __________. a) girls; boys b) African Americans; European Americans Consider this: Expected stereotypes often impact opportunities. LO 6.10 Explain why identity development is now regarded as more characteristic of emerging adulthood than adolescence, and discuss limitations of identity theory in regard to culture. c) Asian Americans; African Americans 429 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Consider this: Expected stereotypes often impact opportunities. LO 6.10 Explain why identity development is now regarded as more characteristic of emerging adulthood than adolescence, and discuss limitations of identity theory in regard to culture. d) European Americans; Asian Americans Consider this: Expected stereotypes often impact opportunities. LO 6.10 Explain why identity development is now regarded as more characteristic of emerging adulthood than adolescence, and discuss limitations of identity theory in regard to culture.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Identity Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.10 Explain why identity development is now regarded as more characteristic of emerging adulthood than adolescence, and discuss limitations of identity theory in regard to culture.

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Quiz 6.5: The Multicultural Self EOM_Q6.5.1 1.

Which of the following scenarios best reflects an adolescent who has a separated ethnic identity?

a) Omar is an African American adolescent, and when asked to reflect on his ethnic identity he says, “I am only part of one culture. I am proud to be Black.” b) Omar is a Mexican American adolescent, and when asked to reflect on his ethnic identity he says, “When I’m with Mexican friends, I feel White, and when I’m with my White friends, I feel Mexican. I don’t really feel like I belong with either group.”

Consider This: Think about whether African American or Mexican American adolescents are more likely to have a separated ethnic identity. LO 6.11 Describe the Ethnic Identity Model. c) Omar is an African American adolescent, and when asked to reflect on his ethnic identity he says “I can draw from different strengths in different situations, because I have both an African and an American background.”

Consider This: Think about whether African American or Mexican American adolescents are more likely to have a separated ethnic identity. LO 6.11 Describe the Ethnic Identity Model. d) Omar is a Mexican American adolescent, and when asked to reflect on his ethnic identity he says, “I only really think of myself as American, and not Mexican.”

Consider This: Think about whether African American or Mexican American adolescents are more likely to have a separated ethnic identity. LO 6.11 Describe the Ethnic Identity Model.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: The Multicultural Self Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 6.11 Describe the Ethnic Identity Model.

EOM 6.5.2 2.

In the United States, which ethnic minority group is most likely to experience marginality as their ethnic identity? a) Native Americans b) African Americans

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Consider this: Recall that marginality is feeling alienated from one’s own culture and feeling rejected by the majority culture. LO 6.11 Describe the Ethnic Identity Model. c) Asian Americans Consider this: Recall that marginality is feeling alienated from one’s own culture and feeling rejected by the majority culture. LO 6.11 Describe the Ethnic Identity Model. d) Mexican Americans Consider this: Recall that marginality is feeling alienated from one’s own culture and feeling rejected by the majority culture. LO 6.11 Describe the Ethnic Identity Model.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: The Multicultural Self Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.11 Describe the Ethnic Identity Model.

EOM 6.5.3 3.

Federico is an adolescent who has a very strong ethnic identity that he has learned through his family and peers. Which of the following outcomes is likely to occur because Federico has such a strong identity? a) He is likely to have strong self-esteem and few risk behaviors. b) He is likely to experience low academic achievement and poor peer relationships.

Consider this: A strong sense of one’s ethnicity is related to a variety of favorable aspects of development. LO 6.12 Summarize factors that promote ethnic identity awareness, and describe effects of having an ethnic minority identity. c) He is likely to engage in high-risk behaviors when engaged with the majority ethnic group where he lives.

Consider this: A strong sense of one’s ethnicity is related to a variety of favorable aspects of development. LO 6.12 Summarize factors that promote ethnic identity awareness, and describe effects of having an ethnic minority identity. d) He is likely to experience a general dislike for civic and political activities in his community.

Consider this: A strong sense of one’s ethnicity is related to a variety of favorable aspects of development. LO 6.12 Summarize factors that promote ethnic identity awareness, and describe effects of having an ethnic minority identity.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: The Multicultural Self Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 6.12 Summarize factors that promote ethnic identity awareness, and describe effects of having an ethnic minority identity.

EOM 6.5.4 4. Which of the following is NOT a reason that globalization has a particularly strong effect on adolescents and emerging adults?

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a) This particular age group is more impacted by technology than face-to-face interactions. b)There is greater exposure of these age groups to media cultures.

Consider this: What is the impact of various aspects of the environment on socialization? LO 6.13 Explain why adolescents and emerging adults are especially influenced by globalization, and describe how globalization is influencing their identity development. c) Urbanization or more people live in urban areas in most countries.

Consider this: What is the impact of various aspects of the environment on socialization? LO 6.13 Explain why adolescents and emerging adults are especially influenced by globalization, and describe how globalization is influencing their identity development. d)Because adolescents and emerging adults have not solidified their beliefs and behaviors, they are more impacted by diverse cultural beliefs.

Consider this: What is the impact of various aspects of the environment on socialization? LO 6.13 Explain why adolescents and emerging adults are especially influenced by globalization, and describe how globalization is influencing their identity development.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: The Multicultural Self Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.13. Explain why adolescents and emerging adults are especially influenced by globalization, and describe how globalization is influencing their identity development.

EOM_6.5.5 5. Researchers have found that adapting to the rapid changes of globalization has been difficult for some adolescents in traditional cultures, and as such they are more likely to undergo _____________ and are more at risk for _____________. a) identity confusion; suicide and substance use b) identity confusion; bullying and discrimination Consider This: Think about how adapting to rapid globalization for adolescents in traditional cultures can be challenging because the ways of the impending global culture seem important to incorporate into their identity but also too foreign to everything they know from their direct experience. LO 6.13 Explain why adolescents and emerging adults are especially influenced by globalization, and describe how globalization is influencing their identity development. c) identity foreclosure; suicide and substance use Consider This: Think about how adapting to rapid globalization for adolescents in traditional cultures can be challenging because the ways of the impending global culture seem important to incorporate into their identity but also too foreign to everything they know from their direct experience. LO 6.13 Explain why adolescents and emerging adults 433 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

are especially influenced by globalization, and describe how globalization is influencing their identity development. d) identity foreclosure; bullying and discrimination Consider This: Think about how adapting to rapid globalization for adolescents in traditional cultures can be challenging because the ways of the impending global culture seem important to incorporate into their identity but also too foreign to everything they know from their direct experience. LO 6.13 Explain why adolescents and emerging adults are especially influenced by globalization, and describe how globalization is influencing their identity development.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: The Multicultural Self Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.13 Explain why adolescents and emerging adults are especially influenced by globalization, and describe how globalization is influencing their identity development.

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Chapter 6 Quiz EOC_Q6.1 1. Which of the following best summarizes how collectivistic cultures socialize adolescents on conceptions of the self? a) Because narrow socialization values are emphasized within collectivistic cultures, an interdependent conception of the self prevails in which adolescents are socialized to focus on the needs and interests of the group. b) Because narrow socialization values are emphasized within collectivistic cultures, an independent conception of the self prevails in which adolescents are socialized to consider their self-conception as defined by their own needs and interests.

Consider This: For a comparison, think about how individualistic cultures promote and encourage reflection about the self as independent. LO 6.1 Summarize the differences among cultures in conceptions of the self. c) Because broad socialization values are emphasized within collectivistic cultures, an interdependent conception of the self prevails in which adolescents are socialized to consider their self-conception as defined by relationships with others.

Consider This: For a comparison, think about how individualistic cultures promote and encourage reflection about the self as independent. LO 6.1 Summarize the differences among cultures in conceptions of the self. d) Because broad socialization values are emphasized within collectivistic cultures, an independent conception of the self prevails in which adolescents are socialized to consider their self-conception as defined by relationships with others.

Consider This: For a comparison, think about how individualistic cultures promote and encourage reflection about the self as independent. LO 6.1 Summarize the differences among cultures in conceptions of the self.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Self-Conceptions Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.1 Summarize the differences among cultures in conceptions of the self.

EOC_Q6.2

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Comment [MSB1]: There is no question for LO 6.8 - can you please revise one question to ensure LO 6.8 is covered in the EOC quiz.

2. When asked how she describes her personality, 15-year-old Serena said, ―I am friendly and outgoing, but sometimes I can be self-conscious.‖ Which of the following best explains why Serena described her self-concept this way? a) The cognitive development that occurs in adolescence, specifically the attainment of formal operations, enables Serena to develop self-conceptions that are more complex and abstract. b) The cognitive development that occurs in adolescence, specifically the attainment of concrete operations, enables Serena to develop self-conceptions that are more complex and abstract.

Consider This: Think about how the ability to perceive multiple aspects of a situation or idea reflects the cognitive development that is needed for adolescents to engage in reflection about themselves. LO 6.2 Describe the different kinds of selves adolescents may have, and explain how this variation reflects adolescents’ cognitive development. c) The cognitive development that occurs in adolescence, specifically the attainment of formal operations, enables Serena to develop self-conceptions that are more material and simple.

Consider This: Think about how the ability to perceive multiple aspects of a situation or idea reflects the cognitive development that is needed for adolescents to engage in reflection about themselves. LO 6.2 Describe the different kinds of selves adolescents may have, and explain how this variation reflects adolescents’ cognitive development. d) The cognitive development that occurs in adolescence, specifically the attainment of concrete operations, enables Serena to develop self-conceptions that are more material and simple.

Consider This: Think about how the ability to perceive multiple aspects of a situation or idea reflects the cognitive development that is needed for adolescents to engage in reflection about themselves. LO 6.2 Describe the different kinds of selves adolescents may have, and explain how this variation reflects adolescents’ cognitive development.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Self-Concepts Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.2 Describe the different kinds of selves adolescents may have, and explain how this variation reflects adolescents’ cognitive development.

EOC 6.3 3. Helga is asked to describe herself. She responds, ―I’m gonna be very popular with great looking guys, I’m gonna be outgoing like a Kardashian, and I’m gonna be a world-renowned cello player.‖ Helga is describing her __________ self. a) ideal b) feared 436 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Consider this: Which self is future oriented? LO 6.2 Describe the different kind of selves adolescents may have and explain how this variation reflects adolescents’ cognitive development. c) actual Consider this: Which self is future oriented? LO 6.2 Describe the different kind of selves adolescents may have and explain how this variation reflects adolescents’ cognitive development. d) conventional Consider this: Which self is future oriented? LO 6.2 Describe the different kind of selves adolescents may have and explain how this variation reflects adolescents’ cognitive development.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Self-Concepts Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 6.2 Describe the different kinds of selves adolescents may have, and explain how this variation reflects adolescents’ cognitive development.

EOC_Q6.4 4. Which of the following best reflects the research evidence that describes how and why selfesteem changes during adolescence and emerging adulthood? a) Self-esteem is lower during adolescence compared to emerging adulthood because adolescents tend to be more peer-oriented and self-conscious about harsh peer evaluations than emerging adults. b) Because emerging adulthood is an age of possibilities, which includes an optimistic view of the future, emerging adults tend to have higher levels of self-esteem than adolescents.

Consider This: Think about how the imaginary audience can make adolescents especially conscious of how they look and act around their peers. LO 6.3 Explain how and why selfesteem changes from preadolescence through adolescence, including ethnic variations. c) Self-esteem is higher during adolescence compared to emerging adulthood because adolescents tend to be less peer-oriented and self-conscious about harsh peer evaluations than emerging adults.

Consider This: Think about how the imaginary audience can make adolescents especially conscious of how they look and act around their peers. . LO 6.3 Explain how and why selfesteem changes from preadolescence through adolescence, including ethnic variations. d) Because adolescence is an age of possibilities, which includes an optimistic view of the future, adolescents tend to have higher levels of self-esteem than emerging adults.

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Consider This: Think about how the imaginary audience can make adolescents especially conscious of how they look and act around their peers. LO 6.3 Explain how and why selfesteem changes from preadolescence through adolescence, including ethnic variations.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Self-Esteem Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.3 Explain how and why self-esteem changes from preadolescence through adolescence, including ethnic variations.

EOC 6.5 5. Excessively focusing on a feared self is tied to __________. a) psychological disorders b) poor achievement Consider this: It is healthiest for adolescents to possess both an ideal self and a feared self.

LO 6.2 Describe the different kind of selves adolescents may have ad explain how this variable reflects adolescents’ cognitive development. c) poor physical health Consider this: It is healthiest for adolescents to possess both an ideal self and a feared self.

LO 6.2 Describe the different kind of selves adolescents may have ad explain how this variable reflects adolescents’ cognitive development. d) a lack of goal setting Consider this: It is healthiest for adolescents to possess both an ideal self and a feared self.

LO 6.2 Describe the different kind of selves adolescents may have ad explain how this variable reflects adolescents’ cognitive development.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Self-Concepts Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.2 Describe the different kind of selves adolescents may have and explain how this variation reflects adolescents’ cognitive development.

EOC 6.6 6. What is the general pattern of self-esteem through the adolescent and emerging adulthood periods? a) During early adolescence self-esteem drops. It then rises again through late adolescence and emerging adulthood. b) During early adolescence, self-esteem is at its highest. Late adolescence sees it drop and it remains low through emerging adulthood.

Consider this: Self-esteem varies throughout our lifetime. LO 6.3 Explain how and why self-esteem changes from preadolescence through adolescence, including ethnic variations.

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c) During early adolescence, self-esteem drops. It remains low until emerging adulthood when it increases dramatically.

Consider this: Self-esteem varies throughout our lifetime. LO 6.3 Explain how and why self-esteem changes from preadolescence through adolescence, including ethnic variations. d) During early adolescence, self-esteem is very high. It drops during late adolescence and rises again through emerging adulthood.

Consider this: Self-esteem varies throughout our lifetime. LO 6.3 Explain how and why self-esteem changes from preadolescence through adolescence, including ethnic variations.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Self-Esteem Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.3 Explain how and why self-esteem changes from preadolescence through adolescence, including ethnic variations.

EOC 6.7 7. Which of the following is NOT something that your text mentions that contributes to the low self-esteem seen in early adolescence? a) Self-consciousness about changes from puberty b)Greater peer-orientation Consider this: Early adolescence is a time when the focus moves from parents to peers.

LO 6.3 Explain how and why self-esteem changes from preadolescence through adolescence, including ethnic variations. c) Greater self-consciousness about peer evaluations Consider this: Early adolescence is a time when the focus moves from parents to peers.

LO 6.3 Explain how and why self-esteem changes from preadolescence through adolescence, including ethnic variations. d)Peers’ potentially harsh evaluations Consider this: Early adolescence is a time when the focus moves from parents to peers.

LO 6.3 Explain how and why self-esteem changes from preadolescence through adolescence, including ethnic variations.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Self-Esteem Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.3 Explain how and why self-esteem changes from preadolescence through adolescence, including ethnic variations.

EOC_Q6.8 8. Research by Susan Harter and other scientists has found the domain of ________ has the most influence on global self-esteem during adolescence, and that this link is strongest among ________. a) physical appearance; girls 439 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

b) physical appearance; boys Consider This: Think about how gender socialization focuses on developing aggression among boys and physical attractiveness among girls during adolescence. LO 6.4 Identify which of Harter’s eight domains of self-concepts has the most influence on global selfesteem in adolescence, and explain why self-esteem rises in emerging adulthood. c) social acceptance; girls Consider This: Think about how gender socialization focuses on developing aggression among boys and physical attractiveness among girls during adolescence. LO 6.4 Identify which of Harter’s eight domains of self-concepts has the most influence on global selfesteem in adolescence, and explain why self-esteem rises in emerging adulthood. d) social acceptance; boys Consider This: Think about how gender socialization focuses on developing aggression among boys and physical attractiveness among girls during adolescence. LO 6.4 Identify which of Harter’s eight domains of self-concepts has the most influence on global selfesteem in adolescence, and explain why self-esteem rises in emerging adulthood.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Self-Esteem Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.4 Identify which of Harter’s eight domains of self-concepts has the most influence on global self-esteem in adolescence, and explain why self-esteem rises in emerging adulthood.

EOC_Q6.9 9. Celeste is feeling badly because she can’t seem to recall where she left her socks. While she is looking for her socks, her mother assures her this is just a minor issue. Celeste and her mother are headed to an awards banquet where Celeste is supposed to receive an award for her academic achievement. Celeste’s roller-coaster ride of self-worth is referred to as __________. a) barometric self-esteem b) baseline self-esteem Consider this: This kind of self-esteem fluctuates. LO 6.4 Identify which of Harter’s eight domains of self-concepts has the most influence on global self-esteem in adolescence, and explain why self-esteem rises in emerging adulthood. c) rocky self-esteem Consider this: This kind of self-esteem fluctuates. LO 6.4 Identify which of Harter’s eight domains of self-concepts has the most influence on global self-esteem in adolescence, and explain why self-esteem rises in emerging adulthood. d) oscillating self-esteem 440 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Consider this: This kind of self-esteem fluctuates. LO 6.4 Identify which of Harter’s eight domains of self-concepts has the most influence on global self-esteem in adolescence, and explain why self-esteem rises in emerging adulthood.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Self-Esteem Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 6.4 Identify which of Harter’s eight domains of self-concepts has the most influence on global self-esteem in adolescence, and explain why self-esteem rises in emerging adulthood.

EOC 6.10 10. Which of the following scenarios best reflects the research evidence that explains differences in self-esteem among adolescents? a) Celine has a warm and supportive relationship with her parents, and in turn she has a high level of self-esteem. b) Celine has a high level of self-esteem, and in turn made the A/B honor roll at her school.

Consider This: Although all of the answer choices reflect examples of research linking selfesteem to outcomes during adolescence, which one best reflects how feeling accepted and approved by others is the most important factor for explaining why some adolescents have high or low levels of self-esteem? LO 6.5 Explain why self-esteem is relatively high for some adolescents and relatively low for others. c) Celine thinks that she is the most popular girl in her class, and in turn has inflated selfesteem.

Consider This: Although all of the answer choices reflect examples of research linking selfesteem to outcomes during adolescence, which one best reflects how feeling accepted and approved by others is the most important factor for explaining why some adolescents have high or low levels of self-esteem? LO 6.5 Explain why self-esteem is relatively high for some adolescents and relatively low for others. d) Celine has inflated self-esteem, and in turn has gotten in trouble at school for talking back to the teacher.

Consider This: Although all of the answer choices reflect examples of research linking selfesteem to outcomes during adolescence, which one best reflects how feeling accepted and approved by others is the most important factor for explaining why some adolescents have high or low levels of self-esteem? LO 6.5 Explain why self-esteem is relatively high for some adolescents and relatively low for others.

Answer: a

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Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Self-Esteem Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 6.5 Explain why self-esteem is relatively high for some adolescents and relatively low for others.

EOC_Q6.11 11. Which of the following best summarizes the research findings from the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) studies on emotional volatility across adolescence? a) The ESM results indicate adolescents reported experiencing more extremes of emotions, such as feeling embarrassed, compared to both preadolescents and adults, and that from fifth to eighth grade there was a 50% decline in the proportion of time youth reported feeling “very happy.” b) The ESM results indicate adolescents reported experiencing fewer extremes of emotions, such as feeling embarrassed, compared to both preadolescents and adults, and that from 9th to 12th grade there was a 50% decline in the proportion of time youth reported feeling “very happy.”

Consider This: Think about how the ESM results also found adolescents reported feeling awkward three times more often than their parents. LO 6.4 Identify which of Harter’s eight domains of self-concepts has the most influence on global self-esteem in adolescence, and explain why self-esteem rises in emerging adulthood. c) The ESM results indicate adolescents reported experiencing more extremes of emotions, such as feeling embarrassed, only compared to preadolescents, and that from fifth to eighth grade there was a 50% increase in the proportion of time youth reported feeling “very happy.”

Consider This: Think about how the ESM results also found adolescents reported feeling awkward three times more often than their parents. LO 6.4 Identify which of Harter’s eight domains of self-concepts has the most influence on global self-esteem in adolescence, and explain why self-esteem rises in emerging adulthood. d) The ESM results indicate adolescents reported experiencing more extremes of emotions, such as feeling embarrassed, only compared to adults, and that from 9th to 12th grade there was a 50% increase in the proportion of time youth reported feeling “very happy.”

Consider This: Think about how the ESM results also found adolescents reported feeling awkward three times more often than their parents. LO 6.4 Identify which of Harter’s eight domains of self-concepts has the most influence on global self-esteem in adolescence, and explain why self-esteem rises in emerging adulthood.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Self-Esteem 442 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.4 List Harter’s eight domains of self-concept, and identify which of them has the most influence on global self-esteem in adolescence.

EOC 6.12 12. Adolescents who rate themselves more favorably on self-esteem than their parents, teachers, and peers tend to have greater __________ than their peers. a) conduct problems in the classroom b)success in the classroom Consider this: High self-esteem is not always favorable. LO 6.5 Explain why selfesteem is relatively high for some adolescents and relatively low for others. c) absenteeism in the classroom Consider this: High self-esteem is not always favorable. LO 6.5 Explain why selfesteem is relatively high for some adolescents and relatively low for others. d)ratings of popularity Consider this: High self-esteem is not always favorable. LO 6.5 Explain why selfesteem is relatively high for some adolescents and relatively low for others.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Self-Esteem Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.5 Explain why self-esteem is relatively high for some adolescents and relatively low for others.

EOC 6.13 13. Which of the following is NOT a reason given by your text for the increased moodiness seen in adolescents? a) Parents exerting more control in their lives b) Hormones Consider this: There are many changes going on inside the adolescent that could explain their moodiness. LO 6.6 Summarize the evidence for emotional volatility in adolescence. c) Altered brain activity Consider this: There are many changes going on inside the adolescent that could explain their moodiness. LO 6.6 Summarize the evidence for emotional volatility in adolescence. d) Adolescents’ newly developed capacity for reasoning increases envisioned threats Consider this: There are many changes going on inside the adolescent that could explain their moodiness. LO 6.6 Summarize the evidence for emotional volatility in adolescence.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: The Emotional Self Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.6 Summarize the evidence for emotional volatility in adolescence.

EOC 6.14 443 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Straight out of high school, Jose moves to the mountains and becomes a ski bum for several years, working part-time at a ski shop and snowboarding every day. It would appear that Jose has declared a __________ regarding accepting the responsibilities of adulthood. a) psychosocial moratorium b) negative identity delay Consider This: Jose is trying on a possible self of being a snowboarding star. LO 6.8 Explain how identity issues develop in adolescence, according to Erikson’s theory, and how and why identity development might go off track. c) psychosocial delay Consider This: Jose is trying on a possible self of being a snowboarding star. LO 6.8 Explain how identity issues develop in adolescence, according to Erikson’s theory, and how and why identity development might go off track. d) psychosocial crisis Consider This: Jose is trying on a possible self of being a snowboarding star. LO 6.8 Explain how identity issues develop in adolescence, according to Erikson’s theory, and how and why identity development might go off track.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: The Emotional Self Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.6 Summarize the evidence for emotional volatility in adolescence.

EOC_Q6.15 14. Which of the following best summarizes the research findings from the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) studies on adolescents’ emotional states during times they are alone? a) The ESM studies revealed adolescents report experiencing low moods during these hours; they use this time to engage in self-reflection and mood regeneration. b) The ESM studies revealed adolescents report experiencing high moods during these hours; they use this time to engage in checking out.

Consider This: Think about how researchers have found that a moderate amount of time spent alone is conducive to promoting positive well-being among adolescents. LO 6.7 Describe the extent to which adolescents and emerging adults spend time alone, and their emotional states while alone. c) The ESM studies revealed adolescents report experiencing low moods during these hours; they use this time to finish their homework and clean their bedrooms.

Consider This: Think about how researchers have found that a moderate amount of time spent alone is conducive to promoting positive well-being among adolescents. LO 6.7 Describe the extent to which adolescents and emerging adults spend time alone, and their emotional states while alone. d) The ESM studies revealed adolescents report experiencing low moods during these hours; they use this time to watch a TV show and organize their thoughts.

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Consider This: Think about how researchers have found that a moderate amount of time spent alone is conducive to promoting positive well-being among adolescents. LO 6.7 Describe the extent to which adolescents and emerging adults spend time alone, and their emotional states while alone.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: The Emotional Self Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.7 Describe the extent to which adolescents and emerging adults spend time alone, and their emotional states while alone.

EOC_Q6.16 15. In Marcia’s system based on Erikson’s identity development theory, the psychosocial moratorium entails ______ but not _________. a) exploration; commitment b) commitment; exploration Consider This: What factor does Marcia’s system not include? LO 6.9 Connect Erikson’s theory of identity development to the identity status model on which most research is based. c) crisis; development Consider This: What factor does Marcia’s system not include? LO 6.9 Connect Erikson’s theory of identity development to the identity status model on which most research is based. d) development; crisis Consider This: What factor does Marcia’s system not include? LO 6.9 Connect Erikson’s theory of identity development to the identity status model on which most research is based.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Identity Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 6.9 Connect Erikson’s theory of identity development to the identity status model on which most research is based.

EOC_Q6.17 16. Which of the following best explains how Jean Phinney’s model of ethnic identity development classifies adolescents into one of four different identity statues, and what are the resulting four identity statuses?

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a) According to Phinney, identity development among ethnic minority adolescents involves a process in which youth must negotiate the values of their ethnic group with the values of the majority culture; the resulting combinations of this process are the four ethnic identity statuses of assimilation, marginality, separation, and biculturalism. b) According to Phinney, identity development among ethnic minority adolescents involves a process in which youth must negotiate the values of their ethnic group with the values of the majority culture; the resulting combinations of this process are the four ethnic identity statuses of diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, and achievement.

Consider This: Think about how one of these ethnic minority identity statues reflects the following statement: “Being both Mexican and American means having the best of both worlds.” LO 6.11 Describe the Ethnic Identity Model. c) According to Phinney, identity development among ethnic minority adolescents involves a process in which youth engage in different levels of identity exploration and commitment; the resulting combinations of this process are the four ethnic identity statuses of assimilation, marginality, separation, and biculturalism.

Consider This: Think about how one of these ethnic minority identity statues reflects the following statement: “Being both Mexican and American means having the best of both worlds.” LO 6.11 Describe the Ethnic Identity Model. d) According to Phinney, identity development among ethnic minority adolescents involves a process in which youth engage in different levels of identity exploration and commitment; the resulting combinations of this process are the four ethnic identity statuses of diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, and achievement.

Consider This: Think about how one of these ethnic minority identity statues reflects the following statement: “Being both Mexican and American means having the best of both worlds.” LO 6.11 Describe the Ethnic Identity Model.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: The Multicultural Self Skill: Analyze It Learning Objective: 6.11 Describe the Ethnic Identity Model.

EOC_Q6.18 17. In response to rapid globalization, researchers have found that many adolescents are developing a(n) ___________ identity, which integrates elements from their native culture, their current local culture, and the global culture. a) hybrid b) multicultural

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Consider This: Think about how this identity status is common among immigrant youth and reflects a dynamic and multifaceted identity. LO 6.13 Explain why adolescents and emerging adults are especially influenced by globalization, and describe how globalization is influencing their identity development. c) bicultural Consider This: Think about how this identity status is common among immigrant youth and reflects a dynamic and multifaceted identity. LO 6.13 Explain why adolescents and emerging adults are especially influenced by globalization, and describe how globalization is influencing their identity development. d) assimilated Consider This: Think about how this identity status is common among immigrant youth and reflects a dynamic and multifaceted identity. LO 6.13 Explain why adolescents and emerging adults are especially influenced by globalization, and describe how globalization is influencing their identity development.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: The Multicultural Self Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 6.13 Explain why adolescents and emerging adults are especially influenced by globalization, and describe how globalization is influencing their identity development.

EOC_Q6.19 18. Current research suggests that identity formation primarily occurs during ___________. a) emerging adulthood or later b)childhood Consider this: It takes longer than you might expect. LO 6.10 Explain why identity development is now regarded as more characteristic of emerging adulthood than adolescence, and discuss limitations of identity theory in regard to culture. c) adolescence Consider this: It takes longer than you might expect. LO 6.10 Explain why identity development is now regarded as more characteristic of emerging adulthood than adolescence, and discuss limitations of identity theory in regard to culture. d)late adulthood Consider this: It takes longer than you might expect. LO 6.10 Explain why identity development is now regarded as more characteristic of emerging adulthood than adolescence, and discuss limitations of identity theory in regard to culture.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Identity Skill: Remember the Facts

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Learning Objective: 6.10 Explain why identity development is now regarded as more characteristic of emerging adulthood than adolescence, and discuss limitations of identity theory in regard to culture.

EOC 6.20 19. Huong is an Asian American in a predominantly Latino high school. How is this most likely to impact his awareness of his ethnic identity? a) He will be more aware, having a higher level of ethnic identity. b)He will get lost in the crowd and have little sense of his ethnic identity.

Consider this: Sometimes strength is not associated with numbers. LO 6.12 Summarize factors that promote ethnic identity awareness, and describe effects of having an ethnic minority identity. c) It will have no impact on his ethnic identity Consider this: Sometimes strength is not associated with numbers. LO 6.12 Summarize factors that promote ethnic identity awareness, and describe effects of having an ethnic minority identity. d)He will no longer identify with his ethnicity, and he will assume the identity of the majority.

Consider this: Sometimes strength is not associated with numbers. LO 6.12 Summarize factors that promote ethnic identity awareness, and describe effects of having an ethnic minority identity.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: The Multicultural Self Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.12 Summarize factors that promote ethnic identity awareness, and describe effects of having an ethnic minority identity.

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TOTAL ASSESSMENT GUIDE Multiple Choice

Chapter 7 Family Relationships

1. According to research, with which family members do adolescents say they have the closest attachments? a. parents b. sisters Topic Remember Understand Apply What Analyze It c. brothers the Facts the Concepts You Know d. grandparents Adolescents’ 2, 11, 16, 1, 3, 7, 9, 13, 5, 6, 12, 15, 4, 8, 10 Answer: a Multiple Choice Family LO: 7.1 Describe the family systems 22 principles 14, 18, 19 17, 20, 21 of disequilibrium and subsystems.

Relationships Topic: Adolescents’ Family Relationships True/False 96 95 Difficulty: Moderate Short Essay 110 Skill: theChoice Concepts 24, 30, 35 Variations inUnderstand Multiple 23, 27, 29, 31, 25, 26, 28, 38 APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, 33, and37, overarching themes in psychology.

Parenting 39, 41, 32, 34, 36, 44 40, 42, 43 True/False 97, 98, 99, 100 2. Which statement most accurately 101 represents a dyadic relationship? a. mothers, fathers, and children acting together Short Essay 111 b. relationships between three siblings Closeness and Multiple Choice 63, 65-67 45, 46, 49, 52, 47, 48, 50, 61 c. single-parent family with two children Conflict Between 53, 56, 57, 59- 51 54, 55, d. a relationship between two persons62 Adolescents and 58, 64, 68 ParentsAnswer: d True/False 103-105 102 LO: 7.1 Describe the family systems principles of disequilibrium and subsystems.

Short Essay Topic: Adolescents’ Family Relationships Historical Multiple Choice 73-76 69-72 Difficulty: Easy Change and the True/False 106 Skill: Remember the Facts Family Short Essay 112 APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Divorce, Multiple Choice 83 77, 79-82, 84, 78 85 Remarriage, 86-89 Single……

107 3. One key True/False principle of the family systems approach is __________.

Short Essay 113children move away 95 a. parents often become depressed when Problems in b. each Multiple Choice 93 91, 92, 94 90 subsystem influences every other subsystem Family True/False 109of culture 108 c. conflicts arise regardless Functioning d. subsystems Short Essayare independent of each other 114 Answer: b LO: 7.1 Describe the family systems principles of disequilibrium and subsystems.

Topic: Adolescents’ Family Relationships Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 4. A key change that may cause disequilibrium in a family as a child enters adolescence is the __________.

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a. status of the parent's marriage b. beginning of puberty and sexual maturity c. affective functions of the family d. profound social changes over the last decade Answer: b LO: 7.1 Describe the family systems principles of disequilibrium and subsystems.

Topic: Adolescents’ Family Relationships Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 5. Julio’s father just secured a job in a different city and announced that the family will be moving to the new city. According to family systems principles, this will cause __________ and require that family members adjust to the changes that come with moving to a new city. a. disequilibrium b. conflict c. chaos d. a complete failure of the family system Answer: a LO: 7.1 Describe the family systems principles of disequilibrium and subsystems.

Topic: Adolescents’ Family Relationships Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 6. Garth is an 11-year-old boy. If Garth lives in a developed country, his parents are most likely __________. a. emerging adults b. entering midlife c. in their early 30s d. in their late 20s Answer: b LO: 7.2 Summarize general patterns of parents’ development in midlife and how these patterns influence their relations with adolescents and emerging adults.

Topic: Adolescents’ Family Relationships Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 7. According to research, for most Americans midlife is marked by ____________. a. feelings of depression and introspection b. a midlife crisis and out of the ordinary behavior 450 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

c. feeling that one is in the prime of life d. feeling more like one's adolescent children Answer: c LO: 7.2 Summarize general patterns of parents’ development in midlife and how these patterns influence their relations with adolescents and emerging adults.

Topic: Adolescents’ Family Relationships Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 8. Tracy is a mother in her early 40s. She is taking part in a study which is investigating the "empty-nest syndrome" that occurs when children leave home. Tracy has two daughters who have recently moved out, one to attend college and the other to move in with a boyfriend. When asked how Tracy is adjusting to life without the girls, she is most likely to say, a. "I have had very little trouble adjusting to their departure." b. "I have been devastated by their departure." c. "My husband and I don't have a clue what we're going to do now." d. "Our marriage has suddenly become troubled."

Answer: a LO: 7.2 Summarize general patterns of parents’ development in midlife and how these patterns influence their relations with adolescents and emerging adults.

Topic: Adolescents’ Family Relationships Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 9. Which statement best summarizes the situation of people in midlife? a. Earning power declines during this stage. b. Job satisfaction peaks in middle adulthood. c. Marital problems increase. d. Physical skills have experienced significant decline, leading to some feelings of despair.

Answer: b LO: 7.2 Summarize general patterns of parents’ development in midlife and how these patterns influence their relations with adolescents and emerging adults.

Topic: Adolescents’ Family Relationships Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 10. Abigail’s’ dad is a welder who has worked 40 to60 hours per week for most of his adult life. Which of the following most likely describes his situation in midlife?

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a. He has gotten used to the schedule and enjoys the extra money it affords him. b. His body is wearing out and his job satisfaction is declining. c. He is happy to have the extra hours away from home where turmoil has increased. d. He is in general very satisfied with life and wouldn’t change anything.

Answer: b LO: 7.2 Summarize general patterns of parents’ development in midlife and how these patterns influence their relations with adolescents and emerging adults.

Topic: Adolescents’ Family Relationships Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 11. According to research, the amount of time American adolescents spend with their families drops by what percentage between fifth and ninth grades? a. 10% b. 25% c. 50% d. 75% Answer: c LO: 7.2 Summarize general patterns of parents’ development in midlife and how these patterns influence their relations with adolescents and emerging adults.

Topic: Adolescents’ Family Relationships Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 12. Dylan, a 15-year-old boy, and his father, Craig, have spent less time together over the past few years. On average, Dylan and his father only spend about one hour a day together, and most of that time is spent watching television. What does this tell us about Dylan's home life? a. Dylan's dad is an authoritative parent. b. Dylan is a neglected child. c. Dylan's home life is normal. d. Dylan is most likely a maladjusted teen.

Answer: c LO: 7.2 Summarize general patterns of parents’ development in midlife and how these patterns influence their relations with adolescents and emerging adults.

Topic: Adolescents’ Family Relationships Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 13. Research has demonstrated that fathers’ relationships with their adolescents ___________.

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a. provide a negative familial pattern b. focus on only mothers' interactions c. are of enduring importance d. show only a shadowy presence Answer: c LO: 7.2 Summarize general patterns of parents’ development in midlife and how these patterns influence their relations with adolescents and emerging adults.

Topic: Adolescents’ Family Relationships Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 14. In the research focus box entitled "The Daily Rhythms of Adolescents’ Family Lives," what happens to adolescents’ relationships with their mothers from 5th through 9th grade? a. Positive feelings increase. b. Time spent with their mothers increases. c. Negative feelings increase sharply. d. Mothers take on a more important role in the lives of the adolescent.

Answer: c LO: 7.2 Summarize general patterns of parents’ development in midlife and how these patterns influence their relations with adolescents and emerging adults.

Topic: Adolescents’ Family Relationships Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 15. Magdalene and Marta are siblings. There is a twelve-year difference in their ages.

Because of this difference, they have little to do with each other as their interests and developmental stages are so different. They demonstrate what pattern of sibling relationship? a. caregiver b. critical c. casual d. rival Answer: c LO: 7.3 Identify the five common patterns of sibling relationships in adolescence.

Topic: Adolescents’ Family Relationships Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 16. Compared to Western societies, siblings in traditional cultures are more likely to 453 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

experience ________ relationships. a. rival b. caregiver c. casual d. critical Answer: b LO: 7.3 Identify the five common patterns of sibling relationships in adolescence.

Topic: Adolescents’ Family Relationships Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 17. Lupita and Blanca are sisters who are 13 and 15 years old, respectively. Lupita, the younger sister, knows that Blanca is older and has to be obeyed whether she likes it or not. These sisters are most likely to live in a(n) ___________. a. traditional culture b. Western country c. industrialized country d. broadly socialized culture Answer: a LO: 7.3 Identify the five common patterns of sibling relationships in adolescence.

Topic: Adolescents’ Family Relationships Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 18. The greatest amount of conflict for adolescents is seen between themselves and their __________. a. parents b. grandparents c. teachers d. siblings Answer: d LO: 7.3 Identify the five common patterns of sibling relationships in adolescence.

Topic: Adolescents’ Family Relationships Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 19. Which of the following statements summarizes how sibling relationships change in emerging adulthood? a. Caregiving roles are more common in emerging adulthood. b. Siblings become more distant in emerging adulthood.

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c. Siblings become closer in emerging adulthood. d. Rival relationships become more common in emerging adulthood.

Answer: b LO: 7.3 Identify the five common patterns of sibling relationships in adolescence.

Topic: Adolescents’ Family Relationships Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

20. Wahib is getting married. He ascribes to the traditions of his culture in rural India. He and his wife have never met, as their parents arranged the marriage. In order to maintain his traditional cultural beliefs, when Wahib and his new bride have returned from their honeymoon they will most likely __________. a. move in with his wife's family b. move in with Wahib's family c. find a place of their own d. build a house next to Wahib's grandparents Answer: b LO: 7.4 Explain why relations with extended family members are often especially close for adolescents in traditional cultures.

Topic: Adolescents’ Family Relationships Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 21. Gustavo is a young Mexican American boy living in Tucson, Arizona. His entire family embraces the traditional beliefs of family relationships. Besides his siblings and parents, who else would be living in Gustavo's house? a. uncles b. aunts c. grandparents d. nephews Answer: c LO: 7.4 Explain why relations with extended family members are often especially close for adolescents in traditional cultures.

Topic: Adolescents’ Family Relationships Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 22. What percentage of African American families is headed by a single parent? a. 10% b. 30% 455 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

c. 50% d. 70% Answer: c LO: 7.4 Explain why relations with extended family members are often especially close for adolescents in traditional cultures.

Topic: Adolescents’ Family Relationships Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 23. Imagine you are a prominent scholar in the field of parenting. You are most likely to describe parenting in terms of what two dimensions? a. demandingness and responsiveness b. ideal and real c. traditional and modern d. punishment and indifference Answer: a LO: 7.5 Summarize the parenting styles model, and explain how the styles represent custom complexes.

Topic: Variations in Parenting Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 24. Parental responsiveness is the degree to which parents __________. a. express disdain, coolness, and distance b. are sensitive to their children's needs and express love, warmth, and concern c. set down rules and expectations for behavior d. react whenever their children ask for something Answer: b LO: 7.5 Summarize the parenting styles model, and explain how the styles represent custom complexes.

Topic: Variations in Parenting Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

25. Marina and Carl are raising two children, Kira and Michala. In terms of parenting style, Marina and Carl are authoritative. What statement best characterizes how they raise their children? They have ___________. a. low demands and are not very responsive b. high demands and are highly responsive c. high demands and are not very responsive 456 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

d. low demands and are highly responsive Answer: b LO: 7.5 Summarize the parenting styles model, and explain how the styles represent custom complexes.

Topic: Variations in Parenting Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

26. Pierre and Marisa are raising twins. Both Pierre and Marisa use an authoritarian parenting style, much in the way they were both raised by their own sets of parents.

What statement best characterizes how Pierre and Marisa raise their twins? They have ___________. a. low demands and are not very responsive b. high demands and are highly responsive c. high demands and are not very responsive d. low demands and are highly responsive Answer: c LO: 7.5 Summarize the parenting styles model, and explain how the styles represent custom complexes.

Topic: Variations in Parenting Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

27. Permissive parents are those who are __________. a. low in demandingness and high in responsiveness b. high in demandingness and high in responsiveness c. low in demandingness and low in responsiveness d. high in demandingness and low in responsiveness Answer: a LO: 7.5 Summarize the parenting styles model, and explain how the styles represent custom complexes.

Topic: Variations in Parenting Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

28. Michelle and Andres are parents who describe themselves as "middle class." Michelle is a nurse and Andres is an accountant. Michelle and Andres are busy with their jobs, but always make time to talk with their children about how they are doing in school, their friends, and the reasons for their household rules. According to the text, both Michelle and Andres are most likely to be ________ parents.

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a. disengaged b. permissive c. authoritative d. authoritarian Answer: c LO: 7.5 Summarize the parenting styles model, and explain how the styles represent custom complexes.

Topic: Variations in Parenting Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

29. Which statement best characterizes parents who are disengaged in raising their children? a. Parents seem unconcerned with their children's daily activities. b. Each parent disagrees with the other about raising children. c. One parent feels they need clear expectations while parenting. d. Both require strict obedience from each child.

Answer: a LO: 7.5 Summarize the parenting styles model, and explain how the styles represent custom complexes.

Topic: Variations in Parenting Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

30. Research on parents' child-rearing goals shows that American parents tend to value ________ highly as a quality they wish to promote in their children. a. conformity b. tradition c. dependence d. independence Answer: d LO: 7.5 Summarize the parenting styles model, and explain how the styles represent custom complexes.

Topic: Variations in Parenting Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

31. Authoritative parents promote autonomy through __________. a. encouraging discussion and give-and-take b. absence and restraint 458 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

c. demandingness and inconsistency d. requiring absolute obedience from their children Answer: a LO: 7.5 Summarize the parenting styles model, and explain how the styles represent custom complexes.

Topic: Variations in Parenting Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

32. Sasha is an independent, self-assured, creative, and socially skilled teenager starting the 10th grade in the fall semester. Sasha has many friends and is very popular at her high school. She plays hockey and loves to write poetry. According to research, Sasha's parents are most likely to be __________. a. disengaged b. permissive c. authoritative d. authoritarian Answer: c LO: 7.6 Outline how research has shown parenting styles to be related to aspects of adolescents’ development.

Topic: Variations in Parenting Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

33. Passive and conforming adolescents are mostly likely being raised by what type of parents? a. disengaged b. permissive c. authoritative d. authoritarian Answer: d LO: 7.6 Outline how research has shown parenting styles to be related to aspects of adolescents’ development.

Topic: Variations in Parenting Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

34. Rovio is impulsive and doesn’t care if he gets into trouble. He is often in trouble with the law and with school, breaking rules regularly. At age 15, he uses drugs and lives his life with little concern for others. It is likely that Rovio was raised by ____________ parents.

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a. permissive b. disengaged c. authoritarian d. authoritative Answer: b LO: 7.6 Outline how research has shown parenting styles to be related to aspects of adolescents’ development.

Topic: Variations in Parenting Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

35. What principle describes the idea that adolescents are not only influenced by their parents but also influence their parents? a. reciprocal effects b. binocular vision c. unidirectionality d. responsiveness Answer: a LO: 7.7 Explain how theory and research on reciprocal effects, differential parenting, and nonshared environments complicate claims of the effects of parenting on adolescents.

Topic: Variations in Parenting Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

36. Izmit and Emer are two adolescent boys living with both their parents. Izmit can't wait to be old enough to move away from home. He feels like every time he asks for something his mom says no. Emer doesn't feel the same way his brother does. Emer feels his parents are loving and allow him sufficient autonomy. According to the text, Izmit and Emer are a. unique; they are both adolescents and their diverging behavior is troublesome. b. normal; adolescents can experience very different feelings in the same home. c. Izmit needs to seek professional advice to understand his hostile feelings. d. Emer is younger than Izmit and will feel the same way in a few years.

Answer: b LO: 7.7 Explain how theory and research on reciprocal effects, differential parenting, and nonshared environments complicate claims of the effects of parenting on adolescents.

Topic: Variations in Parenting Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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37. A recent study completed with 720 American families with two same-sex siblings including identical twins, fraternal twins, full siblings, half siblings, and biologicallyunrelated stepsiblings had a research design which allowed researchers to examine __________. a. how adolescents demand compliance and become more authoritarian b. questions of both genetic and environmental family influences on adolescents c. the effect of parental responsiveness in non-Western cultures d. the parental influence of how early adolescents choose their friends Answer: b LO: 7.7 Explain how theory and research on reciprocal effects, differential parenting, and nonshared environments complicate claims of the effects of parenting on adolescents.

Topic: Variations in Parenting Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

38. Research on 720 families across the United States demonstrated that there was a relationship between genetics and negativity. Which of the following sentences best summarizes this data? a. The more alike two siblings are genetically, the more alike parents’ behavior was toward them with respect to negativity. b. The less alike two siblings are genetically, the more different parents’ behavior was toward them with respect to negativity. c. The more alike two siblings are genetically, the more different parents’ behavior toward them with respect to negativity. d. The less alike two siblings are genetically, the more alike parents’ behavior was toward them with respect to negativity.

Answer: a LO: 7.7 Explain how theory and research on reciprocal effects, differential parenting, and nonshared environments complicate claims of the effects of parenting on adolescents.

Topic: Variations in Parenting Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

39. Which statement about parenting is most true of non-Western cultures? a. Authoritarian parenting is typical. b. Disengaged parenting is common. c. Authoritative parenting is rare. d. Permissive parenting is the norm.

Answer: c LO: 7.8 Describe limitations of applying the parenting styles model based on the American majority culture to other cultures in the United States and around the world.

Topic: Variations in Parenting 461 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

40. May is a 42-year-old mother of four. Two of May's children are teenagers and May knows that her authority will be obeyed, without question and without requiring an explanation. According to research, May most likely lives in _________. a. the United States b. Canada c. Japan d. the Netherlands Answer: c LO: 7.8 Describe limitations of applying the parenting styles model based on the American majority culture to other cultures in the United States and around the world.

Topic: Variations in Parenting Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

41. According to research, one consequence of the strong family identity nurtured in traditional Indian cultures is that ___________. a. children show high rates of delinquent behaviors b. adolescents have increased rates of drug use c. children rebel against their parents' authoritarian practices d. adolescents have low rates of depression and suicide Answer: d LO: 7.8 Describe limitations of applying the parenting styles model based on the American majority culture to other cultures in the United States and around the world.

Topic: Variations in Parenting Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

42. Pradeep is a young Indian man who is entering into adulthood. As a young man, his thoughts are turning to marriage, and he feels he is ready to make a commitment.

According to research, if Pradeep embraces the ideals of his traditional culture he will _________. a. choose his own bride from a neighboring village b. marry the girl he has been dating since high school c. enter into a marriage arranged by his parents d. narrow down his choices and let his sister make the decision Answer: c LO: 7.8 Describe limitations of applying the parenting styles model based on the American 462 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

majority culture to other cultures in the United States and around the world.

Topic: Variations in Parenting Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

43. Tak is a first generation Asian Canadian. Tak is raising his two sons as he was raised while living in his native Vietnam. It is most likely that Tak will engage in a(n) ________ parenting style. a. authoritative b. permissive c. traditional d. disengaged Answer: c LO: 7.8 Describe limitations of applying the parenting styles model based on the American majority culture to other cultures in the United States and around the world.

Topic: Variations in Parenting Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

44. According to research, what Western parenting style cannot be easily applied to Asian American parents? a. traditional b. disengaged c. permissive d. authoritative Answer: d LO: 7.8 Describe limitations of applying the parenting styles model based on the American majority culture to other cultures in the United States and around the world.

Topic: Variations in Parenting Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

45. In regard to attachment theory, which statement does NOT belong? a. The theory was originally developed by John Bowlby. b. Attachment occurs dependent on the behavior of the parent and the temperament and behavior of the child. c. It has an evolutionary basis for the safety of children. d. It describes the emotional relationships between siblings of similar age.

Answer: d LO: 7.9 Summarize the two main forms of infant attachment and the evidence for their 463 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

influence on adolescent development.

Topic: Closeness and Conflict Between Adolescents and Parents Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

46. According to attachment theory, what shapes expectation and interactions in relationships with others throughout a child's life? a. id strivings b. affective functions c. bidirectional effects d. an internal working model Answer: d LO: 7.9 Summarize the two main forms of infant attachment and the evidence for their influence on adolescent development.

Topic: Closeness and Conflict Between Adolescents and Parents Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

47. Niles is a young man who feels close to his parents and confident about his parents' love and concern for him. As Niles is entering adulthood, he is most likely ___________. a. feeling separation anxiety as he contemplates leaving home b. developing a healthy sense of autonomy from his parents c. understanding how authoritarian his parents have been in raising him d. feeling he has an insecure base from which to explore Answer: b LO: 7.9 Summarize the two main forms of infant attachment and the evidence for their influence on adolescent development.

Topic: Closeness and Conflict Between Adolescents and Parents Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

48. Freddie is a 15-year-old boy who has a secure attachment to both his mother and father. In terms of his friendships at school, Freddie is more likely than others to _________. a. feel he cannot get close to the girls in his peer group b. find solace in individual sporting activities c. express his feelings and develop close relationships d. be called a mama's boy and teased every day Answer: c LO: 7.9 Summarize the two main forms of infant attachment and the evidence for their 464 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

influence on adolescent development.

Topic: Closeness and Conflict Between Adolescents and Parents Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

49. With regard to the findings of many longitudinal studies on attachment theory reported in the textbook, which statement accurately describes the overall conclusions? a. The studies reported do not really test the heart of attachment theory, which is the claim that infant attachments form the basis for later relationships. b. These longitudinal studies have provided a clear support for the link between parental separation and secure attachment. c. Most of the studies relied on having people recall memories from childhood which was found to be an unreliable enterprise. d. These longitudinal studies have provided mixed support for the predictions of attachment theory.

Answer: d LO: 7.9 Summarize the two main forms of infant attachment and the evidence for their influence on adolescent development.

Topic: Closeness and Conflict Between Adolescents and Parents Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

50. Carrie is 15 years old and is constantly arguing with her mother. According to the text, what is likely to be the most common area of conflict between Carrie and her mother? a. whether Carrie can make her own decisions about things such as how she dresses b. what school Carrie should attend, public school or the private school across town c. where the family should live once Carrie's father gets the promotion he was awaiting d. who Carrie's mother should date – the grocery manager or the researcher at the university Answer: a LO: 7.10 Describe how conflict with parents changes during adolescence, and identify the main sources of conflicts.

Topic: Closeness and Conflict Between Adolescents and Parents Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

51. Benjamin and his father tend to argue more and more lately. Benjamin is 16 years old.

465 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What are he and his father most likely to be arguing about? a. the way Ben's dad and mother interact b. curfews and Ben's choice in music c. who Ben will marry when he reaches the age of consent d. the importance of a post-secondary education Answer: b LO: 7.10 Describe how conflict with parents changes during adolescence, and identify the main sources of conflicts.

Topic: Closeness and Conflict Between Adolescents and Parents Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

52. What do early and middle adolescents have in common in terms of their family harmony? Both age groups tend to have high levels of __________. a. conflict with parents b. harmony with parents c. parental contact d. avoidance of parents Answer: a LO: 7.10 Describe how conflict with parents changes during adolescence, and identify the main sources of conflicts.

Topic: Closeness and Conflict Between Adolescents and Parents Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

53. When does conflict with parents decrease? a. early adolescence b. middle adolescence c. late adolescence and emerging adulthood d. middle adulthood when the children become parents themselves Answer: c LO: 7.10 Describe how conflict with parents changes during adolescence, and identify the main sources of conflicts.

Topic: Closeness and Conflict Between Adolescents and Parents Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

54. Marcia and her mother seem to argue about everything. Marcia is in her second year of high school, and she is constantly complaining about how her mother treats her. "She never lets me wear makeup." "How does she think I can go to school in the clothes she 466 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

bought me?" "How come Jan can stay out later?" "She is always complaining about my music, my room, and my friends." How would one classify Marcia's relationship with her mother? a. Marcia's relationship with her mother is better than with her father. b. This seems to be typical of many adolescents' relationships with their parents. c. Marcia's relationship is unhealthy, and both should consider counseling. d. Marcia's mother is creating a dependent child, who will have problems in the future.

Answer: b LO: 7.10 Describe how conflict with parents changes during adolescence, and identify the main sources of conflicts.

Topic: Closeness and Conflict Between Adolescents and Parents Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

55. In which of the following relationships is conflict likely to be frequent and intense? a. between Carlos and his father b. between Carlos and his mother c. between Bethany and her father d. between Bethany and her mother Answer: d LO: 7.10 Describe how conflict with parents changes during adolescence, and identify the main sources of conflicts.

Topic: Closeness and Conflict Between Adolescents and Parents Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

56. According to your text, what stage of development is seen by parents as being the most difficult? a. infancy b. childhood c. adolescence d. emerging adulthood Answer: c LO: 7.10 Describe how conflict with parents changes during adolescence, and identify the main sources of conflicts.

Topic: Closeness and Conflict Between Adolescents and Parents Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

467 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

57. What is the positive outcome of conflict in adolescence? a. It gives adolescents fighting skills they can use in the world. b. It gives parents practice at setting boundaries. c. It promotes the development of a new equilibrium in the family that allows adolescents greater autonomy. d. It promotes more solid relationships once things calm down in emerging adulthood.

Answer: c LO: 7.10 Describe how conflict with parents changes during adolescence, and identify the main sources of conflicts.

Topic: Closeness and Conflict Between Adolescents and Parents Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

58. Jaquie is a young girl who constantly engages in petty conflicts with her mom, Sally.

Where do Jaquie and Sally most likely live? a. Uganda b. Mexico c. the United States d. Japan Answer: c LO: 7.11 Explain why parent–adolescent conflict is infrequent in many cultures in developing and developed countries.

Topic: Closeness and Conflict Between Adolescents and Parents Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

59. Which statement logically follows from the idea that in nonindustrialized traditional cultures, family members tend to rely a great deal on each other economically? a. Families in these cultures tend to be more individualized. b. There are patterns of broad socialization in these cultures. c. Petty arguments about dating and friends persist. d. Adolescents prepare for interdependence by learning to submit to parental authority.

Answer: d LO: 7.11 Explain why parent–adolescent conflict is infrequent in many cultures in developing and developed countries.

Topic: Closeness and Conflict Between Adolescents and Parents Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

468 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

60. Levels of conflict are low in parent-adolescent relationships not only in nonindustrialized traditional cultures but also in ___________. a. Canada b. Japan c. Great Britain d. Germany Answer: b LO: 7.11 Explain why parent–adolescent conflict is infrequent in many cultures in developing and developed countries.

Topic: Closeness and Conflict Between Adolescents and Parents Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

61. In contrast to Westernized cultures, parents in traditional cultures are more likely to be concerned with a. regulating adolescents' autonomy and independence. b. adolescents' conformity to cultural beliefs. c. the petty arguments about dating and peer groups. d. adolescents' disdain for their extended family members.

Answer: b LO: 7.11 Explain why parent–adolescent conflict is infrequent in many cultures in developing and developed countries.

Topic: Closeness and Conflict Between Adolescents and Parents Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

62. Outside of the majority cultures of the West, __________ is highly valued as an outcome of adolescent development. a. independence b. dependence c. interdependence d. complete separation Answer: c LO: 7.11 Explain why parent–adolescent conflict is infrequent in many cultures in developing and developed countries.

Topic: Closeness and Conflict Between Adolescents and Parents Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

63. What statement most closely reflects the feelings of emerging adults after their 469 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

departure from the family home? Emerging adults report __________. a. greater closeness with their parents b. poorer relations with their parents c. increased negative feelings about their upbringing d. out of sight, out of mind Answer: a LO: 7.12 Explain why conflict with parents usually decreases from adolescence to emerging adulthood.

Topic: Closeness and Conflict Between Adolescents and Parents Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

64. Devin is 21 and has recently moved more than an hour away from her parents.

According to research, what is her relationship with her parents most likely to be now? a. She is probably experiencing a high level of closeness with her parents. b. She is probably experiencing a low level of closeness with her parents. c. She is probably experiencing a high level of conflict with her parents. d. She is probably experiencing less independence than if she lived closer to her parents.

Answer: a LO: 7.12 Explain why conflict with parents usually decreases from adolescence to emerging adulthood.

Topic: Closeness and Conflict Between Adolescents and Parents Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

65. As compared to the United States, emerging adults in European countries tend to live with their parents ____________, especially in southern and eastern Europe. a. longer b. shorter c. about the same d. more often Answer: a LO: 7.12 Explain why conflict with parents usually decreases from adolescence to emerging adulthood.

Topic: Closeness and Conflict Between Adolescents and Parents Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

66. In recent studies, what percentage of American emerging adults "return to the nest" to 470 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

live at least once after they leave? a. 10% b. 25% c. 40% d. 60% Answer: c LO: 7.12 Explain why conflict with parents usually decreases from adolescence to emerging adulthood.

Topic: Closeness and Conflict Between Adolescents and Parents Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

67. Which of the following groups is most likely to move away from home? a. Asian Americans b. Black Americans c. Hispanic Americans d. White Americans Answer: d LO: 7.12 Explain why conflict with parents usually decreases from adolescence to emerging adulthood.

Topic: Closeness and Conflict Between Adolescents and Parents Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

68. Brandi is 22 years old and has just finished a communications degree at a university.

Finding a job in a marketing firm is difficult, so Brandi decides to move home with her parents for a while until she finds a good job. What is likely to make Brandi's transition to moving back home easier for both her and her parents? a. If Brandi's parents recognize her new maturity. b. When moving home, Brandi needs to expect to be treated like an adolescent. c. Brandi's parents need to help her manage her life choices. d. Brandi needs to take on a subordinate role as a dependent child.

Answer: a LO: 7.12 Explain why conflict with parents usually decreases from adolescence to emerging adulthood.

Topic: Closeness and Conflict Between Adolescents and Parents Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

69. A change that has influenced family life over the past two centuries is 471 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

a. higher birth rate. b. shorter life expectancy. c. movement to urban centers from predominantly rural residences. d. increased religious devoutness.

Answer: c LO: 7.13 Summarize the main changes that have taken place in adolescents’ family lives in Western countries over the past 200 years.

Topic: Historical Change and the Family Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

70. In terms of the changing dynamics of family life over the past 200 years, which statement does NOT belong? a. Human life expectancy has increased from 45 to 80 years of age. b. People are having fewer and fewer children. c. After 1830, the proportion of family farms steadily declined. d. Family is the single dominant supporting institution for adolescents.

Answer: d LO: 7.13 Summarize the main changes that have taken place in adolescents’ family lives in Western countries over the past 200 years.

Topic: Historical Change and the Family Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

71. Suppose you were an adolescent growing up in the United States in 1830. Where would you most likely live? a. uptown apartment b. coastal cottage c. family farm d. southern retreat Answer: c LO: 7.13 Summarize the main changes that have taken place in adolescents’ family lives in Western countries over the past 200 years.

Topic: Historical Change and the Family Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

72. According to the text, in the past 50 years which of the following is among the most dramatic changes in family life? a. lower birth rates 472 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

b. longer life expectancy c. higher divorce rates d. increased urbanization Answer: c LO: 7.14 Name the main changes that have taken place in adolescents’ family lives in Western countries over the past 50 years.

Topic: Historical Change and the Family Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

73. Which group has the highest divorce rate? a. African Americans b. Whites c. Hispanics d. Asian Americans Answer: a LO: 7.14 Name the main changes that have taken place in adolescents’ family lives in Western countries over the past 50 years.

Topic: Historical Change and the Family Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

74. Currently, what percentage of children are born to single mothers in the United States? a. 15% b. 25% c. 40% d. 62% Answer: c LO: 7.14 Name the main changes that have taken place in adolescents’ family lives in Western countries over the past 50 years.

Topic: Historical Change and the Family Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

75. What percentage of mothers are in the labor force in the United States presently? a. 27% b. 45% c. 70% d. 90% Answer: c 473 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

LO: 7.14 Name the main changes that have taken place in adolescents’ family lives in Western countries over the past 50 years.

Topic: Historical Change and the Family Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

76. One implication that follows from increased rates of divorce in the United States is __________. a. fathers are custodial parent in 90% of divorces b. children will find work to support the family c. mothers are more likely to work d. second marriages are more likely to be successful Answer: c LO: 7.14 Name the main changes that have taken place in adolescents’ family lives in Western countries over the past 50 years.

Topic: Historical Change and the Family Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

77. Suppose you were a subject in a research study investigating the effects of adolescents caught in a loyalty conflict between divorcing parents. What are you likely to be feeling? a. elated and relieved b. depressed and anxious c. confident and alone d. disinterested in ever getting married Answer: b LO: 7.15 Distinguish between family structure and family process, and use the concept of family process to explain variability in adolescents’ responses to divorce.

Topic: Divorce, Remarriage, Single Parenthood, Dual-Earner Families, and Sexual and Gender Minority Families Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

78. Greg's parents are recently divorced. Greg has always been a "B" student. After the divorce, what is likely to happen to Greg's grades? a. They are likely to rise. b. They are likely to fall. c. They will stay the same. d. We are unable to predict.

Answer: b 474 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

LO: 7.15 Distinguish between family structure and family process, and use the concept of family process to explain variability in adolescents’ responses to divorce.

Topic: Divorce, Remarriage, Single Parenthood, Dual-Earner Families, and Sexual and Gender Minority Families Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

79. In contrast to merely studying rates of divorce, researchers interested in the psychological effects of divorce need to focus on a. the declining birth rate in industrialized nations. b. the cultural beliefs of the larger society. c. the lack of extended family relationships. d. family process or quality of family relationships.

Answer: d LO: 7.15 Distinguish between family structure and family process, and use the concept of family process to explain variability in adolescents’ responses to divorce.

Topic: Divorce, Remarriage, Single Parenthood, Dual-Earner Families, and Sexual and Gender Minority Families Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

80. In terms of research conducted on the effects of divorce, the major psychological damage tends to be due to __________. a. dad leaving the home b. mom getting a job c. exposure to conflict between parents d. grandmother moving in Answer: c LO: 7.15 Distinguish between family structure and family process, and use the concept of family process to explain variability in adolescents’ responses to divorce.

Topic: Divorce, Remarriage, Single Parenthood, Dual-Earner Families, and Sexual and Gender Minority Families Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

81. According to research, in the first year following a divorce, mothers tend to be _________. a. more affectionate b. less permissive c. less consistent with parenting d. more consistent with parenting 475 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Answer: c LO: 7.15 Distinguish between family structure and family process, and use the concept of family process to explain variability in adolescents’ responses to divorce.

Topic: Divorce, Remarriage, Single Parenthood, Dual-Earner Families, and Sexual and Gender Minority Families Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

82. In most divorced families, a young person's contact with their father __________. a. stays the same b. increases dramatically c. declines steadily over time d. changes in intensity Answer: c LO: 7.15 Distinguish between family structure and family process, and use the concept of family process to explain variability in adolescents’ responses to divorce.

Topic: Divorce, Remarriage, Single Parenthood, Dual-Earner Families, and Sexual and Gender Minority Families Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

83. In recent decades, __________ has grown as a way of minimizing the damage to children that may result from heightened parental conflict during and after divorce. a. parenting class b. family process class c. divorce mediation d. step-family arbitration Answer: c LO: 7.15 Distinguish between family structure and family process, and use the concept of family process to explain variability in adolescents’ responses to divorce.

Topic: Divorce, Remarriage, Single Parenthood, Dual-Earner Families, and Sexual and Gender Minority Families Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

84. Imagine you wrote a paper covering research on the effects of mothers remarrying after divorce. You would most likely conclude __________. a. adolescent problems decline b. siblings choose sides c. adolescent problems rise 476 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

d. the effects depend on characteristics of the new stepfather Answer: c LO: 7.16 Explain why adolescents often respond negatively to parents’ remarriage even though it benefits the mother in many ways.

Topic: Divorce, Remarriage, Single Parenthood, Dual-Earner Families, and Sexual and Gender Minority Families Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

85. Pat is related to Jared. Pat is having a hard time establishing an attachment to Jared.

Jared also does not respect Pat's authority. According to research, what would be a good prediction of the way Pat and Jared are related? a. Jared is Pat's father. b. Pat is Jared's father. c. Pat is Jared's stepfather. d. Jared and Pat are brother and sister.

Answer: c LO: 7.16 Explain why adolescents often respond negatively to parents’ remarriage even though it benefits the mother in many ways.

Topic: Divorce, Remarriage, Single Parenthood, Dual-Earner Families, and Sexual and Gender Minority Families Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze it APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

86. When considering the impact of dual-earner families on adolescents, which of the following statements is correct? a. Few substantial effects on adolescent behavior have been found as a result of dual-earner families. b. Adolescent behavior is much more negative and risky in dual-earner families. c. Adolescent behavior is very positive in dual-earner families, with everyone gladly pitching in to make the home environment work. d. Female adolescents show negative effects while male adolescents show positive effects of dual-earner families.

Answer: a LO: 7.17 Identify the variables that influence adolescents’ response to both parents working.

Topic: Divorce, Remarriage, Single Parenthood, Dual-Earner Families, and Sexual and Gender Minority Families Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

477 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

87. Higher rates of isolation, depression, and drug and alcohol use are seen in families where __________. a. having only one income creates financial stress b. children are left alone after school until the parents get off work c. children must work to help with family income d. children must take on the role of the missing parent Answer: b LO: 7.17 Identify the variables that influence adolescents’ response to both parents working.

Topic: Divorce, Remarriage, Single Parenthood, Dual-Earner Families, and Sexual and Gender Minority Families Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

88. What is the primary negative impact of being an adolescent raised in a sexual and gender minority family? a. gender confusion b. stigma c. financial worries d. emotional worries Answer: b LO: 7.18 Describe the consequences to adolescents growing up in sexual and gender minority families.

Topic: Divorce, Remarriage, Single Parenthood, Dual-Earner Families, and Sexual and Gender Minority Families Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

89. When stigma increases in sexual and gender minority families, __________ increases. a. conflict b. behavioral problems c. psychological well-being d. violent episodes Answer: b LO: 7.18 Describe the consequences to adolescents growing up in sexual and gender minority families. Topic: Divorce, Remarriage, Single Parenthood, Dual-Earner Families, and Sexual and Gender Minority Families Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

478 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

90. Carlton is 14 years of age and has suffered from intermittent physical abuse for several years. Which statement is most likely to be true about Carlton's situation? a. He is most likely being abused by his father. b. The abuse he suffers is most likely coming from an older sibling. c. His mother is the one who is probably abusing him. d. Carlton's physical abuse probably comes from classmates at school.

Answer: a LO: 7.19 Describe the causes and consequences of physical and sexual abuse.

Topic: Problems in Family Functioning Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

91. For what reason does your text suggest that sexual abuse of a child or adolescent is more likely to be perpetrated by a stepfather than by a biological father? a. because the mother (or wife) is less likely to believe that a stepfather would commit sexual abuse compared to a biological father b. because there are, in fact, no laws in most states that prohibit sexual activity between a stepfather and stepdaughter c. because there is no biological incest taboo between stepfathers and their stepdaughters d. because most of the time the mother in a blended family situation works outside of the home, leaving more opportunity for a stepfather to behave in this abusive manner Answer: c LO: 7.19 Describe the causes and consequences of physical and sexual abuse.

Topic: Problems in Family Functioning Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

92. All of the following are more likely to be found in adolescents who run away from home compared with those who stay in their homes EXCEPT a. they are more likely to have been involved in criminal activity. b. they are more likely to have been either an only child or the youngest of their siblings. c. they are more likely to have had problems in school. d. they are more likely to use illegal drugs.

Answer: b LO: 7.20 Distinguish running away from home in developed countries from becoming “street children” in developing countries.

Topic: Problems in Family Functioning Difficulty: Moderate 479 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

93. According to research conducted on runaway youth, what percentage who leave home stays within 50 miles of home? a. 5-10% b. 20-30% c. 50-60% d. 80-90% Answer: d LO: 7.20 Distinguish running away from home in developed countries from becoming “street children” in developing countries.

Topic: Problems in Family Functioning Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

94. Studies of Kenyan homeless children found differences between street boys and street girls. One difference researchers found was that street girls ___________. a. continued to live with their families and brought home most of their money b. who left home typically had no contact with their families c. demonstrated impressive resourcefulness by taking advantage of aid programs d. far outnumber street boys Answer: b LO: 7.20 Distinguish running away from home in developed countries from becoming “street children” in developing countries.

Topic: Problems in Family Functioning Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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True/False 95. Adolescents' changing cognitive development may affect family equilibrium. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 7.1 Describe the family systems principles of disequilibrium and subsystems.

Topic: Adolescents’ Family Relationships Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

96. In Schlegel and Barry's (1991) analysis, over 80% of adolescent boys and girls in traditional cultures had frequent responsibility of caring for younger siblings. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 7.3 Identify the five common patterns of sibling relationships in adolescence.

Topic: Adolescents’ Family Relationships Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 97. A distinctive feature of authoritarian parents is that they explain the reasons for their rules and expectations to their children. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 7.5 Summarize the parenting styles model, and explain how the styles represent custom complexes.

Topic: Variations in Parenting Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 98. Adolescents of permissive parents tend to be immature, irresponsible, and are more likely than other adolescents to conform to their peers. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 7.6 Outline how research has shown parenting styles to be related to aspects of adolescents’ development.

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Topic: Variations in Parenting Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

99. Adolescents with authoritarian parents tend to be dependent, passive, and conforming. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 7.6 Outline how research has shown parenting styles to be related to aspects of adolescents’ development.

Topic: Variations in Parenting Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

100. Differential parenting did not result in nonshared environmental influences, meaning that the adolescents experienced the same family environments. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 7.7 Explain how theory and research on reciprocal effects, differential parenting, and nonshared environments complicate claims of the effects of parenting on adolescents.

Topic: Variations in Parenting Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

101. According to research, parents in non-Western cultures do not fit into the parenting scheme which includes authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive styles. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 7.8 Describe limitations of applying the parenting styles model based on the American majority culture to other cultures in the United States and around the world.

Topic: Variations in Parenting Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

102. Arguments between parents and adolescents generally concern seemingly minor issues such as curfews, clothing, musical preferences, etc.

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a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 7.10 Describe how conflict with parents changes during adolescence, and identify the main sources of conflicts.

Topic: Closeness and Conflict Between Adolescents and Parents Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

103. Based on the biological and cognitive changes of adolescence, parent–adolescent conflict is universal and "natural." a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 7.10 Describe how conflict with parents changes during adolescence, and identify the main sources of conflicts.

Topic: Closeness and Conflict Between Adolescents and Parents Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

104. In the United States as well as in other Western countries, the majority of emerging adults remain in their parents' home until marriage. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 7.11 Explain why parent–adolescent conflict is infrequent in many cultures in developing and developed countries.

Topic: Closeness and Conflict Between Adolescents and Parents Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

105. A successful transition for emerging adults returning home is more likely if parents recognize the change in their children's maturity and treat them as adults. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 7.12 Explain why conflict with parents usually decreases from adolescence to emerging adulthood.

Topic: Closeness and Conflict Between Adolescents and Parents Difficulty: Easy 483 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

106.

After divorce, fathers are usually designated the custodial parent. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 7.14 Name the main changes that have taken place in adolescents’ family lives in Western countries over the past 50 years.

Topic: Historical Change and the Family Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

107. Family process is the term scholars use to refer to the outward characteristics of the family—whether or not the parents are married, how many adults and children live in the household, whether or not there is a biological relationship between the family members (e.g., in stepfamilies), and so on. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 7.15 Distinguish between family structure and family process, and use the concept of family process to explain variability in adolescents’ responses to divorce.

Topic: Divorce, Remarriage, Single Parenthood, Dual-Earner Families, and Sexual and Gender Minority Families Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

108. According to the text, fathers who abuse their adolescent daughters tend to have been detached and distant from them when they were younger. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 7.19 Describe the causes and consequences of physical and sexual abuse.

Topic: Problems in Family Functioning Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

109. According to research completed by Aptekar & Stoecklin (2014), there are fewer than 10 million street children worldwide.

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a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 7.20 Distinguish running away from home in developed countries from becoming “street children” in developing countries.

Topic: Problems in Family Functioning Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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Essay 110. Compare and contrast three of the five common patterns in adolescents' relationships with their siblings.

LO: 7.3 Identify the five common patterns of sibling relationships in adolescence.

Topic: Adolescents’ Family Relationships Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Answer: Caregiver relationship—one sibling serves parental functions for the other. This is most common between an older sister and younger siblings in both Western and nonWestern cultures. Buddy relationship—siblings treat each other as friends. They try to be like one another, and they enjoy being together. Critical relationship—characterized by a high level of conflict and teasing. Rival relationship—siblings compete against each other and measure their success against one another. Causal relationship—the relationship between them is not emotionally intense, and they may have little to do with one another.

111. Discuss each of the four parenting styles using examples not discussed in the text.

LO: 7.5 Summarize the parenting styles model, and explain how the styles represent custom complexes.

Topic: Variations in Parenting Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Answer: Authoritative parents—high in demandingness and high in responsiveness. They set clear rules and expectations for their children. They make clear what the consequences will be if their children do not comply. They explain the reasons for the rules and expectations to their children. Authoritarian parents—high in demandingness but low in responsiveness. They require obedience from their children, and they punish disobedience without compromise. They expect their commands to be followed without dispute or dissent. In addition, they show little in the way of love or warmth toward their children.

Permissive parents—low in demandingness and high in responsiveness. They have few clear expectations for their children's behavior, and they rarely discipline them. They believe that children need love that is truly "unconditional." Disengaged parents—low in both demandingness and responsiveness. They seem uninvolved and even uninterested in their children's development. Their goal may be to minimize the amount of time and emotion they have to devote to parenting. They may seem to have little emotional attachment to them. • Students must provide examples on their own.

112. Discuss the three major historical changes affecting family life in the past 50 years.

Include a discussion of how these historical changes may affect adolescents.

Answer: b LO: 7.14 Name the main changes that have taken place in adolescents’ family lives in 486 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Western countries over the past 50 years.

Topic: Historical Change and the Family Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Answer: Rise in the divorce rate—50 years ago divorce was relatively rare in American society, compared with the present. Rise in the rate of single-parent households—the rise in the divorce rate has contributed to a simultaneous rise in the rate of single-parent households. As well as divorce, there has been a rise in children living in households where parents have never been married. Rise in the rate of dual-earner families—the rise of industrialization took most employment outside of the home and farm into factories, larger business, and government organizations. The trend in the last 50 years has been the rise of dual-earner families as mothers followed fathers out of the home and into the workplace.

113. Discuss the effects of single parenthood on adolescents.

LO: 7.15 Distinguish between family structure and family process, and use the concept of family process to explain variability in adolescents’ responses to divorce.

Topic: Divorce, Remarriage, Single Parenthood, Dual-Earner Families, and Sexual and Gender Minority Families Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Answer: Adolescents have a greater likelihood for a variety of problems including psychological problems (e.g., depression, anxiety). Academic achievement of adolescents tends to be lower. Adolescents are more likely to be substance users/abusers. Adolescents tend to be early initiators of sexual conduct.

114. Compare and contrast the description of street children from around the world. Use examples from India, Brazil, and/or Kenya.

LO: 7.20 Distinguish running away from home in developed countries from becoming “street children” in developing countries.

Topic: Problems in Family Functioning Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Answer: In India, there are more than 11 million street children. Reasons for living on the street include: overcrowded homes, physical abuse, and parental substance abuse. About half of Indian street children are homeless; for street children, 4 out of 5 of their families are also homeless. Most work as beggars, vendors, shoe shiners, or car cleaners. They have high rates of a variety of diseases such as cholera and typhoid; they are vulnerable to physical and sexual abuse. Additionally, they are in frequent conflict with their parents over low earnings, disobedience, and watching movies (a very popular form of recreation in India). Typically, street children form gangs. In Brazil, the estimates of street children range from 7 to 30 million. Many are driven to the streets by poverty—seeking food, 487 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

money, or clothes; some return home bringing what they have collected on the streets.

Many make a slow transition to the streets by going out only a few hours a day until they don't return home at all; they are viewed as little criminals and future thieves. In Kenya, there is a distinction between street boys and street girls. Street boys outnumber street girls. Street boys typically maintain contact with their families, often continuing to live with them and bringing most of their money home. Street boys demonstrate impressive resourcefulness—forming friendships, taking advantage of aid programs, and developing cognitive skills, while street girls, often leaving home to avoid sexual abuse, typically have no further contact with their families. They do not form friendships with other girls. Street girls are evaluated mainly in sexual terms—if they are considered unattractive, they are shunned, and if they are viewed as attractive they are forced into prostitution. Often, the leaders of street boy gangs take several street girls as "wives," providing them with food and protection from other boys in return for sex.

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REVEL QUIZ QUESTIONS

Quiz 7.1: Adolescents’ Family Relationships EOM_Q7.1.1 1. _________ is a principle of the family systems approach that explains why, for instance, the advent of puberty can result in poorer relationship quality between adolescents and their parents. a) Disequilibrium b) Equilibrium Consider This: Another normative example of this principle is that adolescents’ increasing cognitive development may affect their perceptions of their parents and thus their relationship quality with parents. LO 7.1 Describe the family systems principles of disequilibrium and subsystems. c) Subsystem Consider This: Another normative example of this principle is that adolescents’ increasing cognitive development may affect their perceptions of their parents and thus their relationship quality with parents. LO 7.1 Describe the family systems principles of disequilibrium and subsystems. d) Interdependence Consider This: Another normative example of this principle is that adolescents’ increasing cognitive development may affect their perceptions of their parents and thus their relationship quality with parents. LO 7.1 Describe the family systems principles of disequilibrium and subsystems.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Adolescents’ Family Relationships Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 7.1 Describe the family systems principles of disequilibrium and subsystems.

EOM_Q7.1.2 2. Which of the following scenarios best reflects the research evidence for how a parent would describe the experience of their first child moving away from home to attend college? a) ―I have missed my son a lot since he moved out, but I have enjoyed being able to spend more quality time with my husband and as such our marital relationship has improved.‖ b) ―I could not wait for my son to move out of the house and have not missed him at all since he went away to college.‖

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Consider This: Think about how disequilibrium in the family system is not always negative, and how a recent study found that one-fourth of parents reported they did not miss their children when they moved out. LO 7.2 Summarize general patterns of parents’ development in midlife and how these patterns influence their relations with adolescents and emerging adults. c) ―I have missed my son a lot since he moved out, and my depression about his absence has negatively affected the quality of my relationship with my husband.‖ Consider This: Think about how disequilibrium in the family system is not always negative, and how a recent study found that one-fourth of parents reported they did not miss their children when they moved out. LO 7.2 Summarize general patterns of parents’ development in midlife and how these patterns influence their relations with adolescents and emerging adults. d) ―I have missed my son a lot since he moved out, and I cannot wait for him to move back home during his summer break from college because I have no idea what to do with my free time.‖ Consider This: Think about how disequilibrium in the family system is not always negative, and how a recent study found that one-fourth of parents reported they did not miss their children when they moved out. LO 7.2 Summarize general patterns of parents’ development in midlife and how these patterns influence their relations with adolescents and emerging adults.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Adolescents’ Family Relationships Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 7.2 Summarize general patterns of parents’ development in midlife and how these patterns influence their relations with adolescents and emerging adults.

EOM_Q7.1.3 3. Which of the following scenarios best reflects a critical relationship between siblings? a) Durga and Aditi are sisters who are both in middle school and often argue about how they feel like their parents do not treat them equally because Aditi thinks it is unfair for her to have an earlier curfew than Durga since she is only 1 year younger. b) Durga and Aditi are sisters who are both in middle school and often compete with each other in their academic and extracurricular activities because Aditi wants to prove she is just as good as Durga even though she is only 1 year younger.

Consider This: Although all of the answer choices depict different types of adolescent sibling relationships, think about which one best reflects a relationship that is dominated by conflict. LO 7.3 Identify the five common patterns of sibling relationships in adolescence. c) Durga and Aditi are sisters who are both in middle school and spend little time together in and out of school because they feel like they have little in common so they invest more time into developing emotionally supportive relationships with their friends.

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Consider This: Although all of the answer choices depict different types of adolescent sibling relationships, think about which one best reflects a relationship that is dominated by conflict. LO 7.3 Identify the five common patterns of sibling relationships in adolescence. d) Durga and Aditi are sisters who are both in middle school and spend a lot of time together in and out of school because they feel like they have a lot in common and think of their relationship as being best friends.

Consider This: Although all of the answer choices depict different types of adolescent sibling relationships, think about which one best reflects a relationship that is dominated by conflict. LO 7.3 Identify the five common patterns of sibling relationships in adolescence.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Adolescents’ Family Relationships Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 7.3 Identify the five common patterns of sibling relationships in adolescence.

EOM_Q7.1.4 4. Which of the following best summarizes the research evidence for the general pattern of how and why sibling relationships change from childhood into adolescence? a) Research has found that from childhood to adolescence, sibling relationships tend to be less conflictual and more casual, partly because adolescents’ increasing involvement in friendships and employment outside the family results in less time spent with and thus less conflict with siblings. b) Research has found that from childhood to adolescence, sibling relationships tend to be more conflictual and less casual, partly because adolescents’ increasing cognitive abilities enable them to perceive how their parents may be treating them differently, resulting in more conflict with siblings.

Consider This: Although research has found that adolescents tend to have more conflicts with siblings than in their other relationships, think about how research has also found that most adolescents often report their siblings as an important source of emotional support. LO 7.3 Identify the five common patterns of sibling relationships in adolescence. c) Research has found that from childhood to adolescence, sibling relationships tend to remain stable and are characterized by the caregiver style, as older siblings are understood to have authority over younger ones, simply by virtue of being older.

Consider This: Although research has found that adolescents tend to have more conflicts with siblings than in their other relationships, think about how research has also found that most adolescents often report their siblings as an important source of emotional support. LO 7.3 Identify the five common patterns of sibling relationships in adolescence.

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d) Research has found that from childhood to adolescence, sibling relationships tend to remain stable and are characterized by the rival style, as younger siblings will always challenge the assumed authority of the older siblings and try to prove themselves as equals.

Consider This: Although research has found that adolescents tend to have more conflicts with siblings than in their other relationships, think about how research has also found that most adolescents often report their siblings as an important source of emotional support. LO 7.3 Identify the five common patterns of sibling relationships in adolescence.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Adolescents’ Family Relationships Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 7.3 Identify the five common patterns of sibling relationships in adolescence.

EOM_Q7.1.5 5. Research on American ethnic minority cultures has found that because about ___________ of African American children and adolescents are being raised in single-parent households, extended family support is especially important and has been ___________ linked to adolescents’ engagement in problem behaviors. a) 50%; negatively b) 50%; positively Consider This: Think about how African American extended families’ provision of mutual support, sharing financial resources, and parenting responsibilities may influence adolescents’ outcomes. LO 7.4 Explain why relations with extended family members are often especially close for adolescents in traditional cultures. c) 90%; negatively Consider This: Think about how African American extended families’ provision of mutual support, sharing financial resources, and parenting responsibilities may influence adolescents’ outcomes. LO 7.4 Explain why relations with extended family members are often especially close for adolescents in traditional cultures. d) 90%; positively Consider This: Think about how African American extended families’ provision of mutual support, sharing financial resources, and parenting responsibilities may influence adolescents’ outcomes. LO 7.4 Explain why relations with extended family members are often especially close for adolescents in traditional cultures.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Adolescents’ Family Relationships Skill: Understand the Concepts 492 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning Objective: 7.4 Explain why relations with extended family members are often especially close for adolescents in traditional cultures.

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Quiz 7.2: Variations in Parenting EOM_Q7.2.1 1. Asian cultures have a long tradition of filial piety and parents generally expect to be respected, obeyed, and revered. This style of parenting is __________.

a) a custom complex b) damaging to adolescents’ autonomy Consider This: Remember that Western countries tend to have broad socialization values such as independence. LO 7.5 Summarize the parenting styles model, and explain how the styles represent custom complexes. c) rare in Asia today Consider This: Remember that Western countries tend to have broad socialization values such as independence. LO 7.5 Summarize the parenting styles model, and explain how the styles represent custom complexes. d) against the law in some countries Consider This: Remember that Western countries tend to have broad socialization values such as independence. LO 7.5 Summarize the parenting styles model, and explain how the styles represent custom complexes.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Variations in Parenting Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 7.5 Summarize the parenting styles model, and explain how the styles represent custom complexes.

EOM_Q7.2.2 2. When Brittany received her driver’s license, her parents initiated a discussion with her about changing her curfew from 8 p.m. to 10 p.m. Her parents explained that with the driver’s license, she has more ability to spend time with friends, but that this freedom comes with responsibility and that it is safer for Brittany to have a curfew of 10 p.m. versus a later curfew of midnight.

What parenting style are Brittany’s parents exhibiting? a) Brittany’s parents are exhibiting the authoritative parenting style. b) Brittany’s parents are exhibiting the authoritarian parenting style.

Consider This: Think about how research indicates that adolescents who are raised with this parenting style also tend to do well in school and have positive peer relationships. LO 7.5 Summarize the parenting styles model, and explain how the styles represent custom complexes. c) Brittany’s parents are exhibiting the permissive parenting style.

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Consider This: Think about how research indicates that adolescents who are raised with this parenting style also tend to do well in school and have positive peer relationships. LO 7.5 Summarize the parenting styles model, and explain how the styles represent custom complexes. d) Brittany’s parents are exhibiting the disengaged parenting style.

Consider This: Think about how research indicates that adolescents who are raised with this parenting style also tend to do well in school and have positive peer relationships. LO 7.5 Summarize the parenting styles model, and explain how the styles represent custom complexes.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Variations in Parenting Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 7.5 Summarize the parenting styles model, and explain how the styles represent custom complexes.

EOM_Q7.2.3 3. Which of the following best summarizes the research findings from the studies on differential parenting that tracked 720 families across the United States and included multiple types of two same-sex siblings within each family? a) Results supported the existence of nonshared environmental influences, in that the siblings experienced different family environments, and these differences were evident in adolescents’ behavior and psychological functioning. b) Results supported the existence of shared environmental influences, in that the siblings experienced different family environments, and these differences were evident in adolescents’ behavior and psychological functioning.

Consider This: Think about how the researchers concluded that adolescents within the same family often differed in how warm or negative they reported their parents to be. LO 7.7 Explain how theory and research on reciprocal effects, differential parenting, and nonshared environments complicate claims of the effects of parenting on adolescents. c) Results indicated that most parents and adolescents were very similar in their reports of parenting behavior, and that the alignment of their reports was linked to positive developmental outcomes.

Consider This: Think about how the researchers concluded that adolescents within the same family often differed in how warm or negative they reported their parents to be. LO 7.7 Explain how theory and research on reciprocal effects, differential parenting, and nonshared environments complicate claims of the effects of parenting on adolescents. d) Results indicated that parents and adolescents were very dissimilar in their reports of parenting behavior, with parents reporting less warmth and more negativity for themselves than their adolescents reported for them.

Consider This: Think about how the researchers concluded that adolescents within the same family often differed in how warm or negative they reported their parents to be. LO 495 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

7.7 Explain how theory and research on reciprocal effects, differential parenting, and nonshared environments complicate claims of the effects of parenting on adolescents.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Variations in Parenting Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 7.7 Explain how theory and research on reciprocal effects, differential parenting, and nonshared environments complicate claims of the effects of parenting on adolescents.

EOM_Q7.2.4 4. Diego is a 13-year-old Latino boy who is being raised to obey his parents, especially his father, while also maintaining a high level of family closeness and mutual obligation. Which of the following two cultural beliefs is Diego being socialized to develop? a) Diego is being socialized to develop the Latino cultural beliefs of respeto and familismo. b) Diego is being socialized to develop the Latino cultural beliefs of respeto and love.

Consider This: Think about how research has found that the Latino culture’s strong value for family obligation is positively linked to adolescents’ development. LO 7.8 Describe limitations of applying the parenting styles model based on the American majority culture to other cultures in the United States and around the world. c) Diego is being socialized to develop the Latino cultural beliefs of mutual obligations and familismo.

Consider This: Think about how research has found that the Latino culture’s strong value for family obligation is positively linked to adolescents’ development. LO 7.8 Describe limitations of applying the parenting styles model based on the American majority culture to other cultures in the United States and around the world. d) Diego is being socialized to develop the Latino cultural beliefs of mutual obligations and love.

Consider This: Think about how research has found that the Latino culture’s strong value for family obligation is positively linked to adolescents’ development. LO 7.8 Describe limitations of applying the parenting styles model based on the American majority culture to other cultures in the United States and around the world.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Variations in Parenting Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 7.8 Describe limitations of applying the parenting styles model based on the American majority culture to other cultures in the United States and around the world.

EOM 7.2.5

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5. Research has shown that children raised in a(n) __________ parenting style often end up impulsive, delinquent, and engage in drug use and sex in adolescence. a) disengaged b) permissive Consider this: Think about how the involvement of parents can lead to specific outcomes in adolescents’ behavior. LO 7.6 Outline how research has shown parenting styles to be related to aspects of adolescents’ development. c) authoritarian Consider this: Think about how the involvement of parents can lead to specific outcomes in adolescents’ behavior. LO 7.6 Outline how research has shown parenting styles to be related to aspects of adolescents’ development. d) authoritative Consider this: Think about how the involvement of parents can lead to specific outcomes in adolescents’ behavior. LO 7.6 Outline how research has shown parenting styles to be related to aspects of adolescents’ development.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Variations in Parenting Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 7.6 Outline how research has shown parenting styles to be related to aspects of adolescents’ development.

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Quiz 7.3: Closeness and Conflict Between Adolescents and Parents EOM_Q7.3.1 1. Attachment theory describes __________ between parents and children. a) emotional relationships b) social needs Consider this: Remember that this will lead children to want to stay in close proximity.

LO 7.9 Summarize the two main forms of infant attachment and the evidence for their influence on adolescent development. c) cognitive needs Consider this: Remember that this will lead children to want to stay in close proximity.

LO 7.9 Summarize the two main forms of infant attachment and the evidence for their influence on adolescent development. d) physical relationships Consider this: Remember that this will lead children to want to stay in close proximity.

LO 7.9 Summarize the two main forms of infant attachment and the evidence for their influence on adolescent development.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Closeness and Conflict Between Adolescents and Parents Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 7.9 Summarize the two main forms of infant attachment and the evidence for their influence on adolescent development.

EOM 7.3.2 2. William is a toddler who hangs on his mother’s pantleg whenever she goes anywhere. He doesn’t show interest in exploring the environment. Most researchers would suspect that William has a(n) __________ attachment. a) insecure b) secure Consider this: Attachment suggests that there is trust and stability in the relationship or not. LO 7.9 Summarize the two main forms of infant attachment and the evidence for their influence on adolescent development. c) dismissive Consider this: Attachment suggests that there is trust and stability in the relationship or not. LO 7.9 Summarize the two main forms of infant attachment and the evidence for their influence on adolescent development. d) permissive

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Consider this: Attachment suggests that there is trust and stability in the relationship or not. LO 7.9 Summarize the two main forms of infant attachment and the evidence for their influence on adolescent development.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Closeness and Conflict Between Adolescents and Parents Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 7.9 Summarize the two main forms of infant attachment and the evidence for their influence on adolescent development.

EOM 7.3.3 3. The text discusses conflict between adolescents and their parents. Which of the following topics does your text identify as the least likely topic of an argument between an adolescent and their parents? a) The desire to be honest and trustworthy b) The need to wear conservative clothes to school Consider this: Most often adolescents and their parents will agree on core values. LO 7.10 Describe how conflict with parents changes during adolescence, and identify the main sources of conflicts. c) The beauty of punk as a form of music Consider this: Most often adolescents and their parents will agree on core values. LO 7.10 Describe how conflict with parents changes during adolescence, and identify the main sources of conflicts. d) The need to have a curfew on a school night Consider this: Most often adolescents and their parents will agree on core values. LO 7.10 Describe how conflict with parents changes during adolescence, and identify the main sources of conflicts.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Closeness and Conflict Between Adolescents and Parents Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 7.10 Describe how conflict with parents changes during adolescence, and identify the main sources of conflicts.

EOM 7.3.4 4. Ji-yoo is a 12-year-old girl growing up in South Korea. She wants to go to the movies with her friends after school, but her parents have said “no” and instructed her to come home and finish her homework instead. How is Ji-Yoo MOST likely to respond to this disagreement with her parents if she is like the majority of adolescents from traditional cultures or Asian cultures such as South Korea and Japan? a) Ji-yoo disagrees with her parents’ decision, but she will not defy their decision out of respect and a sense of duty.

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b) Because Ji-yoo disagrees with her parents’ decision and feels like she should be allowed to be independent and spend time with her friends, she will defy their decision and go to the movies behind her parents’ back.

Consider This: Think about how levels of parent–adolescent conflict are shaped by a culture’s socialization practices and values, such as the value of filial piety among traditional cultures. LO 7.11 Explain why parent–adolescent conflict is infrequent in many cultures in developing and developed countries. c) Because Ji-yoo disagrees with her parents’ decision and her family encourages discussions about conflicts, she will ask her parents to consider a compromise in which she will spend the weekend at home doing homework in exchange for being allowed to go to the movies after school.

Consider This: Think about how levels of parent–adolescent conflict are shaped by a culture’s socialization practices and values, such as the value of filial piety among traditional cultures. LO 7.11 Explain why parent–adolescent conflict is infrequent in many cultures in developing and developed countries. d) Ji-yoo disagrees with her parents’ decision, and she will express her spite for their authority by instigating an argument about their unfairness.

Consider This: Think about how levels of parent–adolescent conflict are shaped by a culture’s socialization practices and values, such as the value of filial piety among traditional cultures. LO 7.11 Explain why parent–adolescent conflict is infrequent in many cultures in developing and developed countries.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Closeness and Conflict Between Adolescents and Parents Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 7.11 Explain why parent–adolescent conflict is infrequent in many cultures in developing and developed countries.

EOM 7.3.5 5. Andreas is an emerging adult who left home and moved into an apartment after completing college. Which of the following scenarios most likely represents how Andreas feels about his mother now? a) Andreas no longer has any conflict with her and looks forward to seeing her often. b) Andreas experiences angst because he knows that when he sees his mother, they will most likely argue about the way he his apartment is messy.

Consider This: When do adolescents or emerging adults see their conflict with their parents decrease? LO 7.12 Explain why conflict with parents usually decreases from adolescence to emerging adulthood. c) Andreas avoids seeing his mother because he remembers so well all of the arguments they had when he had a curfew as an adolescent.

Consider This: When do adolescents or emerging adults see their conflict with their parents decrease? LO 7.12 Explain why conflict with parents usually decreases from adolescence to emerging adulthood.

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d) Andreas is indifferent about seeing his mother.

Consider This: When do adolescents or emerging adults see their conflict with their parents decrease? LO 7.12 Explain why conflict with parents usually decreases from adolescence to emerging adulthood.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Closeness and Conflict Between Adolescents and Parents Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 7.12 Explain why conflict with parents usually decreases from adolescence to emerging adulthood.

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Quiz 7.4: Historical Change and the Family EOM_Q7.4.1 1. The fact that the majority of American adolescents with siblings today have only one sibling reflects which of the following changes that have taken place in adolescents’ family lives over the past 200 years? a) Lower birth rate b) Longer life expectancy Consider This: Think about how growing up in a large family with multiple siblings was common during the 1900s in America. LO 7.13 Summarize the main changes that have taken place in adolescents’ family lives in Western countries over the past 200 years. c) Increased urbanization Consider This: Think about how growing up in a large family with multiple siblings was common during the 1900s in America. LO 7.13 Summarize the main changes that have taken place in adolescents’ family lives in Western countries over the past 200 years. d) Decreased family farming Consider This: Think about how growing up in a large family with multiple siblings was common during the 1900s in America. LO 7.13 Summarize the main changes that have taken place in adolescents’ family lives in Western countries over the past 200 years.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Historical Change and the Family Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 7.13 Summarize the main changes that have taken place in adolescents’ family lives in Western countries over the past 200 years.

EOM_Q7.4.2 2. From 1800 to 2000, the range of functions the family serves has been greatly reduced and transitioned to other social institutions, with the _________ function being one of the only functions the family still provides in modern day. a) affective b) recreational Consider This: Think about how during the 1800s it was common for families to educate children within the home by teaching them basic reading and writing skills, and now schooling is a formalized experience for American youth. LO 7.13 Summarize the main changes that have taken place in adolescents’ family lives in Western countries over the past 200 years. c) economic support Consider This: Think about how during the 1800s it was common for families to educate children within the home by teaching them basic reading and writing skills, and now schooling is a formalized experience for American youth. LO 7.13 Summarize the main 502 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

changes that have taken place in adolescents’ family lives in Western countries over the past 200 years. d) religious Consider This: Think about how during the 1800s it was common for families to educate children within the home by teaching them basic reading and writing skills, and now schooling is a formalized experience for American youth. LO 7.13 Summarize the main changes that have taken place in adolescents’ family lives in Western countries over the past 200 years.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Historical Change and the Family Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 7.13 Summarize the main changes that have taken place in adolescent’s family lives in Western countries over the past 200 years.

EOM_Q7.3.3 3. Compared to 50 years ago, many more American adolescents today do not live with both biological parents. This reflects which of the following changes that have taken place in adolescents’ family lives over the past 50 years? a) Rise in the rate of single-parent households and the divorce rate b) Rise in individualism Consider This: Think about how 40% of all American children are born to single mothers.

LO 7.14 Name the main changes that have taken place in adolescents’ family lives in Western countries over the past 50 years. c) Rise in the rate of dual-earner families Consider This: Think about how 40% of all American children are born to single mothers.

LO 7.14 Name the main changes that have taken place in adolescents’ family lives in Western countries over the past 50 years. d) Increase in the proportion of stepfamilies Consider This: Think about how 40% of all American children are born to single mothers.

LO 7.14 Name the main changes that have taken place in adolescents’ family lives in Western countries over the past 50 years.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Historical Change and the Family Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 7.14 Name the main changes that have taken place in adolescents’ family lives in Western countries over the past 50 years.

EOM_Q7.3.4

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4. Maggie has two teenagers, and she works 40 hours a week as a legal aide at a law firm.

Although Maggie’s husband earns enough money so that she does not need to work, she says that she wants to keep working because she enjoys the challenge of the legal profession.

Maggie’s perspective reflects which of the following changes that have taken place in adolescents’ family lives over the past 50 years? a) Rise in the rate of dual-earner families b) Rise in the rate of single-parent households Consider This: Think about how during the 1950s it was commonplace for women to be stay-at-home mothers. LO 7.14 Name the main changes that have taken place in adolescents’ family lives in Western countries over the past 50 years. c) Rise in the divorce rate Consider This: Think about how during the 1950s it was commonplace for women to be stay-at-home mothers. LO 7.14 Name the main changes that have taken place in adolescents’ family lives in Western countries over the past 50 years. d) Rise in rate of custodial parents who are mothers Consider This: Think about how during the 1950s it was commonplace for women to be stay-at-home mothers. LO 7.14 Name the main changes that have taken place in adolescents’ family lives in Western countries over the past 50 years.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Historical Change and the Family Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 7.14 Name the main changes that have taken place in adolescents’ family lives in Western countries over the past 50 years.

EOM_Q7.3.5 5. In the United States, the divorce rate is highest among which of the following groups? a) African Americans/Blacks b) Asian Americans Consider This: 70% of children in this group are born to single mothers. LO 7.14 Name the main changes that have taken place in adolescents’ family lives in Western countries over the past 50 years. c) Hispanics/Latinos Consider This: 70% of children in this group are born to single mothers. LO 7.14 Name the main changes that have taken place in adolescents’ family lives in Western countries over the past 50 years. d) White Americans Consider This: 70% of children in this group are born to single mothers. LO 7.14 Name the main changes that have taken place in adolescents’ family lives in Western countries over the past 50 years.

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Topic: Historical Change and the Family Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 7.14 Name the main changes that have taken place in adolescents’ family lives in Western countries over the past 50 years.

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Quiz 7.5: Divorce, Remarriage, Single Parenthood, DualEarner Families, and Sexual and Gender Minority Families EOM_Q7.5.1 1. Longitudinal studies that include data before and after divorce indicate that adolescents’ problems after divorce often began long before the divorce, as a consequence of high conflict between their parents. This research reflects a scholarly focus on ___________ to explain the effects of divorce. a) family process b) family structure Consider This: This focus aims to explore questions such as how does divorce influence family functioning in ways that, in turn, influence children and adolescents? LO 7.15 Distinguish between family structure and family process, and use the concept of family process to explain variability in adolescents’ responses to divorce. c) family subsystems Consider This: This focus aims to explore questions such as how does divorce influence family functioning in ways that, in turn, influence children and adolescents? LO 7.15 Distinguish between family structure and family process, and use the concept of family process to explain variability in adolescents’ responses to divorce. d) family disequilibrium Consider This: This focus aims to explore questions such as how does divorce influence family functioning in ways that, in turn, influence children and adolescents? LO 7.15 Distinguish between family structure and family process, and use the concept of family process to explain variability in adolescents’ responses to divorce.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Divorce, Remarriage, Single Parenthood, Dual-Earner Families, and Sexual and Gender Minority Families Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 7.15 Distinguish between family structure and family process, and use the concept of family process to explain variability in adolescents’ responses to divorce.

EOM_Q7.4.2 2. Which of the following scenarios best reflects the research evidence for how divorce generally affects adolescents’ relationships with their fathers? a) After James’s parents divorced, he and his mom moved from Indiana to Florida to start a new life; subsequently, James has little contact with his dad and blames him for the divorce. b) After James’s parents divorced, he and his mom moved from Indiana to Florida to start a new life; subsequently, James has a lot of contact with his dad and has found that this distance has helped improve their relationship.

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Consider This: Think about how research has found that in most families, children’s contact with their father declines steadily in the years following divorce. LO 7.15 Distinguish between family structure and family process, and use the concept of family process to explain variability in adolescents’ responses to divorce. c) After James’ parents divorced, he and his mom moved to a new neighborhood 30 minutes away from his dad; subsequently, James and his dad spend a lot of time together, especially with James’s extracurricular activities, and thus he feels supported by his dad.

Consider This: Think about how research has found that in most families, children’s contact with their father declines steadily in the years following divorce. LO 7.15 Distinguish between family structure and family process, and use the concept of family process to explain variability in adolescents’ responses to divorce. d) After James’s parents divorced, he and his mom moved to a new neighborhood 30 minutes away from his dad; subsequently, James and his dad spend little time together because his mom won’t let them, and thus he feels disconnected to his dad.

Consider This: Think about how research has found that in most families, children’s contact with their father declines steadily in the years following divorce. LO 7.15 Distinguish between family structure and family process, and use the concept of family process to explain variability in adolescents’ responses to divorce.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Divorce, Remarriage, Single Parenthood, Dual-Earner Families, and Sexual and Gender Minority Families Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 7.15 Distinguish between family structure and family process, and use the concept of family process to explain variability in adolescents’ responses to divorce.

EOM_Q7.4.3 3. Research has found that a key family process variable that explains adolescents’ responses to remarriage is the extent to which stepfathers use their ________ when parenting adolescents. a) authority b) attachment Consider This: An example of this behavior is a stepfather who attempts to remind an adolescent that the curfew is 11:00 p.m. LO 7.16 Explain why adolescents often respond negatively to parents’ remarriage even though it benefits the mother in many ways. c) responsiveness Consider This: An example of this behavior is a stepfather who attempts to remind an adolescent that the curfew is 11:00 p.m. LO 7.16 Explain why adolescents often respond negatively to parents’ remarriage even though it benefits the mother in many ways. d) demandingness Consider This: An example of this behavior is a stepfather who attempts to remind an adolescent that the curfew is 11:00 p.m. LO 7.16 Explain why adolescents often respond negatively to parents’ remarriage even though it benefits the mother in many ways.

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Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Divorce, Remarriage, Single Parenthood, Dual-Earner Families, and Sexual and Gender Minority Families Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 7.16 Explain why adolescents often respond negatively to parents’ remarriage even though it benefits the mother in many ways.

EOM_Q7.4.4 4. Although researchers have found few differences between adolescents in dual-earner families and sole-earner families, studies have indicated that adolescents do better if parents believe ___________. a) family should come first b) adolescents should have more freedom with both parents working Consider This: Though economics may drive some decisions, priorities must still be clearly set. LO 7.17 Identify the variables that influence adolescents’ response to both parents working. c) extra money from dual-earner families should be spend on the children/adolescents Consider This: Though economics may drive some decisions, priorities must still be clearly set. LO 7.17 Identify the variables that influence adolescents’ response to both parents working. d) more responsibility should be placed on children/adolescents in dual-earner families Consider This: Though economics may drive some decisions, priorities must still be clearly set. LO 7.17 Identify the variables that influence adolescents’ response to both parents working.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Divorce, Remarriage, Single Parenthood, Dual-Earner Families, and Sexual and Gender Minority Families Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 7.17 Identity the variables that influence adolescents’ response to both parents working.

EOM 7.4.5 5. Research on sexual and gender minority families shows that __________ is the greatest challenge for children/adolescents. a) dealing with the stigma b) focusing on academic achievement Consider this: Discrimination has a negative impact on SGM families. LO 7.18 Describe the consequences to adolescents growing up in sexual and gender minority families. c) supporting emotional development Consider this: Discrimination has a negative impact on SGM families. LO 7.18 Describe the consequences to adolescents growing up in sexual and gender minority families.

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d) discussing sexual and gender orientation Consider this: Discrimination has a negative impact on SGM families. LO 7.18 Describe the consequences to adolescents growing up in sexual and gender minority families.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Divorce, Remarriage, Single Parenthood, Dual-Earner Families, and Sexual and Gender Minority Families Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 7.18 Describe the consequences to adolescents growing up in sexual and gender minority families.

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Quiz 7.6: Problems in Family Functioning EOM_Q7.6.1 1. Researchers have found that the family structure factor of ___________ and the family process factor of ___________ are strongly linked to increasing the likelihood of physical abuse toward youth. a) large family size; high parental depression b) small family size; high parental depression Consider This: Remember that family structure factors include the outward characteristics of the family, such as whether the parents are married. LO 7.19 Describe the causes and consequences of physical and sexual abuse. c) dual-earner families; poor social skills Consider This: Remember that family structure factors include the outward characteristics of the family, such as whether the parents are married. LO 7.19 Describe the causes and consequences of physical and sexual abuse. d) low parental social skills; poor social skills Consider This: Remember that family structure factors include the outward characteristics of the family, such as whether the parents are married. LO 7.19 Describe the causes and consequences of physical and sexual abuse.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Problems in Family Functioning Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 7.19 Describe the causes and consequences of physical and sexual abuse.

EOM_Q7.6.2 2. A psychologist has an adolescent patient who is sexually active with multiple partners and reports having suicidal thoughts and difficulty trusting others. If this adolescent follows general patterns of adolescents who have been researched, the sex of the adolescent is MOST likely _________, and the type of abuse the adolescent experienced is MOST likely _________. a) female; sexual b) female; physical Consider This: Think about how this type of abuse is more likely to be committed by stepfathers than by fathers, perhaps because there is no biological incest taboo between stepfathers and stepchildren. LO 7.19 Describe the causes and consequences of physical and sexual abuse. c) male; sexual Consider This: Think about how this type of abuse is more likely to be committed by stepfathers than by fathers, perhaps because there is no biological incest taboo between stepfathers and stepchildren. LO 7.19 Describe the causes and consequences of physical and sexual abuse.

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d) male; physical Consider This: Think about how this type of abuse is more likely to be committed by stepfathers than by fathers, perhaps because there is no biological incest taboo between stepfathers and stepchildren. LO 7.19 Describe the causes and consequences of physical and sexual abuse.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Problems in Family Functioning Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 7.19 Describe the causes and consequences of physical and sexual abuse.

EOM_Q7.6.3 3. Jamshed’s family’s poverty and overcrowded home led him to become a street child. On the street, he joined a gang of other street boys, and he works as a shoe shine. Jamshed is at risk of having a variety of diseases such as cholera and typhoid and he is at risk to be physically and sexually abused. Given this information, what country is Jamshed MOST likely from? a) India b) South Africa Consider This: In this country, it is estimated that there are more than 11 million street children. LO 7.20 Distinguish running away from home in developed countries from becoming “street children” in developing countries. c) Brazil Consider This: In this country, it is estimated that there are more than 11 million street children. LO 7.20 Distinguish running away from home in developed countries from becoming “street children” in developing countries. d) China Consider This: In this country, it is estimated that there are more than 11 million street children. LO 7.20 Distinguish running away from home in developed countries from becoming “street children” in developing countries.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Problems in Family Functioning Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 7.20 Distinguish running away from home in developed countries from becoming “street children” in developing countries.

EOM_Q7.6.4 4. Compared to runaway children in the United States, street children across the world are more likely to develop resourcefulness and cognitive skills despite their difficult conditions, which is called _________. However, they are at high risk for serious problems that include __________. a) resilience; diseases and drug use 511 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

b) thriving; abuse Consider This: In the United States, adolescents most often leave home due to abuse, whereas in the rest of the world the main reason is poverty. LO 7.20 Distinguish running away from home in developed countries from becoming “street children” in developing countries. c) thriving; family poverty Consider This: In the United States, adolescents most often leave home due to abuse, whereas in the rest of the world the main reason is poverty. LO 7.20 Distinguish running away from home in developed countries from becoming “street children” in developing countries. d) rigidity; diseases and drug use Consider This: In the United States, adolescents most often leave home due to abuse, whereas in the rest of the world the main reason is poverty. LO 7.20 Distinguish running away from home in developed countries from becoming “street children” in developing countries.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Problems in Family Functioning Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 7.20 Distinguish running away from home in developed countries from becoming “street children” in developing countries.

EOM_Q7.6.5 5. John is a street child who has developed resourcefulness despite his challenging conditions.

For instance, John buys souvenirs from his local market and then sells them at 75% mark-up to tourists in the nearby city to make a profit to give to his mother, who is a single parent. Given this information, where is John MOST likely from? a) Kenya b) India Consider This: Think about how it is common for street boys in this country to continue living with their families and bringing home most of the money they earn on the streets.

LO 7.20 Distinguish running away from home in developed countries from becoming “street children” in developing countries. c) Brazil Consider This: Think about how it is common for street boys in this country to continue living with their families and bringing home most of the money they earn on the streets.

LO 7.20 Distinguish running away from home in developed countries from becoming “street children” in developing countries. d) China Consider This: Think about how it is common for street boys in this country to continue living with their families and bringing home most of the money they earn on the streets.

LO 7.20 Distinguish running away from home in developed countries from becoming “street children” in developing countries.

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Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Problems in Family Functioning Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 7.20 Distinguish running away from home in developed countries from becoming “street children” in developing countries.

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Chapter 7 Quiz EOC_Q7.1 1. Which of the following scenarios best reflects the family systems principle of subsystems? a) Jaime and her brother, Jordan, are constantly fighting over who gets to use the family car on the weekends to hang out with their friends; as such, their fighting has negatively impacted both of their relationships with their parents, as well as their parents’ marital relationship because their parents disagree about how to handle their fighting. b) Jaime and her brother, Jordan, are constantly fighting over who gets to use the family car on the weekends to hang out with their friends; as such, their fighting has negatively impacted their relationship and they avoid spending time together.

Consider This: Although the answer choices all reflect principles of the family systems approach, remember that family subsystems are comprised of dyadic relationships that are reciprocally related. LO 7.1 Describe the family systems principles of disequilibrium and subsystems. c) Kaitlyn recently graduated from high school and moved into the dormitory on campus for her first year; as such, this transition and time apart is helping Kaitlyn and her mother improve their relationship quality.

Consider This: Although the answer choices all reflect principles of the family systems approach, remember that family subsystems are comprised of dyadic relationships that are reciprocally related. LO 7.1 Describe the family systems principles of disequilibrium and subsystems. d) Kaitlyn recently graduated from high school and moved into the dormitory on campus for her first year; because this transition was very stressful for Kaitlyn and her grades suffered, she moved back in with her parents and has had to readjust to living at home again.

Consider This: Although the answer choices all reflect principles of the family systems approach, remember that family subsystems are comprised of dyadic relationships that are reciprocally related. LO 7.1 Describe the family systems principles of disequilibrium and subsystems.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Adolescents’ Family Relationships Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 7.1 Describe the family systems principles of disequilibrium and subsystems.

EOC_Q7.2 2. Which of the following best summarizes the research evidence on the general patterns of parents’ development in midlife?

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a) Research has found that midlife is a satisfying and enjoyable time of life, as job satisfaction and earning power increase and gender roles and personalities become more flexible; the research evidence does not support the stereotyped “midlife crisis.” b) Research has found that midlife is a satisfying and enjoyable time of life, as most people between the ages of 40 and 60 report increases in energy, physical health, and physical attractiveness; the research evidence does not support the stereotyped “midlife crisis.”

Consider This: Think about how a recent study found that midlife adults reported a steady increase in their abilities to adapt easily to changes in a situation. LO 7.2 Summarize general patterns of parents’ development in midlife and how these patterns influence their relations with adolescents and emerging adults. c) Research has found that midlife is an unsatisfying and boring time of life, as most people between the ages of 40 and 60 report declines in wisdom, competence, and psychological health; the research evidence does support the stereotyped “midlife crisis.”

Consider This: Think about how a recent study found that midlife adults reported a steady increase in their abilities to adapt easily to changes in a situation. LO 7.2 Summarize general patterns of parents’ development in midlife and how these patterns influence their relations with adolescents and emerging adults. d) Research has found that midlife is an unsatisfying and boring time of life, as job satisfaction and earning power decrease and gender roles and personalities become less flexible; the research evidence does support the stereotyped “midlife crisis.”

Consider This: Think about how a recent study found that midlife adults reported a steady increase in their abilities to adapt easily to changes in a situation. LO 7.2 Summarize general patterns of parents’ development in midlife and how these patterns influence their relations with adolescents and emerging adults.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Adolescents’ Family Relationships Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 7.2 Summarize general patterns of parents’ development in midlife and how these patterns influence their relations with adolescents and emerging adults.

EOC_Q7.3 3. Rebecca is in seventh grade, and her brother Alex is in fifth grade. Because their parents work late into the evening, when the school day ends Rebecca makes them an after-school snack and helps Alex with his homework. What type of sibling relationship do Rebecca and Alex portray? a) Caregiver relationship b) Buddy relationship Consider This: This type of sibling relationship is most common between an older sister and younger siblings, in both Western and non-Western cultures. LO 7.3 Identify the five common patterns of sibling relationships in adolescence. c) Casual relationship

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Consider This: This type of sibling relationship is most common between an older sister and younger siblings, in both Western and non-Western cultures. LO 7.3 Identify the five common patterns of sibling relationships in adolescence. d) Critical relationship Consider This: This type of sibling relationship is most common between an older sister and younger siblings, in both Western and non-Western cultures. LO 7.3 Identify the five common patterns of sibling relationships in adolescence.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Adolescents’ Family Relationships Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 7.3 Identify the five common patterns of sibling relationships in adolescence.

EOC_Q7.4 4. Which of the following reflects the typical living arrangements of families in traditional cultures, and how that is linked to family relationships? a) In traditional cultures it is typical for newly married couples to live in the husband’s parents’ home; youth growing up in these households are in close proximity to their extended family, which promotes developing close and supportive relationships, especially with grandparents. b) In traditional cultures it is typical for newly married couples to live in the husband’s parents’ home; youth growing up in these households are in close proximity to their extended family, which promotes conflict between the generations, especially with grandparents.

Consider This: Think about how research has found that daily contact with grandparents and parents was equally high among adolescents in traditional cultures. LO 7.4 Explain why relations with extended family members are often especially close for adolescents in traditional cultures. c) In traditional cultures it is typical for newly married couples to live separately and geographically far away from their parents’ homes to pursue opportunities that an industrialized economy provides; youth growing up in these households have little contact with their extended family and as such have emotionally distant relationships, especially with grandparents.

Consider This: Think about how research has found that daily contact with grandparents and parents was equally high among adolescents in traditional cultures. LO 7.4 Explain why relations with extended family members are often especially close for adolescents in traditional cultures. d) In traditional cultures it is typical for newly married couples to live separately and geographically far away from their parents’ homes to pursue opportunities that an industrialized economy provides; youth growing up in these households can have much contact with their extended family via communication technology and as such have emotionally supportive relationships, especially with grandparents.

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Consider This: Think about how research has found that daily contact with grandparents and parents was equally high among adolescents in traditional cultures. LO 7.4 Explain why relations with extended family members are often especially close for adolescents in traditional cultures.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Adolescents’ Family Relationships Skill: Analyze It Learning Objective: 7.4 Explain why relations with extended family members are often especially close for adolescents in traditional cultures.

EOC_Q7.5 5. Diana Baumrind and other psychologists conducted research on the kinds of practices that parents exhibit in relation to their children and the effects of these practices, which resulted in identifying four distinct parenting styles. Which of the following best explains how parents are categorized into one of the parenting styles, and what the resulting four parenting styles are? a) The level at which parents engage in the dimensions of demandingness and responsiveness in their parenting practices determines their parenting style; the resulting combinations of high and low levels of these dimensions are the four parenting styles of authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and disengaged. b) The level at which parents engage in the dimensions of demandingness and responsiveness in their parenting practices determines their parenting style; the resulting combinations of high and low levels of these dimensions are the four parenting styles of independent, dependent, irresponsible, and impulsive.

Consider This: Think about how the definition of one of these dimensions is the degree to which parents are sensitive to their children’s needs and express love, warmth, and concern. LO 7.5 Summarize the parenting styles model, and explain how the styles represent custom complexes. c) The level at which parents engage in the dimensions of autonomy and relatedness in their parenting practices determines their parenting style; the resulting combinations of high and low levels of these dimensions are the four parenting styles of authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and disengaged.

Consider This: Think about how the definition of one of these dimensions is the degree to which parents are sensitive to their children’s needs and express love, warmth, and concern. LO 7.5 Summarize the parenting styles model, and explain how the styles represent custom complexes. d) The level at which parents engage in the dimensions of autonomy and relatedness in their parenting practices determines their parenting style; the resulting combinations of high and low levels of these dimensions are the four parenting styles of independent, dependent, irresponsible, and impulsive.

Consider This: Think about how the definition of one of these dimensions is the degree to which parents are sensitive to their children’s needs and express love, warmth, and

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concern. LO 7.5 Summarize the parenting styles model, and explain how the styles represent custom complexes.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Variations in Parenting Skill: Analyze It Learning Objective: 7.5 Summarize the parenting styles model, and explain how the styles represent custom complexes.

EOC_Q7.6 6. Adolescents raised by ___________ parents, who provide their children with love and give them a great deal of freedom to do as they please, tend to be ________________. a) permissive; irresponsible and immature b) permissive; independent and creative Consider This: This parenting style, which is high in responsiveness, allows adolescents a great deal of autonomy without parental guidance. LO 7.6 Outline how research has shown parenting styles to be related to aspects of adolescents’ development. c) authoritative; irresponsible and immature Consider This: This parenting style, which is high in responsiveness, allows adolescents a great deal of autonomy without parental guidance. LO 7.6 Outline how research has shown parenting styles to be related to aspects of adolescents’ development. d) authoritative; independent and creative Consider This: This parenting style, which is high in responsiveness, allows adolescents a great deal of autonomy without parental guidance. LO 7.6 Outline how research has shown parenting styles to be related to aspects of adolescents’ development.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Variations in Parenting Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 7.6 Outline how research has shown parenting styles to be related to aspects of adolescents’ development.

EOC_Q7.7 7. When Damian transitioned from middle school to high school, he increasingly broke the boundaries his parents set and argued with his parents about their rules. In response, Damian’s parents increasingly demonstrated an authoritarian parenting style because Damian ignored the explanations of the rules they previously established and because he repeatedly violated their trust. This scenario reflects which of the following principles about research on parent– child relationships? a) Reciprocal effects b) Differential parenting

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Consider This: This principle implies that parents’ actual behavior is affected not only by what they believe is best but also by how their adolescents behave toward them and how their adolescents seem to respond to their parenting. LO 7.7 Explain how theory and research on reciprocal effects, differential parenting, and nonshared environments complicate claims of the effects of parenting on adolescents. c) Nonshared environmental influence Consider This: This principle implies that parents’ actual behavior is affected not only by what they believe is best but also by how their adolescents behave toward them and how their adolescents seem to respond to their parenting. LO 7.7 Explain how theory and research on reciprocal effects, differential parenting, and nonshared environments complicate claims of the effects of parenting on adolescents. d) Active genotype→ environment interactions Consider This: This principle implies that parents’ actual behavior is affected not only by what they believe is best but also by how their adolescents behave toward them and how their adolescents seem to respond to their parenting. LO 7.7 Explain how theory and research on reciprocal effects, differential parenting, and nonshared environments complicate claims of the effects of parenting on adolescents.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Variations in Parenting Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 7.7 Explain how theory and research on reciprocal effects, differential parenting, and nonshared environments complicate claims of the effects of parenting on adolescents.

EOC_Q7.8 8. Which of the following best explains how the parenting styles model classifies parental responsiveness in non-Western cultures and Western cultures? a) Because the parenting styles model defines responsiveness as open expressions of affection, the model classifies non-Western parents as low in responsiveness compared to Western cultures; however, this is an erroneous conclusion because parent–adolescent relationships in non-Western cultures maintain a high level of closeness via the value of interdependence. b) Because the parenting styles model defines responsiveness as a strong level of family obligation, the model classifies non-Western parents as high in responsiveness compared to Western cultures; however, this is an erroneous conclusion because parent–adolescent relationships in Western cultures maintain a high level of closeness via the value of interdependence.

Consider This: Think about how research has found that parents in non-Western cultures rarely use praise with their children, but that their children do not show the negative outcomes typically associated with authoritarian parenting. LO 7.8 Describe limitations of applying the parenting styles model based on the American majority culture to other cultures in the United States and around the world.

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c) Because the parenting styles model defines responsiveness as open expressions of affection, the model classifies non-Western parents as high in responsiveness compared to Western cultures; however, this is an erroneous conclusion because parent–adolescent relationships in non-Western cultures maintain a strong degree of closeness via the value of independence.

Consider This: Think about how research has found that parents in non-Western cultures rarely use praise with their children, but that their children do not show the negative outcomes typically associated with authoritarian parenting. LO 7.8 Describe limitations of applying the parenting styles model based on the American majority culture to other cultures in the United States and around the world. d) Because the parenting styles model defines responsiveness as a strong level of family obligation, the model classifies parents in non-Western and Western cultures as demonstrating equally high levels of responsiveness; however, this is an erroneous conclusion because parent– adolescent relationships in Western cultures maintain a low level of closeness via the value of independence.

Consider This: Think about how research has found that parents in non-Western cultures rarely use praise with their children, but that their children do not show the negative outcomes typically associated with authoritarian parenting. LO 7.8 Describe limitations of applying the parenting styles model based on the American majority culture to other cultures in the United States and around the world.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Variations in Parenting Skill: Analyze It Learning Objective: 7.8 Describe limitations of applying the parenting styles model based on the American majority culture to other cultures in the United States and around the world.

EOC_Q7.9 9. Which of the following scenarios best reflects the research evidence for how a secure attachment relationship established in infancy is linked to developmental outcomes during adolescence? a) During childhood, Francesca’s parents consistently and caringly responded to her needs, and she felt safe to explore her environment; as such, Francesca developed a healthy level of relatedness and autonomy that has positively influenced her social skills and selfdependence as an adolescent. b) During childhood, Francesca was separated from her parents for 2 years because they were sent overseas to serve in the military; as such, Francesca developed low levels of relatedness and autonomy, which has influenced her inability to regulate her emotions and form intimate peer relationships as an adolescent.

Consider This: Although all of the answer choices reflect how different types of attachment relationships are linked to adolescent outcomes, think about which one best reflects the attachment relationship that fosters a “secure base from which to explore.”

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LO 7.9 Summarize the two main forms of infant attachment and the evidence for their influence on adolescent development. c) During childhood, Francesca’s parents catered to her every need and constantly monitored her activities; as such, Francesca developed high levels of relatedness and autonomy that influenced her inability to regulate her emotions and form intimate peer relationships as an adolescent.

Consider This: Although all of the answer choices reflect how different types of attachment relationships are linked to adolescent outcomes, think about which one best reflects the attachment relationship that fosters a “secure base from which to explore.”

LO 7.9 Summarize the two main forms of infant attachment and the evidence for their influence on adolescent development. d) During childhood, Francesca’s parents inconsistently and uncaringly responded to her needs, and she felt scared to explore her environment; as such, Francesca developed an unhealthy level of relatedness and autonomy that has negatively influenced her social skills and self-dependence as an adolescent.

Consider This: Although all of the answer choices reflect how different types of attachment relationships are linked to adolescent outcomes, think about which one best reflects the attachment relationship that fosters a “secure base from which to explore.”

LO 7.9 Summarize the two main forms of infant attachment and the evidence for their influence on adolescent development.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Closeness and Conflict Between Adolescents and Parents Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 7.9 Summarize the two main forms of infant attachment and the evidence for their influence on adolescent development.

EOC_Q7.10 10. Conflict with parents tends to increase sharply in ___________ adolescence and according to research by psychologist Judith Smetana, parents and adolescents often disagree about who should have the authority over issues such as hairstyles and choice of friends, which reflects parent–adolescent differences in perceptions of the range of adolescents’ ___________. a) early; autonomy b) early; decision making Consider This: Think about how Smetana’s research found that adolescents view the issues of hairstyles and friends as matters of personal choice that should be theirs to decide. LO 7.10 Describe how conflict with parents changes during adolescence, and identify the main sources of the conflicts. c) middle; autonomy Consider This: Think about how Smetana’s research found that adolescents view the issues of hairstyles and friends as matters of personal choice that should be theirs to decide. LO 7.10 Describe how conflict with parents changes during adolescence, and identify the main sources of the conflicts.

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d) middle; decision making Consider This: Think about how Smetana’s research found that adolescents view the issues of hairstyles and friends as matters of personal choice that should be theirs to decide. LO 7.10 Describe how conflict with parents changes during adolescence, and identify the main sources of the conflicts.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Closeness and Conflict Between Adolescents and Parents Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 7.10 Describe how conflict with parents changes during adolescence, and identify the main sources of the conflicts.

EOC_Q7.11 11. What is one reason why conflict is infrequent in many cultures in developing countries? a) Family members are economically dependent on each other. b) Families in developing are better at talking things out.

Consider This: What is one important factor in developing countries that brings families together? LO 7.11 Explain why parent–adolescent conflict is infrequent in many cultures in developing and developed countries. c) Parents provide reinforcement for harmony in the family in developing countries.

Consider This: What is one important factor in developing countries that brings families together? LO 7.11 Explain why parent–adolescent conflict is infrequent in many cultures in developing and developed countries. d) Disobedience of children is punished severely in developing countries.

Consider This: What is one important factor in developing countries that brings families together? LO 7.11 Explain why parent–adolescent conflict is infrequent in many cultures in developing and developed countries.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Closeness and Conflict Between Adolescents and Parents Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 7.11 Explain why parent–adolescent conflict is infrequent in many cultures in developing and developed countries.

EOC 7.12 12. Which of the following best reflects the research evidence for what an emerging adult would say in response to the question, “How has conflict with your parents changed since adolescence?” a) “Since I started college and moved into the dorms, we argue less because we are not living on top of each other. Plus, I can control when I do and do not talk and spend time with my parents, and this time apart has helped me see my parents in a new light and establish a new sense of mutual respect with them.”

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b) “Since I started college and moved into the dorms, we argue more because my parents are trying to keep tabs on me like they did when I was a teenager. Plus, they text and call me all the time and drop by my dorm unexpectedly, and this makes me feel like they think I cannot be responsible for myself and that they want to maintain a hierarchical relationship.”

Consider This: From the parental perspective, researchers have found that most parents perceive their role toward their emerging adult to change from an enforcer of household rules to a listener and friend. LO 7.12 Explain why conflict with parents usually decreases from adolescence to emerging adulthood. c) “Since I started college and moved into the dorms, our level of conflict has not changed because my parents have never been involved in my life. I do my own thing, and rarely ask them for their advice or rely on them for emotional support since they are so disengaged.”

Consider This: From the parental perspective, researchers have found that most parents perceive their role toward their emerging adult to change from an enforcer of household rules to a listener and friend. LO 7.12 Explain why conflict with parents usually decreases from adolescence to emerging adulthood. d) “Since I started college and moved into the dorms, our level of conflict has not changed because my parents rarely disciplined me as a teenager as they believed that it was best to shower me with unconditional love instead. Thus, I do my own thing and even if I get into trouble at school I know my parents will not do anything about it.”

Consider This: From the parental perspective, researchers have found that most parents perceive their role toward their emerging adult to change from an enforcer of household rules to a listener and friend. LO 7.12 Explain why conflict with parents usually decreases from adolescence to emerging adulthood.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Closeness and Conflict Between Adolescents and Parents Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 7.12 Explain why conflict with parents usually decreases from adolescence to emerging adulthood.

EOC_Q7.13 13. The fact that about 80% of European American adolescents today list at least one member of their extended family, notably their grandparents, among the people most important to them reflects which of the following changes that have taken place in adolescents’ family lives over the past 200 years? a) Longer life expectancy b) Lower birth rate Consider This: Think about how in the early 1900s the mean age of death in America was 45. LO 7.13 Summarize the main changes that have taken place in adolescents’ family lives in Western countries over the past 200 years. c) Increased urbanization

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Consider This: Think about how in the early 1900s the mean age of death in America was 45. LO 7.13 Summarize the main changes that have taken place in adolescents’ family lives in Western countries over the past 200 years. d) Decreased family farming Consider This: Think about how in the early 1900s the mean age of death in America was 45. LO 7.13 Summarize the main changes that have taken place in adolescents’ family lives in Western countries over the past 200 years.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Historical Change and the Family Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 7.13 Summarize the main changes that have taken place in adolescents’ family lives in Western countries over the past 200 years.

EOC_Q7.14 14. The fact that many young people today will spend some time in a stepfamily by the time they reach age 18 reflects which of the following changes that have taken place in adolescents’ family lives over the past 50 years in the United States? a) Rise in the divorce rate b) Rise in the rate of single-parent households Consider This: Think about how getting a divorce was considered taboo during the 1950s in America. LO 7.14 Name the main changes that have taken place in adolescents’ family lives in Western countries over the past 50 years. c) Rise in the rate of dual-earner families Consider This: Think about how getting a divorce was considered taboo during the 1950s in America. LO 7.14 Name the main changes that have taken place in adolescents’ family lives in Western countries over the past 50 years. d) Rise in the rate of custodial parents who are mothers Consider This: Think about how getting a divorce was considered taboo during the 1950s in America. LO 7.14 Name the main changes that have taken place in adolescents’ family lives in Western countries over the past 50 years.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Historical Change and the Family Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 7.14 Name the main changes that have taken place in adolescents’ family lives in Western countries over the past 50 years.

EOC_Q7.15 15. Which of the following examples best reflects the research findings regarding the importance of attending to family processes versus family structure when investigating the effects of divorce on youth?

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a) Adolescents and emerging adults in high-conflict nondivorced households have poorer adjustment than adolescents and emerging adults in low-conflict divorced households. b) Adolescents and emerging adults in high-conflict nondivorced households have better adjustment than adolescents and emerging adults in low-conflict divorced households.

Consider This: Think about how family structure includes the outward characteristics of the family, such as whether the parents are married and if there is a biological relationship between the family members. LO 7.15 Distinguish between family structure and family process, and use the concept of family process to explain variability in adolescents’ responses to divorce. c) Adolescents show fewer negative effects of parental divorce than younger children, and emerging adults from divorced families may be wary of entering marriage but are determined to avoid having a divorce of their own.

Consider This: Think about how family structure includes the outward characteristics of the family, such as whether the parents are married and if there is a biological relationship between the family members. LO 7.15 Distinguish between family structure and family process, and use the concept of family process to explain variability in adolescents’ responses to divorce. d) Adolescents show more negative effects of parental divorce than younger children, and emerging adults from divorced families are wary of divorce and are determined to avoid having a marriage of their own.

Consider This: Think about how family structure includes the outward characteristics of the family, such as whether the parents are married and if there is a biological relationship between the family members. LO 7.15 Distinguish between family structure and family process, and use the concept of family process to explain variability in adolescents’ responses to divorce.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Divorce, Remarriage, Single Parenthood, Dual-Earner Families, and Sexual and Gender Minority Families Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 7.15 Distinguish between family structure and family process, and use the concept of family process to explain variability in adolescents’ responses to divorce.

EOC_Q7.16 16. Rachel’s biological parents divorced when she was 11 years old and her younger brother, Richard, was 5 years old. Rachel’s mother remarried 2 years after the divorce, and now Rachel and her brother have a stepfather. Based on the research evidence about remarriage, how are Rachel and Richard MOST likely to respond to their mother’s remarriage and why? a) Rachel will have more problems adjusting to her mother’s remarriage than Richard because the closeness Rachel developed with her mother post-divorce will be disrupted by her stepfather, whom she views as an unwelcome intruder in their family.

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b) Rachel will have less problems adjusting to her mother’s remarriage than Richard because Rachel’s cognitive maturity over her brother allows her to perceive how much happier her mother is being remarried to their stepfather.

Consider This: Think about how research has found that following divorce, adolescents tend to have fewer problems than younger children, but that the reverse is true following remarriage. LO 7.16 Explain why adolescents often respond negatively to parents’ remarriage even though it benefits the mother in many ways. c) Rachel and Richard will both have problems adjusting to their mother’s remarriage because as soon as they got used to being a three-person family, they had to quickly integrate their stepfather into the family system.

Consider This: Think about how research has found that following divorce, adolescents tend to have fewer problems than younger children, but that the reverse is true following remarriage. LO 7.16 Explain why adolescents often respond negatively to parents’ remarriage even though it benefits the mother in many ways. d) Rachel and Richard will both have problems adjusting to their mother’s remarriage because they still have a good relationship with their biological father and fear that establishing an attachment to their stepfather conveys a betrayal of their father.

Consider This: Think about how research has found that following divorce, adolescents tend to have fewer problems than younger children, but that the reverse is true following remarriage. LO 7.16 Explain why adolescents often respond negatively to parents’ remarriage even though it benefits the mother in many ways.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Divorce, Remarriage, Single Parenthood, Dual-Earner Families, and Sexual and Gender Minority Families Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 7.16 Explain why adolescents often respond negatively to parents’ remarriage even though it benefits the mother in many ways.

EOC_Q7.17 17. Maya’s parents work full-time, and she often spends a few hours alone from the time school gets out to the time both of her parents get home from work. Maya is less likely to engage in problem behaviors if her parents do which of the following? a) Consistently and caringly monitor her behavior from a distance by asking her to call them when she gets home from school b) Excessively monitor her behavior from a distance by calling her every hour to ensure she is at home doing her homework until they get home from work Consider This: Think about how research studies indicate authoritative parenting is the most conducive for positive developmental outcomes among adolescents. LO 7.17 Identify the variables that influence adolescents’ response to both parents working. c) Require her to go straight home after school and abide by strict rules while she is home alone, such as not watching TV

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Consider This: Think about how research studies indicate authoritative parenting is the most conducive for positive developmental outcomes among adolescents. LO 7.17 Identify the variables that influence adolescents’ response to both parents working. d) Trust her completely and let her decide what to do with her time after school Consider This: Think about how research studies indicate authoritative parenting is the most conducive for positive developmental outcomes among adolescents. LO 7.17 Identify the variables that influence adolescents’ response to both parents working.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Divorce, Remarriage, Single Parenthood, Dual-Earner Families, and Sexual and Gender Minority Families Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 7.17 Identify the variables that influence adolescents’ response to both parents working.

EOC Q7.18 18. Gabriella lives with two moms in a sexual and gender minority family. If Gabriella represents a typical child in this situation, what characteristics would you expect to see in Gabriella? a) She is as successful at school as children being brought up by heterosexual parents. b) She is not very mature and seems late in her emotional development.

Consider this: Research shows that there are no negative effects of growing up in a sexual and gender minority family if there is no discrimination. LO 7.18 Describe the consequences to adolescents growing up in sexual and gender minority families. c) She is confused about her own sexuality.

Consider this: Research shows that there are no negative effects of growing up in a sexual and gender minority family if there is no discrimination. LO 7.18 Describe the consequences to adolescents growing up in sexual and gender minority families. d) She is more advanced in emotional development than children being brought up by heterosexual parents.

Consider this: Research shows that there are no negative effects of growing up in a sexual and gender minority family if there is no discrimination. LO 7.18 Describe the consequences to adolescents growing up in sexual and gender minority families.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Divorce, Remarriage, Single Parenthood, Dual-Earner Families, and Sexual and Gender Minority Families Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 7.18 Describe the consequences to adolescents growing up in sexual and gender minority families.

EOC_Q7.19

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19. ____________ tend to be the most common parent to physically and sexually abuse their adolescent children, and ____________ adolescents tend to be the most common recipient of physical abuse. a) Fathers; male b) Fathers; female Consider This: Think about how a common characteristic among adolescents who are physically abused is that they are aggressive. LO 7.19 Describe the causes and consequences of physical and sexual abuse. c) Mothers; male Consider This: Think about how a common characteristic among adolescents who are physically abused is that they are aggressive. LO 7.19 Describe the causes and consequences of physical and sexual abuse. d) Mothers; female Consider This: Think about how a common characteristic among adolescents who are physically abused is that they are aggressive. LO 7.19 Describe the causes and consequences of physical and sexual abuse.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Problems in Family Functioning Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 7.19 Describe the causes and consequences of physical and sexual abuse.

EOC_Q7.20 20. Which of the following best summarizes the research evidence for the general pattern of adolescents who run away from home in the United States? a) Somewhere between 1.6 to 2.8 million adolescents run away from home every year in the United States, and one of the most common family factors linked to running away is experiencing physical or sexual abuse. b) Approximately 5.5 million adolescents run away from home every year in the United States, and one of the most common family factors linked to running away is experiencing severe family poverty.

Consider This: For a comparison, think about how youth who are street children in developing countries are much more likely to be homeless than runaways in the United States due to access to shelters for runaway adolescents. LO 7.20 Distinguish running away from home in developed countries from becoming “street children” in developing countries. c) Somewhere between 1.6 to 2.8 million adolescents run away from home every year in the United States, and one of the most common family factors linked to running away is experiencing severe family poverty.

Consider This: For a comparison, think about how youth who are street children in developing countries are much more likely to be homeless than runaways in the United States due to access to shelters for runaway adolescents. LO 7.20 Distinguish running

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away from home in developed countries from becoming “street children”’ in developing countries. d) Approximately 5.5 million adolescents run away from home every year in the United States, and one of the most common family factors linked to running away is experiencing physical or sexual abuse.

Consider This: For a comparison, think about how youth who are street children in developing countries are much more likely to be homeless than runaways in the United States due to access to shelters for runaway adolescents. LO 7.20 Distinguish running away from home in developed countries from becoming “street children” in developing countries.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Problems in Family Functioning Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 7.20 Distinguish running away from home in developed countries from becoming “street children” in developing countries.

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TOTAL ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice GUIDE

Chapter 8 Friends and Peers

1. Friendships are particularly important during adolescence because it is a time of life when young people _________. a. extend their relationships outside the immediate family b. are more likely to experience social isolation Topic Understand c. are more at risk for Remember being unpopular with peers Apply What Analyze It thetime Facts the Concepts You Know d. spend more and more with their parents A Shift from 4-6, 11 1, 2, 8, 9, 10, 3, 7, 14 Answer: a Multiple Choice Family to 13balance between friendships and family LO: 8.1 Summarize the shift in adolescence in12, the Friends relationships True/False 96, 97 98 in developed countries.

Topic: A Shift From Family to Friends Short Essay Difficulty: Moderate Development Multiple Choice 15, 22 16, 17, 18, 20, 27 19 Skill: Understand the Concepts of Friendships 21, 23-26, 28APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, in Adolescence: 30and overarching themes in psychology.

The Rising True/False 99 100, 101 Importance of Short Essay Intimacy2. Being friends is a ___________________ relationship than being peers. a. more common Becoming Multiple Choice 36, 40, 41, 31,33-35, 38, 32, 39, 44, 37 Friends and b. more equal 43, 47 42, 48 45, 46 Becoming Likec. closer True/False 102-104 d. shorter Friends Short Essay 113 Answer: c Multiple Choice Adolescents’ 49, 51, 53, 52, 54, 55, 58- 50, 57, 63 LO: 8.1 Summarize the shift in56, adolescence the balance Social Groups 61, 62, in60, 64-66, 68 between friendships and family relationships in developed countries.

67, 69, 70 Topic: A Shift From Family to Friends True/False 105-107 Difficulty: Moderate Short Essay 114 115 Skill: Understand the Concepts71, 73, 83, Popularity and Multiple Choice 77-82, 85 72, 74-76, 86 APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, Unpopularity 84 principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

True/False 108-109 Short Essay 116 3. John and Kim are in the same grade at school. They met each other once at camp but Youth Culture Multiple Choice 87, 88, 91, 89, 90, 92, 93, 70 really don't know each other that well. Which of the following is the most accurate 94 95 description of their relationship? John and Kim are __________.

True/False 110-112 a. friends Short Essay 117 b. peers c. clique-mates d. siblings Answer: b LO: 8.1 Summarize the shift in adolescence in the balance between friendships and family relationships in developed countries.

Topic: A Shift From Family to Friends Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know 530 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

4. Typically, what happens to the level of warmth and closeness between parents and their children during adolescence? a. It increases. b. It decreases. c. It stays the same. d. It disappears.

Answer: b LO: 8.1 Summarize the shift in adolescence in the balance between friendships and family relationships in developed countries.

Topic: A Shift From Family to Friends Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

5. According to research, who are 16-year-olds most likely to depend upon for companionship and intimacy? a. parents b. friends c. siblings d. teachers Answer: b LO: 8.1 Summarize the shift in adolescence in the balance between friendships and family relationships in developed countries.

Topic: A Shift From Family to Friends Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

6. In a study by Youniss and Smollar (1985), approximately _______ of adolescents reported having at least one close friend. a. 33% b. 50% c. 75% d. 90% Answer: d LO: 8.1 Summarize the shift in adolescence in the balance between friendships and family relationships in developed countries.

Topic: A Shift From Family to Friends Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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7. Niles is 15 years old. He is not sure if he wants to go into a technical high school or an academic program next year. Based on research, it could be predicted that Niles is most likely to seek advice from his __________. a. father b. best friend c. girlfriend d. employer Answer: a LO: 8.1 Summarize the shift in adolescence in the balance between friendships and family relationships in developed countries.

Topic: A Shift From Family to Friends Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

8. How do parents shape their adolescents’ peer relationships in indirect ways? a. They influence peer choices by choosing where to live, where to go to school, where to go to church. b. Parents smile or frown when introduced to a new friend as a way of showing their approval or disapproval. c. Parents speak approval or disapproval of new friends. d. Parents restrict time spent with peers that they don’t like.

Answer: a LO: 8.1 Summarize the shift in adolescence in the balance between friendships and family relationships in developed countries.

Topic: A Shift From Family to Friends Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

9. According to the text, which of the following does NOT represent a way in which parents influence their adolescent children's peer relationships? a. location of the family home b. choice of school c. religious practices d. extracurricular activities Answer: d LO: 8.1 Summarize the shift in adolescence in the balance between friendships and family relationships in developed countries.

Topic: A Shift From Family to Friends Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts 532 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

10. Nandirani is a 12-year-old adolescent who lives in India. After she has completed her chores and schoolwork, with which of the following is she most likely to choose to spend time? a. members of her church b. the teachers in her school c. her friends d. her family members Answer: d LO: 8.2 Explain how the balance between friendships and family relationships is distinctive in developing countries.

Topic: A Shift From Family to Friends Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

11. In one study examining adolescents in Indonesia, those polled tended to rate __________ higher than __________ as the source of companionship and enjoyment. a. friends; family members b. family members; friends c. peers; friends d. friends; peers Answer: b LO: 8.2 Explain how the balance between friendships and family relationships is distinctive in developing countries.

Topic: A Shift From Family to Friends Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

12. One reason that adolescents report they generally feel happier when they are with their friends is that they ___________. a. feel more "open" and accepted with friends than with parents b. are able to "get away" with things their parents would not allow c. spend less time with friends than with parents d. can solidify their religious beliefs based on those of their closest friends Answer: a LO: 8.3 Explain how friends are the sources of intense positive and negative emotions.

Topic: A Shift From Family to Friends Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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13. What is common among friends that can lead to the breakup of friendships and strongly negative emotions? a. lying b. stealing c. conflict d. rejection Answer: a LO: 8.3 Explain how friends are the sources of intense positive and negative emotions.

Topic: A Shift From Family to Friends Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

14. Derek's best friend Orlando let him down. Orlando chose to go to a concert with his brother instead of going to Derek's birthday dinner. The next day, Orlando phoned Derek's house. Derek told his mother, "Tell him I'm not here, I don't want to talk to him." This conflict is most likely ____________. a. a regular part of adolescent social life b. a symptom of poor parenting c. indicative of a behavior disorder d. unusual in male friendships Answer: a LO: 8.3 Explain how friends are the sources of intense positive and negative emotions.

Topic: A Shift From Family to Friends Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

15. Which of the following scholars first developed ideas on the importance of intimacy in adolescent relationships? a. Reed Larson b. Harry Stack Sullivan c. David Kinney d. Helena Wulf Answer: b LO: 8.4 Describe the role that intimacy plays in adolescents’ friendships and how it changes with age.

Topic: Development of Friendships in Adolescence: The Rising Importance of Intimacy Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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16. Around age 10, a developing capacity for perspective taking allows children to form friendships in which they __________. a. care about their friends as individuals b. serve as playmates to each other c. compete with each other in school and sports d. compare themselves to their friends Answer: a LO: 8.4 Describe the role that intimacy plays in adolescents’ friendships and how it changes with age.

Topic: Development of Friendships in Adolescence: The Rising Importance of Intimacy Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

17. Close friendship in adolescence promotes development of __________. a. perspective taking b. a more community-based identity c. sympathy d. egocentrism Answer: a LO: 8.4 Describe the role that intimacy plays in adolescents’ friendships and how it changes with age.

Topic: Development of Friendships in Adolescence: The Rising Importance of Intimacy Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

18. One benefit of intimate adolescent relationships is they ____________. a. test the honesty of the adolescents involved b. allow those involved to provide honest evaluations of each other’s merits and faults c. provide sympathy d. provide shared opportunities for fun Answer: b LO: 8.4 Describe the role that intimacy plays in adolescents’ friendships and how it changes with age.

Topic: Development of Friendships in Adolescence: The Rising Importance of Intimacy Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

19. The emphasis on intimacy in adolescent friendships is best reflected in which of the following statements? More than younger children, adolescents __________.

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a. rate trust and loyalty as important to friendship b. describe their friendships in terms of doing things together c. like to hang out in groups d. become more interested in extracurricular activities at school Answer: a LO: 8.4 Describe the role that intimacy plays in adolescents’ friendships and how it changes with age.

Topic: Development of Friendships in Adolescence: The Rising Importance of Intimacy Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

20. When children are asked what they would want in a friend, they are most likely to answer ___________. a. someone I can trust b. someone I can share my secrets with c. someone who likes to ride bikes together d. someone to help me through personal problems Answer: c LO: 8.4 Describe the role that intimacy plays in adolescents’ friendships and how it changes with age.

Topic: Development of Friendships in Adolescence: The Rising Importance of Intimacy Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

21. Thinking during adolescence becomes ________ abstract and _______ complex, and these changes affect how they understand social relationships and solve problems. a. more; more b. more; less c. less; more d. less; less Answer: a LO: 8.5 Connect adolescents’ cognitive development to the rising importance of intimacy in friendship and explain why intimacy is more central to girls’ friendships.

Topic: Development of Friendships in Adolescence: The Rising Importance of Intimacy Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

22. _________ place a higher value on talking together as a component of their friendships. a. Children b. Adolescents 536 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

c. Girls d. Boys Answer: c LO: 8.5 Connect adolescents’ cognitive development to the rising importance of intimacy in friendship and explain why intimacy is more central to girls’ friendships.

Topic: Development of Friendships in Adolescence: The Rising Importance of Intimacy Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

23. Boys emphasize ___________ in their intimate friendships. a. affection b. helpfulness c. shared activities d. nurturance Answer: c LO: 8.5 Connect adolescents’ cognitive development to the rising importance of intimacy in friendship and explain why intimacy is more central to girls’ friendships.

Topic: Development of Friendships in Adolescence: The Rising Importance of Intimacy Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

24. What is responsible for gender differences in intimate friendships in adolescence? a. cognitive development b. emotional development c. physical development d. early socialization Answer: d LO: 8.5 Connect adolescents’ cognitive development to the rising importance of intimacy in friendship and explain why intimacy is more central to girls’ friendships.

Topic: Development of Friendships in Adolescence: The Rising Importance of Intimacy Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

25. In talking about problems, boys are more likely to use __________ as part of building their relationship. a. anger b. frustration c. humor d. empathy Answer: c 537 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

LO: 8.5 Connect adolescents’ cognitive development to the rising importance of intimacy in friendship and explain why intimacy is more central to girls’ friendships.

Topic: Development of Friendships in Adolescence: The Rising Importance of Intimacy Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

26. According to research, in emerging adulthood, the importance of ________ tend to decline as romantic relationships ________. a. sexual relationships; develop b. cliques; decline c. family relationships; decline d. friendships; develop Answer: d LO: 8.6 Identify the ways friendships change from adolescence to emerging adulthood.

Topic: Development of Friendships in Adolescence: The Rising Importance of Intimacy Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

27. Joie and John are in a committed relationship. Friends are not quite as important to them as they used to be. Based on research, most likely Joie and John are likely in the a. earlier stages of emerging adulthood. b. later stages of emerging adulthood. c. earlier stages of adolescence. d. later stages of adolescence.

Answer: b LO: 8.6 Identify the ways friendships change from adolescence to emerging adulthood.

Topic: Development of Friendships in Adolescence: The Rising Importance of Intimacy Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

28. In which of the following ways are emerging adult friendships different from adolescent friendships? a. They lack intimacy. b. They lack trust. c. They are more likely to include other-sex friendships. d. They are more likely to depend on shared activities.

Answer: c LO: 8.6 Identify the ways friendships change from adolescence to emerging adulthood.

Topic: Development of Friendships in Adolescence: The Rising Importance of Intimacy Difficulty: Moderate 538 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

29. The importance of __________ declines as ___________ develop in emerging adulthood. a. shared activities; friendships b. friendships; romantic relationships c. shared activities; romantic relationships d. romantic relationships; friendships Answer: b LO: 8.6 Identify the ways friendships change from adolescence to emerging adulthood.

Topic: Development of Friendships in Adolescence: The Rising Importance of Intimacy Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

30. Wayland is studious and works very hard on his course work. Based on research, it is likely that his friends __________. a. also work hard at school b. spend little time studying c. think he works too hard d. come to him for help Answer: a LO: 8.7 Identify the similarities that draw adolescents together into friendships, and describe the positives of cross-ethnic friendships.

Topic: Becoming Friends and Becoming Like Friends Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

31. Timo listens to alternative music, Alexis listens to country music, and Gabby is a bigtime rap fan. They are probably __________. a. not friends b. friends c. not adolescents d. all unpopular Answer: a LO: 8.7 Identify the similarities that draw adolescents together into friendships, and describe the positives of cross-ethnic friendships.

Topic: Becoming Friends and Becoming Like Friends Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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32. Sheldon smokes cigarettes and drinks beer every weekend. He gets into many arguments with his friend, Chris, who doesn't smoke or drink and is worried about Sheldon. Based on research, it could be predicted that eventually they will __________. a. remain friends b. grow apart c. switch roles d. grow out of it Answer: b LO: 8.7 Identify the similarities that draw adolescents together into friendships, and describe the positives of cross-ethnic friendships.

Topic: Becoming Friends and Becoming Like Friends Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

33. In terms of friendships, ethnic boundaries may become sharper during adolescence due to ___________. a. the developing capacity for perspective taking b. awareness of divisions between ethnic groups c. similarities in socioeconomic status d. traditional parenting Answer: b LO: 8.7 Identify the similarities that draw adolescents together into friendships, and describe the positives of cross-ethnic friendships.

Topic: Becoming Friends and Becoming Like Friends Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

34. __________ increases the likelihood of cross-ethnic friendships. a. Interpersonal conflict b. Classroom diversity c. Moving to a new town d. Ethnic segregation Answer: b LO: 8.7 Identify the similarities that draw adolescents together into friendships, and describe the positives of cross-ethnic friendships.

Topic: Becoming Friends and Becoming Like Friends Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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35. Adolescents in cross-ethnic friendships demonstrate __________. a. less prejudice b. more prejudice c. more negative moods d. higher emotional reactivity Answer: a LO: 8.7 Identify the similarities that draw adolescents together into friendships, and describe the positives of cross-ethnic friendships.

Topic: Becoming Friends and Becoming Like Friends Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

36. According to your text, which of the following is a more accurate term for peer pressure? a. risk influence b. peer effectiveness c. friends' influence d. adolescent egocentrism Answer: c LO: 8.8 Summarize the research on friends’ influence on risk behavior, and explain why “influence” is difficult to determine.

Topic: Becoming Friends and Becoming Like Friends Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

37. Which of the following has been shown by research to be an area in which adolescents are influenced by their friends? a. encouraging entry into specific career paths b. discouraging risk behaviors c. pushing each other to participate in sports teams d. deepening of religious or spiritual affiliation Answer: b LO: 8.8 Summarize the research on friends’ influence on risk behavior, and explain why “influence” is difficult to determine.

Topic: Becoming Friends and Becoming Like Friends Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

38. Adolescents' self-reported rates of risk behavior are correlated with the rates of risk behavior they report for their friends. What can we conclude from this?

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a. Friends' risk behavior directly affects one's own risk behavior. b. One's own risk behavior causes risk behavior in one’s friends. c. One's own participation in risk behavior is influenced by one’s friends. d. Adolescents' risk behaviors are associated with their friends' risk behaviors.

Answer: d LO: 8.8 Summarize the research on friends’ influence on risk behavior, and explain why “influence” is difficult to determine.

Topic: Becoming Friends and Becoming Like Friends Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

39. Savannah sometimes smokes pot. When her mother finds out, Savannah defends herself by saying, “All my friends smoke pot too.” Which of the following is most likely TRUE? a. This is a typical perception of exaggerated similarity between self and friends. b. Savannah was a teenager during the 1960s. c. This is an atypical belief that her behavior influences her friends. d. Savannah and her mother live in a postfigurative culture.

Answer: a LO: 8.8 Summarize the research on friends’ influence on risk behavior, and explain why “influence” is difficult to determine.

Topic: Becoming Friends and Becoming Like Friends Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

40. What leads to the perception that there is more similarity between an adolescent and their friends than is actually the case? a. egocentrism b. loss of complex thought c. loss of analytical thought d. self-esteem issues Answer: a LO: 8.8 Summarize the research on friends’ influence on risk behavior, and explain why “influence” is difficult to determine.

Topic: Becoming Friends and Becoming Like Friends Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

41. The principle that most people tend to choose friends who are similar to themselves is called __________. a. peer group affiliation 542 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

b. instrumental support c. correlation-causation d. selective association Answer: d LO: 8.8 Summarize the research on friends’ influence on risk behavior, and explain why “influence” is difficult to determine.

Topic: Becoming Friends and Becoming Like Friends Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

42. The saying "birds of a feather flock together" best reflects __________. a. informational support b. prefigurative cultures c. correlational research d. selective association Answer: d LO: 8.8 Summarize the research on friends’ influence on risk behavior, and explain why “influence” is difficult to determine.

Topic: Becoming Friends and Becoming Like Friends Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

43. Which of the following is NOT outlined in your text as a type of support provided by adolescent friendship relationships? a. esteem b. instrumental c. companionship d. compassionate Answer: d LO: 8.9 Name the different ways adolescent friends support each other and how that support influences their development.

Topic: Becoming Friends and Becoming Like Friends Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

44. Abrie and Farah are best friends. Abrie has a part-time job at a clothing store and helped Farah by letting her use her staff discount card to buy a prom dress. In turn, Farah promised Abrie that she would help her study for her biology exam. They are offering each other ________ support. a. informational 543 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

b. instrumental c. companionship d. esteem Answer: b LO: 8.9 Name the different ways adolescent friends support each other and how that support influences their development.

Topic: Becoming Friends and Becoming Like Friends Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

45. Ryan applied for a scholarship and did not get it. His friend Mike consoled him by saying, "You're the smartest person I know. You don't need a scholarship to tell you that!" Mike is offering Ryan ________ support. a. informational b. instrumental c. companionship d. esteem Answer: d LO: 8.9 Name the different ways adolescent friends support each other and how that support influences their development.

Topic: Becoming Friends and Becoming Like Friends Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

46. Rajesh and Brent live next door to each other and are both new to the junior high school. They usually walk to school together and hang out at lunchtime. Rajesh has been away for two weeks, and Brent feels anxious because he doesn't really have anyone to sit with at lunchtime. We could say that he probably misses the ________ support that Rajesh and he share. a. informational b. instrumental c. companionship d. esteem Answer: c LO: 8.9 Name the different ways adolescent friends support each other and how that support influences their development.

Topic: Becoming Friends and Becoming Like Friends Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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47. Friendships in emerging adulthood often include information, instrumental, companionship, and ________ support. a. intellectual b. emotional c. esteem d. cognitive Answer: c LO: 8.9 Name the different ways adolescent friends support each other and how that support influences their development.

Topic: Becoming Friends and Becoming Like Friends Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

48. Which of the following is not mentioned as a positive effect of supportive friendships? a. improvements in academic performance b. higher self-esteem c. lower depressive symptoms d. lower anxiety symptoms Answer: d LO: 8.9 Name the different ways adolescent friends support each other and how that support influences their development.

Topic: Becoming Friends and Becoming Like Friends Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

49. What term refers to a small social group of friends who know each other well and often do things together? a. crowd b. clique c. argot d. peers Answer: b LO: 8.10 Distinguish between cliques and crowds, and describe their separate functions.

Topic: Adolescents’ Social Groups Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

50. Scott, Kerry, and Todd all go to the same school but don't know each other very well, even though they are all involved with athletics. Scott is on the junior basketball team, Kerry is a champion skier, and Todd is a football player on the senior team. Most likely 545 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

they belong to the same ___________. a. crowd b. clique c. friendship group d. peer group Answer: a LO: 8.10 Distinguish between cliques and crowds, and describe their separate functions.

Topic: Adolescents’ Social Groups Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

51. Social categories such as "nerds," "normals," and "burnouts" represent __________. a. cliques b. crowds c. friends d. ethnicity Answer: b LO: 8.10 Distinguish between cliques and crowds, and describe their separate functions.

Topic: Adolescents’ Social Groups Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

52. Which of the following best represents the function of crowds? a. They help adolescents define their identities. b. They assist teachers in ranking students academically. c. They take the place of childhood friendships. d. They replace family as the prime source of support.

Answer: a LO: 8.10 Distinguish between cliques and crowds, and describe their separate functions.

Topic: Adolescents’ Social Groups Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

53. When does the ability to understand sarcasm appear? a. age 6 b. age 10 c. age 12 d. age 15 Answer: b LO: 8.11 Explain why sarcasm and ridicule are common in adolescent cliques, and give 546 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

examples of cultural variations.

Topic: Adolescents’ Social Groups Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

54. Adolescents' use of antagonistic interactions such as sarcasm and ridicule are related to ___________. a. the establishment of a dominance hierarchy b. disputes between friends c. developmental trajectory of inter-crowd competition d. decreases in family interaction Answer: a LO: 8.11 Explain why sarcasm and ridicule are common in adolescent cliques, and give examples of cultural variations.

Topic: Adolescents’ Social Groups Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

55. Within cliques, the use of sarcasm and ridicule may _________. a. cause adolescent rebellion b. reinforce group conformity c. widen group membership d. reduce group conflict Answer: b LO: 8.11 Explain why sarcasm and ridicule are common in adolescent cliques, and give examples of cultural variations.

Topic: Adolescents’ Social Groups Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

56. __________ is the term for behavior that includes not only sarcasm and ridicule but also spreading rumors, snubbing, and excluding others from the clique. a. Bullying b. Passive aggression c. Active aggression d. Relational aggression Answer: d LO: 8.11 Explain why sarcasm and ridicule are common in adolescent cliques, and give examples of cultural variations.

Topic: Adolescents’ Social Groups 547 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

57. Sonya got very angry at her friend Lilah over a disagreement that they had. In school the next day, Sonya told several friends that Lilah got in trouble for shoplifting over the weekend, an event that never took place. It took weeks before Lilah was able to clear her reputation. Sonya's behaviors are an example of ________ aggression. a. transactive b. reactive c. relational d. instrumental Answer: c LO: 8.11 Explain why sarcasm and ridicule are common in adolescent cliques, and give examples of cultural variations.

Topic: Adolescents’ Social Groups Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

58. What are the potential consequences for someone who uses relational aggression? a. anxiety and fear b. depression and eating disorders c. being stigmatized and shut out of groups d. loneliness Answer: b LO: 8.11 Explain why sarcasm and ridicule are common in adolescent cliques, and give examples of cultural variations.

Topic: Adolescents’ Social Groups Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

59. What are the potential consequences of being a victim of relational aggression? a. becoming popular b. depression and loneliness c. anxiety and eating disorders d. stress and poor academic performance Answer: b LO: 8.11 Explain why sarcasm and ridicule are common in adolescent cliques, and give examples of cultural variations.

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Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

60. According to your text, the Mbuti use sarcasm and ridicule to ____________. a. establish group membership in the community b. reduce conflict within the community c. enforce conformity to cultural standards and punish those who violate them d. establish a dominance hierarchy Answer: c LO: 8.11 Explain why sarcasm and ridicule are common in adolescent cliques, and give examples of cultural variations.

Topic: Adolescents’ Social Groups Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

61. Crowd definition and membership becomes important during __________. a. childhood b. adolescence c. emerging adulthood d. middle adulthood Answer: b LO: 8.12 Name common crowds in American high schools, and explain how crowds reflect both developmental and cultural characteristics.

Topic: Adolescents’ Social Groups Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

62. According to the text, crowd formation occurs during adolescence mostly because of adolescents' ___________. a. understanding of ethnic diversity b. differing rates of physical development c. ability to think in abstract terms d. capacity for emotional understanding Answer: c LO: 8.12 Name common crowds in American high schools, and explain how crowds reflect both developmental and cultural characteristics.

Topic: Adolescents’ Social Groups Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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63. Danyon is a popular student who plays basketball and excels at track and field. To which crowd does Danyon most likely belong? a. elites b. athletes c. academics d. deviants Answer: b LO: 8.12 Name common crowds in American high schools, and explain how crowds reflect both developmental and cultural characteristics.

Topic: Adolescents’ Social Groups Difficulty: Easy Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

64. Of the crowds in high schools, which crowd is most likely to engage in risky behaviors? a. athletes b. deviants c. elites d. academics Answer: b LO: 8.12 Name common crowds in American high schools, and explain how crowds reflect both developmental and cultural characteristics.

Topic: Adolescents’ Social Groups Difficulty: Moderates Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

65. In schools with diverse, multiethnic populations, adolescents tend to see ________ crowd distinctions in other ethnic groups than they do in their own. a. more b. fewer c. similar d. no Answer: b LO: 8.12 Name common crowds in American high schools, and explain how crowds reflect both developmental and cultural characteristics.

Topic: Adolescents’ Social Groups Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

66. In traditional cultures, the adolescent peer crowd is __________ than in Western cultures.

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a. more age-graded b. more affluent c. less age-graded d. less affluent Answer: c LO: 8.12 Name common crowds in American high schools, and explain how crowds reflect both developmental and cultural characteristics.

Topic: Adolescents’ Social Groups Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

67. What sociologist is known for having conducted participant observation research in adolescent crowds? a. Gillis b. Kinney c. Schlegal d. Andrews Answer: b LO: 8.12 Name common crowds in American high schools, and explain how crowds reflect both developmental and cultural characteristics.

Topic: Adolescents’ Social Groups Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

68. According to Kinney’s research, what is a primary difference between crowds in middle school and crowds in high school? a. Crowds in middle school are more based on shared activities. b. Crowds in middle school are less distinct and demonstrate some overlap with each other. c. Crowds in middle school are less diverse and defined by characteristics rather than shared interests. d. Crowds in middle school are much more diverse than those seen in high school.

Answer: c LO: 8.12 Name common crowds in American high schools, and explain how crowds reflect both developmental and cultural characteristics.

Topic: Adolescents’ Social Groups Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

69. In some traditional cultures, the dormitory is the place where adolescents __________.

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a. sleep, relax, and have fun with other adolescents, including sexual experimentation b. attend classes and perform housekeeping duties c. are excluded until emerging adulthood d. perform military service Answer: a LO: 8.13 Describe the characteristics of adolescent peer crowds in traditional cultures, including the functions of dormitories and men’s houses.

Topic: Adolescents’ Social Groups Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

70. In some traditional cultures, a men’s house is where __________. a. adolescents learn life skills b. adolescents sleep and hang out along with adult men who are widowed or divorced c. adolescents can experiment with sex d. adolescents must work until they reach emerging adulthood Answer: b LO: 8.13 Describe the characteristics of adolescent peer crowds in traditional cultures, including the functions of dormitories and men’s houses.

Topic: Adolescents’ Social Groups Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

71. Which of the following factors is NOT related to popularity across the life span? a. physical attractiveness b. musical ability c. social skills d. intelligence Answer: b LO: 8.14 Explain how popularity in adolescence is measured, and identify the main characteristics that are sources of popularity.

Topic: Popularity and Unpopularity Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

72. Thai is participating in a study in which he is asked to rate the social status of other students in his school. He is participating in a study using ____________. a. psychometrics 552 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

b. participant observation c. immediate response systems d. sociometry Answer: d LO: 8.14 Explain how popularity in adolescence is measured, and identify the main characteristics that are sources of popularity.

Topic: Popularity and Unpopularity Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

73. At all ages, the qualities most often associated with popularity and unpopularity can be grouped under the general term ___________. a. cognitive skills b. physical attractiveness c. social skills d. emotional intelligence Answer: c LO: 8.14 Explain how popularity in adolescence is measured, and identify the main characteristics that are sources of popularity.

Topic: Popularity and Unpopularity Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

74. Margalit is unpopular and has trouble making friends. She is aggressive and just last week started a fight by punching the girl in front of her. Which of the following is most likely the case? Margalit is a(n) __________ adolescent. a. neglected b. rejected c. controversial d. alternative Answer: b LO: 8.14 Explain how popularity in adolescence is measured, and identify the main characteristics that are sources of popularity.

Topic: Popularity and Unpopularity Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

75. Huxley is shy. Most of his classmates neither like nor dislike him. Which of the following is most likely the case? Huxley is a(n) ___________ adolescent. a. neglected 553 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

b. rejected c. controversial d. alternative Answer: a LO: 8.14 Explain how popularity in adolescence is measured, and identify the main characteristics that are sources of popularity.

Topic: Popularity and Unpopularity Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

76. Samantha is highly aggressive, yet has a high level of social skill. Which of the following is most likely? Samantha is a(n) ________ adolescent. a. neglected b. rejected c. controversial d. alternative Answer: c LO: 8.14 Explain how popularity in adolescence is measured, and identify the main characteristics that are sources of popularity.

Topic: Popularity and Unpopularity Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

77. Relational aggression is positively associated with __________ in adolescence, but only if the individual is not a victim of relational aggression as well. a. popularity b. neglect c. rejection d. acceptance Answer: a LO: 8.14 Explain how popularity in adolescence is measured, and identify the main characteristics that are sources of popularity.

Topic: Popularity and Unpopularity Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

78. One reason that popular children tend to become popular adolescents is that they are __________. a. reinforced in their popularity on an ongoing basis b. given more independence by their parents 554 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

c. not likely to suffer from anxiety disorders d. less reliant on physical appearance for confidence Answer: a LO: 8.15 Identify the reasons why popularity and unpopularity are difficult to change, and the characteristics of effective intervention programs for unpopularity.

Topic: Popularity and Unpopularity Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

79. Unfortunately, even when their behavior changes, unpopular children and adolescents may still be seen as unpopular because of the ____________ they have developed. a. responses to others b. reputation c. habits of unpopularity d. unpopular characteristics Answer: b LO: 8.15 Identify the reasons why popularity and unpopularity are difficult to change, and the characteristics of effective intervention programs for unpopularity.

Topic: Popularity and Unpopularity Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

80. Which of the following is NOT one of the consequences of remaining unpopular in adolescence? a. depression b. behavioral problems c. academic problems d. stress-related illness Answer: d LO: 8.15 Identify the reasons why popularity and unpopularity are difficult to change, and the characteristics of effective intervention programs for unpopularity.

Topic: Popularity and Unpopularity Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

81. What are the long-term consequences of being a “neglected child”? a. anxiety b. stress c. depression d. social anxiety 555 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Answer: d LO: 8.15 Identify the reasons why popularity and unpopularity are difficult to change, and the characteristics of effective intervention programs for unpopularity.

Topic: Popularity and Unpopularity Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

82. Most interventions designed to help unpopular adolescents focus on developing ________ skills. a. academic b. parenting c. social d. emotional Answer: c LO: 8.15 Identify the reasons why popularity and unpopularity are difficult to change, and the characteristics of effective intervention programs for unpopularity.

Topic: Popularity and Unpopularity Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

83. There are three different components to bullying. Which of the following is NOT one of them? a. aggression b. repetition c. power imbalance d. proximity Answer: d LO: 8.16 Define bullying and describe its prevalence and consequences across countries.

Topic: Popularity and Unpopularity Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

84. When is bullying at its peak? a. childhood b. early adolescence c. late adolescence d. emerging adulthood Answer: b LO: 8.16 Define bullying and describe its prevalence and consequences across countries.

Topic: Popularity and Unpopularity 556 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

85. __________ are more likely to be bullies and be bullied, and __________ report worse outcomes as a result of bullying. a. Boys; boys b. Boys; girls c. Girls; boys d. Girls; girls Answer: b LO: 8.16 Define bullying and describe its prevalence and consequences across countries.

Topic: Popularity and Unpopularity Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

86. Who is most likely to be a victim of bullying? a. Lester, a popular adolescent b. Jeanette, a low-status adolescent who has been rejected by her peers c. Leonardo, a low-status adolescent who is accepted by his peers d. Careena, a high-status adolescent who has been rejected by her peers Answer: b LO: 8.16 Define bullying and describe its prevalence and consequences across countries.

Topic: Popularity and Unpopularity Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

87. The study of youth culture has a long history in the field of ___________ a. psychology b. sociology c. community health d. education Answer: b LO: 8.17 Identify the components of youth cultures, and explain why they develop.

Topic: Youth Culture Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

88. Youth culture is generally believed to have arisen in the West during the __________.

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a. 1890s b. 1920s c. 1950s d. 1960s Answer: b LO: 8.17 Identify the components of youth cultures, and explain why they develop.

Topic: Youth Culture Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

89. Who are the predominant participants in youth culture? a. children b. early adolescents c. late adolescents d. emerging adults Answer: d LO: 8.17 Identify the components of youth cultures, and explain why they develop.

Topic: Youth Culture Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

90. Which of the following was NOT a historical influence that led to the rise of the youth culture of the 1920’s? a. the ideas of Sigmund Freud b. the changing status of women c. the availability of automobiles d. the rise of pop music Answer: d LO: 8.17 Identify the components of youth cultures, and explain why they develop.

Topic: Youth Culture Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

91. Which of the following is the term for a society that condones a high degree of variability among individuals and groups? a. pluralistic b. dualistic c. postfigurative d. prefigurative Answer: a 558 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

LO: 8.17 Identify the components of youth cultures, and explain why they develop.

Topic: Youth Culture Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 92. Which of the following is NOT one of the components of the style of youth culture described in the text? a. image b. demeanor c. argot d. skills Answer: d LO: 8.17 Identify the components of youth cultures, and explain why they develop.

Topic: Youth Culture Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 93. It is 1967, and Reggie is a teenager who likes listening to the music of Jimi Hendrix.

Reggie says, "Jimi is totally groovy, man." Reggie's phrase is an example of __________. a. image b. demeanor c. argot d. posture Answer: c LO: 8.18 Explain the purpose of slang in adolescence.

Topic: Youth Culture Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

94. An informal vocabulary and grammar that differs from that of a given culture's native language is called __________. a. aphorisms b. colloquialisms c. image d. slang Answer: d LO: 8.18 Explain the purpose of slang in adolescence.

Topic: Youth Culture Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts 559 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

95. Which anthropologist was the first to observe that in times of rapid technological change, young people tend to look to each other for instruction in a variety of aspects of life? a. Mead b. Shaw c. Dunphy d. Figarella Answer: a LO: 8.19 Explain how technology is important to the distinctiveness of youth culture.

Topic: Youth Culture Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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True/False 96. Relationships with family and friends during adolescence tend to change in quantity, but not in quality. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 8.1 Summarize the shift in adolescence in the balance between friendships and family relationships in developed countries.

Topic: A Shift From Family to Friends Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

97. Traditional cultures are likely to have fewer gender differences in terms of adolescents' relationships to peers and family. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 8.2: Explain how the balance between friendships and family relationships is distinctive in developing countries.

Topic: A Shift From Family to Friends Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

98. Besides being a source of emotional support and enjoyment, adolescents' friendships are also a source of worry or negative emotions. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 8.3: Explain how friends are the sources of intense positive and negative emotions.

Topic: A Shift from Family to Friends Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

99. Adolescents rate trust and loyalty as more important to friendship than younger children do. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 8.4: Describe the role that intimacy plays in adolescents’ friendships and how it 561 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

changes with age.

Topic: Development of Friendships in Adolescence: The Rising Importance of Intimacy Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

100. Greater ability for concrete reasoning makes it possible for adolescents to think about and talk about more abstract qualities in their relationships. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 8.5: Connect adolescents’ cognitive development to the rising importance of intimacy in friendship and explain why intimacy is more central to girls’ friendships.

Topic: Development of Friendships in Adolescence: The Rising Importance of Intimacy Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

101.

Boys tend to have more intimate friendships than girls. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 8.5: Connect adolescents’ cognitive development to the rising importance of intimacy in friendship and explain why intimacy is more central to girls’ friendships.

Topic: Development of Friendships in Adolescence: The Rising Importance of Intimacy Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

102. In American society, childhood is the life period when ethnic boundaries in friendships are the most defined. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 8.7 Identify the similarities that draw adolescents together into friendships and describe the positives of cross-ethnic friendships.

Topic: Becoming Friends and Becoming Like Friends Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

103.

Adolescents tend to choose friends who are similar to themselves.

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a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 8.8 Summarize the research on friends’ influence on risk behavior, and explain why “influence” is difficult to determine.

Topic: Becoming Friends and Becoming Like Friends Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

104. Selective association is the degree to which two people share personal knowledge, thoughts, and feelings. a. True b. False Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.8 Summarize the research on friends’ influence on risk behavior, and explain why “influence” is difficult to determine.

Topic: Becoming Friends and Becoming Like Friends Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

105. In some traditional cultures, adolescents may use sarcasm and ridicule toward adults in order to reinforce cultural standards of behavior. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 8.11 Explain why sarcasm and ridicule are common in adolescent cliques, and give examples of cultural variations.

Topic: Adolescents' Social Groups Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

106. Relational aggression is the term for behavior that includes not only sarcasm and ridicule but gossiping, spreading rumors, snubbing, and excluding others from the clique. a. True b. False Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.12 Define relational aggression, and explain why it is more common among girls in adolescence.

Topic: Adolescents’ Social Groups 563 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

107. Recent research shows that adolescents generally spend more time with other-sex friends than with same-sex friends. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 8.13 Describe how the functions and importance of crowds change during the course of adolescence and into emerging adulthood.

Topic: Adolescents’ Social Groups Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

108.

In adolescence, high intelligence is related to popularity. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 8.14 Explain how popularity in adolescence is measured, and identify the main characteristics that are sources of popularity.

Topic: Popularity and Unpopularity Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

109. Neglected adolescents are actively disliked by their peers, usually because others find them to be excessively aggressive, disruptive, and quarrelsome. a. True b. False Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.14 Explain how popularity in adolescence is measured, and identify the main characteristics that are sources of popularity.

Topic: Popularity and Unpopularity Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

110.

Not all adolescents participate in youth culture. a. True b. False 564 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Answer: a LO: 8.17 Identify the components of youth cultures, and explain why they develop.

Topic: Youth Culture Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

111. One way that adolescents establish who is and who is not part of their youth culture is through the language they use. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 8.18 Explain the purposes of slang in adolescence.

Topic: Youth Culture Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

112. Anthropologist Margaret Mead believed that as technology continued to advance, adults would be primarily responsible for teaching children how to use the latest breakthroughs. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 8.19 Explain how technology is important to the distinctiveness of youth culture.

Topic: Youth Culture Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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Essay 113. List and define four types of support that friends may provide to each other in adolescence. Provide an example for each.

LO: 8.9 Name the different ways adolescent friends support each other and how that support influences their development.

Topic: Becoming Friends and Becoming Like Friends Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Answer: Informational support—advice between friends in solving personal problems; sharing personal problems, feelings, and thoughts (e.g., providing guidance regarding romantic relationships or personal problems involving other friends or parents).

Instrumental support—between friends, helping out with various concrete tasks (e.g., helping each other with homework; lending money). Companionship support—being able to rely upon one's friend for social companionship in various activities (e.g., having someone to walk to school with; having someone to be a partner within a school activity).

Esteem support—providing encouragement for a friend's success and consoling a friend when he or she fails (e.g., having a party to celebrate a friend's athletic award; consoling a friend who did not pass her driver's test).

114. Define and distinguish between crowds and cliques. Provide an example of each from your own adolescent school experience.

LO: 8.10 Distinguish between cliques and crowds, and describe their separate functions.

Topic: Adolescents' Social Groups Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Answer: Crowds are large, reputation-based groups of adolescents. Cliques are small groups of friends who know each other well, do things together, and form a regular social group. Students will provide their own examples.

115. Define relational aggression and provide a rationale for evidence that girls exhibit more relational aggression than boys.

LO: 8.11 Explain why sarcasm and ridicule are common in adolescent cliques, and give examples of cultural variations.

Topic: Adolescents’ Social Groups Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Answer: Relational aggression is the term used to describe behavior that includes sarcasm, ridicule, gossiping, spreading rumors, snubbing, and excluding others from the group.

Relational aggression is a phenomenon recently identified among cliques of adolescent 566 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

girls. It is posited that girls resort to relational aggression because their gender role prohibits more direct expression of conflict and disagreement. While they experience anger, they are not allowed to express it openly, even in a verbal form; aggression takes a more covert and indirect form. Relational aggression can also be a means of asserting dominance among peers.

116. Define and distinguish among rejected, neglected, and controversial adolescents.

Briefly describe possible long-term consequences of unpopularity during adolescence.

LO: 8.14 Explain how popularity in adolescence is measured, and identify the main characteristics that are sources of popularity; 8.15 Identify the reasons why popularity and unpopularity are difficult to change, and the characteristics of effective intervention programs for unpopularity.

Topic: Popularity and Unpopularity Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Answer: Rejected adolescents are actively disliked by peers; they tend to be aggressive, disruptive, argumentative, and lack social skills to make and keep friends. Consequences include higher rates of aggression-related problems and greater likelihood of dropping out of school. Neglected adolescents are neither liked nor disliked strongly by peers; they are "unnoticed" by their peers, are usually shy and withdrawn, and lack social skills to make and keep friends. Consequences include low self-esteem, loneliness, depression, alcohol abuse. Controversial adolescents generate mixed responses among peers. Rather than being consistently popular or unpopular, they may be strongly liked as well as strongly disliked, by different people and by the same people on different occasions. They tend to be aggressive, but also possess strong social skills.

117. List and briefly describe the significance of four historical influences that led to the rise of youth culture in the 1920s.

LO: 8.18 Explain the purposes of slang in adolescence.

Topic: Youth Culture Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Answer: World War I— more than 2 million American young adults went to Europe as part of the war effort. Upon returning home, values of freedom from restriction and enjoying life rose to the forefront. Ideas of Sigmund Freud—his ideas became popularized after World War I. A popularized interpretation included the view of an uninhibited sex life as part of psychological health. Changing status of women—the 19th Amendment giving women the right to vote became law in 1920. More women entered the workplace, adding increased independence. Increased availability of automobiles—middle-class young people could get away from parents' supervision with this newfound mobility.

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REVEL QUIZ QUESTIONS

Quiz 8.1: A Shift From Family to Friends EOM_Q8.1.1 1. Which of the following BEST summarizes the research findings on the quality of adolescents’ relationships with peers versus parents? a) About 70% of adolescents report they agree that their close friend understands them better than their parents, and that they prefer to discuss personal issues with their friends and educational issues with their parents. b) About 70% of adolescents report they disagree that their close friend understands them better than their parents, and that they prefer to discuss both personal and educational issues with their parents rather than their friends.

Consider This: Think about how research findings on the quality of peer relationships during adolescence also indicate that youth report feeling most comfortable around their friends and depend on them the most for intimacy. LO 8.1 Summarize the shift in adolescence in the balance between friendships and family relationships in developed countries. c) About 70% of adolescents report they agree that their close friend understands them better than their parents, and that they prefer to discuss educational issues with their friends and personal issues with their parents.

Consider This: Think about how research findings on the quality of peer relationships during adolescence also indicate that youth report feeling most comfortable around their friends and depend on them the most for intimacy. LO 8.1 Summarize the shift in adolescence in the balance between friendships and family relationships in developed countries. d) About 70% of adolescents report they disagree that their close friend understands them better than their parents, and that they prefer to discuss personal issues with their friends and educational issues with their parents.

Consider This: Think about how research findings on the quality of peer relationships during adolescence also indicate that youth report feeling most comfortable around their friends and depend on them the most for intimacy. LO 8.1 Summarize the shift in adolescence in the balance between friendships and family relationships in developed countries.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: A Shift From Family to Friends Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 8.1 Summarize the shift in adolescence in the balance between friendships and family relationships in developed countries.

EOM_Q8.1.2 568 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

2. In Experience Sampling Method (ESM) studies, adolescents report that their happiest moments take place with __________. a) friends b) parents Consider This: ESM studies begin showing that the most important relationships move from family to friends during adolescence. LO 8.3 Summarize the shift in adolescence in the balance between friendships and family relationships in developed countries. c) siblings Consider This: ESM studies begin showing that the most important relationships move from family to friends during adolescence. LO 8.3 Explain how friends are the sources of intense positive and negative emotions. d) grandparents Consider This: ESM studies begin showing that the most important relationships move from family to friends during adolescence. LO 8.3 Explain how friends are the sources of intense positive and negative emotions.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: A Shift From Family to Friends Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 8.3 Explain how friends are the sources of intense positive and negative emotions.

EOM_Q8.1.3 3. Which of the following best summarizes the research evidence for gender differences in adolescents’ relationships with friends and family in traditional cultures? a) In traditional cultures, adolescent girls’ involvement with friends tends to be much less compared to boys; specifically, girls spend more time with adult females than boys do with adult males to garner the skills required to run a future household and raise future children. b) In traditional cultures, adolescent boys’ involvement with friends tends to be much less compared to girls; specifically, boys spend more time with adult males than girls do with adult females to garner the skills required to provide for and protect their future family.

Consider This: Think about how researchers have also found that both male and female adolescents in traditional cultures spend more of their time with their families than adolescents in the West. LO 8.2 Explain how the balance between friendships and family relationships is distinctive in developing countries. c) In traditional cultures, adolescent girls’ involvement with friends tends to be equal compared to boys; however, girls spend more time with adult females than boys do with adult males to garner the skills required to run a future household and raise future children.

Consider This: Think about how researchers have also found that both male and female adolescents in traditional cultures spend more of their time with their families than adolescents in the West. LO 8.2 Explain how the balance between friendships and family relationships is distinctive in developing countries.

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d) In traditional cultures, adolescent girls’ involvement with friends tends to be equal compared to boys; however, boys spend more time with adult males than girls do with adult females to garner the skills required to provide for and protect their future family.

Consider This: Think about how researchers have also found that both male and female adolescents in traditional cultures spend more of their time with their families than adolescents in the West. LO 8.2 Explain how the balance between friendships and family relationships is distinctive in developing countries.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: A Shift From Family to Friends Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 8.2 Explain how the balance between friendships and family relationships is distinctive in developing countries.

EOM_Q8.1.4 4. Research on adolescents’ emotional states has found that youth report their ________ are the source of their most intense negative emotions, yet their happiest moments take place with __________. a) friends; friends b) parents; friends Consider This: Think about how adolescents' close attachment to friends involves a unique level of vulnerability. LO 8.3 Explain how friends are the sources of intense positive and negative emotions. c) teachers; friends Consider This: Think about how adolescents’ close attachment to friends involves a unique level of vulnerability. LO 8.3 Explain how friends are the sources of intense positive and negative emotions. d) friends; siblings Consider This: Think about how adolescents’ close attachment to friends involves a unique level of vulnerability. LO 8.3 Explain how friends are the sources of intense positive and negative emotions.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: A Shift From Family to Friends Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 8.3 Explain how friends are the sources of intense positive and negative emotions.

EOM_Q8.1.5 5. Which of the following scenarios best reflects the research evidence about adolescents’ positive emotions during time spent with family versus friends? a) Edith and her friends are so excited about getting tickets to see their favorite singer in concert that they are jumping up and down, laughing, and hugging each other with joy.

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b) Edith and her family are so excited about getting tickets to see their favorite singer in concert that they are jumping up and down, laughing, and hugging each other with joy.

Consider This: Remember that adolescents commonly report feeling free and open with friends in a way they rarely do with parents. LO 8.3 Explain how friends are the sources of intense positive and negative emotions. c) Edith and her friends are excited about getting tickets to see their favorite singer, and to ensure their experience is the best it can be they are taking time to sit down and plan out their timeline for attending the concert.

Consider This: Remember that adolescents commonly report feeling free and open with friends in a way they rarely do with parents. LO 8.3 Explain how friends are the sources of intense positive and negative emotions. d) Edith and her family are excited about getting tickets to see their favorite singer, and to ensure their experience is the best it can be they are taking time to sit down and plan out their timeline for attending the concert.

Consider This: Remember that adolescents commonly report feeling free and open with friends in a way they rarely do with parents. LO 8.3 Explain how friends are the sources of intense positive and negative emotions.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: A Shift From Family to Friends Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 8.3 Explain how friends are the sources of intense positive and negative emotions.

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Quiz 8.2: Development of Friendships in Adolescence: The Rising Importance of Intimacy EOM_Q8.2.1 1. Researchers have found that when describing ideal friendships, adolescents are more likely to identify characteristics that include _______, whereas younger children are more likely to identify characteristics that include _______. a) intimacy; shared activities b) intimacy; empathy Consider This: Think about how friends promote further development of perspectivetaking abilities during adolescence, as they share their thoughts. LO 8.4 Describe the role that intimacy plays in adolescents’ friendships and how it changes with age. c) shared activities; intimacy Consider This: Think about how friends promote further development of perspectivetaking abilities during adolescence, as they share their thoughts. LO 8.4 Describe the role that intimacy plays in adolescents’ friendships and how it changes with age. d) shared activities; empathy Consider This: Think about how friends promote further development of perspectivetaking abilities during adolescence, as they share their thoughts. LO 8.4 Describe the role that intimacy plays in adolescents’ friendships and how it changes with age.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Development of Friendships in Adolescence: The Rising Importance of Intimacy Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 8.4 Describe the role that intimacy plays in adolescents’ friendships and how it changes with age.

EOM_Q8.2.2 2. Sibyl and Cora are in the eighth grade and have been best friends since the fourth grade.

Sibyl and Cora know more about each other’s __________, such as their __________, now than they did in the fourth grade. a) thoughts and feelings; hopes and fears b) favorite activities; favorite subject in school Consider This: Think about how researchers have found that late childhood best friends form intimate relationships. LO 8.4 Describe the role that intimacy plays in adolescents’ friendships and how it changes with age. c) likes and dislikes; desire to ride bikes Consider This: Think about how researchers have found that late childhood best friends form intimate relationships. LO 8.4 Describe the role that intimacy plays in adolescents’ friendships and how it changes with age.

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d) hopes and fears; desire to play basketball Consider This: Think about how researchers have found that late childhood best friends form intimate relationships. LO 8.4 Describe the role that intimacy plays in adolescents’ friendships and how it changes with age.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Development of Friendships in Adolescence: The Rising Importance of Intimacy Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 8.4 Describe the role that intimacy plays in adolescents’ friendships and how it changes with age.

EOM_Q8.2.3 3. During adolescence, girls’ friendships tend to be based more on ________, whereas boys’ friendships tend to be based more on _________. a) intimacy; shared activities b) intimacy; popularity Consider This: Think about how gender socialization may influence the qualities of peer relationships during adolescence. LO 8.5 Connect adolescents’ cognitive development to the rising importance of intimacy in friendship and explain why intimacy is more central to girls’ friendships. c) shared activities; intimacy Consider This: Think about how gender socialization may influence the qualities of peer relationships during adolescence. LO 8.5 Connect adolescents’ cognitive development to the rising importance of intimacy in friendship and explain why intimacy is more central to girls’ friendships. d) shared activities; popularity Consider This: Think about how gender socialization may influence the qualities of peer relationships during adolescence. LO 8.5 Connect adolescents’ cognitive development to the rising importance of intimacy in friendship and explain why intimacy is more central to girls’ friendships.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Development of Friendships in Adolescence: The Rising Importance of Intimacy Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 8.5 Connect adolescents’ cognitive development to the rising importance of intimacy in friendship and explain why intimacy is more central to girls’ friendships.

EOM_Q8.2.4 4. Which of the following best summarizes the general pattern for how friendships and romantic relationships intersect during emerging adulthood? a) For most emerging adults, friends are more important in the early part of emerging adulthood, when an enduring romantic relationship has not yet developed, and less important

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later in emerging adulthood as they progress toward a long-term commitment to a romantic partner. b) For most emerging adults, friends are more important in the later part of emerging adulthood, when a steady romantic relationship has developed, and emerging adults must rely on their friends’ advice on whether to marry the romantic partner.

Consider This: Think about how progressing toward the long-term commitment of marriage requires an increased investment of time in the potential romantic partner. LO 8.6 Identify the ways friendships change from adolescence to emerging adulthood. c) For most emerging adults, friends and romantic partners are equal in importance during the early part of emerging adulthood as the multiple transitions youth make during their early 20s reflect the instability of this developmental time period.

Consider This: Think about how progressing toward the long-term commitment of marriage requires an increased investment of time in the potential romantic partner. LO 8.6 Identify the ways friendships change from adolescence to emerging adulthood. d) For most emerging adults, romantic partners are more important than friendships throughout the 20s because the main developmental goal of emerging adulthood is to develop one’s identity via explorations into love.

Consider This: Think about how progressing toward the long-term commitment of marriage requires an increased investment of time in the potential romantic partner. LO 8.6 Identify the ways friendships change from adolescence to emerging adulthood.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Development of Friendships in Adolescence: The Rising Importance of Intimacy Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 8.6 Identify the ways friendships change from adolescence to emerging adulthood.

EOM_Q8.2.5 5. Researchers have found that it is common for other-sex friendships in emerging adulthood to include a sexual element. Misunderstandings occur in these friendships as about _______ do not discuss the rules for their relationship, such as _______ rules, which include guidelines for honesty. a) 75%; communication b) 75%; sex Consider This: These friendships are commonly referred to as “friends with benefits,” and sex rules that are typically not discussed include use of condoms. LO 8.6 Identify the ways friendships change from adolescence to emerging adulthood. c) 25%; communication Consider This: These friendships are commonly referred to as “friends with benefits,” and sex rules that are typically not discussed include use of condoms. LO 8.6 Identify the ways friendships change from adolescence to emerging adulthood. d) 25%; sex

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Consider This: These friendships are commonly referred to as “friends with benefits,” and sex rules that are typically not discussed include use of condoms. LO 8.6 Identify the ways friendships change from adolescence to emerging adulthood.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Development of Friendships in Adolescence: The Rising Importance of Intimacy Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 8.6 Identify the ways friendships change from adolescence to emerging adulthood.

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Quiz 8.3: Becoming Friends and Becoming Like Friends EOM_Q8.3.1 1. Which of the following best summarizes the research evidence for how ethnicity is related to adolescents’ development of friendships? a) Adolescents’ ethnic identity development may promote adherence to one’s own ethnic group to minimize interethnic tensions and conflict; thus, youth who align in their ethnicity are likely to become friends during adolescence. b) Adolescents’ ethnic identity development may promote rejection of one’s own ethnic group to maximize interethnic acceptance; thus, youth who align in their ethnicity are unlikely to become friends during adolescence.

Consider This: Think about how researchers have found that by late adolescence, friendships are generally ethnically segregated. LO 8.7 Identify the similarities that draw adolescents together into friendships, and describe the positives of cross-ethnic friendships. c) The peers that adolescents meet in their schools and neighborhoods tend to be from different ethnic groups, so these are the groups from which they draw their friends; thus, youth who differ in their ethnicity are likely to become friends during adolescence.

Consider This: Think about how researchers have found that by late adolescence, friendships are generally ethnically segregated. LO 8.7 Identify the similarities that draw adolescents together into friendships, and describe the positives of cross-ethnic friendship. d) The peers that adolescents meet in their schools and neighborhoods tend to be from different ethnic groups, so these are the groups from which they do not draw their friends; thus, youth who align in their ethnicity are unlikely to become friends during adolescence.

Consider This: Think about how researchers have found that by late adolescence, friendships are generally ethnically segregated. LO 8.7 Identify the similarities that draw adolescents together into friendships, and describe the positives of cross-ethnic friendship.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Becoming Friends and Becoming Like Friends Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 8.7 Identify the similarities that draw adolescents together into friendships, and describe the positives of cross-ethnic friendship.

EOM_Q8.3.2 2. Research on friends’ influence on risky behaviors and supportive behaviors during adolescence indicates which of the following general developmental patterns?

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a) Friends’ influence on risky behaviors and supportive behaviors tends to follow a similar developmental pattern, in which the influence of both domains rises in early adolescence, peaks in mid-adolescence, and declines in late adolescence. b) Friends’ influence on risky behaviors and supportive behaviors tends to follow a similar developmental pattern, in which the influence of both domains peaks in early adolescence and declines in mid-adolescence.

Consider This: Think about how researchers have found that the quantity of time spent with friends increases across adolescence, and that the importance of friendships also increases across adolescence. LO 8.8 Summarize the research on friends’ influence on risk behavior, and explain why “influence” is difficult to determine. c) Friends’ influence on risky behaviors and supportive behaviors tends to follow a dissimilar developmental pattern, in which influence in the risky behavior domain peaks in mid-adolescence, whereas influence in the supportive behavior domain peaks in late adolescence.

Consider This: Think about how researchers have found that the quantity of time spent with friends increases across adolescence, and that the importance of friendships also increases across adolescence. LO 8.8 Summarize the research on friends’ influence on risk behavior, and explain why “influence” is difficult to determine. d) Friends’ influence on risky behaviors and supportive behaviors tends to follow a dissimilar developmental pattern, in which influence in the risky behavior domain peaks in late adolescence, whereas influence in the supportive behavior domain peaks in midadolescence.

Consider This: Think about how researchers have found that the quantity of time spent with friends increases across adolescence, and that the importance of friendships also increases across adolescence. LO 8.8 Summarize the research on friends’ influence on risk behavior, and explain why “influence” is difficult to determine.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Becoming Friends and Becoming Like Friends Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 8.8 Summarize the research on friends’ influence on risk behavior, and explain why “influence” is difficult to determine.

EOM_Q8.3.3 3. Research on friends’ influence on adolescent behavior is best represented by which of the following statements? a) Over time, adolescents largely revert to their own behavior patterns, thus allowing little influence from friends. b) Over time, adolescents will mirror the behavior of their friends, even if it disagrees with their overall moral values.

Consider this: A meta-analysis shows that initially the influence of friends can encourage engaging in risk behaviors and avoiding risk behaviors. LO 8.8 Summarize

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the research on friends’ influence on risk behavior, and explain why ―influence‖ is difficult to determine. c) Over time, adolescents reject the behavior of their friends and actually begin to act the opposite of their friends.

Consider this: A meta-analysis shows that initially the influence of friends can encourage engaging in risk behaviors and avoiding risk behaviors. LO 8.8 Summarize the research on friends’ influence on risk behavior, and explain why ―influence‖ is difficult to determine. d) Over time, adolescents began to act like their friends, but this was isolated to only bad behaviors.

Consider this: A meta-analysis shows that initially the influence of friends can encourage engaging in risk behaviors and avoiding risk behaviors. LO 8.8 Summarize the research on friends’ influence on risk behavior, and explain why “influence” is difficult to determine.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Becoming Friends and Becoming Like Friends Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 8.8 Summarize the research on friends’ influence on risk behavior, and explain why “influence” is difficult to determine.

EOM_Q8.3.4 4. Melanie and Laura are juniors in high school and are both excited about going to college in 2 years. Laura has decided she wants to major in business and has a list of five colleges to which she will apply. However, Melanie has not decided any of these things and feels behind in her college plans; as such, Laura is giving her advice on how to figure out her interests and select colleges. What type of friendship support is Laura providing Melanie? a) Informational support b) Esteem support Consider This: Think about how this type of support is defined as guidance in solving personal problems, such as those involving friends, romantic relationships, parents, or school. LO 8.9 Name the different ways adolescent friends support each other and how that support influences their development. c) Companionship support Consider This: Think about how this type of support is defined as guidance in solving personal problems, such as those involving friends, romantic relationships, parents, or school. LO 8.9 Name the different ways adolescent friends support each other and how that support influences their development. d) Instrumental support Consider This: Think about how this type of support is defined as guidance in solving personal problems, such as those involving friends, romantic relationships, parents, or

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school. LO 8.9 Name the different ways adolescent friends support each other and how that support influences their development.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Becoming Friends and Becoming Like Friends Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 8.9 Name the different ways adolescent friends support each other and how that support influences their development.

EOM_Q8.3.5 5. Recent research has found that adolescent boys especially benefit from friendships with adolescent girls because the girls’ provision of emotional support is __________related to boys’ coping with emotionally challenging situations. Researchers refer to these friendships as __________. a) positively; platonic b) positively; friends with benefits Consider This: Researchers have also found that these types of friendships are becoming more common in many cultures as gender roles become less rigid. LO 8.9 Name the different ways adolescent friends support each other and how that support influences their development. c) negatively; platonic Consider This: Researchers have also found that these types of friendships are becoming more common in many cultures as gender roles become less rigid. LO 8.9 Name the different ways adolescent friends support each other and how that support influences their development. d) negatively; friends with benefits Consider This: Researchers have also found that these types of friendships are becoming more common in many cultures as gender roles become less rigid. LO 8.9 Name the different ways adolescent friends support each other and how that support influences their development.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Becoming Friends and Becoming Like Friends Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 8.9 Name the different ways adolescent friends support each other and how that support influences their development.

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Quiz 8.4: Adolescents' Social Groups EOM_Q8.4.1 1. Which of the following is the most important function of crowds for adolescents? a) The main function of crowds is to help adolescents identify themselves and others within the social structure categories of their school. b) The main function of crowds is to provide a setting for adolescents’ social interactions and friendships.

Consider This: Examples of crowds might be “brains” or “druggies.” LO 8.10 Distinguish between cliques and crowds, and describe their separate functions. c) The main function of crowds is to provide adolescents with a small group of close friends with whom they can regularly spend a lot of time.

Consider This: Examples of crowds might be “brains” or “druggies.” LO 8.10 Distinguish between cliques and crowds, and describe their separate functions. d) The main function of crowds is to help adolescents form small, cohesive groups that are defined by distinctive shared activities.

Consider This: Examples of crowds might be “brains” or “druggies.” LO 8.10 Distinguish between cliques and crowds, and describe their separate functions.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Adolescents’ Social Groups Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 8.10 Distinguish between cliques and crowds and describe their separate functions.

EOM_Q8.4.2 2. Tricia makes fun of the nerdy kids in her middle school, such as impersonating their social awkwardness to her close group of friends. Even within her group of close friends, Tricia makes direct comments to them about how ―books are their best friends‖ if she sees them reading at school during their free time. Tricia is engaging in ___________ interactions, which promotes _____________ within her clique. a) antagonistic; conformity b) antagonistic; nonconformity Consider This: Remember that cliques are defined by group cohesion. LO 8.11 Explain why sarcasm and ridicule are common in adolescent cliques, and give examples of cultural variations. c) amicable; conformity 580 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Consider This: Remember that cliques are defined by group cohesion. LO 8.11 Explain why sarcasm and ridicule are common in adolescent cliques, and give examples of cultural variations. d) amicable; nonconformity Consider This: Remember that cliques are defined by group cohesion. LO 8.11 Explain why sarcasm and ridicule are common in adolescent cliques, and give examples of cultural variations.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Adolescents’ Social Groups Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 8.11 Explain why sarcasm and ridicule are common in adolescent cliques, and give examples of cultural variations.

EOM_Q8.4.3 3. Kadeem is part of a crowd at school that is associated with suspected illicit drug use and generally does not fit in well with the social crowds at school. He belongs to the __________ crowd. a) Deviant b) Elite Consider this: Of the crowds at school, which has the most difficulty fitting in? LO 8.12 Name common crowds in American high schools, and explain how crowds reflect both developmental and cultural characteristics. c) Other Consider this: Of the crowds at school, which has the most difficulty fitting in? LO 8.12 Name common crowds in American high schools, and explain how crowds reflect both developmental and cultural characteristics. d) Athlete Consider this: Of the crowds at school, which has the most difficulty fitting in? LO 8.12 Name common crowds in American high schools, and explain how crowds reflect both developmental and cultural characteristics.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Adolescents’ Social Groups Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 8.12 Name common crowds in American high schools, and explain how crowds reflect both developmental and cultural characteristics.

EOM_Q8.4.4 4. Karisa just met Yao Ling. Karisa is part of the Elites at her school. Yao Ling is an amazing athlete who has won many competitions. When Karisa meets Yao Ling and learns about her past, she most likely pictures her as belonging to the __________ crowd. a) Asian 581 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

b)Athlete Consider this: While Yao Ling is a great athlete, it will not be the first crowd that Karisa will place her in. LO 8.12 Name common crowds in American high schools, and explain how crowds reflect both developmental and cultural characteristics. c) Elite Consider this: While Karisa may picture Yao Ling as very similar to her, it will not be the first crowd that Karisa will place her in. LO 8.12 Name common crowds in American high schools, and explain how crowds reflect both developmental and cultural characteristics. d)European American Consider this: Adolescents are most likely to put someone from a different ethnic group into that crowd first. LO 8.12 Name common crowds in American high schools, and explain how crowds reflect both developmental and cultural characteristics.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Adolescents’ Social Groups Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 8.12 Name common crowds in American high schools, and explain how crowds reflect both developmental and cultural characteristics.

EOM_Q8.4.5 5. Which of the following best describes a men’s house in a traditional culture? a) It is a place where adolescent boys and adult men who are widowed or divorced sleep and enjoy leisure. b) It is a place where married men go to escape their family to fast and pray.

Consider this: A men’s house is just like a dormitory, but it is less restricted. LO 8.13 Describe the characteristics of adolescent peer crowds in traditional cultures, including the functions of dormitories and men’s houses. c) It is a place where men can go to do sexual experimentation.

Consider this: A men’s house is just like a dormitory, but it is less restricted. LO 8.13 Describe the characteristics of adolescent peer crowds in traditional cultures, including the functions of dormitories and men’s houses. d) It is a place where only adolescent men are allowed to enjoy each other’s company.

Consider this: A men’s house is just like a dormitory, but it is less restricted. LO 8.13 Describe the characteristics of adolescent peer crowds in traditional cultures, including the functions of dormitories and men’s houses.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Adolescents’ Social Groups Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 8.13 Describe the characteristics of adolescent peer crowds in traditional cultures, including the functions of dormitories and men’s houses.

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a)

Quiz 8.5: Popularity and Unpopularity EOM_Q8.5.1 1. Miguel and Javier are both boys in the same fifth-grade class. Miguel is aggressive, disruptive, and selfish, and almost all of his classmates do not like him. Javier is aggressive, funny, and confident, and about half of his classmates do not like him.

According to sociometric ratings, Miguel would most likely be categorized as a __________ adolescent and Javier would most likely be categorized as a __________ adolescent. a) rejected; controversial b) rejected; neglected Consider This: Think about how researchers have found that aggressiveness is not always a source of unpopularity in adolescence. LO 8.14 Explain how popularity in adolescence is measured, and identify the main characteristics that are sources of popularity. c) controversial; rejected Consider This: Think about how researchers have found that aggressiveness is not always a source of unpopularity in adolescence. LO 8.14 Explain how popularity in adolescence is measured, and identify the main characteristics that are sources of popularity. d) neglected; rejected Consider This: Think about how researchers have found that aggressiveness is not always a source of unpopularity in adolescence. LO 8.14 Explain how popularity in adolescence is measured, and identify the main characteristics that are sources of popularity.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Popularity and Unpopularity Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 8.14 Explain how popularity in adolescence is measured, and identify the main characteristics that are sources of popularity.

EOM_Q8.5.2 2. Which of the following best summarizes the research evidence for links between intelligence and popularity among adolescents? a) High intelligence is positively related to popularity among adolescents, but the perception that crowds such as Geeks or Nerds lack social skills is what influences these groups’ unpopularity. b) High intelligence is negatively related to popularity among adolescents, and the perception that crowds such as Geeks or Nerds lack social skills is what influences these groups’ unpopularity.

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interacting with peers. LO 8.14 Explain how popularity in adolescence is measured, and identify the main characteristics that are sources of popularity. c) High intelligence is positively related to popularity among adolescents, but the perception that crowds such as Geeks or Nerds lack physical attractiveness is what influences these groups’ unpopularity.

Consider This: Think about how characteristics of adolescents categorized in the “Academics” crowd include a sole focus on grades and a tendency to be awkward when interacting with peers. LO 8.14 Explain how popularity in adolescence is measured, and identify the main characteristics that are sources of popularity. d) High intelligence is negatively related to popularity among adolescents, and the perception that crowds such as Geeks or Nerds lack physical attractiveness is what influences these groups’ unpopularity.

Consider This: Think about how characteristics of adolescents categorized in the “Academics” crowd include a sole focus on grades and a tendency to be awkward when interacting with peers. LO 8.14 Explain how popularity in adolescence is measured, and identify the main characteristics that are sources of popularity.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Popularity and Unpopularity Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 8.14 Explain how popularity in adolescence is measured, and identify the main characteristics that are sources of popularity.

EOM_Q8.5.3 3. Researchers have found that popularity and unpopularity are difficult to change during adolescence because the qualities that are predictive of popularity, such as intelligence and aggressiveness, are highly ________, and because the interactions among peers that serve to reinforce levels of popularity are ________. a) stable; self-perpetuating b) stable; other-perpetuating Consider This: Think about how intelligence in childhood is highly correlated with intelligence in adolescence. LO 8.15 Identify the reasons why popularity and unpopularity are difficult to change, and the characteristics of effective intervention programs for unpopularity. c) unstable; self-perpetuating Consider This: Think about how intelligence in childhood is highly correlated with intelligence in adolescence. LO 8.15 Identify the reasons why popularity and unpopularity are difficult to change, and the characteristics of effective intervention programs for unpopularity. d) unstable; other-perpetuating Consider This: Think about how intelligence in childhood is highly correlated with intelligence in adolescence. LO 8.15 Identify the reasons why popularity and unpopularity

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are difficult to change, and the characteristics of effective intervention programs for unpopularity.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Popularity and Unpopularity Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 8.15 Identify the reasons why popularity and unpopularity are difficult to change, and the characteristics of effective intervention programs for unpopularity.

EOM_Q8.5.4 4. George is in the sixth grade and is overweight compared to the other boys in his class. One day in Physical Education class, the students were playing volleyball and George missed hitting the ball with his hands and it instead bounced off his belly. Jerry, the most popular boy in the class, made fun of George by yelling ―Georgie Porgie‖ and all of the classmates laughed. Explain whether George experienced bullying. a) Although George did experience the aggression and power imbalance components that are part of bullying, because the “Georgie Porgie” name-calling was an isolated incident, the repetition component that is also integral to defining bullying was missing; thus, George did not experience bullying. b) Although George did experience the repetition and power imbalance components that are part of bullying, because the “Georgie Porgie” name-calling was a verbal incident, the aggression component that is also integral to defining bullying was missing; thus, George did not experience bullying.

Consider This: Remember that researchers define bullying by the existence of three components. LO 8.16 Define bullying and describe its prevalence and consequences across countries. c) Because George did experience the power imbalance component that is part of bullying, and because the “Georgie Porgie” name-calling caused public humiliation and thus negatively affected George’s self-esteem, George experienced bullying.

Consider This: Remember that researchers define bullying by the existence of three components. LO 8.16 Define bullying and describe its prevalence and consequences across countries. d) Because George did experience the aggression component that is part of bullying, and because the “Georgie Porgie” name-calling caused public humiliation and thus negatively affected George’s self-esteem, George experienced bullying.

Consider This: Remember that researchers define bullying by the existence of three components. LO 8.16 Define bullying and describe its prevalence and consequences across countries.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Popularity and Unpopularity Skill: Apply What You Know

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Learning Objective: 8.16 Define bullying and describe its prevalence and consequences across countries.

EOM_Q8.5.5 5. Researchers have found that the developmental pattern of bullying indicates it peaks in __________, and that across countries __________ are the least likely to be bullies as well as victims. a) early adolescence; girls b) early adolescence; boys Consider This: Think about how the developmental pattern of bullying is similar to friends’ influence across adolescence. LO 8.16 Define bullying and describe its prevalence and consequences across countries. c) late adolescence; girls Consider This: Think about how the developmental pattern of bullying is similar to friends’ influence across adolescence. LO 8.16 Define bullying and describe its prevalence and consequences across countries. d) late adolescence; boys Consider This: Think about how the developmental pattern of bullying is similar to friends’ influence across adolescence. LO 8.16 Define bullying and describe its prevalence and consequences across countries.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Popularity and Unpopularity Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 8.16 Define bullying and describe its prevalence and consequences across countries.

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Quiz 8.6: Youth Culture EOM_Q8.6.1 1. Recent sociologists have emphasized values that are specific to youth culture. These values can be a focus on seeking out pleasurable experiences, called __________, and a focus on seeking out eventful experiences, called _________. a) hedonism; pursuit of adventure b) pursuit of adventure; hedonism Consider This: Think about how youth culture is a “rite of passage” in Western societies and includes multiple explorations into the domains of love and work before making the enduring commitments of adulthood. LO 8.17 Identify the components of youth cultures, and explain why they develop. c) argot; irresponsibility Consider This: Think about how youth culture is a “rite of passage” in Western societies and includes multiple explorations into the domains of love and work before making the enduring commitments of adulthood. LO 8.17 Identify the components of youth cultures, and explain why they develop. d) irresponsibility; argot Consider This: Think about how youth culture is a “rite of passage” in Western societies and includes multiple explorations into the domains of love and work before making the enduring commitments of adulthood. LO 8.17 Identify the components of youth cultures, and explain why they develop.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Youth Culture Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 8.17 Identify the components of youth cultures, and explain why they develop.

EOM_Q8.6.2 2. Some sociologists have argued that a condition that is necessary for the development of youth culture is the existence of a(n) _________ society, or a society that tolerates many forms of behavior and belief that depart from the norms as a whole. a) pluralistic b) homogeneous Consider This: Think about which answer option best reflects tolerance for a high degree of variability among individuals and groups. LO 8.17 Identify the components of youth cultures, and explain why they develop. c) individualistic

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Consider This: Think about which answer option best reflects tolerance for a high degree of variability among individuals and groups. LO 8.17 Identify the components of youth cultures, and explain why they develop. d) broad Consider This: Think about which answer option best reflects tolerance for a high degree of variability among individuals and groups. LO 8.17 Identify the components of youth cultures, and explain why they develop.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Youth Culture Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 8.17 Identify the components of youth cultures, and explain why they develop.

EOM_Q8.6.3 3. Spencer and his friends are surfers. When they catch good waves or make a good joke, they use the word sick to describe good events. Everyone in Spencer’s middle school can identify the surfers because they use the word sick and greet each other as dude. Spencer and his friends are most likely using slang for which purpose? a) Spencer and his friends are using slang to signify their membership in a specific peer group. b) Spencer and his friends are using slang to challenge adult norms.

Consider This: Remember that cliques and crowds are often distinguishable from one another via demeanors and image. LO 8.18 Explain the purposes of slang in adolescence. c) Spencer and his friends are using slang to create a vivid and original effect.

Consider This: Remember that cliques and crowds are often distinguishable from one another via demeanors and image. LO 8.18 Explain the purposes of slang in adolescence. d) Spencer and his friends are using slang to challenge the correct use of the English language.

Consider This: Remember that cliques and crowds are often distinguishable from one another via demeanors and image. LO 8.18 Explain the purposes of slang in adolescence.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Youth Culture Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 8.18 Explain the purposes of slang in adolescence.

EOM_Q8.6.4 4. A recent study of Bulgarian tenth-grade adolescents found that as they learned and used American slang, which of the following occurred? a) Bulgarian adolescents reported that the more American slang they knew and used, the more prestige and acceptance they gained with their peers.

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b) Bulgarian adolescents reported that the more American slang they knew and used, the more they got in trouble with their teachers because of their use of derogatory and sexual slang.

Consider This: Think about how one way adolescents establish a peer culture is through the language they use, or argot. LO 8.18 Explain the purposes of slang in adolescence. c) Bulgarian adolescents reported that the more American slang they knew and used, the less they felt like they were a part of their Bulgarian heritage.

Consider This: Think about how one way adolescents establish a peer culture is through the language they use, or argot. LO 8.18 Explain the purposes of slang in adolescence. d) Bulgarian adolescents reported that the more American slang they knew and used, the more confidence they had in their bicultural identity.

Consider This: Think about how one way adolescents establish a peer culture is through the language they use, or argot. LO 8.18 Explain the purposes of slang in adolescence.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Youth Culture Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 8.18 Explain the purposes of slang in adolescence.

EOM_Q8.6.5 5. As part of her fifth-grade science project, Jenna has to create bar charts using a computer program to show the differences in density between liquid substances like water and oil. Is Jenna likely to ask her friends, parents, or grandparents for help and why? a) Jenna is most likely to ask her friends for help with creating the bar charts because their generation grew up with computers and thus have more experience with technological skills than adults belonging to other generations, such as her teachers and grandparents. b) Jenna is most likely to ask her parents for help with creating the bar charts because her parents’ generation grew up with the advent of computers and thus have the foundation for technological skills compared with other generations who have less experience, such as Jenna’s generation and her grandparents.

Consider This: Think about how rapid technological changes over the past 100 years in developed countries might influence generational knowledge about technology. LO 8.19 Explain how technology is important to the distinctiveness of youth culture. c) Jenna is most likely to ask her grandparents for help with creating the bar charts because their generation best understands and has experience with explaining the scientific principles of density compared to younger generations, such as Jenna’s and her parents.

Consider This: Think about how rapid technological changes over the past 100 years in developed countries might influence generational knowledge about technology. LO 8.19 Explain how technology is important to the distinctiveness of youth culture. d) Jenna is most likely to ask her friends for help with creating the bar charts because their generation is the most advanced in understanding and explaining the principles of density compared to older generations, such as her parents and grandparents.

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Consider This: Think about how rapid technological changes over the past 100 years in developed countries might influence generational knowledge about technology. LO 8.19 Explain how technology is important to the distinctiveness of youth culture.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Youth Culture Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 8.19 Explain how technology is important to the distinctiveness of youth culture.

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Chapter 8 Quiz EOC_Q8.1 1. Which of the following best summarizes research findings on the proportion of time youth in developed countries spend with friends and family during adolescence? a) Findings indicate that youth spend increasingly less time with their parents and increasingly more time with their peers, especially other-sex peers, during adolescence; furthermore, virtually all adolescents in developed countries across the world report having daily social media contact with their friends. b) Findings indicate that youth spend increasingly less time with their parents and increasingly more time with their peers, especially same-sex peers, during adolescence; furthermore, about 60% of adolescents in developed countries across the world report having daily social media contact with their friends.

Consider This: Think about how results from studies indicate that youth report spending almost four times more time with their friends than their families during adolescence. LO 8.1 Summarize the shift in adolescence in the balance between friendships and family relationships in developed countries. c) Findings indicate that youth spend increasingly less time with their parents and increasingly more time with their peers, especially other-sex peers, during adolescence; furthermore, about 40% of adolescents in developed countries across the world report having daily social media contact with their friends.

Consider This: Think about how results from studies indicate that youth report spending almost four times more time with their friends than their families during adolescence. LO 8.1 Summarize the shift in adolescence in the balance between friendships and family relationships in developed countries. d) Findings indicate that youth spend increasingly less time with their parents and increasingly more time with their peers, especially same-sex peers, during adolescence; furthermore, about 40% of adolescents in developed countries across the world report having daily social media contact with their friends.

Consider This: Think about how results from studies indicate that youth report spending almost four times more time with their friends than their families during adolescence. LO 8.1 Summarize the shift in adolescence in the balance between friendships and family relationships in developed countries.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: A Shift From Family to Friends Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 8.1 Summarize the shift in adolescence in the balance between friendships and family relationships in developed countries.

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2. Akira is a 14-year-old girl growing up in India. When asked how she likes to spend her leisure time, Akira is likely to respond with which of the following statements? a) “I like my friends, but I typically spend more of my leisure time with my family than my friends because I value and enjoy spending time with my family more.” b) “I like my family, but I typically spend more of my leisure time with my friends than my family because I value and enjoy spending time with my friends more.”

Consider This: Think about how the collectivistic value of interdependence might influence the division of leisure time between friends and family. LO 8.2 Explain how the balance between friendships and family relationships is distinctive in developing countries. c) “Because I value and enjoy spending time with both my family and friends, I typically evenly split my leisure time between my friends and family.”

Consider This: Think about how the collectivistic value of interdependence might influence the division of leisure time between friends and family. LO 8.2 Explain how the balance between friendships and family relationships is distinctive in developing countries. d) “I like my friends, but I typically spend more of my leisure time with my family than my friends because my family requires and expects me to do so.”

Consider This: Think about how the collectivistic value of interdependence might influence the division of leisure time between friends and family. LO 8.2 Explain how the balance between friendships and family relationships is distinctive in developing countries.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: A Shift From Family to Friends Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 8.2 Explain how the balance between friendships and family relationships is distinctive in developing countries.

EOC_Q8.3 3. Robert is a middle-school student who is participating in a study on the emotional status of adolescents when they are among friends and parents. When asked whether he is most likely to feel positive and happy around his friends or his parents, Robert is likely to say which of the following? a) “I feel much more positive and happy when I’m around my friends because I know I can let loose and be myself around them.” b) “I feel much more positive and happy when I’m around my parents because they completely understand how I’m feeling.”

Consider This: Think about why the emotional high point of the week for adolescents tends to be on the weekends during their leisure time. LO 8.3 Explain how friends are the sources of intense positive and negative emotions. c) “I feel equally positive and happy when I’m around my friends and family because they both understand me and how I’m feeling.”

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Consider This: Think about why the emotional high point of the week for adolescents tends to be on the weekends during their leisure time. LO 8.3 Explain how friends are the sources of intense positive and negative emotions. d) “I feel much more positive and happy when I’m around my family because I know I can let loose and be myself around them.”

Consider This: Think about why the emotional high point of the week for adolescents tends to be on the weekends during their leisure time. LO 8.3 Explain how friends are the sources of intense positive and negative emotions.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: A Shift From Family to Friends Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 8.3 Explain how friends are the sources of intense positive and negative emotions.

EOC_Q8.4 4. Which of the following best reflects the research evidence for an adolescent’s explanation for the dissolution of a friendship, and why? a) Adolescents are most likely to indicate violations of trust, such as divulging secrets or competing for a romantic partner, as the main explanation for the dissolution of a friendship because intimacy is more highly valued in adolescent friendships than in younger childhood friendships. b) Adolescents are most likely to indicate differences in academic achievement, such as taking advanced classes or being on the honor roll, as the main explanation for the dissolution of a friendship because consistency in educational aspirations is more highly valued in adolescent friendships than in younger childhood friendships.

Consider This: Think about how adolescents are more likely than younger children to disclose personal information to their friends, which makes them more vulnerable in their friendships. LO 8.4 Describe the role that intimacy plays in adolescents’ friendships and how it changes with age. c) Adolescents are most likely to indicate differences in shared activities, such as joining an artistic group versus sports group, as the main explanation for the dissolution of a friendship because common interests are more highly valued in adolescent friendships than in younger childhood friendships.

Consider This: Think about how adolescents are more likely than younger children to disclose personal information to their friends, which makes them more vulnerable in their friendships. LO 8.4 Describe the role that intimacy plays in adolescents’ friendships and how it changes with age. d) Adolescents are most likely to indicate differences in political beliefs, such as supporting the death penalty or not, as the main explanation for the dissolution of a friendship because consistency of political beliefs is more highly valued in adolescent friendships than in younger childhood friendships.

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Consider This: Think about how adolescents are more likely than younger children to disclose personal information to their friends, which makes them more vulnerable in their friendships. LO 8.4 Describe the role that intimacy plays in adolescents’ friendships and how it changes with age.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Development of Friendships in Adolescence: The Rising Importance of Intimacy Skill: Analyze It Learning Objective: 8.4 Describe the role that intimacy plays in adolescents’ friendships and how it changes with age.

EOC_Q8.5 5. If Katarina is representative of most adolescent girls, her friendships are based more on __________, whereas Julio’s friendships (an adolescent boy representative of most adolescent boys) are based more on __________. a) intimacy; shared activities b) shared activities; intimacy Consider This: Think about how research studies consistently find gender differences in the intimacy of adolescent friendships. LO 8.5 Connect adolescents’ cognitive development to the rising importance of intimacy in friendship and explain why intimacy is more central to girls’ friendships. c) common interests; personality similarities Consider This: Think about how research studies consistently find gender differences in the intimacy of adolescent friendships. LO 8.5 Connect adolescents’ cognitive development to the rising importance of intimacy in friendship and explain why intimacy is more central to girls’ friendships. d) personality similarities; common interests Consider This: Think about how research studies consistently find gender differences in the intimacy of adolescent friendships. LO 8.5 Connect adolescents’ cognitive development to the rising importance of intimacy in friendship and explain why intimacy is more central to girls’ friendships.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Development of Friendships in Adolescence: The Rising Importance of Intimacy Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 8.5 Connect adolescents’ cognitive development to the rising importance of intimacy in friendship and explain why intimacy is more central to girls’ friendships.

EOC_Q8.6 6. Which of the following reflects the research evidence for characteristics of friendships between adolescents versus friendships between emerging adults? a) Emerging adults are more likely to have other-sex friendships than adolescents.

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b) Emerging adults are less likely to have other-sex friendships than adolescents.

Consider This: Think about how the explorations into love that are common in emerging adulthood might influence the types of friendships emerging adults develop compared to adolescents. LO 8.6 Identify the ways friendships change from adolescence to emerging adulthood. c) Emerging adults and adolescents report an equal level of the importance of intimacy in their friendships.

Consider This: Think about how the explorations into love that are common in emerging adulthood might influence the types of friendships emerging adults develop compared to adolescents. LO 8.6 Identify the ways friendships change from adolescence to emerging adulthood. d) Emerging adults and adolescents both report spending less time in their friendships as they cultivate romantic relationships.

Consider This: Think about how the explorations into love that are common in emerging adulthood might influence the types of friendships emerging adults develop compared to adolescents. LO 8.6 Identify the ways friendships change from adolescence to emerging adulthood.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Development of Friendships in Adolescence: The Rising Importance of Intimacy Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 8.6 Identify the ways friendships change from adolescence to emerging adulthood.

EOC_Q8.7 7. Gustav and Dmitri are in the same sixth-grade class. Gustav likes to practice his trombone during his free time, and Dmitri likes to practice baseball during his free time. Which of the following best explains whether Gustav and Dimitri are likely to become friends? a) Gustav and Dmitri are unlikely to become friends because they are dissimilar in their preferences for leisure activity. b) Gustav and Dmitri are likely to become friends because they are similar in their preferences for leisure activity.

Consider This: Think about how similarities make relations between friends smoother and help them avoid conflict. LO 8.7 Identify the similarities that draw adolescents together into friendships, and describe the positives of cross-ethnic friendships. c) Gustav and Dmitri are unlikely to become friends because they are dissimilar in their educational orientations.

Consider This: Think about how similarities make relations between friends smoother and help them avoid conflict. LO 8.7 Identify the similarities that draw adolescents together into friendships, and describe the positives of cross-ethnic friendships. d) Gustav and Dmitri are likely to become friends because they are similar in their educational orientations.

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Consider This: Think about how similarities make relations between friends smoother and help them avoid conflict. LO 8.7 Identify the similarities that draw adolescents together into friendships, and describe the positives of cross-ethnic friendships.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Becoming Friends and Becoming Like Friends Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 8.7 Identify the similarities that draw adolescents together into friendships, and describe the positives of cross-ethnic friendships.

EOC_Q8.8 8. Karolina and Stefanie are friends in middle school and they both like to sneak beers out of their refrigerators at home to try out drinking. The fact that Karolina and Stefanie’s friendship may be explained by their shared preference for drinking is called __________. a) selective association b) friends’ influence Consider This: Remember that much research on the influence of adolescent friendships is correlational. LO 8.8 Summarize the research on friends’ influence on risk behavior, and explain why “influence” is difficult to determine. c) peer pressure Consider This: Remember that much research on the influence of adolescent friendships is correlational. LO 8.8 Summarize the research on friends’ influence on risk behavior, and explain why “influence” is difficult to determine. d) friends’ intimacy Consider This: Remember that much research on the influence of adolescent friendships is correlational. LO 8.8 Summarize the research on friends’ influence on risk behavior, and explain why “influence” is difficult to determine.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Becoming Friends and Becoming like Friends Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 8.8 Summarize the research on friends’ influence on risk behavior, and explain why “influence” is difficult to determine.

EOC_Q8.9 9. Gene and Doug are planning to go to their high school’s homecoming football game together so that they do not have to go alone and can sit by each other and hang out. What type of friendship support are Gene and Doug providing each other? a) Companionship support b) Esteem support Consider This: This type of support is defined as being able to rely on each other as partners in social activities. LO 8.9 Name the different ways adolescent friends support each other and how that support influences their development. c) Instrumental support 596 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Consider This: This type of support is defined as being able to rely on each other as partners in social activities. LO 8.9 Name the different ways adolescent friends support each other and how that support influences their development. d) Informational support Consider This: This type of support is defined as being able to rely on each other as partners in social activities. LO 8.9 Name the different ways adolescent friends support each other and how that support influences their development.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Becoming Friends and Becoming Like Friends Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 8.9 Name the different ways adolescent friends support each other and how that support influences their development.

EOC_Q8.10 10. Studies have found that supportive friendships lead to higher __________, lower __________, as well as improvements in academic performance. a) self-esteem; depression b) depression; anxiety Consider this: Friendships lead to a lot of positive outcomes with few negative consequences. LO 8.9 Name the different ways adolescent friends support each other and how that support influences their development. c) engagement in activities; self-esteem Consider this: Friendships lead to a lot of positive outcomes with few negative consequences. LO 8.9 Name the different ways adolescent friends support each other and how that support influences their development. d) intelligence; risk behaviors Consider this: Friendships lead to a lot of positive outcomes with few negative consequences. LO 8.9 Name the different ways adolescent friends support each other and how that support influences their development.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Becoming Friends and Becoming Like Friends Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 8.9 Name the different ways adolescent friends support each other and how that support influences their development.

EOC 8.11 11. Craig is one of five trumpet players in his middle-school band. The trumpet section members are good friends who often hang out together. Craig’s friendship with the trumpet section members is an example of a(n) __________. a) clique b) exclusionary social group 597 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Consider This: Think about how crowds are large, reputation-based groups of adolescents. LO 8.10 Distinguish between cliques and crowds, and describe their separate functions. c) crowd Consider This: Think about how crowds are large, reputation-based groups of adolescents. LO 8.10 Distinguish between cliques and crowds, and describe their separate functions. d) in-group Consider This: Think about how crowds are large, reputation-based groups of adolescents. LO 8.10 Distinguish between cliques and crowds, and describe their separate functions.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Adolescents’ Social Groups Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 8.10 Distinguish between cliques and crowds, and describe their separate functions.

EOC_Q8.12 12. Rachel found out that her friend Emma kissed the boy that she has a crush on. Rachel is mad at Emma for violating the trust in their friendship and wants to get revenge. Which of the following scenarios best depicts Rachel’s use of relational aggression toward Emma to express her anger? a) Rachel will instruct all of their friends to ignore Emma, including not letting her sit with them at lunch, and will spread a rumor that Emma has a sexually transmitted infection. b) Rachel will try to trip or shove Emma as she is walking around the school so that Emma will fall down and everyone will laugh at her.

Consider This: Remember that relational aggression includes behaviors that are more covert and indirect. LO 8.11 Explain why sarcasm and ridicule are common in adolescent cliques, and give examples of cultural variations. c) Rachel and her friends will force Emma into a corner at school in between classes, and they will throw rotten eggs on Emma and call her “damaged goods.”

Consider This: Remember that relational aggression includes behaviors that are more covert and indirect. LO 8.11 Explain why sarcasm and ridicule are common in adolescent cliques, and give examples of cultural variations. d) Rachel will have a one-on-one conversation with Emma in which she berates her for her behavior and says that she does not want to be friends with Emma anymore.

Consider This: Remember that relational aggression includes behaviors that are more covert and indirect. LO 8.11 Explain why sarcasm and ridicule are common in adolescent cliques, and give examples of cultural variations.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Adolescents’ Social Groups Skill: Apply What You Know 598 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning Objective: 8.11 Explain why sarcasm and ridicule are common in adolescent cliques, and give examples of cultural variations.

EOC_Q8.13 13. What may lead to the emergence of crowds in adolescence? a) Developmental changes in cognition lead to the abstract thinking required by crowd labels b) Environmental changes like bigger schools associated with adolescents, which requires group identification.

Consider This: Remember that researchers have concluded that the importance of crowds is partially to gain an identity through group membership. LO 8.12 Name common crowds in American high schools, and explain how crowds reflect both developmental and cultural characteristics. c) Social status changes require that adolescence begin grouping people into crowds.

Consider This: Remember that researchers have concluded that the importance of crowds is partially to gain an identity through group membership. LO 8.12 Name common crowds in American high schools, and explain how crowds reflect both developmental and cultural characteristics. d) Genetically there appears to be a predisposition to define crowds and it happens around the time of adolescence.

Consider This: Remember that researchers have concluded that the importance of crowds is partially to gain an identity through group membership. LO 8.12 Name common crowds in American high schools, and explain how crowds reflect both developmental and cultural characteristics.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Adolescents’ Social Groups Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 8.12 Name common crowds in American high schools, and explain how crowds reflect both developmental and cultural characteristics.

EOC_Q8.14 14. The adolescent crowd structure in traditional cultures versus the American culture is different in that crowds tend to be less __________, especially because most youth sleep and spend their leisure time in a separate dwelling from their families, which is called a __________. a) age-graded; dormitory b) age-graded; camp Consider This: Think about how researchers have found that adolescent crowds in traditional cultures also tend to be more homogenous, in that youth tend to form one large crowd versus many separate crowds with attributes that are based on different developmental interests. LO 8.13 Describe the characteristics of adolescent peer crowds in traditional cultures, including the functions of dormitories and men’s houses. c) important; dormitory 599 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Consider This: Think about how researchers have found that adolescent crowds in traditional cultures also tend to be more homogenous, in that youth tend to form one large crowd versus many separate crowds with attributes that are based on different developmental interests. LO 8.13 Describe the characteristics of adolescent peer crowds in traditional cultures, including the functions of dormitories and men’s houses. d) important; camp Consider This: Think about how researchers have found that adolescent crowds in traditional cultures also tend to be more homogenous, in that youth tend to form one large crowd versus many separate crowds with attributes that are based on different developmental interests. LO 8.13 Describe the characteristics of adolescent peer crowds in traditional cultures, including the functions of dormitories and men’s houses.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Adolescents’ Social Groups Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 8.13 Describe the characteristics of adolescent peer crowds in traditional cultures, including the functions of dormitories and men’s houses.

EOC_Q8.15 15. The qualities most likely to distinguish popular from unpopular adolescents on sociometry measures are ________, and asking an adolescent to identify with whom among their classmates they would most like to be paired with on a team is an example of ________ sociometric measurement. a) social skills; indirect b) social skills; direct Consider This: For a comparison, an example of the opposite type of sociometric measurement is asking adolescents to identify who is liked the best. LO 8.14 Explain how popularity in adolescence is measured, and identify the main characteristics that are sources of popularity. c) academic skills; indirect Consider This: For a comparison, an example of the opposite type of sociometric measurement is asking adolescents to identify who is liked the best. LO 8.14 Explain how popularity in adolescence is measured, and identify the main characteristics that are sources of popularity. d) academic skills; direct Consider This: For a comparison, an example of the opposite type of sociometric measurement is asking adolescents to identify who is liked the best. LO 8.14 Explain how popularity in adolescence is measured, and identify the main characteristics that are sources of popularity.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Popularity and Unpopularity Skill: Understand the Concepts

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Learning Objective: 8.14 Explain how popularity in adolescence is measured, and identify the main characteristics that are sources of popularity.

EOC_Q8.16 16. Ricardo is participating in an intervention for neglected adolescents. Which of the following reflects a step Ricardo might learn for improving his social skills, and why? a) Ricardo will learn to “make eye contact, smile, and nod when listening to someone talk,” because as a neglected adolescent he needs to improve his social skills involved with learning how to make friends. b) Ricardo will learn to “calm down and think before you act” because as a neglected adolescent he needs to improve his social skills involved with learning how to control and manage anger.

Consider This: Think about how neglected adolescents are barely noticed by their peers and tend to suffer from low self-esteem and depression. LO 8.15 Identify the reasons why popularity and unpopularity are difficult to change, and the characteristics of effective intervention programs for unpopularity. c) Ricardo will learn to “make eye contact, smile, and nod when listening to someone talk,” because as a neglected adolescent he needs to improve his social skills involved with learning how to control and manage anger.

Consider This: Think about how neglected adolescents are barely noticed by their peers and tend to suffer from low self-esteem and depression. LO 8.15 Identify the reasons why popularity and unpopularity are difficult to change, and the characteristics of effective intervention programs for unpopularity. d) Ricardo will learn to “calm down and think before you act” because as a neglected adolescent he needs to improve his social skills involved with learning how to make friends.

Consider This: Think about how neglected adolescents are barely noticed by their peers and tend to suffer from low self-esteem and depression. LO 8.15 Identify the reasons why popularity and unpopularity are difficult to change, and the characteristics of effective intervention programs for unpopularity.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Popularity and Unpopularity Skill: Analyze It Learning Objective: 8.15 Identify the reasons why popularity and unpopularity are difficult to change, and the characteristics of effective intervention programs for unpopularity.

EOC_Q8.17 17. Which of the following summarizes the research evidence for the sociometric status of victims of bullying, along with the outcomes reported by victims of bullying? a) Victims tend to be low-status adolescents who are rejected by their peers, and victims tend to report significant psychological and physical problems such as anxiety and headaches, respectively. b) Victims tend to be low-status adolescents who are neglected by their peers, and victims tend to report no significant problems.

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Consider This: Remember that rejected and neglected adolescents both lack social skills, but in different ways. LO 8.16 Define bullying and describe its prevalence and consequences across countries. c) Victims tend to be low-status adolescents who are neglected by their peers, and victims tend to solely report significant psychological problems such as anxiety.

Consider This: Remember that rejected and neglected adolescents both lack social skills, but in different ways. LO 8.16 Define bullying and describe its prevalence and consequences across countries. d) Victims tend to be low-status adolescents who are neglected by their peers, and victims tend to solely report significant physical problems such as headaches.

Consider This: Remember that rejected and neglected adolescents both lack social skills, but in different ways. LO 8.16 Define bullying and describe its prevalence and consequences across countries.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Popularity and Unpopularity Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 8.16 Define bullying and describe its prevalence and consequences across countries.

EOC_Q8.18 18. Carlos is part of a clique of boys who play video games. To demonstrate their clique identity, every day the boys wear a T-shirt that depicts their favorite video game character and greet each other by pretending they are robots. Which of the following two components of youth culture style are Carlos and the clique of video game boys displaying? a) Image and demeanor b) Image and argot Consider This: Think about how the aspects of youth culture serve to mark the boundaries between young people and adults, notably the aspects of appearance and behaviors. LO 8.17 Identify the components of youth cultures, and explain why they develop. c) Demeanor and argot Consider This: Think about how the aspects of youth culture serve to mark the boundaries between young people and adults, notably the aspects of appearance and behaviors. LO 8.17 Identify the components of youth cultures, and explain why they develop. d) Argot and hedonism Consider This: Think about how the aspects of youth culture serve to mark the boundaries between young people and adults, notably the aspects of appearance and behaviors. LO 8.17 Identify the components of youth cultures, and explain why they develop.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Youth Culture 602 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 8.17 Identify the components of youth cultures, and explain why they develop.

EOC_Q8.19 19. The frequent inclusion of taboo and vulgar words in adolescents’ language most closely reflects which of the following purposes for slang? a) To challenge adult norms b) To engage in hedonistic behaviors Consider This: Think about how vulgar language may defy adulthood norms. LO 8.18 Explain the purposes of slang in adolescence. c) To convey the youth culture value of irresponsibility Consider This: Think about how vulgar language may defy adulthood norms. LO 8.18 Explain the purposes of slang in adolescence. d) To expand their vocabulary Consider This: Think about how vulgar language may defy adulthood norms. LO 8.18 Explain the purposes of slang in adolescence.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Youth Culture Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 8.18 Explain the purposes of slang in adolescence.

EOC_Q8.20 20. Which of the following best summarizes anthropologist Margaret Mead’s description of how technological changes influence youth culture? a) Among cultures in which the rate of technological change is fast, youth are more likely to learn from each other than from adults regarding what is required to succeed in their economy because there are likely generational differences in technology knowledge. b) Among cultures in which the rate of technological change is fast, youth are more likely to learn from adults than from each other regarding what is required to succeed in their economy because adults will always be the ones responsible for innovations in technology knowledge.

Consider This: Think about how research on technology use in developed countries indicates youth adopt new forms of media faster than adults. LO 8.19 Explain how technology is important to the distinctiveness of youth culture. c) Among cultures in which the rate of technological change is slow, youth are likely to learn equally from each other and from adults regarding what is required to succeed in their economy because there are few generational differences in technology knowledge.

Consider This: Think about how research on technology use in developed countries indicates youth adopt new forms of media faster than adults. LO 8.19 Explain how technology is important to the distinctiveness of youth culture.

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d) Among cultures in which the rate of technological change is slow, youth are more likely to learn from each other than from adults regarding what is required to succeed in their economy because there are likely generational differences in technology knowledge.

Consider This: Think about how research on technology use in developed countries indicates youth adopt new forms of media faster than adults. LO 8.19 Explain how technology is important to the distinctiveness of youth culture.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Youth Culture Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 8.19 Explain how technology is important to the distinctiveness of youth culture.

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TOTAL ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice GUIDE

Chapter 9 Love and Sexuality

1. Miryam and Luis, both in 10th grade, are in a relationship. Which of the following terms are they least likely to use to refer to their arrangement? a. going out with each other b. dating each other c. seeing each other Topic Remember Understand Apply What Analyze It d. hanging out with each other the Facts the Concepts You Know Answer: b Love's Multiple Choice 4, 15 2, 5, 6, 8, 10, 1, 7, 10, 12, 3, 9 LO: 9.1 Summarize the ways in which adolescent love in developed countries takes Beginning, 14 13 different forms today than it did in the past.

Development, True/False 96-98 Topic: Love’s Beginnings, Development, and Endings and Endings Short Essay 113 Difficulty: Difficult Cohabitation Multiple Choice 16, 18, 20, 19, 23, 27 21, 22 17, 25 Skill: Apply What You Know and Marriage 24, 26 APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

True/False 99, 100 Short Essay Sexuality: Choice 29,under 36-38the power 28, 30, 31, 33, of35, 4132 dating is 2. CourtshipMultiple was predominantly or control the39, ___________, and Timing and 34, 40, 44-50 43 more under the power or control of the __________.

Rates True/False 101, 103, 104 102 85 a. girl; boy Short Essay 95 b. boy; girl Culture, Gender, Multiple 51, 54, 58-60, 52, 57, 61, 62, 53, 55, 66 56 c. girl; girl and Sexual d. boy; Choice 63, 64 65 boy Diversity Answer: a True/False 105 106 LO: 9.1 Summarize the ways in which adolescent love in developed countries takes Short Essay 114 different today than it did81, in 83, the 88, past.

Prevention and forms Multiple 67-69, 71-75, 76, 78, 80, 70 Topic: Love’sChoice Beginnings, Development, Education 89, 91, 92and Endings 77, 79, 82, 84, 85, 86 Difficulty: Moderate 87, 90, 93-95 Skill: Understand the Concept 110, 111 True/False 107-109, 112 APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Short Essay 115, 116 3. Which of the following is NOT a reason for the decline of calling and the birth of dating? a. Americans became concentrated in large urban areas. b. Cities offered more opportunities for things to do. c. Automobiles made young people more mobile. d. Parents no longer wanted the responsibility of overseeing relationships.

Answer: d LO: 9.1 Summarize the ways in which adolescent love in developed countries takes different forms today than it did in the past.

Topic: Love’s Beginnings, Development, and Endings Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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4. The process of "dating" developed as a way for people to explore a romantic relationship in the ______ century. a. 17th b. 18th c. 19th d. 20th Answer: d LO: 9.1 Summarize the ways in which adolescent love in developed countries takes different forms today than it did in the past.

Topic: Love’s Beginnings, Development, and Endings Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

5. According to research, which of the following is NOT one of the reasons that adolescents give for forming love relationships? a. rebellion b. intimacy c. learning d. status Answer: a LO: 9.2 Describe how age and gender influence the forms that love takes in adolescence and emerging adulthood.

Topic: Love’s Beginnings, Development, and Endings Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

6. In contrast to adolescents, college students are more likely to rank ________ as the most important reason for engaging in romantic relationships. a. recreation b. intimacy c. status d. companionship Answer: b LO: 9.2 Describe how age and gender influence the forms that love takes in adolescence and emerging adulthood.

Topic: Love’s Beginnings, Development, and Endings Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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7. Mike and Lisa, both 16 years old, are in an "exclusive" romantic relationship. If Mike and Lisa were typical of the young people in recent research on adolescent romantic behavior, what would they look for in a romantic partner? a. Lisa would emphasize physical attractiveness. b. Lisa would say intimacy is not very important. c. Mike would mention physical attractiveness. d. Mike would emphasize communication.

Answer: c LO: 9.2 Describe how age and gender influence the forms that love takes in adolescence and emerging adulthood.

Topic: Love’s Beginnings, Development, and Endings Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

8. In a relationship, boys follow a __________ script, and girls follow a ___________ script. a. dating; reactive b. reactive; proactive c. proactive; dating d. proactive; reactive Answer: d LO: 9.2 Describe how age and gender influence the forms that love takes in adolescence and emerging adulthood.

Topic: Love’s Beginnings, Development, and Endings Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

9. Which of the following is NOT one of the ways adolescents see romantic relationships as a challenge? a. They constrain social freedom. b. They make them emotionally vulnerable. c. They most likely will contain more conflict than a friendship. d. They can be filled with feelings of fear and abandonment.

Answer: d LO: 9.2 Describe how age and gender influence the forms that love takes in adolescence and emerging adulthood.

Topic: Love’s Beginnings, Development, and Endings Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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10. According to the text, early adolescent girls may feel ____________ due to pressure to participate in sexual activity. a. excited b. fearful c. depressed d. anxious Answer: c LO: 9.2 Describe how age and gender influence the forms that love takes in adolescence and emerging adulthood.

Topic: Love’s Beginnings, Development, and Endings Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concept APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

11. __________ plays a role in helping adolescents and emerging adults to fall in love. a. Proximity b. Similarity c. Lust d. Different perspectives Answer: b LO: 9.3 Describe the basis of romantic attraction among adolescents and emerging adults, and the reasons romantic relationships break up.

Topic: Love’s Beginnings, Development, and Endings Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

12. Jared and Breanne are in love. They are always spending time together. They have very similar religious beliefs. They love to hike, camp, swim, fish, and water-ski. People have commented how alike they are. According to social scientists, Jared and Breanne are most likely seeking __________. a. proactive scripting b. fatuous love c. consensual validation d. an arranged marriage Answer: c LO: 9.3 Describe the basis of romantic attraction among adolescents and emerging adults, and the reasons romantic relationships break up.

Topic: Love’s Beginnings, Development, and Endings Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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13. Fifteen-year-old Alexa sits at home feeling sad. Her first romantic relationship with Lisa has just come to an end. Her mom comes into her room to see how she is doing. Alexa feels like the world is over, she will never love again, and this is the worst thing that has ever happened to her. Alexa's unhappy feelings are intensified by her __________. a. reactive script b. affection phase c. latency period d. adolescent egocentrism Answer: d LO: 9.3 Describe the basis of romantic attraction among adolescents and emerging adults, and the reasons romantic relationships break up.

Topic: Love’s Beginnings, Development, and Endings Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

14. Which of the following is NOT a common reason for the breakup of emerging adults’ relationships? a. differing ideas on family formation b. partner not fulfilling needs for interdependence and intimacy c. differing ideas on future goals for housing (locations, size, etc.) d. lack of support in chosen career Answer: c LO: 9.3 Describe the basis of romantic attraction among adolescents and emerging adults, and the reasons romantic relationships break up.

Topic: Love’s Beginnings, Development, and Endings Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

15. What is relationship churning? a. engaging in multiple relationships in a short period of time b. engaging in breaking up and reconciling repeatedly c. avoiding relationships after a breakup d. dating multiple people at the same time Answer: b LO: 9.3 Describe the basis of romantic attraction among adolescents and emerging adults, and the reasons romantic relationships break up.

Topic: Love’s Beginnings, Development, and Endings Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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16. What country has the highest percentage of young adults who cohabitate before marriage? a. Sweden b. Britain c. United States d. France Answer: a LO: 9.4 Summarize the themes and variations of cohabitation among emerging adults in Western countries.

Topic: Cohabitation and Marriage Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

17. Which of the following statements is NOT correct? a. Emerging adults in northern Europe are considerably less likely than their counterparts in the south to cohabit. b. Most emerging adults in southern Europe live at home until marriage. c. In northern Europe, cohabitation is becoming more common as a permanent way for romantic partners to live together. d. When cohabitation takes place in southern Europe, it is regarded as a transition to be followed by marriage.

Answer: a LO: 9.4 Summarize the themes and variations of cohabitation among emerging adults in Western countries.

Topic: Cohabitation and Marriage Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

18. What percentage of American 18- to 29-year-olds believe that couples who live together before marriage have a better chance of having a successful marriage? a. 17% b. 29% c. 48% d. 63% Answer: d LO: 9.4 Summarize the themes and variations of cohabitation among emerging adults in Western countries.

Topic: Cohabitation and Marriage Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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19. Which of the following is one way that emerging adults who cohabit are different from emerging adults who do not? a. They are more skeptical of the institution of marriage. b. They marry at younger ages. c. They are more religious. d. They are less accepting of divorce.

Answer: b LO: 9.4 Summarize the themes and variations of cohabitation among emerging adults in Western countries.

Topic: Cohabitation and Marriage Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

20. According to the text, what personal qualities do young people rate highest in their "ideal" man or woman? a. social status and money b. refinement and neatness c. kindness and honesty d. ambition and sexiness Answer: c LO: 9.5 Describe the most common criteria that young people desire in a marriage partner and discuss cultural variations.

Topic: Cohabitation and Marriage Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

21. Ji-Sung is a young girl living in Tokyo. Ji-Sung is part of a study which questions young adults about the most important aspects of potential spouses. What would Ji-Sung probably rate as the highest quality in the person she hopes to marry? a. good financial prospects b. mutual attraction (love) c. social status d. similar religious background Answer: b LO: 9.5 Describe the most common criteria that young people desire in a marriage partner and discuss cultural variations.

Topic: Cohabitation and Marriage Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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22. A modern social scientist is studying the traits involved in mate selection. If the research was being conducted in a Middle Eastern culture such as Iran, what would likely be one of the highest ranked traits? a. status b. attractiveness c. money d. chastity Answer: d LO: 9.5 Describe the most common criteria that young people desire in a marriage partner and discuss cultural variations.

Topic: Cohabitation and Marriage Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

23. Which statement concerning relationships applies to young people in virtually all cultures? a. Commitment is a typical feature of these relationships. b. Feelings of passion appear to be a universal characteristic. c. Most marriages begin during adolescence. d. Dating/courtship is a universal experience.

Answer: b LO: 9.5 Describe the most common criteria that young people desire in a marriage partner and discuss cultural variations.

Topic: Cohabitation and Marriage Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

24. Romantic love as the basis for marriage is ____________. a. universally accepted b. universally rejected c. a historical universal d. a fairly new cultural idea Answer: d LO: 9.5 Describe the most common criteria that young people desire in a marriage partner and discuss cultural variations.

Topic: Cohabitation and Marriage Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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25. One implication regarding marriage that follows from increased globalization is that __________. a. adolescents in Western cultures increasingly understand the benefits of arranged marriages b. Middle Eastern cultures are beginning to rate chastity low in terms of ideal traits c. arranged marriages have increased in Eastern cultures d. young people in traditional cultures increasingly value individual choice Answer: d LO: 9.6 Specify the features and prevalence of arranged marriages, including how they are currently changing.

Topic: Cohabitation and Marriage Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

26. In India, the cultural tradition has favored the practice of arranged marriages. Recently, however, as many as _____ percent of adolescent Indians report that they intend to choose their own mates, a number that would have been close to zero in the past. a. 15 b. 28 c. 40 d. 51 Answer: c LO: 9.6 Specify the features and prevalence of arranged marriages, including how they are currently changing.

Topic: Cohabitation and Marriage Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

27. As a result of globalization, in many cultures the tradition of arranged marriage has ___________. a. increased b. disappeared c. been modified into semi-arranged marriages d. remained the same Answer: c LO: 9.6 Specify the features and prevalence of arranged marriages, including how they are currently changing.

Topic: Cohabitation and Marriage Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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28. Which development in recent years has made pornographic material much easier to obtain? a. the invention of the internet b. removal of laws that restrict the age at which one can purchase pornography c. relaxing of cultural norms that frown on pornography d. greater availability of pornography at regular stores Answer: a LO: 9.7 Describe when American adolescent boys and girls have their first sexual experiences with pornography and masturbation.

Topic: Sexuality: Timing and Rates Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

29. What percentage of adolescents report that they have never seen pornography? a. 8% b. 19% c. 27% d. 39% Answer: b LO: 9.7 Describe when American adolescent boys and girls have their first sexual experiences with pornography and masturbation.

Topic: Sexuality: Timing and Rates Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

30. Among girls, adolescent sexuality tends to begin with __________. a. masturbation b. petting c. pornography d. oral sex Answer: c LO: 9.7 Describe when American adolescent boys and girls have their first sexual experiences with pornography and masturbation.

Topic: Sexuality: Timing and Rates Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

31. Among boys, adolescent sexuality tends to begin with ____________. a. masturbation 614 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

b. necking c. petting d. oral sex Answer: a LO: 9.7 Describe when American adolescent boys and girls have their first sexual experiences with pornography and masturbation.

Topic: Sexuality: Timing and Rates Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

32. Which statement best characterizes the research conducted on adolescent masturbation? a. Ninety percent of boys have masturbated before the age of 13. b. Girls' reports of masturbation may be influenced by social desirability. c. Social desirability has impacted on boys' reported frequency of masturbation. d. Masturbation is just a sexual release for adolescents who are not having intercourse.

Answer: b LO: 9.7 Describe when American adolescent boys and girls have their first sexual experiences with pornography and masturbation.

Topic: Sexuality: Timing and Rates Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

33. Hendrik is a 16-year-old boy taking part in a study about adolescent sex. Evidence indicates that Hendrik will be most likely to disclose his true experience when he ____________. a. completes a paper and pencil test b. answers questions on a computer c. responds directly to an interviewer d. is part of a focus group Answer: b LO: 9.7 Describe when American adolescent boys and girls have their first sexual experiences with pornography and masturbation.

Topic: Sexuality: Timing and Rates Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

34. In tracking the historical pattern of college students' sexual experiences, research has shown that reports of sexual intercourse have __________.

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a. increased over the last 10 years b. decreased over the last 10 years c. changed little in recent decades d. not been widely researched Answer: c LO: 9.8 Describe the changes in the past century in timing of first intercourse and current patterns among American adolescents, including ethnic differences.

Topic: Sexuality: Timing and Rates Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

35. Art is a 9th-grade student. In a recent research study, Art reported he had already had sexual intercourse for the first time. According to the text, Art is most likely __________. a. White b. Asian c. Hispanic d. Black Answer: d LO: 9.8 Describe the changes in the past century in timing of first intercourse and current patterns among American adolescents, including ethnic differences.

Topic: Sexuality: Timing and Rates Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

36. Which ethnic group represented in the United States is least likely to engage in early sexual intercourse? a. White Americans b. Asian Americans c. African Americans d. Hispanic Americans Answer: b LO: 9.8 Describe the changes in the past century in timing of first intercourse and current patterns among American adolescents, including ethnic differences.

Topic: Sexuality: Timing and Rates Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

37. What percentage of sexually active adolescents report having at least one episode of sexual intercourse with an uncommitted partner? a. 22% 616 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

b. 37% c. 45% d. 60% Answer: d LO: 9.8 Describe the changes in the past century in timing of first intercourse and current patterns among American adolescents, including ethnic differences.

Topic: Sexuality: Timing and Rates Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

38. A national survey found that by age 16, about ___________ of adolescents reported having had oral sex. a. 18% b. 28% c. 40% d. 60% Answer: c LO: 9.8 Describe the changes in the past century in timing of first intercourse and current patterns among American adolescents, including ethnic differences.

Topic: Sexuality: Timing and Rates Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

39. Cara is an adolescent who began having intercourse by the time she turned 15 years old. Which of the following is NOT a likely characteristic of Cara associated with early sexual intercourse? a. She has low self-esteem. b. She is an early user of drugs and alcohol. c. She is from a single-parent family. d. She has grown up in poverty.

Answer: a LO: 9.9 Explain how sexually active adolescents in the United States are different from peers who are not sexually active.

Topic: Sexuality: Timing and Rates Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

40. What factor tends NOT to affect the timing of an adolescent's first sexual experience? a. timing of physical maturation b. level of parental communication 617 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

c. level of religious involvement d. aspirations of high academic performance Answer: b LO: 9.9 Explain how sexually active adolescents in the United States are different from peers who are not sexually active.

Topic: Sexuality: Timing and Rates Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

41. Dianna and Sheri are two 6th grade girls. Dianna is a late maturer, while Sheri is an early maturer. According to research, Sheri will tend to a. play more sports. b. have higher academic aspirations. c. be sexually active earlier. d. attend religious services more regularly.

Answer: c LO: 9.9 Explain how sexually active adolescents in the United States are different from peers who are not sexually active.

Topic: Sexuality: Timing and Rates Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

42. Shaquille and Walter are two young adolescents. Shaquille has already had sexual intercourse with three different girls. Walter is still a virgin. Other than sexual experience, how might Shaquille and Walter be different, according to research? a. Shaquille has higher academic performance. b. Walter has lower academic aspirations. c. Walter is a late maturer. d. Shaquille participates in religious activities more often.

Answer: c LO: 9.9 Explain how sexually active adolescents in the United States are different from peers who are not sexually active.

Topic: Sexuality: Timing and Rates Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

43. Carlos has remained a virgin throughout high school. Which of the following is least likely to be a characteristic of Carlos? a. Carlos has high academic achievement. b. Carlos participates in religious activities.

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c. Carlos rarely if ever uses drugs or alcohol. d. Carlos lives in a single-parent household.

Answer: d LO: 9.9 Explain how sexually active adolescents in the United States are different from peers who are not sexually active.

Topic: Sexuality: Timing and Rates Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

44. Which of the following characteristics of parents is associated with later sexual initiation in their adolescents? a. an authoritarian parenting style b. a permissive parenting style c. high parental monitoring d. fathers with a high degree of education Answer: c LO: 9.9 Explain how sexually active adolescents in the United States are different from peers who are not sexually active.

Topic: Sexuality: Timing and Rates Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

45. According to the text, adults often view sex in emerging adulthood as a. "problem behavior." b. "a normal part of life." c. "saturating American life." d. "a potential career impediment."

Answer: b LO: 9.10 Summarize the features of sexuality in emerging adulthood, including differences compared to adolescence.

Topic: Sexuality: Timing and Rates Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 46. Emerging adults who have their first episode of intercourse relatively late tend to be “active abstainers.” Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons commonly associated with abstaining? a. fear of pregnancy b. religious beliefs c. feeling one has not met the right person 619 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

d. trying to please a parent Answer: d LO: 9.10 Summarize the features of sexuality in emerging adulthood, including differences compared to adolescence.

Topic: Sexuality: Timing and Rates Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

47. Over the past year, Alex has been sexually active with several partners, and thinks of this "casual sex" behavior as okay, even if they are not emotionally connected.

According to the text, Alex is most likely _________. a. an adolescent b. living at home c. an emerging adult d. from a traditional culture Answer: c LO: 9.10 Summarize the features of sexuality in emerging adulthood, including differences compared to adolescence.

Topic: Sexuality: Timing and Rates Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

48. According to the text, emerging adults are more likely than adults in older age groups to ___________. a. engage in long-term relationships b. experiment with same-sex partners c. use contraception d. engage in recreational sex Answer: d LO: 9.10 Summarize the features of sexuality in emerging adulthood, including differences compared to adolescence.

Topic: Sexuality: Timing and Rates Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

49. Sexual behavior in emerging adulthood most commonly takes place in the context of __________. a. a close romantic relationship b. hooking up c. close friendships or “friends with benefits” relationships 620 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

d. casual dating Answer: d LO: 9.10 Summarize the features of sexuality in emerging adulthood, including differences compared to adolescence.

Topic: Sexuality: Timing and Rates Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

50. For emerging adults, “hooking up” occurs most often ___________. a. during the first year of college b. during the senior year of college c. directly after college d. just before college Answer: a LO: 9.10 Summarize the features of sexuality in emerging adulthood, including differences compared to adolescence.

Topic: Sexuality: Timing and Rates Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

51. According to Ford and Beach (1951), there are three types of cultural approaches to adolescent sexuality. One of these types is labeled _________. a. tolerant b. restrictive c. semi-limiting d. prohibitive Answer: b LO: 9.11 Differentiate types of cultural approaches to adolescent sexuality, and summarize cross-national variations in rates of premarital sex.

Topic: Culture, Gender, and Sexual Diversity Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

52. One implication that follows from restrictive cultures placing strong prohibitions on adolescent sexual activity before marriage is that __________. a. boys and men are physically punished for premarital sex b. boys and girls are encouraged to have group social events together c. they allow adolescents to be sexually permissive if they are discreet d. girls and women are punished for engaging in premarital sex Answer: d 621 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

LO: 9.11 Differentiate types of cultural approaches to adolescent sexuality, and summarize cross-national variations in rates of premarital sex.

Topic: Culture, Gender, and Sexual Diversity Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

53. Tonga is a young Samoan boy. Tonga embraces his cultural traditions, which include "semirestrictive" beliefs about sexual conduct. If Tonga has engaged in premarital sex, he can expect ___________. a. his parents feeling dishonor by his choices b. that if he is discreet, most will ignore his behavior c. to face threats and physical punishment d. his family will openly encourage his sexual activity Answer: b LO: 9.11 Differentiate types of cultural approaches to adolescent sexuality, and summarize cross-national variations in rates of premarital sex.

Topic: Culture, Gender, and Sexual Diversity Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

54. According to recent cross-cultural research on sexual activity, which country has the lowest rate of adolescents engaging in premarital sex? a. Kenya b. Spain c. South Korea d. Brazil Answer: c LO: 9.11 Differentiate types of cultural approaches to adolescent sexuality, and summarize cross-national variations in rates of premarital sex.

Topic: Culture, Gender, and Sexual Diversity Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

55. Moai is a girl being raised in the Trobriand Islands of the South Pacific. In her culture, her sexual activity is expected to begin between 6 and 8 years of age. She will receive explicit instructions from older companions, and her sexual behaviors will have the full approval of her parents. Moai is living in a(n) ________ sexual culture. a. authoritative b. permissive c. egalitarian 622 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

d. semirestrictive Answer: b LO: 9.11 Differentiate types of cultural approaches to adolescent sexuality, and summarize cross-national variations in rates of premarital sex.

Topic: Culture, Gender, and Sexual Diversity Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

56. Chris and Alex are beginning to explore their sexuality. Chris feels Alex should be the initiator, and Alex knows Chris is the person who sets the limits. What might we conclude about Chris and/or Alex? a. Chris is an adolescent girl. b. Chris is a preadolescent boy. c. Alex is an adolescent girl. d. Alex is younger than Chris is.

Answer: a LO: 9.12 Compare and contrast the sexual scripts of adolescent boys and girls, and explain the reasons for the differences.

Topic: Culture, Gender, and Sexual Diversity Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

57. In contrast to boys, girls' sexual scripts are more likely to be ________ about premarital sex. a. disturbed b. happy c. satisfied d. ambivalent Answer: d LO: 9.12 Compare and contrast the sexual scripts of adolescent boys and girls, and explain the reasons for the differences.

Topic: Culture, Gender, and Sexual Diversity Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

58. According to the text, _________ shows the greatest acceptance of homosexuality while __________ shows the least acceptance of homosexuality. a. Germany; Japan b. Sweden; Nigeria c. Australia; Turkey 623 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

d. China; Brazil Answer: b LO: 9.13 Explain how social attitudes toward homosexuality have changed in recent decades and how this has influenced the experiences of sexual minority adolescents.

Topic: Culture, Gender, and Sexual Diversity Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

59. What is the current average age for coming out as a sexual minority in the United States? a. 12 b. 16 c. 21 d. 27 Answer: b LO: 9.13 Explain how social attitudes toward homosexuality have changed in recent decades and how this has influenced the experiences of sexual minority adolescents.

Topic: Culture, Gender, and Sexual Diversity Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

60. When sexual minority adolescents come out, who do they usually tell first? a. a teacher b. their mother c. a friend d. their father Answer: c LO: 9.13 Explain how social attitudes toward homosexuality have changed in recent decades and how this has influenced the experiences of sexual minority adolescents.

Topic: Culture, Gender, and Sexual Diversity Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

61. Coming to the realization of a sexual minority identity can be traumatic for many adolescents. Which of the following is NOT one of the consequences of this realization listed in your text? a. substance use b. school difficulties c. panic attacks d. running away from home 624 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Answer: c LO: 9.13 Explain how social attitudes toward homosexuality have changed in recent decades and how this has influenced the experiences of sexual minority adolescents.

Topic: Culture, Gender, and Sexual Diversity Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

62. Which of the following is NOT a consequence of parental rejection of an adolescent after learning of their sexual minority identity? a. increased suicide attempts b. increased depression c. poorer academic performance d. increased unprotected sex Answer: c LO: 9.13 Explain how social attitudes toward homosexuality have changed in recent decades and how this has influenced the experiences of sexual minority adolescents.

Topic: Culture, Gender, and Sexual Diversity Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

63. What percentage of sexual and gender minority adolescents report verbal abuse from peers? a. 27% b. 39% c. 62% d. 82% Answer: d LO: 9.13 Explain how social attitudes toward homosexuality have changed in recent decades and how this has influenced the experiences of sexual minority adolescents.

Topic: Culture, Gender, and Sexual Diversity Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

64. Jerry is a gay man. If Jerry is like most gay men, research predicts that he probably started the "coming out" process at around _____ years of age. a. 12 b. 16 c. 18 d. 25 Answer: b 625 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

LO: 9.13 Explain how social attitudes toward homosexuality have changed in recent decades and how this has influenced the experiences of sexual minority adolescents.

Topic: Culture, Gender, and Sexual Diversity Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

65. One implication that follows from the pervasiveness of homophobia in American society is a. coming to the realization of a sexual minority identity can be a traumatic experience. b. adolescents with a sexual minority identity feel comforted by telling others about their new identity. c. suicide rates are lower among adolescents with a sexual minority identity. d. parents' response to adolescents with a sexual minority identity are highly positive.

Answer: a LO: 9.13 Explain how social attitudes toward homosexuality have changed in recent decades and how this has influenced the experiences of sexual minority adolescents.

Topic: Culture, Gender, and Sexual Diversity Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

66. Barry is a high school student in a small, rural community. Barry has been "outed" by some kids in his class. According to research, what is Barry likely facing because of this event? a. verbal abuse b. peer support c. feelings of guilt d. parental support Answer: a LO: 9.13 Explain how social attitudes toward homosexuality have changed in recent decades and how this has influenced the experiences of sexual minority adolescents.

Topic: Culture, Gender, and Sexual Diversity Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

67. Which statement concerning adolescent sexual activity and contraception use is most accurate? a. Over 90% of adolescents regularly use highly effective contraception. b. Higher rates of poverty are negatively correlated with teenage pregnancy rates.

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c. Adolescent sexual activity and contraception use are usually unplanned. d. Most adolescents have never heard of contraception and have no idea what it is.

Answer: c LO: 9.14 Explain why contraceptive use in adolescence is often inconsistent, and identify cultural variations in adolescent pregnancy and the reasons for those variations.

Topic: Prevention and Education: Pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Sexual Abuse Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

68. Sweden has "permissive beliefs about adolescent sex," whereas Japan __________. a. "has explicit sex education programs" b. "has easy access to contraception" c. "strictly forbids adolescent sex" d. "acknowledges their adolescents' sexual orientations" Answer: c LO: 9.14 Explain why contraceptive use in adolescence is often inconsistent, and identify cultural variations in adolescent pregnancy and the reasons for those variations.

Topic: Prevention and Education: Pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Sexual Abuse Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

69. According to the text, as adolescents progress in age, the use of contraceptives __________. a. increases b. decreases c. stays the same d. becomes more sophisticated Answer: a LO: 9.14 Explain why contraceptive use in adolescence is often inconsistent, and identify cultural variations in adolescent pregnancy and the reasons for those variations.

Topic: Prevention and Education: Pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Sexual Abuse Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

70. Which of the following statements about contraceptive use is correct? a. Contraceptives are more likely to be used if an adolescent is not doing well in school. b. Contraceptives are less likely to be used if adolescents are involved in an 627 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

ongoing relationship with their partner. c. Some boys resist using condoms because they believe condoms reduce sexual pleasure. d. Cultural factors and beliefs do not play a role in contraceptive use.

Answer: c LO: 9.14 Explain why contraceptive use in adolescence is often inconsistent, and identify cultural variations in adolescent pregnancy and the reasons for those variations.

Topic: Prevention and Education: Pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Sexual Abuse Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

71. Analyses of cross-national differences in teenage pregnancy indicate that the core of the problem is inconsistent use of contraceptives by American adolescents. What does your text indicate is the reason for this inconsistent use? a. Contraceptives are not easily obtained. b. Contraceptives are too expensive. c. Adolescents get mixed messages about the acceptance of premarital sex. d. Contraceptives are complicated to use.

Answer: c LO: 9.14 Explain why contraceptive use in adolescence is often inconsistent, and identify cultural variations in adolescent pregnancy and the reasons for those variations.

Topic: Prevention and Education: Pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Sexual Abuse Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

72. Why are girls who have sexual intercourse soon after menarche less likely to get pregnant than if they delay intercourse until at least two years later? a. The boys with whom they may be having intercourse are unlikely to have fully developed sperm in their semen. b. They will be more cautious and therefore more likely to use condoms or other forms of contraception. c. Their reproductive systems will not be mature enough to support a pregnancy. d. Ovulation is irregular for the first two years after menarche.

Answer: d LO: 9.14 Explain why contraceptive use in adolescence is often inconsistent, and identify cultural variations in adolescent pregnancy and the reasons for those variations.

Topic: Prevention and Education: Pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Sexual Abuse Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts 628 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

73. About what percentage of American adolescent pregnancies end in abortion? a. 15% b. 26% c. 60% d. 75% Answer: b LO: 9.15 Summarize rates of adolescent pregnancy in the United States, and specify the consequences for mothers, fathers, and their children.

Topic: Prevention and Education: Pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Sexual Abuse Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

74. In 2020, a decline in sexual activity and an increase in contraceptive use all contributed to a(n) __________. a. increase in STIs b. decline in adoptions c. increase in marriage rates d. decline in birth rates Answer: d LO: 9.15 Summarize rates of adolescent pregnancy in the United States, and specify the consequences for mothers, fathers, and their children.

Topic: Prevention and Education: Pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Sexual Abuse Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

75. Adolescents who become pregnant and give birth are more likely to come from low SES families. Which of the following is NOT another contributing factor related to the likelihood an adolescent will become pregnant? a. They are doing well in school. b. They have mothers who were also teen moms. c. They were raised by a single mother. d. They do not have adequate access to family planning services.

Answer: a LO: 9.15 Summarize rates of adolescent pregnancy in the United States, and specify the consequences for mothers, fathers, and their children.

Topic: Prevention and Education: Pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Sexual Abuse 629 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

76. Rae-Ann is a young adolescent mother living in Minneapolis. If Rae-Ann is like most young mothers raising a daughter alone, she has a high likelihood of __________. a. going to college this fall b. dropping out of school c. working at a high paying job d. giving her child up for adoption Answer: b LO: 9.15 Summarize rates of adolescent pregnancy in the United States, and specify the consequences for mothers, fathers, and their children.

Topic: Prevention and Education: Pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Sexual Abuse Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

77. According to research, teenage mothers are less likely than their peers to do all but which one of the following? a. go to college b. get a job c. get married d. get divorced Answer: d LO: 9.15 Summarize rates of adolescent pregnancy in the United States, and specify the consequences for mothers, fathers, and their children.

Topic: Prevention and Education: Pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Sexual Abuse Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

78. Dorothy is a young African American adolescent. Dorothy is expecting her first child.

The father of Dorothy's child is absent and does not want to be part of raising the child.

According to research, which of the following was related to Dorothy's most favorable economic outcome? a. family support b. reestablishing the father's relationship with her child c. obtaining education d. being on welfare Answer: c 630 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

LO: 9.15 Summarize rates of adolescent pregnancy in the United States, and specify the consequences for mothers, fathers, and their children.

Topic: Prevention and Education: Pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Sexual Abuse Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

79. According to research, adolescent fathers are more likely than their male peers to __________. a. become divorced b. have higher levels of education c. have better paying jobs d. be resilient Answer: a LO: 9.15 Summarize rates of adolescent pregnancy in the United States, and specify the consequences for mothers, fathers, and their children.

Topic: Prevention and Education: Pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Sexual Abuse Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

80. Lola is a newborn baby. Her mom, Sadie, is an unmarried adolescent. According to research, Lola is more likely than other babies to __________. a. say her first word by age 10 months b. have a high birth weight c. have behavior problems in childhood d. be a full-term baby Answer: c LO: 9.15 Summarize rates of adolescent pregnancy in the United States, and specify the consequences for mothers, fathers, and their children.

Topic: Prevention and Education: Pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Sexual Abuse Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

81. During emerging adulthood, rates of abortion and single motherhood _________ compared to adolescent rates. a. decrease b. increase c. stay the same 631 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

d. abortion increases and single motherhood decreases Answer: b LO: 9.15 Summarize rates of adolescent pregnancy in the United States, and specify the consequences for mothers, fathers, and their children.

Topic: Prevention and Education: Pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Sexual Abuse Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

82. Which of the following is NOT one of the misperceptions about contraception that your textbook associates with American emerging adults? a. thinking that the chance of getting pregnant while on the pill is around 50% b. being under the impression that the likelihood of cancer or other serious health risks is higher for women on the pill c. thinking that a woman on the pill should "take a break" every few years to preserve her health d. being under the impression that the pill can prevent STIs as well as pregnancy Answer: d LO: 9.15 Summarize rates of adolescent pregnancy in the United States, and specify the consequences for mothers, fathers, and their children.

Topic: Prevention and Education: Pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Sexual Abuse Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

83. When is the peak period for contracting a sexually transmitted infection? a. early adolescence b. late adolescence c. emerging adulthood d. middle adulthood Answer: c LO: 9.16 Name sexually transmitted infections, and explain why STIs are most common in early emerging adulthood.

Topic: Prevention and Education: Pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Sexual Abuse Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

84. Why is emerging adulthood a time when STIs are likely? a. The immune system is weaker during this period of life.

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b. Emerging adults are more likely to have multiple partners over a short period of time. c. Emerging adults are more likely to have protected sex than any other age group. d. The latency period of an STI is likely to last through the entire period of emerging adulthood.

Answer: b LO: 9.16 Name sexually transmitted infections, and explain why STIs are most common in early emerging adulthood.

Topic: Prevention and Education: Pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Sexual Abuse Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

85. Bruno had sex with a new partner last week, and during that encounter he contracted a sexually transmitted infection. He has no symptoms, however, for over 2 years and in that time unknowingly passes the infection on to three other partners. These years would be called a(n) ________ period. a. alpha b. beta c. down d. latency Answer: d LO: 9.16 Name sexually transmitted infections, and explain why STIs are most common in early emerging adulthood.

Topic: Prevention and Education: Pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Sexual Abuse Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

86. Emily has HPV and like most others is asymptomatic. According to the text, Emily __________. a. is not able to pass on the disease until her symptoms appear b. has signs of genital warts on her vagina c. can continue to infect her partners d. will develop pelvic inflammatory disease within 3 months Answer: c LO: 9.16 Name sexually transmitted infections, and explain why STIs are most common in early emerging adulthood.

Topic: Prevention and Education: Pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Sexual Abuse Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know 633 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

87. Women who continue to carry HPV have a greater risk of developing __________. a. chronic immune deficiency difficulties b. breast cancer c. cervical cancer d. mouth cancer Answer: c LO: 9.16 Name sexually transmitted infections, and explain why STIs are most common in early emerging adulthood.

Topic: Prevention and Education: Pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Sexual Abuse Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

88. According to the text, in recent years what group has experienced the greatest percentage increase in cases of HIV/AIDS in countries outside of the West? a. homosexuals b. heterosexuals c. intravenous drug users d. bisexuals Answer: b LO: 9.16 Name sexually transmitted infections, and explain why STIs are most common in early emerging adulthood.

Topic: Prevention and Education: Pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Sexual Abuse Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

89. What percentage of individuals diagnosed with HIV but taking antiretroviral therapy live more than 10 years? a. 15% b. 32% c. 47% d. 60% Answer: d LO: 9.16 Name sexually transmitted infections, and explain why STIs are most common in early emerging adulthood.

Topic: Prevention and Education: Pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Sexual Abuse Difficulty: Easy 634 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

90. Sexual harassment during adolescence may include all of the following EXCEPT __________. a. name-calling b. jokes c. complimenting the person d. unwanted touching or sexual contact Answer: c LO: 9.17 Describe the prevalence and causes of sexual harassment and sexual coercion.

Topic: Prevention and Education: Pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Sexual Abuse Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

91. Stella is a 22-year-old woman who has experienced being sexually harassed at least once. Stella's experience is like what percentage of other women between 18 and 25 years of age? a. 5% b. 27% c. 54% d. 87% Answer: d LO: 9.17 Describe the prevalence and causes of sexual harassment and sexual coercion.

Topic: Prevention and Education: Pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Sexual Abuse Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

92. When a person experiences unwanted sexual contact due to verbal pressure, alcohol or drugs, or physical force, this person has been a victim of ______. a. sexual assault b. sexual harassment c. date rape d. sexual anticipation Answer: a LO: 9.17 Describe the prevalence and causes of sexual harassment and sexual coercion.

Topic: Prevention and Education: Pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Sexual Abuse Difficulty: Easy 635 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

93. What is the major risk factor for sexual assault? a. alcohol b. friendship c. style of clothing d. communication Answer: a LO: 9.17 Describe the prevalence and causes of sexual harassment and sexual coercion.

Topic: Prevention and Education: Pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Sexual Abuse Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

94. Angela is a proponent of "comprehensive sexuality education." Angela most likely agrees with what statement? a. Abstinence is the best method of contraception. b. Sex education should not begin until late adolescence. c. Sex education should be provided for young people. d. Sex education leads to promiscuity.

Answer: c LO: 9.18 Identify the main features of effective sex education.

Topic: Prevention and Education: Pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Sexual Abuse Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

95. What are the most effective sex education programs? a. abstinence-only b. abstinence-plus c. comprehensive sexuality education d. no programs have been shown to be particularly effective Answer: c LO: 9.18 Identify the main features of effective sex education.

Topic: Prevention and Education: Pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Sexual Abuse Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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True/False 96. Among adolescents the process of dating has become more formalized than in previous generations. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 9.1 Summarize the ways in which adolescent love in developed countries takes different forms today than it did in the past.

Topic: Love’s Beginnings, Development, and Endings Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

97. One reason adolescents give for forming love relationships is to achieve status, which means impressing others by having a relationship with a high-status partner. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 9.2 Describe how age and gender influence the forms that love takes in adolescence and emerging adulthood.

Topic: Love’s Beginnings, Development, and Endings Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

98. As adolescents get older their relationships last shorter periods of time. a. True b. False Answer: b Learning Objective: 9.3 Describe the basis of romantic attraction among adolescents and emerging adults, and the reasons romantic relationships break up.

Topic: Love’s Beginnings, Development, and Endings Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

99. A national survey in the United States of 18- to 29-year-olds found that 63% agreed that couples who live together before marriage have a better chance of having a successful marriage. a. True b. False 637 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Answer: a Learning Objective: 9.4 Summarize the themes and variations of cohabitation among emerging adults in Western countries.

Topic: Cohabitation and Marriage Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

100. A worldwide study showed that pleasing disposition ranked first among marriage criteria across countries. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 9.5 Describe the most common criteria that young people desire in a marriage partner and discuss cultural variations.

Topic: Cohabitation and Marriage Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

101. Girls who masturbate do so more frequently than boys, although they self-disclose less often. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 9.7 Describe when American adolescent boys and girls have their first sexual experiences with pornography and masturbation.

Topic: Sexuality: Timing and Rates Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

102. Among girls, viewing pornography is most often reported as their first sexual experience. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 9.7 Describe when American adolescent boys and girls have their first sexual experiences with pornography and masturbation.

Topic: Sexuality: Timing and Rates Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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103. According to the text, having sexual intercourse once does not necessarily initiate a pattern of frequent intercourse from that point onward. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 9.8 Describe the changes in the past century in timing of first intercourse and current patterns among American adolescents, including ethnic differences.

Topic: Sexuality: Timing and Rates Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

104. Casual sexual behavior is frowned upon more by emerging adults than it is by older age groups. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 9.10 Summarize the features of sexuality in emerging adulthood, including differences compared to adolescence.

Topic: Sexuality: Timing and Rates Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

105. Restrictive cultures have prohibitions on premarital sex, but they are not strongly enforced. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 9.11 Differentiate types of cultural approaches to adolescent sexuality, and summarize cross-national variations in rates of premarital sex.

Topic: Culture, Gender, and Sexual Diversity Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

106. One-half of girls report the main reason for having first intercourse was affection/love, while only one-fourth of boys report the same. a. True b. False Answer: a 639 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

LO: 9.12 Compare and contrast the sexual scripts of adolescent boys and girls, and explain the reasons for the differences.

Topic: Culture, Gender, and Sexual Diversity Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

107. Some scholars suggest a link between cognitive development during adolescence and contraceptive use. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 9.14 Explain why contraceptive use in adolescence is often inconsistent, and identify cultural variations in adolescent pregnancy and the reasons for those variations.

Topic: Prevention and Education: Pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Sexual Abuse Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

108. Countries such as Denmark, Sweden, and The Netherlands have low rates of adolescent pregnancy because they are restrictive about adolescent sex. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 9.14 Explain why contraceptive use in adolescence is often inconsistent, and identify cultural variations in adolescent pregnancy and the reasons for those variations.

Topic: Prevention and Education: Pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Sexual Abuse Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

109. A research study which tracked adolescent mothers found that five years after giving birth, these mothers lagged behind their peers in educational progress. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 9.15 Summarize rates of adolescent pregnancy in the United States, and specify the consequences for mothers, fathers, and their children.

Topic: Prevention and Education: Pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Sexual Abuse Difficulty: Moderate 640 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

110.

People who have STIs and are asymptomatic show all the symptoms of their disease. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 9.16 Name sexually transmitted infections, and explain why STIs are most common in early emerging adulthood.

Topic: Prevention and Education: Pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Sexual Abuse Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

111.

AIDS and HIV are the same thing. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 9.16 Name sexually transmitted infections, and explain why STIs are most common in early emerging adulthood.

Topic: Prevention and Education: Pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Sexual Abuse Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

112. A recent review of research showed that most abstinence-only programs delayed initiation of sexual intercourse. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 9.18 Identify the main features of effective sex education.

Topic: Prevention and Education: Pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Sexual Abuse Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

641 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Essay 113. Compare and contrast calling and dating. Touch on the balance of power that shifts between the two.

LO: 9.1 Summarize the ways in which adolescent love in developed countries takes different forms today than it did in the past.

Topic: Love’s Beginnings, Development, and Endings Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Answer: Calling is where a young man would “call” on a young woman, at her invitation, by visiting her at home. He would meet her family and then the two would be allowed some time together. They would visit together during that time. Dating became popular in the first two decades of the 20th century. Dating meant going out to take part in a shared activity. This moved the location of courtship from the home and into the public world. It also removed the young couple from the watchful eye of the girl’s family to the anonymity of the public world. Dating transferred the balance of power in courtship from the girl to the boy. In the calling system, it was the girl who took the initiative. The dating system allowed the boy to become the initiator.

114. The "Cultural Focus" box in Chapter 9 discusses sexuality in the Netherlands.

Compare and contrast the sexual attitudes of the Netherlands and the United States.

LO: 9.11 Differentiate types of cultural approaches to adolescent sexuality, and summarize cross-national variations in rates of premarital sex.

Topic: Culture, Gender, and Sexual Diversity Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It Answer: The Netherlands is considerably more liberal than the U.S. and much more tolerant of sexual involvement by late adolescence and emerging adulthood, but young people's sexuality in Northern Europe is still complicated. Parents seem to accept the sexual activity of adolescents, somewhat. Parents thought they should know the adolescent partner well before becoming sexually involved. They also wanted to know that the sexual component had built up gradually over time, and that there was responsible use of contraceptives. There was a difference of opinion whether a boyfriend would be allowed to sleep overnight in their home. Even in a society that is relatively open and accepting of adolescents’ sexuality, communication between parents and adolescents on this topic is not easy. The United States is considerably more conservative than the Netherlands, but the American majority culture would probably be classified as semirestrictive and somewhat ambivalent with mixed messages. Many Americans think that it is acceptable for unmarried adolescents and emerging adults to have sexual intercourse, but many others do not. The prohibitions are not strongly enforced and are easily evaded. Although there is less stigma against premarital sex, a gender double standard exists in cultural attitudes toward adolescent sexuality. Contraception appears to be used on a less regular basis in the U.S. than in the Netherlands. The Netherlands educates teenagers about contraception and gives them easy and free access to birth control.

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115. Define sexual harassment in terms of mild to severe, providing examples.

LO: 9.17 Describe the prevalence and causes of sexual harassment and sexual coercion.

Topic: Prevention and Education: Pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Sexual Abuse Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Answer: Sexual harassment is a pervasive part of the peer interactions of adolescents. It is usually defined as including a wide range of behaviors related to sexuality, from mild harassment such as name-calling, jokes, and leering looks, to severe harassment involving unwanted touching or sexual contact. Students will provide their own examples.

116. Choose three of the characteristics of successful sex education programs and describe why you believe each would make the program a success.

LO: 9.18 Identify the main features of effective sex education.

Topic: Prevention and Education: Pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Sexual Abuse Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Answer: Focus narrowly on reducing one or more sexual behaviors that lead to unintended pregnancy or HIV/AIDS infection. Base the program on theoretical approaches developed to treat other risky behavior, such as cognitive behavioral theory, which rewards changes in thought and behavior. Give a clear message about sexual activity and condom or contraceptive use and continually reinforce that message. Provide basic, accurate information about risks and methods to avoid intercourse or pregnancy and STIs. Include activities that teach how to deal with social pressures, such as information that helps them refute frequently used lines like “everybody does it” or activities that generate peer support for withstanding social pressures. Model and provide practice in negotiation and refusal skills, such as how to say no, how to insist on condoms or other contraception, and how to make sure body language supports the verbal message. Use a variety of teaching methods to involve participants and personalize the information. Incorporate behavioral goals, teaching methods and materials that are specific to the age, culture, and sexual experience of the students. Run the program over a sufficient period of time (at least 14 hours spread over several weeks). Train teachers, youth workers, or peer leaders (generally for at least six hours) who believe in the program.

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REVEL QUIZ QUESTIONS

Quiz 9.1: Love’s Beginnings, Development, and Endings EOM_Q9.1.1 1. Which of the following was NOT a reason that ―calling‖ declined and ―dating‖ arose in American society? a) It was important to put the control of dating back on the girl in the relationship. b) Smaller homes in urban areas meant there wasn’t as much space for the ―caller‖ to visit.

Consider this: Urbanization led to a number of changes that contributed to ―dating‖ becoming more popular. LO 9.1 Summarize the ways in which adolescent love in developed countries takes different forms today than it did in the past. c) Urbanization led to more fun opportunities in the community to be out doing something.

Consider this: Urbanization led to a number of changes that contributed to ―dating‖ becoming more popular. LO 9.1 Summarize the ways in which adolescent love in developed countries takes different forms today than it did in the past. d) The invention and mass production of the automobile gave young people greater mobility and offered a greater range of places to go.

Consider this: Urbanization led to a number of changes that contribute to ―dating‖ becoming more popular. LO 9.1 Summarize the ways in which adolescent love in developed countries takes different forms today than it did in the past.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Love’s Beginnings, Development, and Endings Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 9.1 Summarize the ways in which adolescent love in developed countries takes different forms today than it did in the past.

EOM_Q9.1.2 2. When did dating become acceptable for young people in their teens? a) 1950s b) 1930s Consider this: While the 1920s brought about a sexual revolution, it took longer for dating to become acceptable for teenagers. LO 9.1 Summarize the ways in which adolescent love in developed countries takes different forms today than it did in the past. c) 1970s Consider this: While the 1920s brought about a sexual revolution, it took longer for dating to become acceptable for teenagers. LO 9.1 Summarize the ways in which adolescent love in developed countries takes different forms today than it did in the past. d) 1910s Consider this: While the 1920’s brought about a sexual revolution, it took longer for dating to become acceptable for teenagers. LO 9.1 Summarize the ways in which 644 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

adolescent love in developed countries takes different forms today than it did in the past.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Love’s Beginnings, Development, and Endings Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 9.1 Summarize the ways in which adolescent love in developed countries takes different forms today than it did in the past.

EOM_Q9.1.3 3. Dominika has begun to date Antonin. It is important to her that he is the captain of the soccer team, gets good grades, and is very good looking. It is very likely that Dominika is engaging in this relationship for which of the following reasons? a) Status b) Companionship Consider this: Antonin most likely has a big following of admirers. LO 9.2 Describe how age and gender influence the forms that love takes in adolescence and emerging adulthood. c) Learning Consider this: Antonin most likely has a big following of admirers. LO 9.2 Describe how age and gender influence the forms that love takes in adolescence and emerging adulthood. d) Intimacy Consider this: Antonin most likely has a big following of admirers. LO 9.2 Describe how age and gender influence the forms that love takes in adolescence and emerging adulthood.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Love’s Beginnings, Development, and Endings Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 9.2 Describe how age and gender influence the forms that love takes in adolescence and emerging adulthood.

EOM_Q9.1.4 4. José is a 20-year-old Mexican American emerging adult who practices Catholicism. When José is asked to describe characteristics of a person he would like to marry, which of the following responses best reflects the principle of consensual validation? a) ―I want to marry someone from a Mexican heritage and Catholic religious background because I know we will share the same traditions and support each other’s values.‖ b) ―I want to marry someone from a different ethnic and religious background as me because I know that will help us be more open minded and understanding of differing values.‖ Consider This: Remember that consensual validation is similar to the concept of selective association that is the basis of most friendships. LO 9.3 Describe the basis of romantic 645 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

attraction among adolescents and emerging adults, and the reasons romantic relationships break up. c) ―I want to marry someone who is physically attractive and shares the same interests as me because I know that will help us maintain the passion and fun in our relationship.‖ Consider This: Remember that consensual validation is similar to the concept of selective association that is the basis of most friendships. LO 9.3 Describe the basis of romantic attraction among adolescents and emerging adults, and the reasons romantic relationships break up. d) ―I want to marry someone who shares the same career aspirations and life goals as me because I know that will minimize conflicts about how we spend our time and money.‖ Consider This: Remember that consensual validation is similar to the concept of selective association that is the basis of most friendships. LO 9.3 Describe the basis of romantic attraction among adolescents and emerging adults, and the reasons romantic relationships break up.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Love’s Beginnings, Development, and Endings Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 9.3 Summarize the basis of romantic attraction among adolescents and emerging adults, and the reasons romantic relationships break up.

EOM_Q9.1.5 5. Which of the following are emerging adults most likely to experience after the dissolution of a romantic relationship? a) Emerging adults are likely to experience reunions, either getting back together as a romantic couple or having sex with their ex. b) Emerging adults are likely to experience a psychological breakdown after breaking up, which includes a major depressive episode that lasts for about 6 months.

Consider This: For a comparison, think about how adolescent egocentrism contributes to intense feelings of anguish and suffering that youth report will never cease following a breakup. LO 9.3 Describe the basis of romantic attraction among adolescents and emerging adults, and the reasons romantic relationships break up. c) Emerging adults are likely to engage in risk-taking behaviors after breaking up, which includes an increased level of casual sex with multiple partners.

Consider This: For a comparison, think about how adolescent egocentrism contributes to intense feelings of anguish and suffering that youth report will never cease following a breakup. LO 9.3 Describe the basis of romantic attraction among adolescents and emerging adults, and the reasons romantic relationships break up. d) Emerging adults are likely to engage in risk-taking behaviors after breaking up, which includes an increased level of dangerous driving such as speeding and running red lights.

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Consider This: For a comparison, think about how adolescent egocentrism contributes to intense feelings of anguish and suffering that youth report will never cease following a breakup. LO 9.3 Describe the basis of romantic attraction among adolescents and emerging adults, and the reasons romantic relationships break up.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Love’s Beginnings, Development, and Endings Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 9.3 Describe the basis of romantic attraction among adolescents and emerging adults, and the reasons romantic relationships break up.

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Quiz 9.2: Cohabitation and Marriage EOM_Q9.2.1 1. What is the average length of cohabiting among young Americans? a) 18 months b) 2 months Consider this: Young Americans cohabit for a much shorter time than those in northern European countries. LO 9.4 Summarize the themes and variations of cohabitation among emerging adults in Western countries. c) 9 months Consider this: Young Americans cohabit for a much shorter time than those in northern European countries. LO 9.4 Summarize the themes and variations of cohabitation among emerging adults in Western countries. d) 24 months Consider this: Young Americans cohabit for a much shorter time than those in northern European countries. LO 9.4 Summarize the themes and variations of cohabitation among emerging adults in Western countries.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Cohabitation and Marriage Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 9.4 Summarize the themes and variations of cohabitation among emerging adults in Western countries.

EOM_Q9.2.2 2. What does the research show is the impact of cohabiting on divorce rates in the United States? a) In the early parts of marriage, it reduces divorce rates, but as time goes by, those who cohabit actually have higher rates of divorce. b) Cohabitation seems to prepare emerging adults for all of the challenges of marriage as it does decrease the divorce rate for couples.

Consider this: The relationship between cohabitation and divorce is complicated. LO 9.4 Summarize the themes and variations of cohabitation among emerging adults in Western countries. c) Cohabitation increases divorce rates for couples.

Consider this: The relationship between cohabitation and divorce is complicated. LO 9.4 Summarize the themes and variations of cohabitation among emerging adults in Western countries. d) Cohabitation increases divorce rates in the first few years of marriage, and then it seems to decrease divorce in the later years of marriage.

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Consider this: The relationship between cohabitation and divorce is complicated. LO 9.4 Summarize the themes and variations of cohabitation among emerging adults in Western countries.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Cohabitation and Marriage Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 9.4 Summarize the themes and variations of cohabitation among emerging adults in Western countries.

EOM_Q9.2.3 3. Which of the following best summarizes the main finding regarding the most important trait for selecting a marriage partner reported by young people in the large-scale, worldwide study carried out by psychologist David Buss? a) Across countries and genders, the most important trait for selecting a marriage partner reported by young people was ―Mutual attraction–love.‖ b) Across countries and genders, the most important trait for selecting a marriage partner reported by young people was ―Dependable character.‖ Consider This: Think about how an analysis of 186 traditional cultures found that passion and shared desirability were universal characteristics for defining marriage among the traditional cultures. LO 9.5 Describe the most common criteria that young people desire in a marriage partner and discuss cultural variations. c) Across countries, the most important trait for selecting a marriage partner reported by young people was ―Mutual attraction–love‖; however, there was a gender difference in which women ranked ―love‖ more highly than men.

Consider This: Think about how an analysis of 186 traditional cultures found that passion and shared desirability were universal characteristics for defining marriage among the traditional cultures. LO 9.5 Describe the most common criteria that young people desire in a marriage partner and discuss cultural variations. d) Across countries, the most important trait for selecting a marriage partner reported by young people was ―Mutual attraction–love‖; however, there was a gender difference in which men ranked ―love‖ more highly than women.

Consider This: Think about how an analysis of 186 traditional cultures found that passion and shared desirability were universal characteristics for defining marriage among the traditional cultures. LO 9.5 Describe the most common criteria that young people desire in a marriage partner and discuss cultural variations.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Cohabitation and Marriage Skill: Understand the Concepts

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Learning Objective: 9.5 Describe the most common criteria that young people desire in a marriage partner and discuss cultural variations.

EOM_Q9.2.4 4. The text makes it clear that when men and women rated what they look for in a marital partner, the rating of chastity showed interesting results. What statement below clearly defines these cultural differences? a) Individuals in Eastern cultures highly rated chastity, while individuals in Western cultures rated it very low on desirability. b) Individuals in Eastern cultures highly rated chastity, and individuals in Western cultures also rated chastity very high as a desirable trait.

Consider this: Western cultures appear to be more permissive here than Eastern cultures. LO 9.5 Describe the most common criteria that young people desire in a marriage partner and discuss cultural variations. c) Individuals in Eastern cultures and Western cultures both rated chastity as something not very desirable.

Consider this: Western cultures appear to be more permissive here than Eastern cultures. LO 9.5 Describe the most common criteria that young people desire in a marriage partner and discuss cultural variations. d) Individuals in Eastern cultures rated chastity very low, while Western cultures rated it very high.

Consider this: Western cultures appear to be more permissive here than Eastern cultures. LO 9.5 Describe the most common criteria that young people desire in a marriage partner and discuss cultural variations.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Cohabitation and Marriage Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 9.5 Describe the most common criteria that young people desire in a marriage partner and discuss cultural variations.

EOM_Q9.2.5 5. Given that globalization has increased the adoption of individualistic values within traditional cultures, researchers have found that in India, for instance, _______ of emerging adults report they intend to choose their own marriage partner and that the most common type of marriage in Eastern cultures is currently the ________. a) 40%; semi-arranged marriage b) 40%; self-arranged marriage Consider This: Think about how the most common type of marriage in Eastern cultures currently reflects practices that include parents obtaining consent from emerging adults regarding the proposed marriage. LO 9.6 Specify the features and prevalence of arranged marriages, including how they are currently changing. c) 60%; semi-arranged marriage 650 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Consider This: Think about how the most common type of marriage in Eastern cultures currently reflects practices that include parents obtaining consent from emerging adults regarding the proposed marriage. LO 9.6 Specify the features and prevalence of arranged marriages, including how they are currently changing. d) 60%; self-arranged marriage Consider This: Think about how the most common type of marriage in Eastern cultures currently reflects practices that include parents obtaining consent from emerging adults regarding the proposed marriage. LO 9.6 Specify the features and prevalence of arranged marriages, including how they are currently changing.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Cohabitation and Marriage Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 9.6 Specify the features and prevalence of arranged marriages, including how they are currently changing.

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Quiz 9.3: Sexuality: Timing and Rates EOM_Q9.3.1 1. Recent studies of American adolescents’ sexual behaviors have found gender differences in the rates of masturbation, in which by 20 years of age _____ of boys report masturbating and _____ of girls report masturbating. a) 90%; 75% b) 90%; 50% Consider This: Think about how cultural attitudes toward acceptance of female sexuality have increased over the past 50 years. LO 9.7 Describe when American adolescent boys and girls have their first sexual experiences with pornography and masturbation. c) 75%; 30% Consider This: Think about how cultural attitudes toward acceptance of female sexuality have increased over the past 50 years. LO 9.7 Describe when American adolescent boys and girls have their first sexual experiences with pornography and masturbation. d) 75%; 15% Consider This: Think about how cultural attitudes toward acceptance of female sexuality have increased over the past 50 years. LO 9.7 Describe when American adolescent boys and girls have their first sexual experiences with pornography and masturbation.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Sexuality: Timing and Rates Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 9.7 Describe when American adolescent boys and girls have their first sexual experiences with pornography and masturbation.

EOM_Q9.3.2 2. Recent research by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) indicates ethnic differences in the proportion of high school students in grades 9 to 12 who have had intercourse. Which of the following best describes the research findings for these ethnic differences? a) Asian American adolescents report the lowest level of sexual intercourse compared to all other ethnic groups, whereas Black adolescents report the highest level of sexual intercourse, with White adolescents reporting a level of sexual intercourse that is in between these two ethnic groups. b) Asian American adolescents report the lowest level of sexual intercourse compared to all other ethnic groups, whereas White adolescents report the highest level of sexual intercourse, with Black adolescents reporting a level of sexual intercourse that is in between these two ethnic groups.

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Consider This: Black adolescents report earlier ages of first intercourse. LO 9.8 Describe the changes in the past century in timing of first intercourse and current patterns among American adolescents, including ethnic differences. c) White adolescents report the lowest level of sexual intercourse compared to all other ethnic groups, whereas Black adolescents report the highest level of sexual intercourse, with Asian American adolescents reporting a level of sexual intercourse that is in between these two ethnic groups.

Consider This: Black adolescents report earlier ages of first intercourse. LO 9.8 Describe the changes in the past century in timing of first intercourse and current patterns among American adolescents, including ethnic differences. d) White adolescents report the lowest level of sexual intercourse compared to all other ethnic minorities, whereas Asian American adolescents report the highest level of sexual intercourse, with Black adolescents reporting a level of sexual intercourse that is in between these two ethnic groups.

Consider This: Black adolescents report earlier ages of first intercourse. LO 9.8 Describe the changes in the past century in timing of first intercourse and current patterns among American adolescents, including ethnic differences.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Sexuality: Timing and Rates Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 9.8 Describe the changes in the past century in timing of first intercourse and current patterns among American adolescents, including ethnic differences.

EOM_Q9.3.3 3. The chapter suggests that Black adolescents engage in early sexual intercourse due to __________. a) economic inequities and a lack of hope in the future b) no parental oversight Consider this: Poverty takes away hope for a future, reducing the incentive to refrain from being sexually active. LO 9.9 Explain how sexually active adolescents in the United States are different from peers who are not sexually active. c) peer pressure for early experiences Consider this: Poverty takes away hope for a future, reducing the incentive to refrain from being sexually active. LO 9.9 Explain how sexually active adolescents in the United States are different from peers who are not sexually active. d) the increased number of adolescents who have no father figure Consider this: Poverty takes away hope for a future, reducing the incentive to refrain from being sexually active. LO 9.9 Explain how sexually active adolescents in the United States are different from peers who are not sexually active.

Answer: a 653 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Sexuality: Timing and Rates Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 9.9 Explain how sexually active adolescents in the United States are different from peers who are not sexually active.

EOM_Q9.3.4 4. What characteristics are associated with adolescents who have early sexual intercourse? a) They are more likely to be early users of drugs and alcohol and more likely to be from single-parent families. b) They have high academic achievement and are more likely to be involved in outside of school activities like sports, church, and other organizations.

Consider this: What might make an adolescent vulnerable to early sexual encounters?

LO 9.9 Explain how sexually active adolescents in the United States are different from peers who are not sexually active. c) They demonstrate strong civic involvement, but have poor grades at school and are disengaged from the school community.

Consider this: What might make an adolescent vulnerable to early sexual encounters?

LO 9.9 Explain how sexually active adolescents in the United States are different from peers who are not sexually active. d) They are more likely to be from middle-class families, they have good grades, and they developed through puberty earlier than their classmates.

Consider this: What might make an adolescent vulnerable to early sexual encounters?

LO 9.9 Explain how sexually active adolescents in the United States are different from peers who are not sexually active.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Sexuality: Timing and Rates Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 9.9 Explain how sexually active adolescents in the United States are different from peers who are not sexually active.

EOM_Q9.3.5 5. At the age of 18, about what percentage of Americans have had intercourse at least once? a) 50% b) 15% Consider this: About one-third of 18-to-23-year-olds report having had two or more partners in the past year. LO 9.10 Summarize the features of sexuality in emerging adulthood, including differences compared to adolescence. c) 32%

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Consider this: About one-third of 18-to-23-year-olds report having had two or more partners in the past year. LO 9.10 Summarize the features of sexuality in emerging adulthood, including differences compared to adolescence. d) 71% Consider this: About one-third of 18-to-23-year-olds report having had two or more partners in the past year. LO 9.10 Summarize the features of sexuality in emerging adulthood, including differences compared to adolescence.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Sexuality: Timing and Rates Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 9.10 Summarize the features of sexuality in emerging adulthood, including differences compared to adolescence.

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Quiz 9.4: Culture, Gender, and Sexual Diversity EOM_Q9.4.1 1. Anthropologists Ford and Beach categorized America as a restrictive culture in their approach to adolescent sexuality in the 1950s. As the proportion of American adults who report accepting premarital sex has _______ since the 1970s, America would be currently classified as a _______ culture in its approach to adolescent sexuality. a) increased; semirestrictive b) increased; permissive Consider This: Think about how current American adults tend to ignore evidence of premarital sexual behavior as long as young people are fairly discreet. LO 9.11 Differentiate types of cultural approaches to adolescent sexuality, and summarize crossnational variations in rates of premarital sex. c) decreased; semirestrictive Consider This: Think about how current American adults tend to ignore evidence of premarital sexual behavior as long as young people are fairly discreet. LO 9.11 Differentiate types of cultural approaches to adolescent sexuality, and summarize crossnational variations in rates of premarital sex. d) decreased; permissive Consider This: Think about how current American adults tend to ignore evidence of premarital sexual behavior as long as young people are fairly discreet. LO 9.11 Differentiate types of cultural approaches to adolescent sexuality, and summarize crossnational variations in rates of premarital sex.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Culture, Gender, and Sexual Diversity Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 9.11 Differentiate types of cultural approaches to adolescent sexuality, and summarize cross-national variations in rates of premarital sex.

EOM_Q9.4.2 2. Chloe knows that her culture places prohibitions on premarital adolescent sex, but she also knows that these prohibitions are not strongly enforced and are easily evaded. It is clear she is living in a __________ culture. a) semirestrictive b) restrictive Consider This: A restrictive culture strongly stands by its prohibitions with severe consequences for premarital sex. LO 9.11 Differentiate types of cultural approaches to adolescent sexuality, and summarize cross-national variations in rates of premarital sex.

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c) permissive Consider This: A restrictive culture strongly stands by its prohibitions with severe consequences for premarital sex. LO 9.11 Differentiate types of cultural approaches to adolescent sexuality, and summarize cross-national variations in rates of premarital sex. d) tolerant Consider This: A restrictive culture strongly stands by its prohibitions with severe consequences for premarital sex. LO 9.11 Differentiate types of cultural approaches to adolescent sexuality, and summarize cross-national variations in rates of premarital sex.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Culture, Gender, and Sexual Diversity Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 9.11 Differentiate types of cultural approaches to adolescent sexuality, and summarize cross-national variations in rates of premarital sex.

EOM_Q9.4.3 3. Which country would you predict to have the lowest incidence of adolescent premarital sex? a) Saudi Arabia b) Japan Consider This: Which culture has the strongest sanctions against premarital sex? LO 9.11 Differentiate types of cultural approaches to adolescent sexuality, and summarize crossnational variations in rates of premarital sex. c)

Germany

Consider This: Which culture has the strongest sanctions against premarital sex? LO 9.11 Differentiate types of cultural approaches to adolescent sexuality, and summarize crossnational variations in rates of premarital sex. d) Nicaragua Consider This: Which culture has the strongest sanctions against premarital sex? LO 9.11 Differentiate types of cultural approaches to adolescent sexuality, and summarize crossnational variations in rates of premarital sex.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Culture, Gender, and Sexual Diversity Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 9.11 Differentiate types of cultural approaches to adolescent sexuality, and summarize cross-national variations in rates of premarital sex.

EOM_Q9.4.4 657 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

4.

What is the double standard referred to in your text regarding adolescent sexuality? a) For men, frequent sexual activity was more expected and evaluated more positively than for women. b) For women, frequent sexual activity was more expected and evaluated more positively than for men.

Consider this: A double standard usually means that there are different expectations for the individuals involved. LO 9.12 Compare and contrast the sexual scripts of adolescent boys and girls, and explain the reasons for the differences. c) For both men and women, frequent sexual activity is to be expected and is evaluated positively.

Consider this: A double standard usually means that there are different expectations for the individuals involved. LO 9.12 Compare and contrast the sexual scripts of adolescent boys and girls, and explain the reasons for the differences. d) For both men and women, sexual activity is not expected and will be evaluated negatively.

Consider this: A double standard usually means that there are different expectations for the individuals involved. LO 9.12 Compare and contrast the sexual scripts of adolescent boys and girls, and explain the reasons for the differences.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Culture, Gender, and Sexual Diversity Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 9.12 Compare and contrast the sexual scripts of adolescent boys and girls, and explain the reasons for the differences.

EOM_Q9.4.5 5. Which of the following best summarizes the research evidence for changes in American attitudes toward homosexuality across recent decades? a) American attitudes toward homosexuality have become more tolerant across recent decades as evidenced by the age of coming out declining from 21 in the 1970s to 16 in the present. b) American attitudes toward homosexuality have become more tolerant across recent decades as evidenced by the age of coming out declining from 31 in the 1970s to 21 in the present.

Consider This: Think about how recent studies have found that older adults in America are less likely to accept diversity in sexual orientation as normal compared to adolescents and emerging adults. LO 9.13 Explain how social attitudes toward homosexuality have changed in recent decades and how this has influenced the experiences of sexual minority adolescents. c) American attitudes toward homosexuality have become more tolerant across recent decades as evidenced by a recent study that found 40% of adolescents support same-sex marriage.

Consider This: Think about how recent studies have found that older adults in America are less likely to accept diversity in sexual orientation as normal compared to adolescents 658 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

and emerging adults. LO 9.13 Explain how social attitudes toward homosexuality have changed in recent decades and how this has influenced the experiences of sexual minority adolescents. d) American attitudes toward homosexuality have become more tolerant across recent decades as evidenced by a recent study that found 40% of older adults support same-sex marriage.

Consider This: Think about how recent studies have found that older adults in America are less likely to accept diversity in sexual orientation as normal compared to adolescents and emerging adults. LO 9.13 Explain how social attitudes toward homosexuality have changed in recent decades and how this has influenced the experiences of sexual minority adolescents.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Culture, Gender, and Sexual Diversity Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 9.13 Explain how social attitudes toward homosexuality have changed in recent decades and how this has influenced the experiences of sexual minority adolescents.

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Quiz 9.5: Prevention and Education: Pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Sexual Abuse EOM_Q9.5.1 1. Among girls in some _______ cultures, having a child outside of marriage can be viewed as a positive event because it is an indication of a girl’s fertility. a) traditional b) developed Consider This: Think about how the average age of marriage for girls in traditional cultures is about 18 and in developed cultures is about 27. LO 9.14 Explain why contraceptive use in adolescence is often inconsistent, and identify cultural variations in adolescent pregnancy and the reasons for those variations. c) restrictive Consider This: Think about how the average age of marriage for girls in traditional cultures is about 18 and in developed cultures is about 27. LO 9.14 Explain why contraceptive use in adolescence is often inconsistent, and identify cultural variations in adolescent pregnancy and the reasons for those variations. d) semirestrictive Consider This: Think about how the average age of marriage for girls in traditional cultures is about 18 and in developed cultures is about 27. LO 9.14 Explain why contraceptive use in adolescence is often inconsistent, and identify cultural variations in adolescent pregnancy and the reasons for those variations.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Prevention and Education: Pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Sexual Abuse Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 9.14 Explain why contraceptive use in adolescence is often inconsistent, and identify cultural variations in adolescent pregnancy and the reasons for those variations.

EOM_Q9.5.2 2. Which of the following best reflects the research evidence for the consequences of teenage pregnancy for mothers and children? a) Mothers are twice as likely to drop out of high school compared to their peers; babies are more likely to be born prematurely. b) Mothers are six times as likely to drop out of high school compared to their peers; babies are more likely to be born prematurely.

Consider This: Think about how researchers have found that adolescent fathers are more likely to have low-paying jobs that stem from lower levels of education compared to their

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peers. LO 9.15 Summarize rates of adolescent pregnancy in the United States, and specify the consequences for mothers, fathers, and their children. c) Mothers are more likely to get married compared to their peers; babies usually receive adequate prenatal care.

Consider This: Think about how researchers have found that adolescent fathers are more likely to have low-paying jobs that stem from lower levels of education compared to their peers. LO 9.15 Summarize rates of adolescent pregnancy in the United States, and specify the consequences for mothers, fathers, and their children. d) Mothers are more likely to get divorced compared to their peers; babies are usually able to get prenatal care because of programs for low-income families.

Consider This: Think about how researchers have found that adolescent fathers are more likely to have low-paying jobs that stem from lower levels of education compared to their peers. LO 9.15 Summarize rates of adolescent pregnancy in the United States, and specify the consequences for mothers, fathers, and their children.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Prevention and Education: Pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Sexual Abuse Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 9.15 Summarize rates of adolescent pregnancy in the United States, and specify the consequences for mothers, fathers, and their children.

EOM_Q9.5.3 3. What two characteristics of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) make them particularly dangerous for being unaware you are infecting others? a) They can be asymptomatic and have a latency period. b) They can be deadly (HIV) or merely annoying (crabs).

Consider this: What would make them easier to spread without knowing you had an infection? LO 9.16 Name sexually transmitted infections, and explain why STIs are most common in early emerging adulthood. c) They can render a woman infertile and kill sperm once released.

Consider this: What would make them easier to spread without knowing you had an infection? LO 9.16 Name sexually transmitted infections, and explain why STIs are most common in early emerging adulthood. d) They are most likely spread by kissing and they can’t be effectively treated.

Consider this: What would make them easier to spread without knowing you had an infection? LO 9.16 Name sexually transmitted infections, and explain why STIs are most common in early emerging adulthood.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Prevention and Education: Pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Sexual Abuse Skill: Understand the Concepts

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Learning Objective: 9.16 Name sexually transmitted infections, and explain why STIs are most common in early emerging adulthood.

EOM_Q9.5.4 4. Which of the following adolescents is most likely to be victimized by sexual harassment? a) Early maturing girls b) Late maturing girls Consider This: Although all of the answer choices reflect groups who may be victims of sexual harassment or coercion, researchers have found that late maturing girls are less at risk for experiencing sexual harassment. LO 9.17 Describe the prevalence and causes of sexual harassment and sexual coercion. c) Early maturing boys Consider This: Although all of the answer choices reflect groups who may be victims of sexual harassment or coercion, researchers have found that late maturing girls are less at risk for experiencing sexual harassment. LO 9.17 Describe the prevalence and causes of sexual harassment and sexual coercion. d) Late maturing boys Consider This: Although all of the answer choices reflect groups who may be victims of sexual harassment or coercion, researchers have found that late-maturing girls are less at risk for experiencing sexual harassment. LO 9.17 Describe the prevalence and causes of sexual harassment and sexual coercion.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Prevention and Education: Pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Sexual Abuse Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 9.17 Describe the prevalence and causes of sexual harassment and sexual coercion.

EOM_Q9.5.5 5. Which of the following features of a sex education program is likely to be the most effective for delaying sexual intercourse and increasing contraceptive use among adolescents? a) Maintaining a focus on reducing sexual behaviors that lead to unintended pregnancy or STIs b) Running the program for no longer than a 2-week period Consider This: Think about how studies have found that sex education programs that focus solely on knowledge have little influence on adolescents’ sexual behavior. LO 9.18 Identify the main features of effective sex education. c) Solely providing information about the anatomy and physiology of sexual development.

Consider This: Think about how studies have found that sex education programs that focus solely on knowledge have little influence on adolescents’ sexual behavior. LO 9.18 Identify the main features of effective sex education.

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d) Solely providing information about the biology of sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

Consider This: Think about how studies have found that sex education programs that focus solely on knowledge have little influence on adolescents’ sexual behavior. LO 9.18 Identify the main features of effective sex education.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Prevention and Education: Pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Sexual Abuse Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 9.18 Identify the main features of effective sex education.

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Chapter 9 Quiz EOC_Q9.1 1. Which of the following scenarios best depicts how the characteristics of adolescent romantic relationships in developed countries have changed over the past few decades? a) Marcus and Clementine are in the ninth grade and have been friends for a few years.

They say that they are “hanging out” with each other, and they spend time together listening to music. b) Marcus and Clementine are in the ninth grade and have been in the same class since the seventh grade. They say that they are “dating” each other, and they attend school dances together.

Consider This: Think about how the reduction in the strictness of gender roles in developed countries over the past few decades may have influenced the formality of adolescent romantic relationships. LO 9.1 Summarize the ways in which adolescent love in developed countries takes different forms today than it did in the past. c) Marcus asked Clementine to go to their high school’s homecoming football game together. Clementine accepted his invitation, and Marcus picked Clementine up at her home where he met her parents and agreed he would bring Clementine home by 10 p.m.

Consider This: Think about how the reduction in the strictness of gender roles in developed countries over the past few decades may have influenced the formality of adolescent romantic relationships. LO 9.1 Summarize the ways in which adolescent love in developed countries takes different forms today than it did in the past. d) Marcus asked Clementine to go to the movies together. Clementine’s parents insisted on meeting Marcus before providing their approval for her to go on a date with him.

Consider This: Think about how the reduction in the strictness of gender roles in developed countries over the past few decades may have influenced the formality of adolescent romantic relationships. LO 9.1 Summarize the ways in which adolescent love in developed countries takes different forms today than it did in the past.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Love’s Beginnings, Development, and Endings Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 9.1 Summarize the ways in which adolescent love in developed countries takes different forms today than it did in the past.

EOC_Q9.2 2. Researchers have found that by the 11th grade ________ of adolescents report experiencing a romantic relationship at some point, and that by emerging adulthood the most important function of romantic relationships is ________. a) 80%; intimacy 664 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

b) 80%; recreation Consider This: Think about how a finding from this research indicated emerging adults reported “status” to be the least important function of romantic relationships. LO 9.2 Describe how age and gender influence the forms that love takes in adolescence and emerging adulthood. c) 50%; intimacy Consider This: Think about how a finding from this research indicated emerging adults reported “status” to be the least important function of romantic relationships. LO 9.2 Describe how age and gender influence the forms that love takes in adolescence and emerging adulthood. d) 50%; recreation Consider This: Think about how a finding from this research indicated emerging adults reported “status” to be the least important function of romantic relationships. LO 9.2 Describe how age and gender influence the forms that love takes in adolescence and emerging adulthood.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Love’s Beginnings, Development, and Endings Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 9.2 Describe how age and gender influence the forms that love takes in adolescence and emerging adulthood.

EOC_Q9.3 3. Benji is looking for a long-term relationship. He has a great sense of humor and has established a great balance between his work life and fun life. Which of the following people is more likely to find him attractive? a)

Naomi who shares his race, socioeconomic status, sense of humor, and general motivation level. b) Phyllis who couldn’t be more opposite to Benji. She is from a different race, difference socioeconomic class, has a poor sense of humor, and works two jobs with little time for fun.

Consider This: We are attracted to similarities in these characteristics. LO 9.3 Describe the basis of romantic attraction among adolescents and emerging adults, and the reasons romantic relationships break up. c)

Saniyah who is from a different race and socioeconomic class. She follows a different religion than Benji and is very lazy with little investment in the future.

Consider This: We are attracted to similarities in these characteristics. LO 9.3 Describe the basis of romantic attraction among adolescents and emerging adults, and the reasons romantic relationships break up. d) Alondra who is from a different race and socioeconomic class. She has a great sense of humor, and she has the ability to balance work and fun.

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Consider This: We are attracted to similarities in these characteristics. LO 9.3 Describe the basis of romantic attraction among adolescents and emerging adults, and the reasons romantic relationships break up.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Love’s Beginnings, Development, and Endings Skill: Analyze It Learning Objective: 9.3 Describe the basis of romantic attraction among adolescents and emerging adults, and the reasons romantic relationships break up.

EOC_Q9.4 4. About how many emerging adults experience cohabitation before marriage in the United States and northern Europe? a) About two-thirds b) About one-quarter Consider This: Think about how cohabitation is now more accepted than it has been in the past. LO 9.4 Summarize the themes and variations of cohabitation among emerging adults in Western countries. c) About one-half Consider This: Think about how cohabitation is now more accepted than it has been in the past. LO 9.4 Summarize the themes and variations of cohabitation among emerging adults in Western countries. d) About three-quarters Consider This: Think about how cohabitation is now more accepted than it has been in the past. LO 9.4 Summarize the themes and variations of cohabitation among emerging adults in Western countries.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Cohabitation and Marriage Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 9.4 Summarize the themes and variations of cohabitation among emerging adults in Western countries.

EOC_Q9.5 5. Among American emerging adults, although about ________ report that living together before getting married is a good way to avoid divorce, cohabitation is ________ associated with divorce. a) 63%; positively b) 63%; negatively Consider This: Think about how studies have found that emerging adults who cohabit are more accepting of divorce and more skeptical about the institution of marriage. LO 9.4 666 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Summarize the themes and variations of cohabitation among emerging adults in Western countries. c) 25%; positively Consider This: Think about how studies have found that emerging adults who cohabit are more accepting of divorce and more skeptical about the institution of marriage. LO 9.4 Summarize the themes and variations of cohabitation among emerging adults in Western countries. d) 25%; negatively Consider This: Think about how studies have found that emerging adults who cohabit are more accepting of divorce and more skeptical about the institution of marriage. LO 9.4 Summarize the themes and variations of cohabitation among emerging adults in Western countries.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Cohabitation and Marriage Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 9.4 Summarize the themes and variations of cohabitation among emerging adults in Western countries.

EOC_Q9.6 6.

While ―mutual attraction—love‖ ranked first among marriage criteria across countries, what traits were almost equally important? a) Dependable character, emotional stability, and maturity b) Good financial prospects, having a lot of money

Consider This: Financial stability did not seem to be important. LO 9.5 Describe the most common criteria that young people desire in a marriage partner and discuss cultural variations. c) Similarity in religious and political backgrounds Consider This: Financial stability did not seem to be important. LO 9.5 Describe the most common criteria that young people desire in a marriage partner and discuss cultural variations. d) Similar needs for a future family, good looking Consider This: Financial stability did not seem to be important. LO 9.5 Describe the most common criteria that young people desire in a marriage partner and discuss cultural variations.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Cohabitation and Marriage Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 9.5 Describe the most common criteria that young people desire in a marriage partner and discuss cultural variations.

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EOC_Q9.7 7. Findings from psychologist David Buss’s worldwide study on the importance of traits for selecting a marriage partner found a cross-cultural difference on the trait of _________, in which ________ cultures ranked this trait highly important. a) chastity; Eastern b) chastity; Western Consider This: Think about how traditional cultures are characterized by narrow socialization values. LO 9.5 Describe the most common criteria that young people desire in a marriage partner and discuss cultural variations. c) good financial prospects; Eastern Consider This: Think about how traditional cultures are characterized by narrow socialization values. LO 9.5 Describe the most common criteria that young people desire in a marriage partner and discuss cultural variations. d) good financial prospects; Western Consider This: Think about how traditional cultures are characterized by narrow socialization values. LO 9.5 Describe the most common criteria that young people desire in a marriage partner and discuss cultural variations.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Cohabitation and Marriage Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 9.5 Describe the most common criteria that young people desire in a marriage partner and discuss cultural variations.

EOC_Q9.8 8. Which of the following is most likely to be the basis of the selection of a partner in an arranged marriage in India? a) Parents choose a partner for their child on the basis of similarity of family economic status. b) Parents choose a partner for their child on the basis of similarity of personality between bride and groom.

Consider This: For a comparison, think about how researchers have found that emerging adults in Western cultures report expecting marriage to provide a high level of intimacy.

LO 9.6 Specify the features and prevalence of arranged marriages, including how they are currently changing. c) Parents choose a partner for their child on the basis of potential for shared leisure and values.

Consider This: For a comparison, think about how researchers have found that emerging adults in Western cultures report expecting marriage to provide a high level of intimacy.

LO 9.6 Specify the features and prevalence of arranged marriages, including how they are currently changing.

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d) Emerging adults choose a partner for themselves on the basis of “love at first sight.”

Consider This: For a comparison, think about how researchers have found that emerging adults in Western cultures report expecting marriage to provide a high level of intimacy.

LO 9.6 Specify the features and prevalence of arranged marriages, including how they are currently changing.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Cohabitation and Marriage Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 9.6 Specify the features and prevalence of arranged marriages, including how they are currently changing.

EOC Q9.9 9. What percentage of 13-year-olds have viewed pornography? a) 49% b) 15% Consider this: By age 19, 80% of emerging adults have viewed pornography. LO 9.7 Describe when American adolescent boys and girls have their first sexual experiences with pornography and masturbation. c) 33% Consider this: By age 19, 80% of emerging adults have viewed pornography. LO 9.7 Describe when American adolescent boys and girls have their first sexual experiences with pornography and masturbation. d) 61% Consider this: By age 19, 80% of emerging adults have viewed pornography. LO 9.7 Describe when American adolescent boys and girls have their first sexual experiences with pornography and masturbation.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Sexuality: Timing and Rates Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 9.7 Describe when American adolescent boys and girls have their first sexual experiences with pornography and masturbation.

EOC_Q9.10 10. What percentage of emerging adults report having consumed alcohol before their most recent sexual encounter? a) 25-50% b) 0-15%

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Consider This: Emerging adults who drink often are more likely than others to have had multiple sexual partners. LO 9.10 Summarize the features of sexuality in emerging adulthood, including differences compared to adolescence. c) 55-75% Consider This: Emerging adults who drink often are more likely than others to have had multiple sexual partners. LO 9.10 Summarize the features of sexuality in emerging adulthood, including differences compared to adolescence. d) 100% Consider This: Emerging adults who drink often are more likely than others to have had multiple sexual partners. LO 9.10 Summarize the features of sexuality in emerging adulthood, including differences compared to adolescence.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Sexuality: Timing and Rates Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 9.10 Summarize the features of sexuality in emerging adulthood, including differences compared to adolescence.

EOC_Q9.11 11. Which of the following best summarizes the historical change in the timing of first intercourse among American adolescents over the past century? a) Currently, about 38% of high school students report having intercourse at least once (compared to 54% in the early 1990s); however, before 1965, 10% of girls and 25% of boys in high school reported having intercourse at least once. b) Currently, about 60% of high school students report having intercourse at least once; however, before 1965, 10% of girls and 25% of boys in high school reported having intercourse at least once.

Consider This: Think about how the prevalence of intercourse has increased among college students: whereas before 1960 about 40% reported having intercourse, the current the rate is 80%. LO 9.8 Describe the changes in the past century in timing of first intercourse and current patterns among American adolescents, including ethnic differences. c) Currently, about 45% of high school students report having intercourse at least once; however, before 1965, 5% of girls and 10% of boys in high school reported having intercourse at least once.

Consider This: Think about how the prevalence of intercourse has increased among college students: whereas before 1960 about 40% reported having intercourse, the current the rate is 80%. LO 9.8 Describe the changes in the past century in timing of first intercourse and current patterns among American adolescents, including ethnic differences.

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d) Currently, about 60% of high school students report having intercourse at least once; however, before 1965, 5% of girls and 10% of boys in high school reported having intercourse at least once.

Consider This: Think about how the prevalence of intercourse has increased among college students: whereas before 1960 about 40% reported having intercourse, the current the rate is 80%. LO 9.8 Describe the changes in the past century in timing of first intercourse and current patterns among American adolescents, including ethnic differences.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Sexuality: Timing and Rates Skill: Analyze It Learning Objective: 9.8 Describe the changes in the past century in timing of first intercourse and current patterns among American adolescents, including ethnic differences.

EOC_Q9.12 12. Which of the following factors are related to a later initiation of adolescents’ first episode of sexual intercourse? a) Monitoring by parents and a warm and supportive relationship with them b) Lack of parental instruction about contraception Consider This: Think about how relationships with others may play a role in sexual behaviors. LO 9.9 Explain how sexually active adolescents in the United States are different from peers who are not sexually active. c) Early maturation and having older friends Consider This: Think about how relationships with others may play a role in sexual behaviors. LO 9.9 Explain how sexually active adolescents in the United States are different from peers who are not sexually active. d) Lower interest in school achievement and organized sports Consider This: Think about how relationships with others may play a role in sexual behaviors. LO 9.9 Explain how sexually active adolescents in the United States are different from peers who are not sexually active.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Sexuality: Timing and Rates Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 9.9 Explain how sexually active adolescents in the United States are different from peers who are not sexually active.

EOC_Q9.13

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13. Gene is 21 years old and in college. Which of the following statements BEST reflects the research evidence for what Gene would say when asked about how his sex life as an emerging adult is different from when he was an adolescent? a) “Now that I’m in my 20s, sex is just a normal part of life and there is much less restriction around it compared to when I was a teenager; also, in the past year I’ve had two sexual partners and I am willing to have recreational sex.” b) “Now that I’m in my 20s, sex is just a normal part of life and there is much less restriction around it compared to when I was a teenager; also, in the past year I’ve had one sexual partner and I am against having recreational sex.”

Consider This: Think about how researchers have found that about one-third of emerging adult women report that it is okay for people to have sex when they are not emotionally connected. LO 9.10 Summarize the features of sexuality in emerging adulthood, including differences compared to adolescence. c) “Being in college has not changed my sex life compared to when I was a teenager in that I still feel restricted and embarrassed about my sexual behaviors; for instance, in the past year I have not had any sexual partners and I am against having recreational sex.”

Consider This: Think about how researchers have found that about one-third of emerging adult women report that it is okay for people to have sex when they are not emotionally connected. LO 9.10 Summarize the features of sexuality in emerging adulthood, including differences compared to adolescence. d) “Being in college has not changed my sex life compared to when I was a teenager in that I still feel unrestricted and excited about my sexual behaviors; for instance, in the past year I have had two sexual partners and I am willing to have recreational sex.”

Consider This: Think about how researchers have found that about one-third of emerging adult women report that it is okay for people to have sex when they are not emotionally connected. LO 9.10 Summarize the features of sexuality in emerging adulthood, including differences compared to adolescence.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Sexuality: Timing and Rates Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 9.10 Summarize the features of sexuality in emerging adulthood, including differences compared to adolescence.

EOC_Q9.14 14. Which of the following BEST summarizes the research findings that demonstrate crossnational differences in countries’ cultural approaches to adolescent sexuality? a) Given that premarital sex is most prevalent in Western countries and least prevalent in Asian countries, there is evidence that Eastern cultures are more restrictive in their approaches to adolescent sexuality.

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b) Given that premarital sex is most prevalent in Asian countries and least prevalent in Western countries, there is evidence that Eastern cultures are less restrictive in their approaches to adolescent sexuality.

Consider This: Think about how acceptance of premarital sex among American adults rose from 29% in the early 1970s to 71% in 2019. LO 9.11 Differentiate types of cultural approaches to adolescent sexuality, and summarize cross-national variations in rates of premarital sex. c) Given that the rates of premarital sex are increasing in Asian and Western countries, there is evidence that both Eastern and Western cultures are less restrictive in their approaches to adolescent sexuality.

Consider This: Think about how acceptance of premarital sex among American adults rose from 29% in the early 1970s to 71% in 2019. LO 9.11 Differentiate types of cultural approaches to adolescent sexuality, and summarize cross-national variations in rates of premarital sex. d) Given that the rates of premarital sex are decreasing in Asian and Western countries, there is evidence that both Eastern and Western cultures are more restrictive in their approaches to adolescent sexuality.

Consider This: Think about how acceptance of premarital sex among American adults rose from 29% in the early 1970s to 71% in 2019. LO 9.11 Differentiate types of cultural approaches to adolescent sexuality, and summarize cross-national variations in rates of premarital sex.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Culture, Gender, and Sexual Diversity Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 9.11 Differentiate types of cultural approaches to adolescent sexuality, and summarize cross-national variations in rates of premarital sex.

EOC_Q9.15 15. Sexual minority adolescents usually “come out” around age ___, first to a ________ a) 16; friend b) 14; parent Consider This: Think about how the homophobia that exists in many societies may influence the timing and consequences of the coming out process for sexual minority youth. LO 9.13 Explain how social attitudes toward homosexuality have changed in recent decades and how this has influenced the experiences of sexual minority adolescents. c) 18; therapist Consider This: Think about how the homophobia that exists in many societies may influence the timing and consequences of the coming out process for sexual minority youth. LO 9.13 Explain how social attitudes toward homosexuality have changed in recent decades and how this has influenced the experiences of sexual minority adolescents. d) 21; romantic partner

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Consider This: Think about how the homophobia that exists in many societies may influence the timing and consequences of the coming out process for sexual minority youth. LO 9.13 Explain how social attitudes toward homosexuality have changed in recent decades and how this has influenced the experiences of sexual minority adolescents.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Culture, Gender, and Sexual Diversity Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 9.13 Explain how social attitudes toward homosexuality have changed in recent decades and how this has influenced the experiences of sexual minority adolescents.

EOC_Q9.16 16. Which of the following best summarizes the research evidence on contraceptive use among American adolescents? a) Because most American adolescent sexual activity is unplanned and infrequent, American adolescents are inconsistent in their contraceptive use. b) Because most American adolescent sexual activity is planned and frequent, American adolescents are consistent in their contraceptive use.

Consider This: Some adolescents may never get into the habit of preparing for sex as something they take part in on a regular basis. LO 9.14 Explain why contraceptive use in adolescence is often inconsistent, and identify cultural variations in adolescent pregnancy and the reasons for those variations. c) Because most American adolescent sexual activity is unplanned and infrequent, American adolescents tend to use highly effective methods of contraception.

Consider This: Some adolescents may never get into the habit of preparing for sex as something they take part in on a regular basis. LO 9.14 Explain why contraceptive use in adolescence is often inconsistent, and identify cultural variations in adolescent pregnancy and the reasons for those variations. d) Because most American adolescent sexual activity is planned and frequent, American adolescents younger than 15 are more likely to use contraception.

Consider This: Some adolescents may never get into the habit of preparing for sex as something they take part in on a regular basis. LO 9.14 Explain why contraceptive use in adolescence is often inconsistent, and identify cultural variations in adolescent pregnancy and the reasons for those variations.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Prevention and Education: Pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Sexual Abuse Skill: Analyze It Learning Objective: 9.14 Explain why contraceptive use in adolescence is often inconsistent, and identify cultural variations in adolescent pregnancy and the reasons for those variations.

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EOC_Q9.17 17. Within the United States, ________ adolescents have the highest birth rates; however, regardless of ethnicity, girls from ________ households are MOST likely to give birth in adolescence. a) Black and Hispanic; single-parent b) Black and Hispanic; two-parent Consider This: Think about how researchers have found that above and beyond ethnic group differences, girls from low SES families are also highly likely to become unmarried teenage mothers. LO 9.15 Summarize rates of adolescent pregnancy in the United States, and specify the consequences for mothers, fathers, and their children. c) Black and White; single-parent Consider This: Think about how researchers have found that above and beyond ethnic group differences, girls from low SES families are also highly likely to become unmarried teenage mothers. LO 9.15 Summarize rates of adolescent pregnancy in the United States, and specify the consequences for mothers, fathers, and their children. d) Black and White; two-parent Consider This: Think about how researchers have found that above and beyond ethnic group differences, girls from low SES families are also highly likely to become unmarried teenage mothers. LO 9.15 Summarize rates of adolescent pregnancy in the United States, and specify the consequences for mothers, fathers, and their children.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Prevention and Education: Pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Sexual Abuse Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 9.15 Summarize rates of adolescent pregnancy in the United States in different ethnic groups and compared to other developed countries, and specify the consequences for mothers, fathers, and their children.

EOC_Q9.18 18._________ is the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection among adolescents and emerging adults, and _________ is the most effective form of prevention. a) Human Papillomavirus (HPV); vaccination b) Chlamydia; medical ointments Consider This: This STI can be asymptomatic and disappear within 2 years. LO 9.16 Name sexually transmitted infections, and explain why STIs are most common in early emerging adulthood. c) Chlamydia; antibiotics Consider This: This STI can be asymptomatic and disappear within 2 years. LO 9.16 Name sexually transmitted infections, and explain why STIs are most common in early emerging adulthood. d) Human Papillomavirus (HPV); medical ointments

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Consider This: This STI can be asymptomatic and disappear within 2 years. LO 9.16 Name sexually transmitted infections, and explain why STIs are most common in early emerging adulthood.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Prevention and Education: Pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Sexual Abuse Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 9.16 Name sexually transmitted infections, and explain why STIs are most common in early emerging adulthood.

EOC_Q9.19 19. Sexual ________ is when a person experiences unwanted sexual contact due to verbal pressure, alcohol or drugs, or physical force. a) assault b) harassment Consider This: Think about how alcohol is a key factor that predicts the occurrence of this experience. LO 9.17 Describe the prevalence and causes of sexual harassment and sexual coercion. c) coercion Consider This: Think about how alcohol is a key factor that predicts the occurrence of this experience. LO 9.17 Describe the prevalence and causes of sexual harassment and sexual coercion. d) education Consider This: Think about how alcohol is a key factor that predicts the occurrence of this experience. LO 9.17 Describe the prevalence and causes of sexual harassment and sexual coercion.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Prevention and Education: Pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Sexual Abuse Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 9.17 Describe the prevalence and causes of sexual harassment and sexual coercion.

EOC_Q9.20 20. Three decades of research show that __________ programs are the most effective type of sex education programs. a) Comprehensive sexuality education b) Abstinence-only Consider This: These types of programs begin at an early age and include detailed information on sexual development and sexual behavior, with easy access to contraception for adolescents who choose to become sexually active. LO 9.18 Identify the main features of effective sex education.

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c) Abstinence-plus Consider This: These types of programs begin at an early age and include detailed information on sexual development and sexual behavior, with easy access to contraception for adolescents who choose to become sexually active. LO 9.18 Identify the main features of effective sex education. d) Biology-based sexuality education Consider This: These types of programs begin at an early age and include detailed information on sexual development and sexual behavior, with easy access to contraception for adolescents who choose to become sexually active. LO 9.18 Identify the main features of effective sex education.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Prevention and Education: Pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Sexual Abuse Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 9.18 Identify the main features of effective sex education.

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TOTAL ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice GUIDE

Chapter 10 School

1. According to the text, when did U.S. states begin passing laws requiring school attendance through early teens? a. Age of Innocence b. Age of Adolescence c. Time of the Season Topic Understand Apply What Analyze It d. Time of Social Control Remember the Facts the Concepts You Know Answer: b Secondary Multiplethe Choice 5, 14 2,3,enrollment 7, 8, 10, around 4, 6, 11the world, 9, 12the LO: 10.1 Summarize history of1,secondary school and Schools: history Past and 13, 15-18 of secondary school curriculum in the United States.

Present Topic: Secondary True/False 81-85 Schools: Past and Present Short Essay Difficulty: Easy What Works?

The Multiple Choice 22, 26, 27, 30 19, 24, 28, 29 20, 21, 23, 25 Skill: Remember the Facts Characteristics APA LO:of1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

True/False 86-88 Effective Schools Short Essay 100 Engagement and Multiple Choice 31, 33-35, 38- 32, 36, 37 2. School attendance for adolescents in developing societies is ___________.

Achievement in 42 a. mandatory High School: True/False 89-91 b. inconsistent Beyond the Short Essay 101 c. higher Classroom d. nonexistent Academic Multiple Choice 60, 63, 65 43, 45-47, 49, 48, 51, 54, 56, 44, 50, 62 Answer: b Achievement in 52, 53, 55, 57- 64, 67 LO: 10.1 Summarize the history of secondary school enrollment around the world, and the High School: 59, 61, 66 history of secondary school curriculum in the United States.

Individual True/False 92-97 Topic: Secondary Schools: Past and Present Differences Short Essay 103 102 Difficulty: Moderate Tertiary Multiple Choice 68.

71-73, 78 77, 80 69, 70, 74, 75, 76 Skill: Understand the Concepts Education: College 79 in psychology.

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes and University True/False 98, 99 Short Essay 104 3. Anwar is a 15-year-old who lives in Egypt. Based on research, it could be predicted that Anwar's literacy __________. a. would be higher than his grandfather's literacy b. would be lower than his grandfather's literacy c. would be about the same as his grandfather's literacy d. would match his parents' literacy Answer: a LO: 10.1 Summarize the history of secondary school enrollment around the world, and the history of secondary school curriculum in the United States.

Topic: Secondary Schools: Past and Present Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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4. Darryl is a young man attending secondary school in the late 19th century. He comes from a very wealthy family. What subject is especially likely to be part of Darryl's curriculum if he is like most of the wealthy adolescent boys in his school? a. French b. Geography c. Physical Education d. Greek Answer: d LO: 10.1 Summarize the history of secondary school enrollment around the world, and the history of secondary school curriculum in the United States.

Topic: Secondary Schools: Past and Present Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

5. According to the text, the comprehensive high school system was designed to __________. a. eliminate general education courses b. prepare students for college c. exclude vocational training d. prepare females for marriage and males for university Answer: b LO: 10.1 Summarize the history of secondary school enrollment around the world, and the history of secondary school curriculum in the United States.

Topic: Secondary Schools: Past and Present Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

6. Todd is a young boy attending UWO Senior Secondary High School in Fort Meyers, Florida. His cousin, Kim, lives in New Orleans where she also attends high school.

According to the text, how might Todd's and Kim's educational experiences compare? a. The same, because of the national policies on education. b. Different, because schools are controlled by states and cities. c. The educational system in Florida is more progressive in relation to liberal arts. d. The educational system in Louisiana is comprehensive in terms of science.

Answer: b LO: 10.1 Summarize the history of secondary school enrollment around the world, and the history of secondary school curriculum in the United States.

Topic: Secondary Schools: Past and Present Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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7. Most European countries have three types of secondary schools. They include all but which one of the following? a. college-preparatory schools b. vocational schools c. business-trade schools d. professional schools Answer: c LO: 10.2 Compare and contrast the forms that secondary school takes today in different regions of the world.

Topic: Secondary Schools: Past and Present Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

8. According to the text, in most European countries how many adolescents attend college-preparatory schools? Approximately ________. a. one-fourth b. one-half c. two-thirds d. three-quarters Answer: b LO: 10.2 Compare and contrast the forms that secondary school takes today in different regions of the world.

Topic: Secondary Schools: Past and Present Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

9. One implication that follows from the European system of different types of secondary schools is that __________. a. unemployment rates are low among vocational and related jobs b. this system involves great flexibility in occupational choices c. adolescents must decide early about their educational direction d. teenagers are given no choice about what their schooling path will be Answer: c LO: 10.2 Compare and contrast the forms that secondary school takes today in different regions of the world.

Topic: Secondary Schools: Past and Present Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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10. In the European education system, adolescents choose the type of secondary school they will enter when they are about 15 or 16 years of age. This decision is influenced by all but which of the following factors? a. the choices of their peers b. the opinion of their parents c. their own interests d. the opinion of their teachers Answer: a LO: 10.2 Compare and contrast the forms that secondary school takes today in different regions of the world.

Topic: Secondary Schools: Past and Present Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

11. Cosmo and Joseph are both attending high school. Cosmo lives in Berlin, Germany, and Joseph lives in New York City. According to the text, how might the boys' experiences compare? a. Their experiences would be the same. b. Cosmo doesn't have to worry about early occupational decisions. c. Joseph has a greater flexibility because of the broad range of courses. d. Both Cosmo and Joseph can choose among multiple types of secondary schools.

Answer: c LO: 10.2 Compare and contrast the forms that secondary school takes today in different regions of the world.

Topic: Secondary Schools: Past and Present Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

12. One major drawback of the U.S. system of comprehensive high schools is that __________. a. it limits adolescents' occupational choices b. vocational training limits academic pursuits c. adolescents need to decide their occupations early d. it limits job-specific training Answer: d LO: 10.2 Compare and contrast the forms that secondary school takes today in different regions of the world.

Topic: Secondary Schools: Past and Present Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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13. In some countries in North Africa, _______ is an enduring influence in educational contexts and content. a. Islam b. American consumerism c. globalization d. women's liberation Answer: a LO: 10.2 Compare and contrast the forms that secondary school takes today in different regions of the world.

Topic: Secondary Schools: Past and Present Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

14. According to the text, less than _____ of 16- to 17-year-old girls in rural India attend secondary schools. a. 15% b. 30% c. 40% d. 60% Answer: b LO: 10.2 Compare and contrast the forms that secondary school takes today in different regions of the world.

Topic: Secondary Schools: Past and Present Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

15. In China and Japan, because university admission is restricted to the very highest performing students, high school students ___________. a. have collectivistic views b. experience less competition than North American students c. are more likely to pursue a professional career d. are under intense pressure to achieve academically Answer: d LO: 10.2 Compare and contrast the forms that secondary school takes today in different regions of the world.

Topic: Secondary Schools: Past and Present Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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16. The key influence on adolescents' academic performance in different parts of the world is __________. a. economic development in their country b. acceptance of equal educational opportunities for both boys and girls c. the number of teachers who are graduating from college with degrees in education d. the political climates of their home cultures Answer: a LO: 10.2 Compare and contrast the forms that secondary school takes today in different regions of the world.

Topic: Secondary Schools: Past and Present Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

17. When comparing adolescents on academic performance, which nation scores the highest? a. Turkey b. Germany c. Japan d. United States Answer: c LO: 10.3 Identify the main reason why secondary school performance is higher in some regions of the world than others.

Topic: Secondary Schools: Past and Present Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

18. When comparing adolescents on academic performance, which nation scores the lowest? a. Canada b. Thailand c. Mexico d. Indonesia Answer: d LO: 10.3 Identify the main reason why secondary school performance is higher in some regions of the world than others.

Topic: Secondary Schools: Past and Present Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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19. Larger high schools have some advantages over smaller schools. One advantage of larger schools is __________. a. higher SAT scores b. higher rates of participation in extracurricular activities c. a more diverse range of classes d. a reduced overall incidence of bullying behaviors Answer: c LO: 10.4 Summarize the research on school size in relation to adolescents’ school experiences and performance.

Topic: What Works? The Characteristics of Effective Schools Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

20. Blanca and Melanie attend high schools in Thunder Bay, Ontario. Blanca attends a large high school with 3,000 students. Melanie, on the other hand, attends a smaller school of only 200. According to research, which statement regarding their participation in extracurricular activities is the most accurate? a. Blanca is more likely to participate in extracurricular activities. b. Melanie is more likely to participate in extracurricular activities. c. Melanie's school will offer more extracurricular activities, but most will be related to sports. d. Blanca's school will offer more extracurricular activities, but most of them will be only for boys or girls rather than being coed.

Answer: b LO: 10.4 Summarize the research on school size in relation to adolescents’ school experiences and performance.

Topic: What Works? The Characteristics of Effective Schools Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

21. Carson is an adolescent in a large urban high school. Carson struggles with academic difficulties but attends classes regularly. There are more than 35 students in all of his classes. According to research, how might the large class sizes affect Carson? a. Carson will benefit from larger classes. b. Carson will be adversely affected by larger classes. c. Scholars are unable to agree on the effect of class size. d. Carson will only benefit if the groups are homogeneous.

Answer: b LO: 10.4 Summarize the research on school size in relation to adolescents’ school experiences and performance.

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Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

22. According to research, what is the best school size for adolescents? a. between 150–200 students b. between 300–400 students c. between 500–1000 students d. between 1200–1800 students Answer: c LO: 10.4 Summarize the research on school size in relation to adolescents’ school experiences and performance.

Topic: What Works? The Characteristics of Effective Schools Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

23. Vishnu loves to go to bed early and wake up with the birds in the early morning. Vishnu shows a preference for ____________. a. eveningness b. middayness c. morningness d. lunarness Answer: c LO: 10.5 Summarize the research on morningness and eveningness in relation to adolescents’ school experiences and performance.

Topic: What Works? The Characteristics of Effective Schools Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

24. When school starts later, students report __________. a. feeling drowsy throughout the day b. a greater likelihood of getting 8 hours of sleep c. struggling more in school with academic topics d. poorer grades Answer: b LO: 10.5 Summarize the research on morningness and eveningness in relation to adolescents’ school experiences and performance.

Topic: What Works? The Characteristics of Effective Schools Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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25. Anne is a teenager attending junior high school in Washington, D.C. Anne attends a school where all her teachers have high expectations for student conduct. If Anne is typical of students in research conducted on this subject, we may expect Anne to have ___________ compared to students in other schools. a. more adjustment problems b. a higher level of achievement c. a higher level of delinquency d. lower self-esteem Answer: b LO: 10.6 Define school climate, and identify the ways that it influences adolescents’ experience in secondary school.

Topic: What Works? The Characteristics of Effective Schools Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

26. School climate refers to the __________. a. socioeconomic status of the school neighborhood b. quality of interactions between students and teachers c. quality of relationships among students d. way the school is decorated Answer: b LO: 10.6 Define school climate, and identify the ways that it influences adolescents’ experience in secondary school.

Topic: What Works? The Characteristics of Effective Schools Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

27. Which of the following is not part of school climate? a. student relationships b. how teachers interact with students c. what expectations and standards teachers have for students d. what kinds of methods are used in the classroom Answer: a LO: 10.6 Define school climate, and identify the ways that it influences adolescents’ experience in secondary school.

Topic: What Works? The Characteristics of Effective Schools Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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28. As stated in your text, a favorable school climate is associated with all of the following EXCEPT __________. a. lower levels of depression b. fewer behavioral problems c. higher levels of motivation d. lower levels of stress Answer: d LO: 10.6 Define school climate, and identify the ways that it influences adolescents’ experience in secondary school.

Topic: What Works? The Characteristics of Effective Schools Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

29. The Research Focus section discusses a large-scale study done by Steinberg with 20,000 students. This study was __________. a. qualitative and interview focused b. quantitative and questionnaire focused c. qualitative and questionnaire focused d. quantitative and interview focused Answer: b LO: 10.6 Define school climate, and identify the ways that it influences adolescents’ experience in secondary school.

Topic: What Works? The Characteristics of Effective Schools Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

30. Consider the research of Niobe Way (1998), who interviewed students to understand their school experiences and the way in which school interacted with other parts of their lives. Which statement about her research is TRUE? a. It was a qualitative, ethnographic study. b. It used a variety of questionnaires to help her gather data. c. It involved several thousand students in her home city. d. Her interviews yielded very few insights into the students’ experiences at school.

Answer: a LO: 10.6 Define school climate, and identify the ways that it influences adolescents’ experience in secondary school.

Topic: What Works? The Characteristics of Effective Schools Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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31. According to the text, adolescents' academic achievement tends to be worst when they have _____________ parents. a. authoritative b. authoritarian c. permissive d. neglectful Answer: d LO: 10.7 Explain how family expectations and parenting are related to adolescents’ school attitudes and performance, and the difficulties in establishing causation in this research area.

Topic: Engagement and Achievement in High School: Beyond the Classroom Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

32. Which adolescent is likely to have the most successful performance in school? a. Leonard, whose parents have an neglectful style b. Raj, whose parents have an permissive style c. Howard, whose parents have an authoritarian style d. Sheldon, whose parents have an authoritative style Answer: d LO: 10.7 Explain how family expectations and parenting are related to adolescents’ school attitudes and performance, and the difficulties in establishing causation in this research area.

Topic: Engagement and Achievement in High School: Beyond the Classroom Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

33. What characteristics of parents are associated with success in school for their children? a. high demandingness and high responsiveness b. high expectations and high discipline c. low intervention and low communication d. low demandingness and high discipline Answer: a LO: 10.7 Explain how family expectations and parenting are related to adolescents’ school attitudes and performance, and the difficulties in establishing causation in this research area.

Topic: Engagement and Achievement in High School: Beyond the Classroom Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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34. Some schools work hard to provide effective programs that increase parents’ involvement in their adolescents’ education. What happens to students when parents become more engaged in their education? a. Students show a decrease in behavioral problems. b. Students show greater engagement and improved academic achievement. c. Students show increased stress and lower academic achievement. d. Students show greater behavioral problems and less engagement.

Answer: b LO: 10.7 Explain how family expectations and parenting are related to adolescents’ school attitudes and performance, and the difficulties in establishing causation in this research area.

Topic: Engagement and Achievement in High School: Beyond the Classroom Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

35. Which statement best represents the relationship between low- and high-achievers? a. Low achievers tend to have a negative influence on their high-achieving friends. b. Low- and high achievers are almost never friends. c. High achievers tend to have a positive effect on their low-achieving friends. d. Low- and high-achieving students are influenced most strongly by their romantic partners.

Answer: c LO: 10.8 Summarize how friends may influence each other’s school engagement, and distinguish between the influence of friends and the influence of peers.

Topic: Engagement and Achievement in High School: Beyond the Classroom Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

36. Karen has recently moved from a large academically focused high school to a new school in a small town. In her old school, most of her classmates were high-achievers with high aspirations for academic careers. In her new school, academics are not a big focus, and, in fact, Karen has among the best grades in her class and feels great about her school achievement. This situation best illustrates the ________ effect. a. big fish in a little pond b. fresh start c. small town-small dreams d. coming of age Answer: a LO: 10.8 Summarize how friends may influence each other’s school engagement, and distinguish between the influence of friends and the influence of peers.

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Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

37. Theo works at a fast-food restaurant. His boss has asked Theo if he is willing to take more shifts. If Theo decides to take on the extra work he will be trying to juggle 20 hours of part-time work and full-time high school. According to research, if Theo is a typical adolescent, what might we conclude about the potential effects of the increased hours? a. a drop in grades b. higher attendance at school c. more time spent doing homework d. positive psychological effects on self-esteem Answer: a LO: 10.9 Identify the ways that work and leisure activities may impact adolescents’ school performance, and specify the threshold of hours per week beyond which working has negative effects.

Topic: Engagement and Achievement in High School: Beyond the Classroom Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

38. According to research, which factor is most likely to contribute to lower grades in high school? a. having high-achieving friends b. amount of time spent in unstructured socializing c. having a part-time job 9 hours a week d. participating in diverse extracurricular activities Answer: b LO: 10.9 Identify the ways that work and leisure activities may impact adolescents’ school performance, and specify the threshold of hours per week beyond which working has negative effects.

Topic: Engagement and Achievement in High School: Beyond the Classroom Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

39. According to the text, which of the following best represents American parents' attitude towards school? The majority would support ___________. a. lengthening the school day b. a law restricting the number of hours per week a person under 18 can work c. a balance of academic and nonacademic activities d. three to four hours of homework per night Answer: c 690 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

LO: 10.10 Identify the differences between American and Asian views of what schools should require of adolescents.

Topic: Engagement and Achievement in High School: Beyond the Classroom Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

40. Which of the following is an accurate difference between American secondary schools and those find in Asia and Europe? a. The American schools have a longer school day than the Asian and European schools. b. The American schools allow time for physical education, art, and music, while the Asian and European schools do not. c. American schools are less likely than Asian and European schools to have singlesex schools. d. American schools have higher testing standards that serve as a gateway to college than the Asian and European schools.

Answer: b LO: 10.10 Identify the differences between American and Asian views of what schools should require of adolescents.

Topic: Engagement and Achievement in High School: Beyond the Classroom Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

41. According to the text, what is it that essentially determines the occupational fate of Japanese young people? a. a major research paper at the end of their schooling b. a senior project c. an oral report d. a national system of entrance exams Answer: d LO: 10.10 Identify the differences between American and Asian views of what schools should require of adolescents.

Topic: Engagement and Achievement in High School: Beyond the Classroom Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

42. Raymond is a Japanese college student who has just begun his higher education after finishing high school. What can he expect with regard to the amount of work he'll be doing outside of his college classes? a. He will do about half as much homework as he did when he was in high school.

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b. He will have the same amount of homework as in high school, but it will be spread over a greater number of subjects. c. He will have slightly more homework than he did in high school, but it will apply to about half as many different subjects. d. He will do about twice as much homework as he did when he was in high school.

Answer: a LO: 10.10 Identify the differences between American and Asian views of what schools should require of adolescents.

Topic: Engagement and Achievement in High School: Beyond the Classroom Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

43. How is socioeconomic status (SES) related to adolescents' school performance? a. Performance and SES are positively correlated. b. Performance and SES are inversely related. c. There is no relationship between performance and SES. d. SES causes a student's level of performance.

Answer: a LO: 10.11 Explain how social class is connected to academic achievement.

Topic: Academic Achievement in High School: Social and Individual Differences Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

44. Which of the following statements about national studies of the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and academic performance is correct? a. Across nations, there is a positive correlation between SES and academic achievement. b. Across nations, there is a negative correlation between SES and academic achievement. c. Across nations, but only for developed countries, there is a positive correlation between SES and academic achievement. d. Across nations, but only for developing countries, there is a positive correlation between SES and academic achievement.

Answer: a LO: 10.11 Explain how social class is connected to academic achievement.

Topic: Academic Achievement in High School: Social and Individual Differences Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

45. Your text states that social class represents many other family characteristics that 692 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

contribute to academic achievement. Which of the following is NOT one of those characteristics? a. Middle-class children have better nutrition and health care than lower-class children. b. Lower-class families have higher degrees of stress. c. Middle-class parents are more likely to be permissive in their approach to parenting. d. Middle-class parents tend to have a higher IQ than lower-class parents and they pass this on to their children.

Answer: c LO: 10.11 Explain how social class is connected to academic achievement.

Topic: Academic Achievement in High School: Social and Individual Differences Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

46. According to the text, Asian American adolescents have the best academic performance.

Which option is NOT a likely contributor to these differences? a. social class b. parenting practices c. teacher favoritism d. friends' influences Answer: c LO: 10.12 Explain the differences in adolescents’ academic performance among American ethnic groups.

Topic: Academic Achievement in High School: Social and Individual Differences Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

47. According to research, Asian American parents and adolescents tend to believe that academic success is due mainly to effort. Therefore, ___________. a. they would not accept mediocre performance b. parents will continually stress the importance of being lucky c. they will understand that a first effort is the only effort needed d. children are less likely to believe that study time is useful Answer: a LO: 10.12 Explain the differences in adolescents’ academic performance among American ethnic groups.

Topic: Academic Achievement in High School: Social and Individual Differences Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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48. Junko and her friends are young girls in grade 10 and have been raised in similar traditional Japanese families. Based on research, how might we predict Junko and her friends feel about schoolwork? a. They feel there's no reason to work hard because they will be discriminated against. b. Junko wants to work hard to keep up with her friends. c. Junko's friends really feel that homework and school is useless. d. All of the girls believe that academic success is a matter of luck.

Answer: b LO: 10.12 Explain the differences in adolescents’ academic performance among American ethnic groups.

Topic: Academic Achievement in High School: Social and Individual Differences Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

49. Studies have found that minority adolescents who believe that their opportunities are unfairly limited by ethnic discrimination ____________. a. try harder to overcome this negative perception b. have higher than average academic achievement when compared to their majority peers c. have lower achievement when compared to their minority peers who don't believe this d. are unaffected by this perception Answer: c LO: 10.12 Explain the differences in adolescents’ academic performance among American ethnic groups.

Topic: Academic Achievement in High School: Social and Individual Differences Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

50. One controversial explanation for African Americans' poor academic performance is a possible belief that __________. a. education is affected by a low-income status b. doing well in school is an example of "acting White" and therefore is not desirable c. education is negatively portrayed by popular media d. schools have a secret agenda to keep minority children from succeeding Answer: b LO: 10.12 Explain the differences in adolescents’ academic performance among American ethnic groups.

Topic: Academic Achievement in High School: Social and Individual Differences 694 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

51. Sunny and her family have lived in the U.S. for eleven years. Her friend, Sonia, has just moved to the U.S. two years ago. Both Sunny and Sonia's family came from the same village in Mexico. According to research, based on their years in the United States who is more likely to have poorer academic performance? a. Sunny b. Sonia c. both girls d. neither girl Answer: a LO: 10.12 Explain the differences in adolescents’ academic performance among American ethnic groups.

Topic: Academic Achievement in High School: Social and Individual Differences Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

52. Which statement concerning gender differences and school achievement differences is most accurate? a. Girls achieve higher grades than boys do. b. Boys are less likely to have learning disabilities. c. Girls are more likely to drop out of school. d. Boys are less likely to be held back a grade.

Answer: a LO: 10.13 Identify the reasons why girls generally have higher academic achievement than boys.

Topic: Academic Achievement in High School: Social and Individual Differences Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

53. According to the text, what best explains girls' superior performance in school and the relatively poor performance of boys? a. Girls report less positive experiences in the classroom, leading to greater personal effort. b. Girls feel greater support by their parents. c. Girls have less contact time with their teachers, leading to more independent skill-building. d. Girls are more likely to get involved in peer-group activities, which is associated with better academic performance.

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Answer: b LO: 10.13 Identify the reasons why girls generally have higher academic achievement than boys.

Topic: Academic Achievement in High School: Social and Individual Differences Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

54. Halee is a young girl just entering college. According to research, what program is Halee LEAST likely to enter? a. psychology b. engineering c. pre-med d. education Answer: b LO: 10.13 Identify the reasons why girls generally have higher academic achievement than boys.

Topic: Academic Achievement in High School: Social and Individual Differences Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

55. Which statement concerning gifted students is most accurate? a. Many schools have advanced placement classes for gifted students. b. High schools do not recognize art or music "giftedness." c. Some high school programs consider students as gifted with an IQ of 100. d. Gifted students have a higher risk of psychological disorders and social awkwardness.

Answer: a LO: 10.14 List the distinctive qualities of gifted adolescents, and describe the most common learning disabilities and their treatments.

Topic: Academic Achievement in High School: Social and Individual Differences Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

56. Morilyn is gifted and showed signs of precocity. This means that her gifts __________. a. were evident at an early age b. helped her score very high on a standard IQ test c. are most evident in the science and math fields d. are most evident in art and music Answer: a LO: 10.14 List the distinctive qualities of gifted adolescents, and describe the most common 696 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

learning disabilities and their treatments.

Topic: Academic Achievement in High School: Social and Individual Differences Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

57. What is the greatest challenge for keeping the gifted population in a regular classroom? a. being bored or socially isolated b. keeping up with the coursework c. paying attention during a normal class period d. developing a respectful relationship with the teacher Answer: a LO: 10.14 List the distinctive qualities of gifted adolescents, and describe the most common learning disabilities and their treatments.

Topic: Academic Achievement in High School: Social and Individual Differences Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

58. What currently exists in regular schools to help keep the gifted stimulated in the classroom? a. Independent learning programs b. Advanced Placement classes c. Accelerated courses d. Online individualized learning programs Answer: b LO: 10.14 List the distinctive qualities of gifted adolescents, and describe the most common learning disabilities and their treatments.

Topic: Academic Achievement in High School: Social and Individual Differences Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

59. Currently the diagnosis of learning disabilities is based on __________. a. neurological test scores b. observation of behaviors in school contexts c. the gap between intelligence test and achievement scores d. self-report indicators Answer: c LO: 10.14 List the distinctive qualities of gifted adolescents, and describe the most common learning disabilities and their treatments.

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Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

60. Which of the following academic areas is the most common source of difficulties for adolescents with a learning disability? a. mathematics b. writing c. reading d. verbal expression Answer: c LO: 10.14 List the distinctive qualities of gifted adolescents, and describe the most common learning disabilities and their treatments.

Topic: Academic Achievement in High School: Social and Individual Differences Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

61. Learning disabilities are more common in ___________ and more common in ____________. a. girls; Asian adolescents b. boys; White adolescents c. girls; Hispanic adolescents d. boys; Black adolescents Answer: d LO: 10.14 List the distinctive qualities of gifted adolescents, and describe the most common learning disabilities and their treatments.

Topic: Academic Achievement in High School: Social and Individual Differences Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

62. Of the following adolescents, who is most likely to have a learning disability? a. Cherise is a White girl whose parents both have college degrees b. Duante is a Black boy whose parents have high school diplomas c. Lupita is a Latina girl whose parents both have an 8th grade education d. Xiao is an Asian boy whose parents have high school diplomas Answer: b LO: 10.14 List the distinctive qualities of gifted adolescents, and describe the most common learning disabilities and their treatments.

Topic: Academic Achievement in High School: Social and Individual Differences Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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63. In America, the most common approach to treating ADHD is __________. a. psychotherapy b. waiting for a child to outgrow it c. medication d. parental training Answer: c LO: 10.14 List the distinctive qualities of gifted adolescents, and describe the most common learning disabilities and their treatments.

Topic: Academic Achievement in High School: Social and Individual Differences Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

64. Yolanda is a 14-year-old girl who was born and raised in Chicago. Yolanda has been diagnosed with ADHD. Which of the following treatments is she most likely to receive? a. psychotherapy b. medication c. electrical stimulation techniques d. EMDR Answer: b LO: 10.14 List the distinctive qualities of gifted adolescents, and describe the most common learning disabilities and their treatments.

Topic: Academic Achievement in High School: Social and Individual Differences Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

65. According to the text, what group has the highest dropout rate among adolescents in the United States? a. Latinos b. African Americans c. Native Americans d. Asian Americans Answer: a LO: 10.15 State the reasons why some adolescents drop out of school.

Topic: Academic Achievement in High School: Social and Individual Differences Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

66. Repeating a grade, having a history of school difficulties, and scoring low on achievement and/or intelligence tests are all factors that predict _____________.

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a. mainstreaming b. advanced placement c. tracking d. dropping out Answer: d LO: 10.15 State the reasons why some adolescents drop out of school.

Topic: Academic Achievement in High School: Social and Individual Differences Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

67. Suppose you were a participant in a study about high school dropout rates. You are one of the youngsters at high risk of dropping out. According to current research, what factor in your life is a strong predictor of your potential of dropping out? a. your parents' educational level b. being in a two-parent family c. attending a smaller school d. having more than four siblings Answer: a LO: 10.15 State the reasons why some adolescents drop out of school.

Topic: Academic Achievement in High School: Social and Individual Differences Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

68. Currently, _____ of female high school graduates are enrolled in college. a. 28% b. 45% c. 58% d. 70% Answer: d LO: 10.16 Summarize the historical trend in tertiary education participation in the United States and current variations by ethnic group and gender.

Topic: Tertiary Education: College and University Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

69. Myrra is a young college graduate. She is considering enrolling in graduate school. If Myrra is pursuing this currently, how many women is Myrra likely to meet in her class of 100? a. 15 b. 20 700 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

c. 48 d. 60 Answer: d LO: 10.16 Summarize the historical trend in tertiary education participation in the United States and current variations by ethnic group and gender.

Topic: Tertiary Education: College and University Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

70. Richard is an 18-year-old student who has just graduated from high school and is going right on to college. If Richard is like the average American college student, it will take him ______ years to earn a "4-year" degree. a. 3 b. 4 c. 5-6 d. more than 6 Answer: c LO: 10.16 Summarize the historical trend in tertiary education participation in the United States and current variations by ethnic group and gender.

Topic: Tertiary Education: College and University Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

71. A recent study which investigated the length of time it takes the average student to complete a "four-year college" degree found it took approximately ________ years. a. 3-4 b. 4-5 c. 5-6 d. 6-7 Answer: c LO: 10.16 Summarize the historical trend in tertiary education participation in the United States and current variations by ethnic group and gender.

Topic: Tertiary Education: College and University Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

72. Men are far more likely than women to major in __________. a. psychology b. business c. health professions 701 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

d. engineering Answer: d LO: 10.16 Summarize the historical trend in tertiary education participation in the United States and current variations by ethnic group and gender.

Topic: Tertiary Education: College and University Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

73. In 2020, what percentage of full-time college students were employed? a. 20% b. 40% c. 60% d. 80% Answer: b LO: 10.16 Summarize the historical trend in tertiary education participation in the United States and current variations by ethnic group and gender.

Topic: Tertiary Education: College and University Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

74. According to the text, approximately what percentage of college students drop out before obtaining a degree? a. 10% b. 25% c. 40% d. 65% Answer: c LO: 10.17 Identify the factors that contribute to college retention and dropout.

Topic: Tertiary Education: College and University Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

75. Carl recently dropped out of college. According to the text, what might be a strong factor contributing to Carl's early departure from college? a. lack of friends b. high socioeconomic status c. few liberal arts courses d. lack of financial support Answer: d LO: 10.17 Identify the factors that contribute to college retention and dropout.

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Topic: Tertiary Education: College and University Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

76. Which of the following students is most likely to complete their college education? a. Carlos, a Latino man who struggled in high school b. Bethany, a White woman who excelled in high school c. Dante, a Black man who had average grades in high school d. Steve, a White man who had average grades in high school Answer: b LO: 10.17 Identify the factors that contribute to college retention and dropout.

Topic: Tertiary Education: College and University Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

77. Which of the following is NOT considered a benefit of a college degree? a. People with a bachelor’s degree earn 60% more than people who only have a high school degree. b. College graduates are more likely to own a home. c. College graduates are more likely to be employed. d. College graduates focus solely on the vocational outcomes of their degree.

Answer: d LO: 10.18 Summarize the benefits of a college education, according to students and according to research on long-term outcomes.

Topic: Engagement and Achievement in High School: Beyond the Classroom Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

78. A college student who majors in ________ is likely to have the lowest immediate earning potential after completing their degree. a. computer science b. engineering c. mathematics d. journalism Answer: d LO: 10.18 Summarize the benefits of a college education, according to students and according to research on long-term outcomes.

Topic: Tertiary Education: College and University Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts 703 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

79. Rajiv is a student in England who has decided to take a year (or two) after high school before applying to college. According to the research of Jones (2004), Rajiv is likely to cite all but which of the following as a reason for planning this "gap" in his education? a. He wants to get a broader perspective on life. b. He's interested in exploring marriage to his girlfriend. c. He wants to develop his personal skills. d. He wants to do some good in the world, both locally and abroad.

Answer: b LO: 10.19 Describe the prevalence, motivations, and benefits of taking a gap year between secondary school and tertiary education.

Topic: Tertiary Education: College and University Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

80. The fact that the American college system is designed so that early years focus on general education requirements rather than specialized courses leads to which outcome? a. Students are more likely to do poorly in early years, earning a low GPA that will stress them as they try to improve it in the later years. b. Financial aid is not available to most students until they select a major, and this requires them to choose before they are ready to do so. c. Students are less likely to take a gap year between high school and college. d. Those attending college are more likely to drop out if their interest in a specific occupation is not peaked.

Answer: c LO: 10.19 Describe the prevalence, motivations, and benefits of taking a gap year between secondary school and tertiary education.

Topic: Tertiary Education: College and University Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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True/False 81. Most decisions about education in the United States are controlled on the local and state levels. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 10.1 Summarize the history of secondary school enrollment around the world, and the history of secondary school curriculum in the United States.

Topic: Secondary Schools, Past and Present Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

82. In Egypt, the number of younger people who are literate (that is, can read and write) is far lower than the number of older adults who are. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 10.1 Summarize the history of secondary school enrollment around the world, and the history of secondary school curriculum in the United States.

Topic: Secondary Schools, Past and Present Difficult: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

83. A century ago, the mission of most colleges and universities was grounded explicitly in religious beliefs. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 10.1 Summarize the history of secondary school enrollment around the world, and the history of secondary school curriculum in the United States.

Topic: Secondary Schools, Past and Present Difficult: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

84. The gender gap that exists in most regions outside the West is NOT found in Latin American schools. a. True b. False 705 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Answer: a LO: 10.2 Compare and contrast the forms that secondary school takes today in different regions of the world.

Topic: Secondary Schools, Past and Present Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

85. The key influence on adolescents' academic performance is the level of economic development in their country. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 10.3 Identify the main reason why secondary school performance is higher in some regions of the world than others.

Topic: Secondary Schools, Past and Present Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

86. In general, students who attend larger schools feel less attachment to their teachers and to the school as a whole. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 10.4 Summarize the research on school size in relation to adolescents’ school experiences and performance.

Topic: What Works? The Characteristics of Effective Schools Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

87. Later start times to school can lead to improvements in academic achievement. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 10.5 Summarize the research on morningness and evening ness in relation to adolescents’ school experiences and performance.

Topic: What Works? The Characteristics of Effective Schools Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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88. According to research, support from teachers may be one factor in creating a positive school climate. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 10.6 Define school climate and identify the ways that it influences adolescents’ experiences in secondary school.

Topic: What Works? The Characteristics of Effective Schools Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

89. According to the text, parenting has very little effect on adolescents' performance in school. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 10.7 Explain how family expectations and parenting are related to adolescents’ school attitudes and performance, and the difficulties in establishing causation in this research area.

Topic: Engagement and Achievement in High School: Beyond the Classroom Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

90. Several studies have found that in terms of adolescents' school attendance, parents have a greater influence than friends. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 10.8 Summarize how friends may influence each other’s school engagement, and distinguish between the influence of friends and the influence of peers.

Topic: Engagement and Achievement in High School: Beyond the Classroom Difficulty: Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

91. Working more than 10 hours per week may impact an adolescent’s school performance. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 10.9 Identify the ways that work and leisure activities may impact adolescents’ school 707 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

performance, and specify the threshold of hours per week beyond which working has negative effects.

Topic: Engagement and Achievement in High School: Beyond the Classroom Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

92. One aspect of adolescents’ families that has been recognized for decades as being strongly related to academic achievement is the family’s socioeconomic status. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 10.11 Explain how social class is connected to academic achievement.

Topic: Academic Achievement in High School: Social and Individual Differences Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

93. The more generations an immigrant family has been in the United States, the worse the children do in school. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 10.12 Explain the differences in adolescents’ academic performance among American ethnic groups.

Topic: Academic Achievement in High School: Social and Individual Differences Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

94. Approximately 15% of adolescents in American schools have been diagnosed with a learning disability. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 10.14 List the distinctive qualities of gifted adolescents, and describe the most common learning disabilities and their treatments.

Topic: Academic Achievement in High School: Social and Individual Differences Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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95. Approximately 10% of learning-disabled adolescents have been diagnosed specifically with ADHD. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 10.14 List the distinctive qualities of gifted adolescents, and describe the most common learning disabilities and their treatments.

Topic: Academic Achievement in High School: Social and Individual Differences Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

96. Most adolescents who have ADHD also have an additional learning disability. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 10.14 List the distinctive qualities of gifted adolescents, and describe the most common learning disabilities and their treatments.

Topic: Academic Achievement in High School: Social and Individual Differences Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

97. According to a recent survey, there were more young men than women in higher education. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 10.16 Summarize the historical trend in tertiary education participation in the United States and current variations by ethnic group and gender.

Topic: Tertiary Education: College and University Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

98. College students take an average of 4 years to graduate with a 4-year degree. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 10.17 Identify the factors that contribute to college retention and dropout.

Topic: Tertiary Education: College and University Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts 709 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

99. People who take a gap year come back to school with higher motivation. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 10.19 Describe the prevalence, motivations, and benefits of taking a gap year between secondary school and tertiary education.

Topic: Tertiary Education: College and University Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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Essay 100. Discuss the positive and negative effects of school size during adolescence.

LO: 10.4 Summarize the research on school size in relation to adolescents’ school experiences and performance.

Topic: What Works? The Characteristics of Effective Schools Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Answer: Large school advantages -- offer a more diverse range of classes and a wider range of extracurricular activities. Disadvantages—large schools can be alienating, students feel less attached to their teachers and to the school as a whole. Students are more likely to be observers than participants in activities. Small school advantages—students are more likely to participate in extracurricular activities. Students typically report that their participation makes them feel more confident in their abilities and more needed and important. Scholars agree that for students with academic difficulties, small classes are preferable because students are likely to need more individual attention. Disadvantage -- a less diverse range of classes and extracurricular activities.

101. Discuss the effects of part-time work on school performance.

LO: 10.9 Identify the ways that working and leisure activities may impact adolescents’ school performance, and specify the threshold of hours per week beyond which working has negative effects.

Topic: Engagement and Achievement in High School: Beyond the Classroom Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Answer: Working more than 10 hours a week—grade point average drops;.• class cutting increases as weekly work hours increase; time spent on homework decreases; and psychological symptoms, such as depression, increase. Sleep patterns also change—sleep decreases as hours of weekly work increase.

102. Provide an explanation for girls’ superior performance in school and the relatively poor performance of boys. What caveats should be kept in mind when considering the evidence?

LO: 10.13 Identify the reasons why girls’ academic performance generally exceeds boys’.

Topic: Academic Achievement in High School: Individual Differences Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Answer: Girls achieve higher grades and have higher educational aspirations. Girls are less likely to have learning disabilities, less likely to be held back a grade, and less likely to drop out. These differences are especially strong among African American adolescents: Possible 711 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

reasons are—girls enjoy the school environment more, report more positive experiences in the classroom, and have more favorable relationships with teachers. Additionally, girls are more likely to feel supported by their parents, both academically and in other realms, as well as have more supportive relationships with adults outside the family. Boys do less homework, watch more television, and read fewer books independently.

103. Outline and define four characteristics of gifted children or adolescents. Discuss how these characteristics might present problems in terms of schooling.

LO: 10.14 List the distinctive qualities of gifted adolescents, and describe the most common learning disabilities and their treatments.

Topic: Academic Achievement in High School: Individual Differences Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Answer: Precocity—their gifts are evident at an early age. Independence— prefer to work independently and need less instructional support. Drive for mastery—intense drive to master the area of their gifts; they are capable of focusing for long periods on the topic or challenge before them. Excellence in information processing—they process information faster, learn more quickly, make fewer reasoning errors, and use effective learning strategies. Potential difficulties in school—they may become bored or alienated; often they become socially isolated in regular classrooms. Also, school context may not match their characteristics.

104. Explain and discuss the factors relating to college dropout.

LO: 10.17 Identify the factors that contribute to college retention and dropout.

Topic: Tertiary Education: College and University Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Answer: Half of all college students drop out. Factors—African American and Latino college students have higher dropout rates in part because minority students often come from high schools where they received poor academic preparation for college. Retention is also related to students' family socioeconomic status (SES) —lack of financial aid and adequate financial support often cause students' premature departure from college. Personal concerns may also contribute to students' decisions to leave, for example, marriage, family responsibilities, health problems, and accepting a new job.

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REVEL QUIZ QUESTIONS

Quiz 10.1: Secondary Schools, Past and Present EOM_Q10.1.1 1. During the Age of Adolescence, states passed laws requiring school attendance through the early teens such that the proportion of 14- to 17-year-olds in school was ________ by 1920; furthermore, during the 1920s the content of the education in secondary school shifted from a focus on liberal arts to ____________, which consisted of general education, college preparation, and vocational training. a) 30%; comprehensive high school b) 50%; comprehensive high school Consider This: Think about how enforcement of compulsory education diversified the student body from the privileged few to a broad spectrum of Americans, including immigrants. LO 10.1 Summarize the history of secondary school enrollment around the world, and the history of secondary school curriculum in the United States. c) 30%; family life and leisure Consider This: Think about how enforcement of compulsory education diversified the student body from the privileged few to a broad spectrum of Americans, including immigrants. LO 10.1 Summarize the history of secondary school enrollment around the world, and the history of secondary school curriculum in the United States. d) 50%; family life and leisure Consider This: Think about how enforcement of compulsory education diversified the student body from the privileged few to a broad spectrum of Americans, including immigrants. LO 10.1 Summarize the history of secondary school enrollment around the world, and the history of secondary school curriculum in the United States.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Secondary Schools: Past and Present Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 10.1 Summarize the history of secondary school enrollment around the world, and the history of secondary school curriculum in the United States.

EOM_Q10.1.2 2. Enrollment in secondary education is _________ for developing countries than developed countries. a) lower b) higher Consider This: Think about changes in education over the last 100 years in developed countries. LO 10.1 Summarize the history of secondary school enrollment around the world, and the history of secondary school curriculum in the United States.

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c) easier Consider This: Think about changes in education over the last 100 years in developed countries. LO 10.1 Summarize the history of secondary school enrollment around the world, and the history of secondary school curriculum in the United States. d) about the same Consider This: Think about how education during the 19th century in America was focused on the liberal arts. LO 10.1 Summarize the history of secondary school enrollment around the world, and the history of secondary school curriculum in the United States.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Secondary Schools: Past and Present Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 10.1 Summarize the history of secondary school enrollment around the world, and the history of secondary school curriculum in the United States.

EOM_Q10.1.3 3. Which of the following best summarizes the secondary school system offered in European countries and the proportion of adolescents who attend? a) European countries have three types of secondary schools, specifically a collegepreparatory school, a vocational school, and a professional school in which about 50%, 25%, and 25% of adolescents attend each type, respectively. b) European countries have three types of secondary schools, specifically a collegepreparatory school, a vocational school, and a professional school in which about 75%, 15%, and 10% of adolescents attend each type, respectively.

Consider This: Think about how because the college-preparatory school is similar to the American high school in that the goal is general education rather than education for any specific profession, most European adolescents choose to enroll in this type of secondary education. LO 10.2 Compare and contrast the forms that secondary school takes today in different regions of the world. c) European countries have two types of secondary schools, specifically a collegepreparatory school and a vocational school, in which about 75% and 25% of adolescents attend each type, respectively.

Consider This: Think about how because the college-preparatory school is similar to the American high school in that the goal is general education rather than education for any specific profession, most European adolescents choose to enroll in this type of secondary education. LO 10.2 Compare and contrast the forms that secondary school takes today in different regions of the world. d) European countries have two types of secondary schools, specifically a collegepreparatory school and a professional school, in which about 75% and 25% of adolescents attend each type, respectively.

Consider This: Think about how because the college-preparatory school is similar to the American high school in that the goal is general education rather than education for any 714 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

specific profession, most European adolescents choose to enroll in this type of secondary education. LO 10.2 Compare and contrast the forms that secondary school takes today in different regions of the world.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Secondary Schools: Past and Present Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 10.2 Compare and contrast the forms that secondary school takes today in different regions of the world.

EOM_Q10.1.4 4. In developing countries, enrollment in secondary education is __________. a) rising across both genders b) rising only in males Consider This: In all parts of the world, education is the basis of many of the good things in life. LO 10.2 Compare and contrast the forms that secondary school takes today in different regions of the world. c) rising only in females Consider This: In all parts of the world, education is the basis of many of the good things in life. LO 10.2 Compare and contrast the forms that secondary school takes today in different regions of the world. d) falling across both genders Consider This: In all parts of the world, education is the basis of many of the good things in life. LO 10.2 Compare and contrast the forms that secondary school takes today in different regions of the world.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Secondary Schools: Past and Present Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 10.2 Compare and contrast the forms that secondary school takes today in different regions of the world.

EOM_Q10.1.5 5. When comparing academic performance across countries, what seems to have the greatest impact on high achievement? a) A country’s economic development, because countries with the highest economic development show the highest academic achievement. b) A country’s position of military power in the world, because countries seen as the strongest powers have students with the highest academic achievement.

Consider This: What characteristic of a country might give students an advantage at achievement? LO 10.3 Identify the main reason why secondary school performance is higher in some regions of the world than others.

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c) A country’s technological development, because those countries that are most advanced technologically have the lowest academic achievement.

Consider This: What characteristic of a country might give students an advantage at achievement? LO 10.3 Identify the main reason why secondary school performance is higher in some regions of the world than others. d) A country’s status as developed or developing, because countries that are developing show the highest academic achievement.

Consider This: What characteristic of a country might give students an advantage at achievement? LO 10.3 Identify the main reason why secondary school performance is higher in some regions of the world than others.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Secondary Schools: Past and Present Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 10.3 Identify the main reason why secondary school performance is higher in some regions of the world than others.

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Quiz 10.2: What Works? The Characteristics of Effective Schools EOM_Q10.2.1 1. Based on the empirical research about school size, how is school size related to participation in extracurricular activities? a) Smaller school size is related to a higher likelihood of participation in extracurricular activities. b) Smaller school size is related to a lower likelihood of participation in extracurricular activities.

Consider This: Think about how school size may be related to competition among students for available opportunities in extracurricular activities. LO 10.4 Summarize the research on school size in relation to adolescents’ school experiences and performance. c) School size is not related to likelihood of participation in extracurricular activities.

Consider This: Think about how school size may be related to competition among students for available opportunities in extracurricular activities. LO 10.4 Summarize the research on school size in relation to adolescents’ school experiences and performance. d) Larger school size is related to higher likelihood of participating in extracurricular activities.

Consider This: Think about how school size may be related to competition among students for available opportunities in extracurricular activities. LO 10.4 Summarize the research on school size in relation to adolescents’ school experiences and performance.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: What Works? The Characteristics of Effective Schools Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 10.4 Summarize the research on school size in relation to adolescents’ school experiences and performance.

EOM_Q10.2.2 2. Which of the following best summarizes the research evidence for links between school size and adolescents’ school experiences in larger schools? a) Generally, larger schools offer more diversity in class offerings and thus are better able to cater to a wide variety of adolescents’ interests; however, adolescents in larger schools tend to feel less attached to their teachers and their school. b) Generally, larger schools offer more diversity in class offerings and thus are better able to cater to a wide variety of adolescents’ interests; however, adolescents in larger schools tend to report lower levels of beliefs in their academic abilities.

Consider This: Think about how researchers have found that students at smaller schools are more likely to be placed in positions of leadership and responsibility. LO 10.4 717 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Summarize the research on school size in relation to adolescents’ school experiences and performance. c) Generally, larger schools offer less diversity in class offerings and thus are not equipped to cater to a wide variety of adolescents’ interests; however, adolescents in larger schools tend to feel more attached to their teachers and their school.

Consider This: Think about how researchers have found that students at smaller schools are more likely to be placed in positions of leadership and responsibility. LO 10.4 Summarize the research on school size in relation to adolescents’ school experiences and performance. d) Generally, larger schools offer less diversity in class offerings and thus are not equipped to cater to a wide variety of adolescents’ interests; however, adolescents in larger schools tend to report higher levels of beliefs in their academic abilities.

Consider This: Think about how researchers have found that students at smaller schools are more likely to be placed in positions of leadership and responsibility. LO 10.4 Summarize the research on school size in relation to adolescents’ school experiences and performance.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: What Works? The Characteristics of Effective Schools Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 10.4 Summarize the research on school size in relation to adolescents’ school experiences and performance.

EOM_Q10.2.3 3. Scholars have defined school climate as being composed of multiple components. Which of the following lists includes these components? a) School climate includes how teachers interact with students, the expectations teachers have for students, and the methods teachers use in the classroom. b) School climate includes how teachers interact with students and the methods teachers have for students.

Consider This: Broadly speaking, think about how school climate refers to the overarching quality of interactions between teachers and students. LO 10.6 Define school climate, and identify the ways that it influences adolescents’ experiences in secondary school. c) School climate includes how teachers interact with students, the expectations teachers have for students, and the educational background of teachers.

Consider This: Broadly speaking, think about how school climate refers to the overarching quality of interactions between teachers and students. LO 10.6 Define school climate, and identify the ways that it influences adolescents’ experiences in secondary school. d) School climate includes how teachers interact with students and the educational background of teachers.

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Consider This: Broadly speaking, think about how school climate refers to the overarching quality of interactions between teachers and students. LO 10.6 Define school climate, and identify the ways that it influences adolescents’ experiences in secondary school.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: What Works? The Characteristics of Effective Schools Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 10.6 Define school climate, and identify the ways that it influences adolescents’ experiences in secondary school.

EOM_Q10.2.4 4. Which of the following scenarios best reflects the research evidence for characteristics of a positive school climate that results in better attendance and academic performance? a) Elke feels like her teachers are supportive and involved, but they also apply consistent discipline when necessary and they hold high expectations for students’ conduct and academic performance. b) Elke feels like her teachers are supportive and encouraging, and even let some misbehaviors go in the classroom because they do not want to discourage students by disciplining them.

Consider This: Think about how a positive school climate is similar in characteristics to successful parenting, in that both combine an appropriate balance of demandingness and responsiveness. LO 10.6 Define school climate, and identify the ways that it influences adolescents’ experiences in secondary school. c) Elke feels like her teachers have high expectations for academic performance and appropriate classroom conduct, and that they are not warm or approachable.

Consider This: Think about how a positive school climate is similar in characteristics to successful parenting, in that both combine an appropriate balance of demandingness and responsiveness. LO 10.6 Define school climate, and identify the ways that it influences adolescents’ experiences in secondary school. d) Elke feels like her teachers have high expectations for academic performance and appropriate classroom conduct, and that they make up classroom rules on the spot so they can remain in control of the students.

Consider This: Think about how a positive school climate is similar in characteristics to successful parenting, in that both combine an appropriate balance of demandingness and responsiveness. LO 10.6 Define school climate, and identify the ways that it influences adolescents’ experiences in secondary school.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: What Works? The Characteristics of Effective Schools Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 10.6 Define school climate, and identify the ways that it influences adolescents’ experiences in secondary school.

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EOM_Q10.2.5 5. Recent studies investigating links between school climate and adolescents’ outcomes have found that favorable school climates are _________ linked to adolescents’ reports of depressive symptoms and __________ linked to adolescents’ reports of motivation and participation. a) negatively; positively b) negatively; negatively Consider This: Remember that motivation and participation are critical to academic success. LO 10.6 Define school climate, and identify the ways that it influences adolescents’ experiences in secondary school. c) positively; negatively Consider This: Remember that motivation and participation are critical to academic success. LO 10.6 Define school climate, and identify the ways that it influences adolescents’ experiences in secondary school. d) positively; positively Consider This: Remember that motivation and participation are critical to academic success. LO 10.6 Define school climate, and identify the ways that it influences adolescents’ experiences in secondary school.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: What Works? The Characteristics of Effective Schools Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 10.6 Define school climate, and identify the ways that it influences adolescents’ experiences in secondary school.

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Quiz 10.3: Engagement and Achievement in High School: Beyond the Classroom EOM_Q10.3.1 1. Which of the following best summarizes the major limitation of the body of research on associations between parenting and adolescents’ school outcomes? a) Because the majority of research on associations between parenting and adolescents’ school outcomes is correlational, it is difficult to establish the cause of any effects. b) Because the majority of research on associations between parenting and adolescents’ school outcomes is experimental, it is difficult to establish the direction of effects.

Consider This: Think about how adolescents who do well in school may be easier to parent with an appropriate combination of demandingness and responsiveness. LO 10.7 Explain how family expectations and parenting are related to adolescents’ school attitudes and performance, and the difficulties in establishing causation in this research area. c) Because the majority of research on associations between parenting and adolescents’ school outcomes only assesses parents’ views of their parenting behaviors, the research is biased to one perspective.

Consider This: Think about how adolescents who do well in school may be easier to parent with an appropriate combination of demandingness and responsiveness. LO 10.7 Explain how family expectations and parenting are related to adolescents’ school attitudes and performance, and the difficulties in establishing causation in this research area. d) Because the majority of research on associations between parenting and adolescents’ school outcomes only assesses teachers’ views of their students’ parents’ behaviors, the research is biased to one perspective.

Consider This: Think about how adolescents who do well in school may be easier to parent with an appropriate combination of demandingness and responsiveness. LO 10.7 Explain how family expectations and parenting are related to adolescents’ school attitudes and performance, and the difficulties in establishing causation in this research area.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Engagement and Achievement in High School: Beyond the Classroom Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 10.7 Explain how family expectations and parenting are related to adolescents’ school attitudes and performance, and the difficulties in establishing causation in this research area.

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2. Which of the following scenarios best reflects the research evidence for the influence of peers on adolescents’ academic outcomes? a) Marlin’s high school is competitive because the highest achieving students are accepted into the best universities; as such, because Marlin feels surrounded by high achievers, he has a low level of academic self-concept. b) Marlin’s high school is competitive because the highest achieving students are accepted into the best universities; as such, because Marlin feels surrounded by high achievers, he has a high level of expectations for his academic attainment.

Consider This: Remember that a worldwide study of 26 countries found support for the existence of the “big fish, little pond effect” among adolescents. LO 10.8 Summarize how friends may influence each other’s school engagement, and distinguish between the influence of friends and the influence of peers. c) Marlin attends a high school where most of the students are failing and are not engaged; as such, because Marlin feels surrounded by low achievers, he has a low level of academic self-concept.

Consider This: Remember that a worldwide study of 26 countries found support for the existence of the “big fish, little pond effect” among adolescents. LO 10.8 Summarize how friends may influence each other’s school engagement, and distinguish between the influence of friends and the influence of peers. d) Marlin attends a high school where most of the students are failing and are not engaged; as such, because Marlin feels surrounded by low achievers, he has a low level of expectations for his academic attainment.

Consider This: Remember that a worldwide study of 26 countries found support for the existence of the “big fish, little pond effect” among adolescents. LO 10.8 Summarize how friends may influence each other’s school engagement, and distinguish between the influence of friends and the influence of peers.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Engagement and Achievement in High School: Beyond the Classroom Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 10.8 Summarize how friends may influence each other’s school engagement, and distinguish between the influence of friends and the influence of peers.

EOM_Q10.3.3 3. Terrance and Omari are in high school, and both have part-time jobs bagging groceries at the local grocery store. Terrance works 5 hours per week bagging groceries, whereas Omari works 25 hours per week bagging groceries. How is this time spent in their part-times jobs linked to Terrance’s and Omari’s school performance? a) Terrance is likely to have better grades and higher educational aspirations compared to Omari because he works less than 10 hours a week bagging groceries. b) Omari is likely to have better grades and higher educational aspirations compared to Terrance because he works less than 30 hours a week bagging groceries.

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Consider This: Think about how spending more or less than 10 hours per week in a parttime job might influence adolescents’ level of energy to do their homework. LO 10.9 Identify the ways that work and leisure activities may impact adolescents’ school performance, and specify the threshold of hours per week beyond which working has negative effects. c) Terrance and Omari are both likely to have poor grades and lower educational aspirations because the hours spent in their part-time jobs take away from time they could spend on their homework.

Consider This: Think about how spending more or less than 10 hours per week in a parttime job might influence adolescents’ level of energy to do their homework. LO 10.9 Identify the ways that work and leisure activities may impact adolescents’ school performance, and specify the threshold of hours per week beyond which working has negative effects. d) Terrance and Omari are both likely to have high grades and educational aspirations because the hours spent in their part-times jobs help them budget their time so that they schedule time for schoolwork every day.

Consider This: Think about how spending more or less than 10 hours per week in a parttime job might influence adolescents’ level of energy to do their homework. LO 10.9 Identify the ways that work and leisure activities may impact adolescents’ school performance, and specify the threshold of hours per week beyond which working has negative effects.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Engagement and Achievement in High School: Beyond the Classroom Skill: Analyze It Learning Objective: 10.9 Identify the ways that work and leisure activities may impact adolescents’ school performance, and specify the threshold of hours per week beyond which working has negative effects.

EOM_Q10.3.4 4. Which of the following best reflects the research evidence for how time spent in a part-time job may influence adolescents’ school commitment over time? a) Part-time work in high school tends to be damaging to school performance, especially for adolescents who work more than 10 hours per week. b) Part-time work in high school tends to be beneficial to school performance regardless of the number of hours worked.

Consider This: Think about how spending a significant amount of time in a part-time job can influence adolescents to cut classes or cheat on their homework. LO 10.9 Identify the ways that work and leisure activities may impact adolescents’ school performance, and specify the threshold of hours per week beyond which working has negative effects. c) Part-time work in high school does not impact school performance.

Consider This: Think about how spending a significant amount of time in a part-time job can influence adolescents to cut classes or cheat on their homework. LO 10.9 Identify the 723 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

ways that work and leisure activities may impact adolescents’ school performance, and specify the threshold of hours per week beyond which working has negative effects. d) Part-time work in high school tends to be damaging to school performance only for adolescents who work more than 20 hours per week.

Consider This: Think about how spending a significant amount of time in a part-time job can influence adolescents to cut classes or cheat on their homework. LO 10.9 Identify the ways that work and leisure activities may impact adolescents’ school performance, and specify the threshold of hours per week beyond which working has negative effects.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Engagement and Achievement in High School: Beyond the Classroom Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 10.9 Identify the way that work and leisure activities may impact adolescents’ school performance, and specify the threshold of hours per week beyond which working has negative effects.

EOM_Q10.3.5 5. One primary difference between the Japanese educational system and the American educational system is the length of the school year. In Japan, high school students are in school on average _________ days per year while American high school students are in school on average __________ days per year. a) 243; 180 b) 180; 156 Consider This: Along with a longer school year, the curriculum in Japan limits student choice and courses are ordered in a structured way to build on each other smoothly. LO 10.10 Identify the differences between American and Asian views of what schools should require of adolescents. c) 322; 285 Consider This: Along with a longer school year, the curriculum in Japan limits student choice and courses are ordered in a structured way to build on each other smoothly. LO 10.10 Identify the differences between American and Asian views of what schools should require of adolescents. d) 243; 285 Consider This: Along with a longer school year, the curriculum in Japan limits student choice and courses are ordered in a structured way to build on each other smoothly. LO 10.10 Identify the differences between American and Asian views of what schools should require of adolescents.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Engagement and Achievement in High School: Beyond the Classroom Skill: Understand the Concepts

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Learning Objective: 10.10 Identify the differences between American and Asian views of what schools should require of adolescents.

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Quiz 10.4: Academic Achievement in High School: Social and Individual Differences EOM_Q10.4.1 1.

Which of the following best summarizes the research on the relationship between socioeconomic status and academic achievement? a) There is a positive association between socioeconomic status and grades. b) There is a negative association between socioeconomic status and grades.

Consider This: Social class is important to consider in understanding adolescents and school. LO 10.11 Explain how social class is connected to academic achievement. c) There is a negative association between socioeconomic status and grades, but only for boys.

Consider This: Social class is important to consider in understanding adolescents and school. LO 10.11 Explain how social class is connected to academic achievement. d) There is no association between socioeconomic status and grades.

Consider This: Social class is important to consider in understanding adolescents and school. LO 10.11 Explain how social class is connected to academic achievement.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Academic Achievement in High School: Social and Individual Differences Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 10.11 Explain how social class is connected to academic achievement.

EOM_Q10.4.2 2. According to the immigrant paradox, an Asian American or Latino adolescent’s academic performance is likely to be ________ the more generations the adolescent’s family has been in the United States; researchers have found that first-generation Chinese immigrants have ________ levels of academic motivation compared to second-generation Chinese immigrants. a) worse; higher b) worse; lower Consider This: Remember that researchers consider becoming “Americanized” as the main rationale for explaining the immigrant paradox. LO 10.12 Explain the differences in adolescents’ academic performance among American ethnic groups. c) better; higher Consider This: Remember that researchers consider becoming “Americanized” as the main rationale for explaining the immigrant paradox. LO 10.12 Explain the differences in adolescents’ academic performance among American ethnic groups. d) better; lower 726 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Consider This: Remember that researchers consider becoming “Americanized” as the main rationale for explaining the immigrant paradox. LO 10.12 Explain the differences in adolescents’ academic performance among American ethnic groups.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Academic Achievement in High School: Social and Individual Differences Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 10.12 Explain the differences in adolescents’ academic performance among American ethnic groups.

EOM_Q10.4.3 3. Which of the following best summarizes the current research evidence on gender differences in math and science achievement from adolescence to emerging adulthood? a) Currently, research indicates girls are as likely as boys to take and perform well in math and science courses in high school; however, women continue to be less likely than men to choose college majors such as engineering and the physical sciences. b) Currently, research indicates girls are as likely as boys to take and perform well in math and science courses in high school; furthermore, women are also equally likely to choose college majors such as engineering and the physical sciences.

Consider This: Remember that researchers have found that female representation has grown in all traditionally male-dominated fields in the past two decades. LO 10.13 Identify the reasons why girls generally have higher academic achievement than boys. c) Currently, research indicates girls are less likely than boys to take and perform well in math and science courses in high school; however, women are equally likely to choose college majors such as engineering and the physical sciences.

Consider This: Remember that researchers have found that female representation has grown in all traditionally male-dominated fields in the past two decades. LO 10.13 Identify the reasons why girls generally have higher academic achievement than boys. d) Currently, research indicates girls are more likely than boys to take and perform well in math and science courses in high school; furthermore, women are also more likely to choose college majors such as engineering and the physical sciences.

Consider This: Remember that researchers have found that female representation has grown in all traditionally male-dominated fields in the past two decades. LO 10.13 Identify the reasons why girls generally have higher academic achievement than boys.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Academic Achievement in High School: Social and Individual Differences Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 10.13 Identify the reasons why girls generally have higher academic achievement than boys.

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4. ________ is the academic area that is the most common source of difficulty for adolescents with a learning disability, and among youth diagnosed with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), studies have found that the most effective treatment for controlling the symptoms of ADHD involves _________. a) Reading; combining medication and behavioral therapy b) Reading; medication only therapy Consider This: Think about how the American approach to treating ADHD is medication focused, whereas the European approach to treating ADHD is much more diverse. LO 10.14 List the distinctive qualities of gifted adolescents, and describe the most common learning disabilities and their treatments. c) Math; combining medication and behavioral therapy Consider This: Think about how the American approach to treating ADHD is medication focused, whereas the European approach to treating ADHD is much more diverse. LO 10.14 List the distinctive qualities of gifted adolescents, and describe the most common learning disabilities and their treatments. d) Math; medication only therapy Consider This: Think about how the American approach to treating ADHD is medication focused, whereas the European approach to treating ADHD is much more diverse. LO 10.14 List the distinctive qualities of gifted adolescents, and describe the most common learning disabilities and their treatments.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Academic Achievement in High School: Social and Individual Differences Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 10.14 List the distinctive qualities of gifted adolescents, and describe the most common learning disabilities and their treatments.

EOM_Q10.4.5 5. Which of the following factors is NOT linked to increasing the likelihood of an adolescent dropping out of high school? a) Peer pressure to excel b) History of repeating a grade Consider This: While dropout rates are lower than they have been, adolescents are still at risk of dropping out of school. LO 10.15 State the reasons why some adolescents drop out of school. c) Experiencing learning disabilities Consider This: While dropout rates are lower than they have been, adolescents are still at risk of dropping out of school. LO 10.15 State the reasons why some adolescents drop out of school. d) Low IQ Consider This: While dropout rates are lower than they have been, adolescents are still at risk of dropping out of school. LO 10.15 State the reasons why some adolescents drop out of school.

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Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Academic Achievement in High School: Social and Individual Differences Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 10.15 State the reasons why some adolescents drop out of school.

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Quiz 10.5: Tertiary Education: College and University EOM_Q10.5.1 1. Which of the following summarizes the historical trend in tertiary education participation in the United States? a) More women than men enroll in college, and more women than men complete their college degree. b) More men than women enroll in college with most men seeking degrees in engineering.

Consider This: Most of the popular majors at schools are pursued by women. LO 10.16 Summarize the historical trend in tertiary education participation in the United States and current variations by ethnic group and gender. c) More men than women enroll in college, and more men seek graduate degrees than women.

Consider This: Most of the popular majors at schools are pursued by women. LO 10.16 Summarize the historical trend in tertiary education participation in the United States and current variations by ethnic group and gender. d) More women than men pursue college, but more men than women complete graduate degrees.

Consider This: Most of the popular majors at schools are pursued by women. LO 10.16 Summarize the historical trend in tertiary education participation in the United States and current variations by ethnic group and gender.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Tertiary Education: College and University Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 10.16 Summarize the historical trend in tertiary education participation in the United States and current variations by ethnic group and gender.

EOM_Q10.5.2 2.

College retention is associated with which of the following? a) Family socioeconomic status, higher academic ability, and precollege academic performance b) Personal motivation, ethnicity, the type of major declared Consider this: What are characteristics that would help a student be successful and want to stay even when things get rough? LO 10.17 Identify the factors that contribute to college retention and dropout.

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c)

Higher academic ability, being a first generation student, ability to manage stress Consider this: What are characteristics that would help a student be successful and want to stay even when things get rough? LO 10.17 Identify the factors that contribute to college retention and dropout. d) Being a first generation student, precollege academic performance, and personal motivation Consider this: What are characteristics that would help a student be successful and want to stay even when things get rough? LO 10.17 Identify the factors that contribute to college retention and dropout.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Tertiary Education: College and University Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 10.17 Identify the factors that contribute to college retention and dropout.

EOM_Q10.5.3 3. Which of the following best reflects what an emerging adult who just graduated from college would say in response to the question, “How satisfied are you with your college experience?” a) “I was satisfied with the quality of the teaching at my university, and I feel like my degree was a good investment.” b) “I was not satisfied with the quality of the teaching at my university, and I feel like my degree was a bad investment.”

Consider This: Think about how a national American survey found that 78% of college students reported they had instructors who had “greatly influenced” their academic career. LO 10.18 Summarize the benefits of a college education, according to students and according to research on long-term outcomes. c) “I was satisfied with the quality of the teaching at my university, but I feel like my degree was a bad investment.”

Consider This: Think about how a national American survey found that 78% of college students reported they had instructors who had “greatly influenced” their academic career. LO 10.18 Summarize the benefits of a college education, according to students and according to research on long-term outcomes. d) “I was not satisfied with the quality of the teaching at my university, but I feel like my degree was a good investment.”

Consider This: Think about how a national American survey found that 78% of college students reported they had instructors who had “greatly influenced” their academic career. LO 10.18 Summarize the benefits of a college education, according to students and according to research on long-term outcomes.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Tertiary Education: College and University 731 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 10.18 Summarize the benefits of a college education, according to students and according to research on long-term outcomes.

EOM_Q10.5.4 4. On average, how much more can a college graduate expect to make than a high-school graduate? a) 60% b) 35% Consider this: Most college graduates will make more than half the amount made by a high-school graduate. LO 10.18 Summarize the benefits of a college education, according to students and according to research on long-term outcomes. c) 45% Consider this: Most college graduates will make more than half the amount made by a high-school graduate. LO 10.18 Summarize the benefits of a college education, according to students and according to research on long-term outcomes. d) 80% Consider this: Most college graduates will make more than half the amount made by a high-school graduate. LO 10.18 Summarize the benefits of a college education, according to students and according to research on long-term outcomes.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Tertiary Education: College and University Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 10.18 Summarize the benefits of a college education, according to students and according to research on long-term outcomes.

EOM_Q10.5.5 5. Which of the following BEST reflects the research evidence for emerging adults’ motivations for taking a gap year? a) Emerging adults take a gap year because they want to take a break from formal education and develop personal skills. b) Emerging adults take a gap year because they want to sleep late and go out with friends.

Consider This: Remember that a common motivation for taking a gap year is to experience other people, places, and cultures. LO 10.19 Describe the prevalence, motivations, and benefits of taking a gap year between secondary school and tertiary education. c) Emerging adults take a gap year because they are reluctant to take on adult responsibilities.

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Consider This: Remember that a common motivation for taking a gap year is to experience other people, places, and cultures. LO 10.19 Describe the prevalence, motivations, and benefits of taking a gap year between secondary school and tertiary education. d) Emerging adults take a gap year because they do not want to leave home and desire spending time with their parents.

Consider This: Remember that a common motivation for taking a gap year is to experience other people, places, and cultures. LO 10.19 Describe the prevalence, motivations, and benefits of taking a gap year between secondary school and tertiary education.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Tertiary Education: College and University Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 10.19 Describe the prevalence, motivations, and benefits of taking a gap year between secondary school and tertiary education.

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Chapter 10 Quiz EOC_Q10.1 1. Which of the following best summarizes secondary school attendance in developing countries? a) Only about 60% of adolescents are enrolled in secondary education in economically developing countries. b) Adolescents no longer need to work to contribute to the family, so all are eligible to attend school.

Consider This: While attendance in developing countries is still lower than in developed countries, it is improving. LO 10.1 Summarize the history of secondary school enrollment around the world, and the history of secondary school curriculum in the United States. c) As industrialization of developing countries has introduced agricultural technologies that make youth’s labor more necessary to the family, staying in school has economic detriments because if youth attend school they remove themselves from contributing to the family income.

Consider This: While attendance in developing countries is still lower than in developed countries, it is improving. LO 10.1 Summarize the history of secondary school enrollment around the world, and the history of secondary school curriculum in the United States. d) In developing countries, attendance has surpassed developed countries.

Consider This: While attendance in developing countries is still lower than in developed countries, it is improving. LO 10.1 Summarize the history of secondary school enrollment around the world, and the history of secondary school curriculum in the United States.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Secondary Schools: Past and Present Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 10.1 Summarize the history of secondary school enrollment around the world, and the history of secondary school curriculum in the United States.

EOC_Q10.2 2. European adolescents have to make educational and career decisions ________ than American adolescents, such that by about age ________ European adolescents must decide what direction to pursue for their education and occupation. a) earlier; 16 b) earlier; 10 Consider This: Think about how the system of the comprehensive high school in America allows for greater flexibility regarding course selections and thus future occupational

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opportunities. LO 10.2 Compare and contrast the forms that secondary school takes today in different regions of the world. c) later; 18 Consider This: Think about how the system of the comprehensive high school in America allows for greater flexibility regarding course selections and thus future occupational opportunities. LO 10.2 Compare and contrast the forms that secondary school takes today in different regions of the world. d) later; 20 Consider This: Think about how the system of the comprehensive high school in America allows for greater flexibility regarding course selections and thus future occupational opportunities. LO 10.2 Compare and contrast the forms that secondary school takes today in different regions of the world.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Secondary Schools: Past and Present Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 10.2 Compare and contrast the forms that secondary school takes today in different regions of the world.

EOC_Q10.3 3. Estella and Yifei are both in 8th grade, but Estella lives in Brazil and Yifei lives in Japan. If Estella and Yifei are representative of the majority of teens in their countries, who is likely to obtain a higher score on an achievement test, and why? a) Yifei is likely to obtain a higher score on an achievement test than Estella because he is growing up in the developed country of Japan whose economy is more industrialized and advanced compared to Brazil. b) Yifei is likely to obtain a higher score on an achievement test than Estella because he is growing up in Japan where the culture values education at a higher level than the culture of Brazil.

Consider This: Think about which answer choice best resembles the growth of compulsory secondary education in America that was partially brought about by technological advancements in the workforce. LO 10.3 Identify the main reason why secondary school performance is higher in some regions of the world than others. c) Yifei is likely to obtain a higher score on an achievement test than Estella because he is growing up in Japan where the culture prioritizes education for male youth compared to the culture of Brazil.

Consider This: Think about which answer choice best resembles the growth of compulsory secondary education in America that was partially brought about by technological advancements in the workforce. LO 10.3 Identify the main reason why secondary school performance is higher in some regions of the world than others. d) Yifei and Estella are likely to score equally high scores on an achievement test because they are from countries whose economies have experienced significant growth over the past 50 years.

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Consider This: Think about which answer choice best resembles the growth of compulsory secondary education in America that was partially brought about by technological advancements in the workforce. LO 10.3 Identify the main reason why secondary school performance is higher in some regions of the world than others.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Secondary Schools: Past and Present Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 10.3 Identify the main reason why secondary school performance is higher in some regions of the world than others.

EOC_Q10.4 Researchers have concluded which of the following regarding links between school size and adolescents’ academic achievement? a) Researchers have concluded that the ideal size of school for adolescents is between 500 and 1,000 students as it allows for improved engagement and a more varied curriculum. b) Researchers have concluded that small schools can provide a much more diverse curriculum, leading to improved academic achievement.

Consider This: Too small a school limits opportunities, but too big of a school limits participation. LO 10.4 Summarize the research on school size in relation to adolescents’ school experiences and performance. c) Researchers have concluded that small schools that provide very small class sizes are associated with better academic achievement.

Consider This: Too small a school limits opportunities, but too big of a school limits participation. LO 10.4 Summarize the research on school size in relation to adolescents’ school experiences and performance. d) Researchers have concluded that there is a consistent, negative association between school size and adolescents’ academic achievement, but only at the middle school level.

Consider This: Too small a school limits opportunities, but too big of a school limits participation. LO 10.4 Summarize the research on school size in relation to adolescents’ school experiences and performance.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: What Works? The Characteristics of Effective Schools Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 10.4 Summarize the research on school size in relation to adolescents’ school experiences and performance.

EOC_Q10.5 5.

What are the conclusions about start times for middle school students?

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a)

Middle schools should start later in the morning to accommodate the shift from morningness to eveningness that occurs between childhood and adolescence. b) Middle schools should start the earliest of all schools to accommodate the high degree of morningness in that population.

Consider this: Getting 8 hours of sleep at night is important when expecting solid academic performance. LO 10.5 Summarize the research on morningness and eveningness in relation to adolescents’ school experiences and performance. c) There is little impact of the start time at school on academic achievement or attendance.

Consider this: Getting 8 hours of sleep at night is important when expecting solid academic performance. LO 10.5 Summarize the research on morningness and eveningness in relation to adolescents’ school experiences and performance. d) Middle school should start later in the day to allow students to work in the early mornings if necessary.

Consider this: Getting 8 hours of sleep at night is important when expecting solid academic performance. LO 10.5 Summarize the research on morningness and eveningness in relation to adolescents’ school experiences and performance.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: What Works? The Characteristics of Effective Schools Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 10.5 Summarize the research on morningness and eveningness in relation to adolescents’ school experiences and performance.

EOC 10.6 6.

Evan goes to a private high school, William goes to a public high school, and Evan is from a higher socioeconomic background than William. Both Evan and William report that their teachers have high expectations for performance but are also involved and supportive. If Evan and William are representative of students with their backgrounds, who is more likely to report higher levels of academic motivation and lower levels of delinquency, and why?

a) Because researchers have found that the effects of school climate remain above and beyond differences in school type and students’ socioeconomic backgrounds, Evan and William are likely to report equally high levels of motivation and low levels of delinquency because they both view their school climate as being positive. b) Because researchers have found that the effects of school climate are influenced by differences in school type, Evan is likely to report a higher level of motivation and a lower level of delinquency than William since he attends a private school.

Consider This: Think about how studies have also found that a positive school climate benefits all students, regardless of their IQ. LO 10.6 Define school climate, and identify the ways that it influences adolescents’ experiences in secondary school. c) Because researchers have found that the effects of school climate are influenced by differences in students’ socioeconomic background, Evan is likely to report a higher level of

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motivation and a lower level of delinquency than William since he comes from a higher socioeconomic background.

Consider This: Think about how studies have also found that a positive school climate benefits all students, regardless of their IQ. LO 10.6 Define school climate, and identify the ways that it influences adolescents’ experiences in secondary school. d) Because researchers have found that the effects of school climate are influenced by gender differences, Evan and William are likely to report equally high levels of motivation and low levels of delinquency since they are both male.

Consider This: Think about how studies have also found that a positive school climate benefits all students, regardless of their IQ. LO 10.6 Define school climate, and identify the ways that it influences adolescents’ experiences in secondary school.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: What Works? The Characteristics of Effective Schools Skill: Analyze It Learning Objective: 10.6 Define school climate, and identify the ways that it influences adolescents’ experiences in secondary school.

EOC_Q10.7 7. Which of the following scenarios best reflects the research evidence for parenting characteristics that are positively linked to adolescents’ academic engagement and achievement? a) Stephanie is in middle school and her parents talk with her about the importance of gaining an education, expect her to do well in her classes, and stay involved in her education by helping with homework and attending parent-teacher conferences. b) Stephanie is in middle school and her parents talk with her about the importance of gaining an education and expect her to do well in her classes, but they do not help her with her homework or attend parent-teacher conferences.

Consider This: Think about why researchers have developed programs to increase parents’ involvement in their adolescents’ education. LO 10.7 Explain how family expectations and parenting are related to adolescents’ school attitudes and performance, and the difficulties in establishing causation in this research area. c) Stephanie is in middle school and her parents talk with her about how she can be successful and earn money without gaining an education, and as such they do not help her with her homework or attend parent-teacher conferences.

Consider This: Think about why researchers have developed programs to increase parents’ involvement in their adolescents’ education. LO 10.7 Explain how family expectations and parenting are related to adolescents’ school attitudes and performance, and the difficulties in establishing causation in this research area. d) Stephanie is in middle school and her parents do not talk with her about the importance of gaining an education, nor do they know how she is doing in her classes because they do not attend parent-teacher conferences.

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Consider This: Think about why researchers have developed programs to increase parents involvement in their adolescents’ education. LO 10.7 Explain how family expectations and parenting are related to adolescents’ school attitudes and performance, and the difficulties in establishing causation in this research area.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Engagement and Achievement in High School: Beyond the Classroom Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 10.7 Explain how family expectations and parenting are related to adolescents’ school attitudes and performance, and the difficulties in establishing causation in this research area.

EOC_Q10.8 8. Studies have found that low-achieving adolescents’ grades _________ over time when they have high-achieving friends. a) increase b) decrease Consider This: Think about how low-achieving adolescents are less likely to plan to attend college when their friends are not high-achieving. LO 10.8 Summarize how friends may influence each other’s school engagement, and distinguish between the influence of friends and the influence of peers. c) remain the same Consider This: Think about how low-achieving adolescents are less likely to plan to attend college when their friends are not high-achieving. LO 10.8 Summarize how friends may influence each other’s school engagement, and distinguish between the influence of friends and the influence of peers. d) fluctuate Consider This: Think about how low-achieving adolescents are less likely to plan to attend college when their friends are not high-achieving. LO 10.8 Summarize how friends may influence each other’s school engagement, and distinguish between the influence of friends and the influence of peers.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Engagement and Achievement in High School: Beyond the Classroom Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 10.8 Summarize how friends may influence each other’s school engagement, and distinguish between the influence of friends and the influence of peers.

EOC_Q10.9 9. Helga and Beatrice are in high school, and both spend about 25 hours per week socializing with friends. Helga spends her 25 hours with friends shopping at the mall or hanging out and talking, whereas Beatrice spends her 25 hours with friends while in band practice or debate 739 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

club. How is this time spent socializing with friends MOST LIKELY linked to Helga’s and Beatrice’s academic performance? a) Beatrice is likely to have better academic performance and is less likely to drop out of high school compared to Helga, because Beatrice spends her 25 hours socializing with friends in structured activities. b) Helga is likely to have better academic performance and is less likely to drop out of high school compared to Beatrice, because Helga spends her 25 hours socializing with friends in unstructured activities.

Consider This: Think about how the amount of time spent in leisure activities with friends may be dependent on whether those leisure activities are being monitored by adults. LO 10.9 Identify the ways that work and leisure activities may impact adolescents’ school performance, and specify the threshold of hours per week beyond which working has negative effects. c) Helga and Beatrice are both likely to have low academic performance and are more likely to drop out of high school, as they both spend 25 hours socializing with friends, which is more time than they spend in school.

Consider This: Think about how the amount of time spent in leisure activities with friends may be dependent on whether those leisure activities are being monitored by adults. LO 10.9 Identify the ways that work and leisure activities may impact adolescents’ school performance, and specify the threshold of hours per week beyond which working has negative effects. d) Helga and Beatrice are both likely to have high academic performance and are less likely to drop out of high school because they both spend 25 hours socializing with friends who have the strongest and most positive influence on their academic performance.

Consider This: Think about how the amount of time spent in leisure activities with friends may be dependent on whether those leisure activities are being monitored by adults. LO 10.9 Identify the ways that work and leisure activities may impact adolescents’ school performance, and specify the threshold of hours per week beyond which working has negative effects.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Engagement and Achievement in High School: Beyond the Classroom Skill: Analyze It Learning Objective: 10.9 Identify the ways that work and leisure activities may impact adolescents’ school performance, and specify the threshold of hours per week beyond which working has negative effects.

EOC_Q10.10 10. Which of the following statements most likely reflects what American parents would say regarding their beliefs about educating adolescents? a) “I believe that getting an education and doing well in school is the key for adolescents to become successful adults; furthermore, I think that it is important for youth to develop 740 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

interests outside of academics, such as playing a sport, so that they can be well-rounded and have fun.” b) “I believe that getting an education and doing well in school is the key for adolescents to become successful adults; furthermore, I think that it is important schools reduce the number of humanities classes, such as music, so that more time can be devoted to academic work.”

Consider This: For a comparison, remember that in Asian countries the value placed on education is so high that the focus on school performance often comes first in adolescents’ lives. LO 10.10 Identify the differences between American and Asian views of what schools should require of adolescents. c) “I believe that getting an education and doing well in school is the key for adolescents to become successful adults; furthermore, I think that youth should spend most of their time out of school studying versus hanging out with their friends.”

Consider This: For a comparison, remember that in Asian countries the value placed on education is so high that the focus on school performance often comes first in adolescents’ lives. LO 10.10 Identify the differences between American and Asian views of what schools should require of adolescents. d) “I believe that getting an education and doing well in school is the key for adolescents to become successful adults; furthermore, I think that schools should have longer school days so that youth can spend more time learning the core subjects of math, science, reading, and writing.”

Consider This: For a comparison, remember that in Asian countries the value placed on education is so high that the focus on school performance often comes first in adolescents’ lives. LO 10.10 Identify the differences between American and Asian views of what schools should require of adolescents.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Engagement and Achievement in High School: Beyond the Classroom Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 10.10 Identify the differences between American and Asian views of what schools should require of adolescents.

EOC_Q10.11 11. How is parenting behavior related to socioeconomic class and the predicted outcomes on adolescent academic achievement? a) Middle-class parents are more likely to parent using an authoritative approach and are more likely to be involved in their adolescent’s education, both of which are associated with higher achievement. b) Low-SES parents are more likely to be involved with their adolescent’s education as they try to benefit from things they may have missed growing up.

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Consider this: Parent behavior varies by social class in ways that are related to adolescents’ academic achievement. LO 10.11 Explain how social class is connected to academic achievement. c) Low-SES parents are more likely to use a permissive parenting style, which has been shown to improve school performance and engagement.

Consider this: Parent behavior varies by social class in ways that are related to adolescents’ academic achievement. LO 10.11 Explain how social class is connected to academic achievement. d) Middle-class parents are more likely to hold their adolescent responsible to solve their own problems and take care of their own homework and registration, which would allow the student to achieve more.

Consider this: Parent behavior varies by social class in ways that are related to adolescents’ academic achievement. LO 10.11 Explain how social class is connected to academic achievement.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Academic Achievement in High School: Social and Individual Differences Skill: Analyze It Learning Objective: 10.11 Explain how social class is connected to academic achievement.

EOC 10.12 12. Dmitri’s dad has always worked hard to share his pride in his cultural heritage with Dmitri.

As an African American, Dmitri’s dad has taught Dmitri about prejudice and discrimination along with the value of his heritage. If Dmitri reflects the average African American adolescent, what impact might this have on his academic motivation, engagement, and achievement? a) Research shows it should improve Dmitri’s motivation, engagement, and achievement. b) Research shows that it will improve Dmitri’s motivation and achievement, but he will withdraw himself from engagement to protect himself from prejudice.

Consider this: Recall that socialization focused on distrust does not help the adolescent’s academics. LO 10.12 Explain the differences in adolescents’ academic performance among American ethnic groups. c) Research shows that it will decrease Dmitri’s motivation, engagement, and achievement.

Consider this: Recall that socialization focused on distrust does not help the adolescent’s academics. LO 10.12 Explain the differences in adolescents’ academic performance among American ethnic groups. d) Research shows that it will improve his motivation and engagement, but his actual achievement will be reduced.

Consider this: Recall that socialization focused on distrust does not help the adolescent’s academics. LO 10.12 Explain the differences in adolescents’ academic performance among American ethnic groups.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate 742 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Topic: Academic Achievement in High School: Social and Individual Differences Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 10.12 Explain the differences in adolescents’ academic performance among American ethnic groups.

EOC 10.13 13. Which of the following is an explanation researchers have found that clarifies why girls’ academic performance usually exceeds boys’ during adolescence? a) Adolescent girls report more positive classroom experiences, including better relationships with teachers, compared to boys. b) Adolescent girls inherently have higher levels of intelligence compared to boys.

Consider This: Think about how a study found 33% of 7th- through 12th-grade boys reported that they felt like their teachers did not listen to them compared to 20% of girls.

LO 10.13 Identify the reasons why girls generally have higher academic achievement than boys. c) Adolescent boys read more books that are not connected to school material, such as comic books, compared to girls.

Consider This: Think about how a study found 33% of 7th- through 12th-grade boys reported that they felt like their teachers did not listen to them compared to 20% of girls.

LO 10.13 Identify the reasons why girls generally have higher academic achievement than boys. d) Adolescent boys spend almost all of their time outside school playing sports instead of studying.

Consider This: Think about how a study found 33% of 7th- through 12th-grade boys reported that they felt like their teachers did not listen to them compared to 20% of girls.

LO 10.13 Identify the reasons why girls generally have higher academic achievement than boys.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Academic Achievement in High School: Social and Individual Differences Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 10.13 Identify the reasons why girls generally have higher academic achievement than boys.

EOC_Q10.14 14. Kevin is in gifted classes in his middle school for multiple reasons. Notably, as a child Kevin could read and write earlier than other children his age, and he currently expresses an intense desire to master his course material. Which two of the four characteristics that distinguish gifted youth is Kevin demonstrating? a) Precocity and drive for mastery b) Precocity and independence Consider This: Remember that excellence in information processing includes the ability to learn more quickly and make fewer reasoning errors. LO 10.14 List the distinctive 743 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

qualities of gifted adolescents, and describe the most common learning disabilities and their treatments. c) Drive for mastery and independence Consider This: Remember that excellence in information processing includes the ability to learn more quickly and make fewer reasoning errors. LO 10.14 List the distinctive qualities of gifted adolescents, and describe the most common learning disabilities and their treatments. d) Drive for mastery and excellence in information processing Consider This: Remember that excellence in information processing includes the ability to learn more quickly and make fewer reasoning errors. LO 10.14 List the distinctive qualities of gifted adolescents, and describe the most common learning disabilities and their treatments.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Academic Achievement in High School: Social and Individual Differences Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 10.14 List the distinctive qualities of gifted adolescents, and describe the most common learning disabilities and their treatments.

EOC_Q10.15 15. Which of the following adolescents are least likely to drop out of high school? a) Adolescents whose parents graduated from high school. b) Adolescents whose personalities are high in sensation-seeking Consider This: Remember that a history of school difficulties increases the likelihood of dropping out of high school. LO 10.15 State the reasons why some adolescents drop out of school. c) Adolescents who attend a large high school Consider This: Remember that a history of school difficulties increases the likelihood of dropping out of high school. LO 10.15 State the reasons why some adolescents drop out of school. d) Adolescents who expect to play college sports Consider This: Remember that a history of school difficulties increases the likelihood of dropping out of high school. LO 10.15 State the reasons why some adolescents drop out of school.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Academic Achievement in High School: Social and Individual Differences Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 10.15 State the reasons why some adolescents drop out of school.

EOC_Q10.16

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16. In the United States, ________ are currently the ethnic group most likely to attend college immediately following high school. Furthermore, across academic fields, women constitute ________ of all post-college graduate students. a) Asian Americans; 60% b) Asian Americans; 30% Consider This: For a comparison, think about how 70% of women enroll in college. LO 10.16 Summarize the historical trend in tertiary education participation in the United States and current variations by ethnic group and gender. c) Whites; 60% Consider This: For a comparison, think about how 70% of women enroll in college. LO 10.16 Summarize the historical trend in tertiary education participation in the United States and current variations by ethnic group and gender. d) Whites; 30% Consider This: For a comparison, think about how 70% of women enroll in college. LO 10.16 Summarize the historical trend in tertiary education participation in the United States and current variations by ethnic group and gender.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Tertiary Education: College and University Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 10.16 Summarize the historical trend in tertiary education participation in the United States and current variations by ethnic group and gender.

EOC_Q10.17 Which of the following factors is linked to increasing the likelihood of an emerging adult’s college retention? a) Coming from a family with a high socioeconomic status b) Getting married Consider This: Think about how ethnic minority families also tend to know the least about financial aid resources to support a college education. LO 10.17 Identify the factors that contribute to college retention and dropout. c) Having a history of academic difficulties Consider This: Think about how ethnic minority families also tend to know the least about financial aid resources to support a college education. LO 10.17 Identify the factors that contribute to college retention and dropout. d) Being a member of an ethnic minority group Consider This: Think about how ethnic minority families also tend to know the least about financial aid resources to support a college education. LO 10.17 Identify the factors that contribute to college retention and dropout.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Tertiary Education: College and University Skill: Understand the Concepts 745 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning Objective: 10.17 Identify the factors that contribute to college retention and dropout.

EOC_Q10.18 18. Which of the following best summarizes the research evidence on the long-term intellectual and nonacademic benefits of a college education? a) Regarding the long-term intellectual benefits, emerging adults who obtain a college education tend to have higher levels of critical thinking skills, and the long-term nonacademic benefits include a higher level of psychological well-being. b) Regarding the long-term intellectual benefits, emerging adults who obtain a college education tend to have higher levels of psychological well-being, and the long-term nonacademic benefits include a higher level of critical thinking skills.

Consider This: Although all of the answer choices reflect the long-term benefits of obtaining a college education, think about which one most accurately reflects the development of intellectual abilities, or academic skills, and nonacademic abilities, or personal skills. LO 10.18 Summarize the benefits of a college education, according to students and according to research on long-term outcomes. c) Regarding the long-term intellectual benefits, emerging adults who obtain a college education tend to have a higher level of verbal and quantitative skills, and the long-term nonacademic benefits include higher levels of occupational status.

Consider This: Although all of the answer choices reflect the long-term benefits of obtaining a college education, think about which one most accurately reflects the development of intellectual abilities, or academic skills, and nonacademic abilities, or personal skills. LO 10.18 Summarize the benefits of a college education, according to students and according to research on long-term outcomes. d) Regarding the long-term intellectual benefits, emerging adults who obtain a college education tend to have a higher levels of occupational status, and the long-term nonacademic benefits include a higher level of verbal and quantitative skills.

Consider This: Although all of the answer choices reflect the long-term benefits of obtaining a college education, think about which one most accurately reflects the development of intellectual abilities, or academic skills, and nonacademic abilities, or personal skills. LO 10.18 Summarize the benefits of a college education, according to students and according to research on long-term outcomes.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Tertiary Education: College and University Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 10.18 Summarize the benefits of a college education, according to students and according to research on long-term outcomes.

EOC_Q10.19 19. Taking a gap year is ______ common in Europe compared to the United States, and the emerging adults who take a gap year in Europe have _______ levels of academic motivation 746 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

and performance when they enter tertiary education after their break compared to students who do not take a gap year. a) more; higher b) more; lower Consider This: Remember that emerging adults in Europe who take a gap year report developing life skills, social values, and nonacademic skills and qualifications during their gap year. LO 10.19 Describe the prevalence, motivations, and benefits of taking a gap year between secondary school and tertiary education. c) less; higher Consider This: Remember that emerging adults in Europe who take a gap year report developing life skills, social values, and nonacademic skills and qualifications during their gap year. LO 10.19 Describe the prevalence, motivations, and benefits of taking a gap year between secondary school and tertiary education. d) less; lower Consider This: Remember that emerging adults in Europe who take a gap year report developing life skills, social values, and nonacademic skills and qualifications during their gap year. LO 10.19 Describe the prevalence, motivations, and benefits of taking a gap year between secondary school and tertiary education.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Tertiary Education: College and University Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 10.19 Describe the prevalence, motivations, and benefits of taking a gap year between secondary school and tertiary education.

EOC_Q10.20 20. What percent of young Americans do not obtain a high school diploma (or equivalent) by the age of 24? a) 5% b) 8% Consider this: While dropping out occurs, it is relatively rare. LO 10.15 State the reasons why some adolescents drop out of school. c) 13% Consider this: While dropping out occurs, it is relatively rare. LO 10.15 State the reasons why some adolescents drop out of school. d) 2% Consider this: While dropping out occurs, it is relatively rare. LO 10.15 State the reasons why some adolescents drop out of school.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Academic Achievement in High School: Social and Individual Differences Skill: Remember the Facts 747 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning Objective: 10.15 State the reasons why some adolescents drop out of school.

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TOTAL ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice GUIDE

Chapter 11 Work

1. Hunting, fishing, and farming are occupational pursuits most common in ________ cultures. a. Western Topic Remember Understand Apply What Analyze It b. traditional the Facts the Concepts You Know c. industrialized Adolescent d. Eastern Multiple Choice 3, 5, 11 1, 4, 6-8, 10, 2, 9 Answer: b Work in 12 LO: 11.1 Describe the main forms82, that Traditional True/False 83work has taken for adolescents in traditional cultures.

Cultures Short Essay 99 Topic:of Adolescent Work in Traditional The History Multiple Choice 13, 16,Cultures 17, 14, 19, 22 15 18 Difficulty: Moderate Adolescent 20, 21 Skill: the Concepts 84 Work in theUnderstand True/False key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

West APA LO: 1.1 Describe Short Essay Adolescent Multiple Choice 24, 27 23, 30, 31 24, 25, 32 28, 29 Work Today True/False 85-87 2. Ocheling is an adolescent nomadic Bushman of the Kalahari Desert in Africa. If Ocheling Short Essay he will first have to __________.

100 wants to get married From School and Multiple Choice 35, 39, 45 34, 36, 38, 40, 33, 37, 44 a. get a tattoo Part-Time Work 41-43 b. wait until he is 20 years old to a “Real Job”c. killTrue/False 89-91 88 an antelope Short d. wait untilEssay his father dies Occupational 46, 48 49-51, 56 47, 52, 55 53, 54 Answer: c Multiple Choice Selection True/False LO: 11.1 Describe the main forms92-93 that work has taken for adolescents in traditional Short Essay 101 cultures.

Work in Multiple Choice 59, 61 Topic: Adolescent Work in Traditional Cultures 57, 58, 60, 62, Emerging 63-65 Difficulty: Difficult Adulthood True/False 94-95 Skill: Apply What You Know Short Essay 102 in psychology.

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes Community Multiple Choice 66, 72 67-71, 73, 77, 74, 76, 79 75 Service and 78, 79, 80, 81 3. Service In traditional cultures, adolescents Military True/False 96-98 typically work __________. a. after school Short Essay 103 b. about 1 hour per day c. alongside adults d. carrying water Answer: c LO: 11.1 Describe the main forms that work has taken for adolescents in traditional cultures.

Topic: Adolescent Work in Traditional Cultures Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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4. In traditional farming cultures, who is typically responsible for the livestock and farmland? a. mothers and daughters b. fathers and daughters c. mothers and sons d. fathers and sons Answer: d LO: 11.1 Describe the main forms that work has taken for adolescents in traditional cultures.

Topic: Adolescent Work in Traditional Cultures Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

5. Marilina is a young Brazilian girl living in a traditional culture. As such, she will be expected to have the responsibility of helping to care for her younger siblings beginning around ________ years of age. a. 12 or 13 b. 6 or 7 c. 17 or 18 d. 10 or 11 Answer: b LO: 11.1 Describe the main forms that work has taken for adolescents in traditional cultures.

Topic: Adolescent Work in Traditional Cultures Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

6. According to Chapter 11, one benefit of globalization has been __________. a. making daily life easier in traditional cultures b. the increased wealth of industrialized nations c. creating a similar set of world beliefs d. increasing the stratification of the sexes across cultures Answer: a LO: 11.2 Explain how globalization has both positive and negative effects on adolescents’ work in developing countries.

Topic: Adolescent Work in Traditional Cultures Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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7. According to the text, one disadvantage of increased globalization is __________. a. more competition among nations resulting in higher production b. lower wages in Western countries which affects unionized workers c. horrific working conditions in countries changing from a preindustrial to a global economy d. creating large debts in Eastern countries particularly after the fall of Communism Answer: c LO: 11.2 Explain how globalization has both positive and negative effects on adolescents’ work in developing countries.

Topic: Adolescent Work in Traditional Cultures Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

8. What benefit do adolescents and their families in traditional cultures derive from adolescents working? a. improves basic necessities like food and clothing b. creates an opportunity for families to travel and see loved ones c. builds opportunities for younger siblings to work and earn d. the adolescent may benefit from earnings, but there are no benefits to the family Answer: a LO: 11.2 Explain how globalization has both positive and negative effects on adolescents’ work in developing countries.

Topic: Adolescent Work in Traditional Cultures Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

9. Balwant's parents are living in severe poverty in New Delhi, India. Balwant's parents have decided that the only way they can survive is to take out a loan and guarantee the money with Balwant's labor. This is known as _________. a. credentialism b. debt bondage c. indentured servitude d. apprenticeship loan Answer: b LO: 11.2 Explain how globalization has both positive and negative effects on adolescents’ work in developing countries.

Topic: Adolescent Work in Traditional Cultures Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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10. According to the text, adolescent girls in developing countries may become prostitutes in several ways, including all but which one of the following? a. kidnapped and taken to another country. b. being coerced into sexual slavery by their church. c. sold into prostitution by parents. d. promised jobs in domestic service.

Answer: b LO: 11.2 Explain how globalization has both positive and negative effects on adolescents’ work in developing countries.

Topic: Adolescent Work in Traditional Cultures Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

11. According to the International Labor Organization (ILO), the number of child and adolescent laborers is as high as __________. a. 24 million b. 77 million c. 125 million d. 160 million Answer: d LO: 11.2 Explain how globalization has both positive and negative effects on adolescents’ work in developing countries.

Topic: Adolescent Work in Traditional Cultures Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

12. In India and Nepal, a program named GoodWeave International makes it possible to __________. a. have adolescents make rugs in exchange for education credits b. mark rugs that have been made without using adolescent or child labor c. determine which rugs are handmade by children and adolescents d. determine if the rug is authentically hand made in India Answer: b LO: 11.2 Explain how globalization has both positive and negative effects on adolescents’ work in developing countries.

Topic: Adolescent Work in Traditional Cultures Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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13. Before industrialization began as early as the ________ century, America was similar to many current traditional cultures in terms of adolescent work. a. 17th b. 19th c. 20th d. 21st Answer: a LO: 11.3 Summarize the types and conditions of adolescent work in the West before 1900.

Topic: The History of Adolescent Work in the West Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

14. Before industrialization, girls in a traditional culture would be found _________. a. working alongside their father on the farm b. caring for animals and preparing meals alongside their mother c. working in mines and textile shops d. sold into prostitution Answer: b LO: 11.3 Summarize the types and conditions of adolescent work in the West before 1900.

Topic: The History of Adolescent Work in the West Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

15. Suppose you wrote a paper detailing the decline of family farming and the increase of factory work among adolescent laborers in the United States. What conclusion would most likely be a part of your paper? a. Farm service increased to over 70% in the 18th and 19th centuries. b. The transition to industrialized labor is known as life cycle service. c. In the 19th century, the proportion of the farming labor force declined to under 40%. d. A large proportion of adolescent workers were unemployed in the 19th century.

Answer: c LO: 11.3 Summarize the types and conditions of adolescent work in the West before 1900.

Topic: The History of Adolescent Work in the West Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

16. According to the text, what was the first country in which industrialization took place and the first to use child and adolescent labor in industrial settings?

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a. United States b. Turkey c. South Africa d. Great Britain Answer: d LO: 11.3 Summarize the types and conditions of adolescent work in the West before 1900.

Topic: The History of Adolescent Work in the West Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

17. Today, what percentage of the labor force in the United States is dedicated to farming? a. 1% b. 8% c. 15% d. 25% Answer: a LO: 11.3 Summarize the types and conditions of adolescent work in the West before 1900.

Topic: The History of Adolescent Work in the West Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

18. Gabby, age 14, is working in a textile mill during the industrialization era. What would you predict the future will hold for Gabby? a. Gabby will be rich by the time she is 20. b. Gabby will have a short lifespan and probably have a chronic illness. c. Gabby will move into running her own business by her late 20s. d. Gabby will move up the ranks at the mill and eventually be a manager.

Answer: b LO: 11.3 Summarize the types and conditions of adolescent work in the West before 1900.

Topic: The History of Adolescent Work in the West Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

19. Even as recently as 1925, the majority of American adolescents __________. a. completed secondary schooling and considered tertiary schooling b. left school to work and contribute to the family income c. found balance between work and school and were successful at both d. remained on the farm to help their parents with farming Answer: b LO: 11.4 Explain how the frequency and types of adolescent work changed in the West from 754 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

the early 20th century to the present.

Topic: The History of Adolescent Work in the West Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

20. In 1940 __________ of 14- to 17-year-olds were attending school and __________ were employed full time in the labor force. a. 45%; 55% b. 55%; 45% c. 60%; 40% d. 70%; 30% Answer: d LO: 11.4 Explain how the frequency and types of adolescent work changed in the West from the early 20th century to the present.

Topic: The History of Adolescent Work in the West Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

21. As the American economy changed and retail trade and service jobs became numerous, what percent of high school seniors in 1990 reported having held at least one part-time job during high school? a. 25% b. 45% c. 65% d. 80% Answer: d LO: 11.4 Explain how the frequency and types of adolescent work changed in the West from the early 20th century to the present.

Topic: The History of Adolescent Work in the West Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

22. In 2021, only 30% of 16- to 19-year-olds reported working during the year. Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons for the decline in working adolescents? a. reduced demand for low-wage labor b. increased academic expectations c. increases in minimum wage d. wealthier families who do not need the income Answer: d LO: 11.4 Explain how the frequency and types of adolescent work changed in the West from 755 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

the early 20th century to the present.

Topic: The History of Adolescent Work in the West Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

23. Gillian is a 14-year-old girl living in Columbus, Ohio. If Gillian is typical of most adolescent girls, Gillian's first job is most likely __________. a. baby-sitting b. lawn mowing c. salesclerk d. restaurant hostess Answer: a LO: 11.5 Summarize adolescents’ workplace experiences in Canada and the United States.

Topic: Adolescent Work Today Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

24. According to research, the part-time work done by American adolescents a. is strongly connected to their career paths. b. rarely involves close partnerships with adult role models. c. is usually in apprenticeships that connect to school curriculum. d. increases a student's grade point average.

Answer: b LO: 11.5 Summarize adolescents’ workplace experiences in Canada and the United States.

Topic: Adolescent Work Today Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

25. Carl works for a delivery company. He works most weekdays after school and long shifts on the weekends. During most pay periods, he has banked over 25 hours a week.

From this we can conclude that Carl __________. a. is more likely to use substances b. comes from a low-income family c. has younger stepbrothers and sisters d. gets more sleep than his friends Answer: a LO: 11.6 Describe how working promotes problem behavior in adolescence.

Topic: Adolescent Work Today Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know 756 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

26. Samantha is 16 years old and works after school at the local gas station. If Samantha is typical of other high students, working more than 10 hours a week will be associated with which of the following? a. getting less sleep per night b. eating healthier c. exercising more d. performing better academically Answer: a LO: 11.6 Describe how working promotes problem behavior in adolescence.

Topic: Adolescent Work Today Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

27. According to the text, in terms of research, "retention rate" refers to a. the length of time a research participant was able to recall information. b. the amount of information a participant is able to learn during an intervention study. c. how long a person holds on to negative feelings while participating in a study. d. the percentage of participants who continued in a longitudinal study after the first year.

Answer: a LO: 11.6 Describe how working promotes problem behavior in adolescence.

Topic: Adolescent Work Today Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

28. Dennis is a young adolescent working 15 hours a week at the Burger Barn. Similar to adolescents in a study investigating rates of alcohol use and work patterns, Dennis drinks more than his nonworking counterparts. According to research, what is likely to be Dennis's pattern of alcohol use in his early twenties? a. Dennis will continue to have higher rates of alcohol use than girls his own age. b. Dennis will drink less by his early twenties regardless of whether he attends college. c. Dennis's alcohol use will be similar to emerging adults who worked less in high school. d. There is no data to support a conclusion about Dennis's drinking or other social habits.

Answer: c LO: 11.6 Describe how working promotes problem behavior in adolescence.

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Topic: Adolescent Work Today Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

29. Heather has a part-time job while attending high school full time. According to research, if Heather is living with her middle-class professional parents she is likely to spend her money a. helping support her parents. b. solely for her own enjoyment and leisure. c. on food, rent, and utilities. d. to save for college.

Answer: b LO: 11.6 Describe how working promotes problem behavior in adolescence.

Topic: Adolescent Work Today Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

30. Some studies have shown positive findings between adolescent work and psychological functioning that include a. a more balanced personal fable. b. strong adolescent egocentrism. c. increased social skills. d. better relationships with family members.

Answer: c LO: 11.7 Summarize the positive effects of working on adolescent development.

Topic: Adolescent Work Today Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

31. According to research, part-time work in adolescence is associated with ____________. a. positive self-esteem b. more ability to do what you want c. higher educational attainment d. resilience Answer: c LO: 11.7 Summarize the positive effects of working on adolescent development.

Topic: Adolescent Work Today Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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32. Suppose you were an adolescent girl in a study about costs and benefits of employment.

When asked about the benefits of working, you would likely agree that _________ is one positive factor. a. access to a mentor b. connections to school c. thinking about work during boring classes d. gaining a sense of responsibility Answer: d LO: 11.7 Summarize the positive effects of working on adolescent development.

Topic: Adolescent Work Today Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

33. Doug is a young adolescent who is facing a job search right after high school graduation in 2024. How would Doug's job prospects likely compare to his father's job prospects in 1968? a. Doug has a better chance of getting a good manufacturing job. b. Doug's father had a better chance at a good manufacturing job. c. Both Doug and his father have the same opportunity. d. Neither of them would have an opportunity because they would lack the needed training.

Answer: b LO: 11.8 Describe the skills adolescents need to learn to be prepared for jobs in today’s economy, and summarize the areas where job growth is likely to be strongest in the next decade.

Topic: From School and Part-Time Work to a “Real Job” Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

34. The economy of the 21st century is likely to continue to progress from a manufacturing economy to a(n) __________. a. technology economy b. security economy c. knowledge economy d. industrial economy Answer: c LO: 11.8 Describe the skills adolescents need to learn to be prepared for jobs in today’s economy, and summarize the areas where job growth is likely to be strongest in the next decade.

Topic: From School and Part-Time Work to a “Real Job” 759 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

35. Approximately _____ of American emerging adults attend college after graduating from high school. a. 20% b. 50% c. 70% d. 80% Answer: c LO: 11.8 Describe the skills adolescents need to learn to be prepared for jobs in today’s economy, and summarize the areas where job growth is likely to be strongest in the next decade.

Topic: From School and Part-Time Work to a “Real Job” Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

36. Which of the following is NOT a key skill required in a knowledge economy? a. continuous education b. information technology skills c. the ability to work in groups d. research technique Answer: d LO: 11.8 Describe the skills adolescents need to learn to be prepared for jobs in today’s economy, and summarize the areas where job growth is likely to be strongest in the next decade.

Topic: From School and Part-Time Work to a “Real Job” Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

37. In research that investigated the jobs available to high school grads, six "new basic skills" were found to be necessary for job success. If Harjeet is a young girl facing decisions about jobs after high school graduation, which of Harjeet's skills would be considered helpful to her finding a good job? Being able to __________. a. collaborate in diverse groups b. read at an eleventh-grade level or higher c. use a computer for mathematical analysis d. show excellent leadership skills Answer: a LO: 11.8 Describe the skills adolescents need to learn to be prepared for jobs in today’s 760 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

economy, and summarize the areas where job growth is likely to be strongest in the next decade.

Topic: From School and Part-Time Work to a “Real Job” Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

38. Common skills required in a knowledge economy are vast. Which of the following is NOT one of the six skills specified in your text? a. solving semi-structured problems b. higher-level math c. collaborating in pairs with persons of similar skills d. communicating effectively orally and in writing Answer: c LO: 11.8 Describe the skills adolescents need to learn to be prepared for jobs in today’s economy, and summarize the areas where job growth is likely to be strongest in the next decade.

Topic: From School and Part-Time Work to a “Real Job” Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

39. Currently, Job Corps serves about __________ new participants each year. a. 15,000 b. 30,000 c. 45,000 d. 60,000 Answer: d LO: 11.9 Describe the Job Corps program, and summarize the research on its effectiveness.

Topic: From School and Part-Time Work to a “Real Job” Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

40. Evaluations of the Job Corps program have found that it is highly effective in improving __________. a. self-esteem b. financial literacy c. the occupational prospects of noncollege emerging adults d. resume writing Answer: c LO: 11.9 Describe the Job Corps program, and summarize the research on its effectiveness.

Topic: From School and Part-Time Work to a “Real Job” 761 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

41. According to research conducted on Job Corps results over four years, researchers found ___________. a. participants were more likely to be arrested b. higher unemployment rates after the program ended c. participants were more likely to earn a GED d. less motivation among nonparticipants to be gainfully employed Answer: c LO: 11.9 Describe the Job Corps program, and summarize the research on its effectiveness.

Topic: From School and Part-Time Work to a “Real Job” Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

42. According to the text, at what age do most Western European adolescents enter an apprenticeship program if they have chosen that direction? a. 13 years old b. 16 years old c. 18 years old d. 21 years old Answer: b LO: 11.10 Identify the main characteristics of apprenticeship programs in Europe.

Topic: From School and Part-Time Work to a “Real Job” Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

43. The American job-training or school-to-work system would be described as being _______ in transparency and _____ in permeability. a. low; low b. low; high c. high; low d. high; high Answer: b LO: 11.10 Identify the main characteristics of apprenticeship programs in Europe.

Topic: From School and Part-Time Work to a “Real Job” Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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44. Rudyard is a 16-year-old living in Germany. In terms of research conducted on adolescent employment, if Rudyard is typical of most adolescents in Western Europe, we can conclude that a. adolescent employment is nonexistent in Rudyard's country. b. Rudyard's work is in an apprenticeship program connected to his schooling. c. in Rudyard's country, most adolescents attend school and work part-time. d. Rudyard lives in a rural part of the country.

Answer: b LO: 11.10 Identify the main characteristics of apprenticeship programs in Europe.

Topic: From School and Part-Time Work to a “Real Job” Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

45. What percentage of high school graduates in Germany enter the work world through the apprenticeship training program? a. 25% b. 35% c. 45% d. 55% Answer: d LO: 11.10 Identify the main characteristics of apprenticeship programs in Europe.

Topic: From School and Part-Time Work to a “Real Job” Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

46. During this stage of Super’s theory of occupational development, the individual completes their education and enters the job itself. This is known as the ____________ stage. a. Specification b. Implementation c. Stabilization d. Consolidation Answer: b LO: 11.11 Summarize Super’s theory of occupational development, and identify its limitations.

Topic: Occupational Selection Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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47. Shelby is a 20-year-old girl entering the psychology program at her local college. She is doing so because she has decided she wants to work with abused children. According to Super's theory of occupational goals, what stage would Shelby be? a. Crystallization b. Consolidation c. Implementation d. Specification Answer: d LO: 11.11 Summarize Super’s theory of occupational development, and identify its limitations.

Topic: Occupational Selection Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

48. What is the last stage of Super's (1992) theory of the development of occupational goals? a. Implementation b. Specification c. Stabilization d. Consolidation Answer: d LO: 11.11 Summarize Super’s theory of occupational development, and identify its limitations.

Topic: Occupational Selection Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

49. Which of the following is NOT a criticism of Super’s theory of occupational development? a. It does not take into account the kinds of considerations often faced by women. b. Not everyone fits the pattern prescribed by the theory. c. It doesn’t explain how people get into service and medical professions. d. It is not common for occupational development to follow a linear path.

Answer: c LO: 11.11 Summarize Super’s theory of occupational development, and identify its limitations.

Topic: Occupational Selection Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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50. One implication that follows from cultures where people are allowed to choose their occupation is that ___________. a. unemployment is lower than in traditional cultures b. people have higher levels of depression associated with occupational choice c. individuals are able to judge how a job would be suited to their personality d. people are less likely to choose academic occupations Answer: c LO: 11.12 Summarize Holland’s theory of occupational choice, identify its limitations, and describe the role of gender on job choice.

Topic: Occupational Selection Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

51. According to Holland's theory (1993) of personality, "conventional" personalities are best suited to be in occupations such as ___________. a. bank tellers b. teachers c. truck drivers d. counselors Answer: a LO: 11.12 Summarize Holland’s theory of occupational choice, identify its limitations, and describe the role of gender on job choice.

Topic: Occupational Selection Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

52. Carl is a young man who is introspective, imaginative, and sensitive. Most people would think of Carl as an unconventional person who loves unstructured activity. According to Holland's personality theory, what "type" is Carl? a. Intellectual b. Social c. Enterprising d. Artistic Answer: d LO: 11.12 Summarize Holland’s theory of occupational choice, identify its limitations, and describe the role of gender on job choice.

Topic: Occupational Selection Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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53. Which of the following is a limitation of Holland’s theory of occupational choice? a. Within any particular profession, you are likely to find persons with a considerable variety of personality traits. b. Matching jobs to personality has been shown to have very low reliability. c. Reliable personality tests make it difficult to categorize people to discover what jobs might be best for them. d. It is difficult to attribute every job to a specific personality type.

Answer: a LO: 11.12 Summarize Holland’s theory of occupational choice, identify its limitations, and describe the role of gender on job choice.

Topic: Occupational Selection Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

54. Which of the following statements illustrates gender socialization? a. teaching girls that math and science should not be male-dominated b. recognizing the developmental period when boys and girls should learn about their own sexuality c. learning that no job is either "male" or "female,” but everything is based on talent d. emphasizing to children that a kindergarten teacher should be female while a gym teacher should be male Answer: d LO: 11.12 Summarize Holland’s theory of occupational choice, identify its limitations, and describe the role of gender on job choice.

Topic: Occupational Selection Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

55. Susanna is an emerging adult who has to think about what career she wants to pursue.

She is also acutely aware of the possibility that she may have to leave her work to raise a family and be a mother. According to research, if Susanna is typical of most girls her age she __________. a. is likely not to let her family aspirations interfere with her career choices b. is thinking she will have children before she begins her career c. realizes that motherhood may affect her career choices d. knows her husband will take a leave of absence to help raise their young children Answer: c LO: 11.12 Summarize Holland’s theory of occupational choice, identify its limitations, and describe the role of gender on job choice.

Topic: Occupational Selection 766 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

56. According to the text, technologically driven changes in work are likely to __________. a. allow an increasing proportion of work to be done at home b. allow less flexibility in the workplace for both men and women c. increase women's second shift because of longer hours at their job d. allow men to be the primary caretaker of young children Answer: a LO: 11.12 Summarize Holland’s theory of occupational choice, identify its limitations, and describe the role of gender on job choice.

Topic: Occupational Selection Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

57. What is identity-based work? a. Work that matches your personality exactly. b. Work that provides fulfillment in addition to an income. c. Work that provides a sense of self and builds self-esteem. d. Work that pays the bills but does little to support a career track job.

Answer: b LO: 11.13 Describe the typical experiences of emerging adults in looking for a job.

Topic: Work in Emerging Adulthood Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

58. Which of the following is NOT a pattern of job exploration in emerging adulthood? a. Systematic b. Meandering c. Floundering d. Direct Answer: d LO: 11.13 Describe the typical experiences of emerging adults in looking for a job.

Topic: Work in Emerging Adulthood Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

59. What percentage of emerging adults indicate they have not been able to find the kind of 767 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

job they really want? a. 22% b. 37% c. 59% d. 72% Answer: c LO: 11.13 Describe the typical experiences of emerging adults in looking for a job.

Topic: Work in Emerging Adulthood Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

60. Imagine you wrote a paper that investigates the connection between unemployment and cultural groups. One likely conclusion your paper would draw is that __________. a. there is no relationship between culture and unemployment b. unemployment is highest among Asian Americans c. unemployment is especially high among Black teenagers d. the U.S. has higher unemployment when compared to most European countries Answer: c LO: 11.14 Summarize the main reasons for high unemployment rates among emerging adults, and describe who is included in the category NEET. Topic: Work in Emerging Adulthood Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

61. According to the text, who would be considered unemployed? a. a mother caring for her children b. a full-time college student c. a young man who is not looking for a job d. a woman who has completed her degree but has not yet found a job and is registered with a government agency Answer: d LO: 11.14 Summarize the main reasons for high unemployment rates among emerging adults, and describe who is included in the category NEET. Topic: Work in Emerging Adulthood Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

62. Who are the people classified as NEET? a. persons who are not in paid work and not looking for work or registered as “unemployed” with the government 768 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

b. persons who are underemployed and actively seeking new employment c. persons who are not employed, looking for work, and registered with the government as “unemployed” d. persons who are underemployed, not actively seeking new employment, and registered with the government as “unemployed” Answer: a LO: 11.14 Summarize the main reasons for high unemployment rates among emerging adults, and describe who is included in the category NEET. Topic: Work in Emerging Adulthood Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

63. Lower educational attainment makes it more likely you will be __________. a. NEET b. employed c. floundering d. meandering Answer: a LO: 11.14 Summarize the main reasons for high unemployment rates among emerging adults, and describe who is included in the category NEET. Topic: Work in Emerging Adulthood Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

64. How does the unemployment rate for emerging adults compare to overall unemployment rates for people over 25 years of age? a. The unemployment rate for emerging adults is lower than for those over the age of 25. b. The unemployment rate for emerging adults is 4 times as high as the unemployment rate for those over the age of 25. c. The unemployment rate for emerging adults is twice as high as the unemployment rate for those over the age of 25. d. The unemployment rate for emerging adults is equal to the unemployment rate for those over the age of 25.

Answer: c LO: 11.14 Summarize the main reasons for high unemployment rates among emerging adults, and describe who is included in the category NEET. Topic: Work in Emerging Adulthood Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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65. Unemployment is associated with a higher risk for ___________. a. depression and substance use b. increased stress c. anxiety disorders d. obesity and heart disease Answer: a LO: 11.14 Summarize the main reasons for high unemployment rates among emerging adults, and describe who is included in the category NEET. Topic: Work in Emerging Adulthood Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

66. According to research, approximately how many adolescents participate in community service at least once a year? a. one-third b. two-thirds c. one-half d. three-quarters Answer: b LO: 11.15 Summarize the ways community service in adolescence promotes healthy development.

Topic: Community Service and Military Service Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

67. In contrast to adolescents who don't volunteer, those who do tend to _____________. a. live in a two-parent family b. have higher educational goals c. be an only child d. come from minority backgrounds Answer: b LO: 11.15 Summarize the ways community service in adolescence promotes healthy development.

Topic: Community Service and Military Service Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

68. Julie lives with her mom and dad in Pittsburgh. Julie is an only child and just celebrated her 15th birthday. Her father is a lawyer and her mother volunteers at the YMCA. 770 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

According to research, what factor in Julie's life is most likely to predict the fact that Julie engages in community service? The fact that a. she lives with both her mom and dad b. she is 15 years old c. her father is a professional d. her mother volunteers Answer: d LO: 11.15 Summarize the ways community service in adolescence promotes healthy development.

Topic: Community Service and Military Service Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

69. In addition to wanting to help others, adolescents also volunteer because it gives them a sense of __________. a. peace b. personal satisfaction c. being an adult d. guilt about all that they have and should be thankful for Answer: b LO: 11.15 Summarize the ways community service in adolescence promotes healthy development.

Topic: Community Service and Military Service Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

70. One implication that follows from adolescent community service is that, in contrast to adolescents who don't volunteer, those who do are ____________. a. less likely to be politically active b. more likely to become cynical about what volunteering can accomplish c. less likely to be reflective on their lives d. more likely to be conscious of themselves as citizens Answer: d LO: 11.15 Summarize the ways community service in adolescence promotes healthy development.

Topic: Community Service and Military Service Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

71. Jenny lives in Alabama and volunteers with the Red Cross four times a month.

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According to research, when Jenny becomes a young adult, compared to others who have not volunteered, she is ____________. a. more likely to be politically active b. less likely to be politically active c. more likely to move out of Alabama d. more likely to stay in Alabama Answer: a LO: 11.15 Summarize the ways community service in adolescence promotes healthy development.

Topic: Community Service and Military Service Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

72. According to the text, approximately how many Peace Corps volunteers are currently serving? a. 6,000 b. 8,000 c. 15,000 d. 178,000 Answer: a LO: 11.16 Describe the main forms of community service in emerging adulthood.

Topic: Community Service and Military Service Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

73. Who is most likely to serve in the Peace Corp? a. An only child b. A recent university graduate c. An adolescent from a single-parent family d. An emerging adult from a traditional culture Answer: b LO: 11.16 Describe the main forms of community service in emerging adulthood.

Topic: Community Service and Military Service Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

74. Gurjit is 18 years old and has just finished a year in Ethiopia with the Peace Corps.

Gurjit helped build a school for a small village. When Gurjit returned to the U.S., she was asked if she felt effective at promoting an understanding of Americans in Ethiopia. She most likely responded 772 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

a. "No, that is not part of the program." b. "Yes, I felt very effective at promoting an understanding of Americans.” c. "Maybe, but the language barrier got in the way." d. "No, we just focus on meeting the immediate needs of the community."

Answer: b LO: 11.16 Describe the main forms of community service in emerging adulthood.

Topic: Community Service and Military Service Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

75. How do the Peace Corps and AmeriCorps differ? a. AmeriCorps sends volunteers abroad. b. The Peace Corps is only open to volunteers who are over 25 years old. c. AmeriCorps does not administer a volunteer program. d. There is no difference between the Peace Corps and AmeriCorps.

Answer: c LO: 11.16 Describe the main forms of community service in emerging adulthood.

Topic: Community Service and Military Service Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

76. Kendra is a member of AmeriCorps. She has spent two years volunteering as a tutor for children and adults in low-income families. According to the research, if Kendra is like most AmeriCorps volunteers, we can predict that she ____________. a. will not be a volunteer in her adult life b. will continue on to the Peace Corps c. has significantly gained in all five "life skills areas" d. will not be able to afford to attend college after AmeriCorps Answer: c LO: 11.16 Describe the main forms of community service in emerging adulthood.

Topic: Community Service and Military Service Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

77. A recent study reported that AmeriCorps volunteers were higher than a comparison group on all but which of the following? a. understanding community problems b. engagement in civic activities c. religious devoutness d. overall life satisfaction 773 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Answer: c LO: 11.16 Describe the main forms of community service in emerging adulthood.

Topic: Community Service and Military Service Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

78. For recent veterans, military service has been found to __________. a. increase self-confidence and leadership skills b. broaden emerging adults intellectually c. contribute to alcohol abuse d. negatively impact future career choice Answer: a LO: 11.17 Compare the military experiences of emerging adults in the United States and adolescents in developing countries.

Topic: Community Service and Military Service Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

79. Eamon is interested in enlisting in the military even though he is under no obligation to do so. According to the research cited in the text, which statement is probably TRUE about this young man? a. He is likely from a high SES background. b. He tends to have mediocre grades in school. c. He's likely very interested in attending college. d. He's probably White.

Answer: b LO: 11.17 Compare the military experiences of emerging adults in the United States and adolescents in developing countries.

Topic: Community Service and Military Service Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

80. Serving as a child soldier can be traumatizing. What therapeutic intervention has shown promise in helping former child soldiers return to society? a. Narrative exposure therapy b. Cognitive behavioral therapy c. Drug therapies d. Psychodynamic therapy Answer: a LO: 11.17 Compare the military experiences of emerging adults in the United States and 774 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

adolescents in developing countries.

Topic: Community Service and Military Service Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

81. In Mozambique, child soldiers have used ______________ to absolve themselves of shame and blame for their actions during war. a. interpersonal therapy b. Narrative Exposure Therapy c. cleansing ceremonies d. role play exercises Answer: c LO: 11.17 Compare the military experiences of emerging adults in the United States and adolescents in developing countries.

Topic: Community Service and Military Service Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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True/False 82. Industrialization has left adolescents vulnerable to exploitation in unhealthy and unsafe working conditions. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 11.1 Describe the main forms that work has taken for adolescents in traditional cultures.

Topic: Adolescent Work in Traditional Cultures Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

83. One way to decrease the exploitation of adolescent and child labor is to lower the number of years children need to legally remain in school. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 11.2 Explain how globalization has both positive and negative effects on adolescents’ work in developing countries.

Topic: Adolescent Work in Traditional Cultures Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

84. As industrialization proceeded in the 18th and 19th centuries, it became increasingly common for adolescents to work in factories. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 11.3 Summarize the types and conditions of adolescent work in the West before 1900.

Topic: The History of Adolescent Work in the West Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

85. The majority of jobs held by American and Canadian adolescents in high school involve restaurant work. a. True b. False Answer: a 776 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

LO: 11.5 Summarize adolescents’ workplace experiences in Canada and the United States.

Topic: Adolescent Work Today Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

86. Studies show that working more than 10 hours a week is disruptive to eating and exercise habits. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 11.6 Describe how working promotes problem behavior in adolescence.

Topic: Adolescent Work Today Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

87. Researchers argue that good relationships with adults met in the workplace can be a protective factor for adolescents from stressful family situations. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 11.7 Summarize the positive effects of working on adolescent development.

Topic: Adolescent Work Today Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

88. Research has concluded that close to half of all 17-year-olds in the United States cannot read or do math at a grade-9 level. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 11.8 Describe the skills adolescents need to learn to be prepared for jobs in today’s economy, and summarize the areas where job growth is likely to be strongest in the next decade.

Topic: From School and Part-Time Work to a “Real Job” Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

89. The United States leads all other countries in implementing and funding school-to-work 777 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

programs. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 11.9 Describe the Job Corps program, and summarize the research on its effectiveness.

Topic: From School and Part-Time Work to a “Real Job” Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

90. Research results from Job Corps studies showed that participants were more likely to earn a GED than emerging adults who did not belong to Job Corps. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 11.9 Describe the Job Corps program, and summarize the research on its effectiveness.

Topic: From School and Part-Time Work to a “Real Job” Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

91. A common feature of apprenticeship programs is training which takes place in a classroom setting under simulated working conditions. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 11.10 Identify the main characteristics of apprenticeship programs in Europe.

Topic: From School and Part-Time Work to a “Real Job” Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

92. In the crystallization stage, occupational choice becomes more focused. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 11.11 Summarize Super’s theory of occupational development, and identify its limitations.

Topic: Occupational Selection Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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93. According to Holland's theory of personality, people with conventional personality types tend to have high physical strength and low social understanding. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 11.12 Summarize Holland’s theory of occupational choice, identify its limitations, and describe the role of gender on job choice.

Topic: Occupational Selection Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

94. Emerging adults look for identity-based work as a job. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 11.13 Describe the typical experiences of emerging adults in looking for a job.

Topic: Work in Emerging Adulthood Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

95. The average American holds 7 to 8 different jobs between the age of 18 and 30. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 11.13 Describe the typical experiences of emerging adults in looking for a job.

Topic: Work in Emerging Adulthood Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

96. Community service involves volunteering to serve members of the young person's community for monetary compensation. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 11.15 Summarize the ways community service in adolescence promotes healthy development.

Topic: Community Service and Military Service Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts 779 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

97. Through the course of volunteer service, adolescents may begin to reassess themselves in terms of seeing themselves as potential political reformers. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 11.15 Summarize the ways community service in adolescence promotes healthy development.

Topic: Community Service and Military Service Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

98. For more recent veterans, since the establishment of the all-volunteer military, the effects of military service have been found to be largely negative. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 11.17 Compare the military experiences of emerging adults in the United States and adolescents in developing countries.

Topic: Community Service and Military Service Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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Essay 99. Discuss the effects of globalization on traditional cultures.

LO: 11.1 Describe the main forms that work has taken for adolescents in traditional cultures.

Topic: Adolescent Work in Traditional Cultures Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Answer: Benefits—although the globalization of economic life holds the promise of making life better for people around the world, preindustrial economic life can be hard; simply providing the everyday necessities of life is a lot of work without industrialization. Entry into the global economy, however, is usually accompanied by increased access to electricity which often makes preparing food, obtaining water, and performing daily chores considerably easier. Entry into the global economy is also usually accompanied by increased access to education and medical care. Problems—can be the potential for increased brutal work in terrible conditions for miserable pay. The burden of much of this work is falling on the shoulders of adolescents because they are more capable than children of doing useful industrial work and less capable than adults of asserting their rights and resisting maltreatment. In India, a particularly brutal system for exploiting adolescent labor is called debt bondage. The worst form of exploitation of adolescents’ work is prostitution.

100. Discuss the explanations for why adolescents engage in occupational deviance. Use examples of the deviance to illustrate your point.

LO: 11.6 Describe how working promotes problem behavior in adolescence.

Topic: Adolescent Work Today Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Answer: Examples of occupational deviance would be—falsely calling in sick, giving away things free or for less than value, taking things from employer or coworkers, working while drunk or high, putting more hours on timecard than were actually worked, lying to employer to get or keep job, taking money from work, purposely short-changing a customer, or purposely damaging employer's property. Explanations for occupational deviance may be that work is often boring and tedious, jobs are not seen by the adolescents as leading to anything they plan to be doing in the future, and not much feeling of personal investment in the job. If you get caught doing these things you might get fired but who cares, there are plenty of other jobs of the same type that are easily available. The adolescent workplace has little adult supervision, and adolescents do not feel close to the adults they work with, so they may feel they have little obligation or responsibility to these adults to behave ethically.

101.

Compare and contrast the six categories in Holland's (1993) theory of personality.

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LO: 11.12 Summarize Holland’s theory of occupational choice, identify its limitations, and describe the role of gender on job choice.

Topic: Occupational Selection Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts Answer: Realistic—high physical strength, practical approach to problem solving, and low social understanding. Best occupations: those that involve physical activity and practical application of knowledge, such as farming, truck driving, and construction. Investigative— high on conceptual and theoretical thinking, preference for thinking problems through rather than applying knowledge. Low on social skills. Best occupations: scholarly fields such as math and science. Social—high in verbal skills and social skills. Best professions: those that involve working with people, such as teaching, social work, and counseling.

Conventional—high on following directions carefully, dislike of unstructured activities.

Best occupations: those that involve clear responsibilities but require little leadership, such as bank teller or secretary. Enterprising—high in verbal abilities, social skills, and leadership skills. Best occupations: sales, politics, management, running a business.

Artistic—introspective, imaginative, sensitive, unconventional. Best occupations: artistic occupations such as painting or writing fiction.

102. Meandering or drifting/floundering have been used to describe many emerging adults’ work experiences. Using examples, explain why this description may be accurate.

LO: 11.13 Describe the typical experiences of emerging adults in looking for a job.

Topic: Work in Emerging Adulthood Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know Answer: "Meandering" might be a more accurate word or maybe drifting or even floundering than “exploration” —for many emerging adults, working in their late teens and early 20s simply means finding a job, any job that will pay the bills until something better comes along. Many emerging adults express a sense that they did not really choose their current job; one day they just found themselves in it, like a ball that rolls randomly on a pocked surface until it lands in one of the holes. "I just fell into it" is a frequently used phrase when they describe how they found their current jobs. Their eventual goal is to find a job they love and that fits their interests and abilities, but virtually all of them have many jobs in their late teens and early 20s that have little or nothing to do with this goal.

103. Discuss the distinct characteristics that contribute to the likelihood that adolescents will engage in community service.

LO: 11.15 Summarize the ways community service in adolescence promotes healthy development.

Topic: Volunteer Work—Community Service Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts Answer: From the mid-1970s through the present, about 22% of high school seniors have 782 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

reported taking part in volunteer work on a weekly or monthly basis. An additional 45% have reported yearly participation. Characteristics—adolescents who volunteer have a high sense of personal competence, and they tend to have higher educational goals and performance than other adolescents. They tend to have high ideals and to perceive a higher degree of similarity between their "actual selves" and their "ideal selves" than other adolescents do. In addition to wanting to help others, adolescents also volunteer because it gives them a sense of personal satisfaction, they develop a greater sense of social responsibility, and they enjoy doing the work. Adolescents who participate in community service often indicate that one or both parents do so as well.

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REVEL QUIZ QUESTIONS

Chapter 11: Work Quiz 11.1: Adolescent Work in Traditional Cultures EOM_Q11.1.1 1. Which of the following best depicts the roles of adolescent boys and girls in traditional cultures while hunting? a) Males are typically the primary hunters and adolescent boys learn how to hunt by accompanying their fathers and other men on hunting trips, whereas adolescent girls sometimes assist with the hunting process by setting traps or holding nets to capture animals. b) Males are typically the primary hunters and adolescent boys learn how to hunt by accompanying their fathers and other men on hunting trips, whereas adolescent girls never assist with the hunting process because their main role is to focus on child care and housework.

Consider This: Remember that demonstrating success at hunting may be required of adolescent boys as a way of showing that they are ready for manhood in traditional cultures. LO 11.1 Describe the main forms that work has taken for adolescents in traditional cultures. c) Males are typically the primary hunters and adolescent boys learn how to hunt by listening to lectures on hunting strategies by the village elders, whereas adolescent girls sometimes assist with the hunting process by setting traps or holding nets to capture animals.

Consider This: Remember that demonstrating success at hunting may be required of adolescent boys as a way of showing that they are ready for manhood in traditional cultures. LO 11.1 Describe the main forms that work has taken for adolescents in traditional cultures. d) Males are typically the primary hunters and adolescent boys learn how to hunt by listening to lectures on hunting strategies by the village elders, whereas adolescent girls never assist with the hunting process because their main role is to focus on child care and housework.

Consider This: Remember that demonstrating success at hunting may be required of adolescent boys as a way of showing that they are ready for manhood in traditional cultures. LO 11.1 Describe the main forms that work has taken for adolescents in traditional cultures.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Adolescent Work in Traditional Cultures Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 11.1 Describe the main forms that work has taken for adolescents in traditional cultures.

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EOM_Q11.1.2 2. Women and adolescent girls in traditional cultures are often responsible for ________, which is foraging for and collecting edible wild fruits and vegetables to contribute to their families’ food supply. The amount of this contribution to the food supply by women is _______ men’s contribution through hunting. a) gathering; equal to or greater than b) gathering; less than Consider This: Remember that this nomadic lifestyle of moving from place to place to follow the food supply of animals and plants is becoming obsolete because it is not well suited to the global economy. LO 11.1 Describe the main forms that work has taken for adolescents in traditional cultures. c) farming; equal to or greater than Consider This: Remember that this nomadic lifestyle of moving from place to place to follow the food supply of animals and plants is becoming obsolete because it is not well suited to the global economy. LO 11.1 Describe the main forms that work has taken for adolescents in traditional cultures. d) farming; less than Consider This: Remember that this nomadic lifestyle of moving from place to place to follow the food supply of animals and plants is becoming obsolete because it is not well suited to the global economy. LO 11.1 Describe the main forms that work has taken for adolescents in traditional cultures.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Adolescent Work in Traditional Cultures Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 11.1 Describe the main forms that work has taken for adolescents in traditional cultures.

EOM_Q11.1.3 3. The International Labor Organization has estimated that more than ________ children and adolescents are employed worldwide, with __________ of employed children and adolescents in developing countries engaged in “hazardous” work. a) 160 million; 50% b) 200 million; 60% Consider This: “Hazardous work” means they work in dangerous or unhealthy conditions that may result in death, injury, or physical or psychological illness. LO 11.2 Explain how globalization has both positive and negative effects on adolescents’ work in developing countries. c) 20 million; 30% Consider This: “Hazardous work” means they work in dangerous or unhealthy conditions that may result in death, injury, or physical or psychological illness. LO 11.2 Explain how

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globalization has both positive and negative effects on adolescents’ work in developing countries. d) 20 million; 80% Consider This: “Hazardous work” means they work in dangerous or unhealthy conditions that may result in death, injury, or physical or psychological illness. LO 11.2 Explain how globalization has both positive and negative effects on adolescents’ work in developing countries.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Adolescent Work in Traditional Cultures Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 11.2 Explain how globalization has both positive and negative effects on adolescents’ work in developing countries.

EOM_Q11.1.4 4. Rahul is 12 years old, and his father recently pledged Rahul’s labor to the local carpet weaving factory for the next 5 years in an effort to pay off loan debt. Because of his father’s actions, Rahul is now involved in a system that exploits adolescent labor called _________. a) debt bondage b) commercial exploitation Consider This: Remember that the United Nations has condemned this type of adolescent labor as a modern form of slavery. LO 11.2 Explain how globalization has both positive and negative effects on adolescents’ work in traditional cultures. c) feudalism Consider This: Remember that the United Nations has condemned this type of adolescent labor as a modern form of slavery. LO 11.2 Explain how globalization has both positive and negative effects on adolescents’ work in traditional cultures. d) servitude Consider This: Remember that the United Nations has condemned this type of adolescent labor as a modern form of slavery. LO 11.2 Explain how globalization has both positive and negative effects on adolescents’ work in traditional cultures.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Adolescent Work in Traditional Cultures Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 11.2 Explain how globalization has both positive and negative effects on adolescents’ work in developing countries.

EOM_Q11.1.5

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5. Which of the following best summarizes and explains any changes in the number of child and adolescent workers from 2000 to 2020 in developing countries as documented by the International Labor Organization (ILO)? a) According to the ILO, the number of child and adolescent workers declined during the first decades of the 21st century because the issue of child and adolescent labor has received increased attention from the world media, governments, and international organizations such as the ILO and UNICEF. b) According to the ILO, the number of child and adolescent workers in developing countries substantially increased in the first two decades of the 21st century because many countries needed to supply cheap workers for the growth in industrial jobs created by the globalization of developing countries’ economies.

Consider This: Think about how India now has a program to mark carpets that have not involved child labor. LO 11.2 Explain how globalization has both positive and negative effects on adolescents’ work in traditional cultures. c) According to the ILO, the number of child and adolescent workers in developing countries substantially declined during the first two decades of the 21st century because many youth and their families went on strike to protest the hazardous working conditions that youth were forced to endure.

Consider This: Think about how India now has a program to mark carpets that have not involved child labor. LO 11.2 Explain how globalization has both positive and negative effects on adolescents’ work in traditional cultures. d) According to the ILO, the number of child and adolescent workers in developing countries substantially increased during the first two decades of the 21st century because youth are more educated about technology and are thus better suited for the industrial jobs created by the globalization of developing countries’ economies.

Consider This: Think about how India now has a program to mark carpets that have not involved child labor. LO 11.2 Explain how globalization has both positive and negative effects on adolescents’ work in traditional cultures.

Answer: a Difficulty: difficult Topic: Adolescent Work in Traditional Cultures Skill: Analyze It Learning Objective: 11.2 Explain how globalization has both positive and negative effects on adolescents’ work in developing countries.

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Quiz 11.2: The History of Adolescent Work in the West EOM_Q11.2.1 1. By 1870 in the United States, young men ages 16 to 20 represented about 50% of the workforce in New England ________ and about one-third of the workers in _______factories. a) textile mills; rubber and agricultural tool b) textile mills; clock Consider This: Remember that about 30% of the workers in rubber factories and agricultural tool factories were young men during the 1870s in the United States. LO 11.3 Summarize the types and conditions of adolescent work in the West before 1900. c) boot and shoe factories; textile Consider This: Remember that about 30% of the workers in rubber factories and agricultural tool factories were young men during the 1870s in the United States. LO 11.3 Summarize the types and conditions of adolescent work in the West before 1900. d) boot and shoe factories; rubber Consider This: Remember that about 30% of the workers in rubber factories and agricultural tool factories were young men during the 1870s in the United States. LO 11.3 Summarize the types and conditions of adolescent work in the West before 1900.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: The History of Adolescent Work in the West Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 11.3 Summarize the types and conditions of adolescent work in the West before 1900.

EOM_Q11.2.2 2. Which of the following best describes adolescents’ work experiences in the United States during the early 20th century? a) Adolescents were most commonly employed in factories that required them to work about 12 hours for 6 days a week, and youth were two times more likely than adults to sustain accidents and injuries in the factories. b) Adolescent employment was extremely rare during the early 20th century because secondary school attendance was mandatory for all youth younger than 15 years of age.

Consider This: Factory work was common among adolescents at this time. LO 11.3 Summarize the types and conditions of adolescent work in the West before 1900. c) Adolescents were most commonly employed in factories that required them to work about 8 hours for 4 days a week, and youth received the same pay as adults in the factories.

Consider This: Factory work was common among adolescents at this time. LO 11.3 Summarize the types and conditions of adolescent work in the West before 1900. d) Adolescents were most commonly employed by their families’ farms, and boys helped their fathers tend crops and girls helped their mothers care for domestic animals.

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Consider This: Factory work was common among adolescents at this time. LO 11.3 Summarize the types and conditions of adolescent work in the West before 1900.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: The History of Adolescent Work in the West Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 11.3 Summarize the types and conditions of adolescent work in the West before 1900.

EOM_Q11.2.3 3. Which of the following best summarizes how adolescents’ work experiences during the early 20th century in the United States influenced their health outcomes? a) Youth who worked in cotton mills were less likely to live beyond 20 years of age compared to youth who did not work in cotton mills. b) Youth who worked in cotton mills were more likely to live beyond 20 years of age compared to youth who did not work in cotton mills.

Consider This: Remember that working in factories often meant working long hours under dangerous and unhealthy conditions. LO 11.3 Summarize the types and conditions of adolescent work in the West before 1900. c) Youth who worked in textile mills received so much exposure to the materials that they became immune to tuberculosis and other respiratory diseases.

Consider This: Remember that working in factories often meant working long hours under dangerous and unhealthy conditions. LO 11.3 Summarize the types and conditions of adolescent work in the West before 1900. d) Youth who worked in factories were two times less likely to sustain injuries than youth who did not work in factories.

Consider This: Remember that working in factories often meant working long hours under dangerous and unhealthy conditions. LO 11.3 Summarize the types and conditions of adolescent work in the West before 1900.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: The History of Adolescent Work in the West Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 11.3 Summarize the types and conditions of adolescent work in the West before 1900.

EOM_Q11.2.4 4. Which of the following best summarizes and explains the current state of employment of adolescents in the United States? a) The proportion of high school students who are employed in any given year has declined dramatically since 2000.

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b) The proportion of high school students who are employed in any given year has increased dramatically since 2000.

Consider This: Remember that by the end of the 20th century, part-time employment during high school had changed from the rare exception to the typical experience in the United States. LO 11.4 Explain how the frequency and types of adolescent work changed in the West from the early 20th century to the present. c) The proportion of high school students who are employed in any given year has not changed in the last two decades.

Consider This: Remember that by the end of the 20th century, part-time employment during high school had changed from the rare exception to the typical experience in the United States. LO 11.4 Explain how the frequency and types of adolescent work changed in the West from the early 20th century to the present. d) The proportion of high school students who are employed has decreased while the number of middle schoolers working has increased.

Consider This: Remember that by the end of the 20th century, part-time employment during high school had changed from the rare exception to the typical experience in the United States. LO 11.4 Explain how the frequency and types of adolescent work changed in the West from the early 20th century to the present.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: The History of Adolescent Work in the West Skill: Analyze It Learning Objective: 11.4 Explain how the frequency and types of adolescent work changed in the West from the early 20th century to the present.

EOM_Q11.2.5 5. What is contributing to the declining rate of adolescents working in the United States? a) A focus on school and a decreased demand for low-wage labor b) New child labor laws Consider This: Adolescents who are not working are not just goofing off, they are taking hard courses. LO 11.4 Explain how the frequency and types of adolescent work changed in the West from the early 20th century to the present. c) A greater focus on shadowing potential career jobs and internships Consider This: Adolescents who are not working are not just goofing off, they are taking hard courses. LO 11.4 Explain how the frequency and types of adolescent work changed in the West from the early 20th century to the present. d) A wealthier middle class has made it unnecessary for adolescents to work Consider This: Adolescents who are not working are not just goofing off, they are taking hard courses. LO 11.4 Explain how the frequency and types of adolescent work changed in the West from the early 20th century to the present.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: The History of Adolescent Work in the West 790 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 11.4 Explain how the frequency and types of adolescent work changed in the West from the early 20th century to the present.

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Quiz 11.3: Adolescent Work Today EOM_Q11.3.1 1. In the United States, the most common first job for boys is __________ and for girls is __________. a) yard work; child care b) shoe shining; baking Consider This: The work done in these kinds of jobs is more or less informal and does not require a substantial commitment of time. LO 11.5 Summarize adolescents’ workplace experiences in Canada and the United States. c) farming; sewing Consider This: The work done in these kinds of jobs is more or less informal and does not require a substantial commitment of time. LO 11.5 Summarize adolescents’ workplace experiences in Canada and the United States. d) yard work; sewing Consider This: The work done in these kinds of jobs is more or less informal and does not require a substantial commitment of time. LO 11.5 Summarize adolescents’ workplace experiences in Canada and the United States.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Adolescent Work Today Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 11.5 Summarize adolescents’ workplace experiences in Canada and the United States.

EOM_Q11.3.2 2. The most common jobs held by American high school students involve __________. a) food preparation and serving b) grocery bagging Consider This: Where do you see young people in the workforce? LO 11.5 Summarize adolescents’ workplace experiences in Canada and the United States. c) retail sales Consider This: Where do you see young people in the workforce? LO 11.5 Summarize adolescents’ workplace experiences in Canada and the United States. d) tutoring Consider This: Where do you see young people in the workforce? LO 11.5 Summarize adolescents’ workplace experiences in Canada and the United States.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Adolescent Work Today 792 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 11.5 Summarize adolescents’ workplace experiences in Canada and the United States.

EOM_Q11.3.3 3. Which of the following best reflects the research evidence for how the number of hours an adolescent works in their part-time job is likely to be related to their psychological and physical health? a) An adolescent who works more than 10 hours a week is likely to report high levels of depression and anxiety and is also likely to report getting less sleep and having less time for exercise. b) An adolescent who works more than 15 hours a week is likely to report getting more sleep and spending more time exercising.

Consider This: Remember that working up to 10 hours per week is the threshold for influencing adolescents’ psychological and physical health. LO 11.6 Describe how working promotes problem behavior in adolescence. c) An adolescent who works more than 20 hours a week is likely to report higher selfesteem from taking on work responsibilities.

Consider This: Remember that working up to 10 hours per week is the threshold for influencing adolescents’ psychological and physical health. LO 11.6 Describe how working promotes problem behavior in adolescence. d) An adolescent who works more than 15 hours a week is likely to report low levels of depression and anxiety and is also likely to report getting more sleep and having more time for exercise.

Consider This: Remember that working up to 10 hours per week is the threshold for influencing adolescents’ psychological and physical health. LO 11.6 Describe how working promotes problem behavior in adolescence.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Adolescent Work Today Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 11.6 Describe how working promotes problem behavior in adolescence.

EOM_Q11.3.4 4. Researchers have suggested which of the following might best explain the higher rates of substance use among adolescents who work more than 10 hours a week? a) Adolescents who work in jobs with a high level of stress are more likely to use drugs and alcohol, which suggests that substance use may be serving as a stress reliever. b) Adolescents who work in jobs that have later evening hours are more likely to use drugs and alcohol, which suggests that substance use may occur as a result of a lack of monitoring by adults at night.

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Consider This: Think about how adolescents frequently spend the money earned from part-time jobs on leisure activities, which can include substance use. LO 11.6 Describe how working promotes problem behavior in adolescence. c) Adolescents who work in jobs with a low level of stress are more likely to use drugs and alcohol, which suggests that substance use may be serving as a way to entertain youth because their jobs are boring.

Consider This: Think about how adolescents frequently spend the money earned from part-time jobs on leisure activities, which can include substance use. LO 11.6 Describe how working promotes problem behavior in adolescence. d) Adolescents who work in jobs that tend to employ their friends are more likely to use drugs and alcohol, which suggests that substance use may occur because youth are using it as a means to bond with friends.

Consider This: Think about how adolescents frequently spend the money earned from part-time jobs on leisure activities, which can include substance use. LO 11.6 Describe how working promotes problem behavior in adolescence.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Adolescent Work Today Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 11.6 Describe how working promotes problem behavior in adolescence.

EOM_Q11.3.5 5. According to a variety of studies, adolescent boys and girls reported that working has helped them improve their _________. a) responsibility b) occupational skills Consider This: Researchers also note that working contributes to the development of independence, integrity, and entrepreneurship. LO 11.7 Summarize the positive effects of working on adolescent development. c) academic skills Consider This: Researchers also note that working contributes to the development of independence, integrity, and entrepreneurship. LO 11.7 Summarize the positive effects of working on adolescent development. d) dietary habits Consider This: Researchers also note that working contributes to the development of independence, integrity, and entrepreneurship. LO 11.7 Summarize the positive effects of working on adolescent development.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Adolescent Work Today Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 11.7 Summarize the positive effects of working on adolescent development.

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Quiz 11.4: From School and Part-Time Work to a "Real Job" EOM_Q11.4.1 1. Across countries, the economy of the 21st century is likely to continue the progression from a(n) __________ economy to a(n) __________ economy. a) manufacturing; knowledge b) manufacturing; transportation Consider this: Jobs in manufacturing, transportation, utilities, and forestry have rapidly declined in number and salary. LO 11.8 Describe the skills adolescents need to learn to be prepared for jobs in today’s economy, and summarize the areas where job growth is likely to be strongest in the next decade. c) knowledge; industrial Consider this: Jobs in manufacturing, transportation, utilities, and forestry have rapidly declined in number and salary. LO 11.8 Describe the skills adolescents need to learn to be prepared for jobs in today’s economy, and summarize the areas where job growth is likely to be strongest in the next decade. d) industrial; transportation Consider this: Jobs in manufacturing, transportation, utilities, and forestry have rapidly declined in number and salary. LO 11.8 Describe the skills adolescents need to learn to be prepared for jobs in today’s economy, and summarize the areas where job growth is likely to be strongest in the next decade.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: From School and Part-Time Work to a ―Real Job‖ Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 11.8 Describe the skills adolescents need to learn to be prepared for jobs in today’s economy, and summarize the areas where job growth is likely to be strongest in the next decade.

EOM_Q11.4.2 2. Which of the following best summarizes the Job Corps program? a) The Job Corps program is the largest government job-training program in the United States, in which about 60,000 youth ages 16 to 24 are accepted into the program every year and live on site while receiving occupational and educational training. b) The Job Corps program is the largest government job-training program in the United States, in which about 60,000 youth ages 13 to 21 are accepted into the program every year and live on site while receiving occupational and educational training.

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Consider This: Thirty percent of adolescents begin full-time work after high school instead of attending college. LO 11.9 Describe the Job Corps program, and summarize the research on its effectiveness. c) The Job Corps program is the largest government job-training program in the United States, in which about 6 million youth ages 16 to 24 are accepted into the program every year and live on site while receiving occupational and educational training.

Consider This: Thirty percent of adolescents begin full-time work after high school instead of attending college. LO 11.9 Describe the Job Corps program, and summarize the research on its effectiveness. d) The Job Corps program is the largest government job-training program in the United States, in which about 6 million youth ages 13 to 21 are accepted into the program every year and live on site while receiving occupational and educational training.

Consider This: Thirty percent of adolescents begin full-time work after high school instead of attending college. LO 11.9 Describe the Job Corps program, and summarize the research on its effectiveness.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: From School and Part-Time Work to a ―Real Job‖ Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 11.9 Describe the Job Corps program, and summarize the research on its effectiveness.

EOM_Q11.4.3 3. The European school-to-work system has a ________ level of _________ compared to the American system, because the educational and training requirements for various occupations in Europe are clearly laid out and young people are well informed about them from an early age. a) higher; transparency b) higher; permeability Consider This: Think about how even in emerging adulthood, most Americans have only a limited understanding of how to obtain the education or training that will lead to the job they want. LO 11.10 Identify the main characteristics of apprenticeship programs in Europe. c) lower; transparency Consider This: Think about how even in emerging adulthood, most Americans have only a limited understanding of how to obtain the education or training that will lead to the job they want. LO 11.10 Identify the main characteristics of apprenticeship programs in Europe. d) lower; permeability Consider This: Think about how even in emerging adulthood, most Americans have only a limited understanding of how to obtain the education or training that will lead to the job they want. LO 11.10 Identify the main characteristics of apprenticeship programs in Europe.

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Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: From School and Part-Time Work to a ―Real Job‖ Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 11.10 Identify the main characteristics of apprenticeship programs in Europe.

EOM_Q11.4.4 4. The American school-to-work system has a ________ level of ________ compared to the European system, because it is relatively easy for youth to change educational or career paths in the United States. a) higher; permeability b) higher; transparency Consider This: Remember that European adolescents typically have to decide if they would like to participate in an apprenticeship or college preparation programs by age 14 or 15. LO 11.10 Identify the main characteristics of apprenticeship programs in Europe. c) lower; permeability Consider This: Remember that European adolescents typically have to decide if they would like to participate in an apprenticeship or college preparation programs by age 14 or 15. LO 11.10 Identify the main characteristics of apprenticeship programs in Europe. d) lower; transparency Consider This: Remember that European adolescents typically have to decide if they would like to participate in an apprenticeship or college preparation programs by age 14 or 15. LO 11.10 Identify the main characteristics of apprenticeship programs in Europe.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: From School and Part-Time Work to a ―Real Job‖ Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 11.10 Identify the main characteristics of apprenticeship programs in Europe.

EOM_Q11.4.5 5. Wilhelm is currently balancing school with working under a master appliance repairperson.

He is learning how to repair refrigerators, stoves, freezers, dishwashers, washers, and dryers.

Wilhelm is performing as a(n) ____________ and hopes to turn the skills he is learning into a long-term career. a) apprentice b) trainee Consider this: This is a work preparation program where you learn how to do a specific profession. LO 11.10 Identify the main characteristics of apprenticeship programs in Europe.

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c) assistant Consider this: This is a work preparation program where you learn how to do a specific profession. LO 11.10 Identify the main characteristics of apprenticeship programs in Europe. d) intern Consider this: This is a work preparation program where you learn how to do a specific profession. LO 11.10 Identify the main characteristics of apprenticeship programs in Europe.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: From School and Part-Time Work to a ―Real Job‖ Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 11.10 Identify the main characteristics of apprenticeship programs in Europe.

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Quiz 11.5: Occupational Selection EOM_Q11.5.1 1. According to Super’s theory of occupational development, the ________ stage is characterized by emerging adults ages 21 to 24 who are completing their education or training and entering the job itself. a) implementation b) crystallization Consider This: It is not unusual for this stage actually to begin in the mid-20s rather than the early 20s. LO 11.11 Summarize Super’s theory of occupational development, and identify its limitations. c) stabilization Consider This: It is not unusual for this stage actually to begin in the mid-20s rather than the early 20s. LO 11.11 Summarize Super’s theory of occupational development, and identify its limitations. d) consolidation Consider This: It is not unusual for this stage actually to begin in the mid-20s rather than the early 20s. LO 11.11 Summarize Super’s theory of occupational development, and identify its limitations.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Occupational Selection Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 11.11 Summarize Super’s theory of occupational development, and identify its limitations.

EOM_Q11.5.2 2. Which of the following reflects one of the main critiques of Super’s theory of occupational development? a) Progression through the stages is assumed to be linear when in fact most of today’s youth will change career directions at least once. b) The stages are biased against men who do not go through the stage of crystallization.

Consider This: Because the pursuit of higher education is extending into the later 20s, many of today’s youth do not exactly fit the stages articulated in Super’s theory. LO 11.11 Summarize Super’s theory of occupational development, and identify its limitations. c) More than five stages are needed to accurately describe the varied educational and occupational paths that today’s youth pursue.

Consider This: Because the pursuit of higher education is extending into the later 20s, many of today’s youth do not exactly fit the stages articulated in Super’s theory. LO 11.11 Summarize Super’s theory of occupational development, and identify its limitations.

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d) The stages should begin in childhood, instead of adolescence, because that is when the creation of future occupational and educational goals begins.

Consider This: Because the pursuit of higher education is extending into the later 20s, many of today’s youth do not exactly fit the stages articulated in Super’s theory. LO 11.11 Summarize Super’s theory of occupational development, and identify its limitations.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Occupational Selection Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 11.11 Summarize Super’s theory of occupational development, and identify its limitations.

EOM_Q11.5.3 3. According to Holland’s theory of occupational choice, the personality category that reflects a low level of social skills and a preference for the practical application of knowledge is the _________ category. a) realistic b) investigative Consider This: Remember that common occupations held by people in this personality category include farming, truck driving, and construction. LO 11.12 Summarize Holland’s theory of occupational choice, identify its limitations, and describe the role of gender on job choice. c) conventional Consider This: Remember that common occupations held by people in this personality category include farming, truck driving, and construction. LO 11.12 Summarize Holland’s theory of occupational choice, identify its limitations, and describe the role of gender on job choice. d) artistic Consider This: Remember that common occupations held by people in this personality category include farming, truck driving, and construction. LO 11.12 Summarize Holland’s theory of occupational choice, identify its limitations, and describe the role of gender on job choice.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Occupational Selection Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 11.12 Summarize Holland’s theory of occupational choice, identify its limitations, and describe the role of gender on job choice.

EOM_Q11.5.4 4. Holland’s theory of occupational choice focuses on matching _________ characteristics typical of people who hold various jobs to adolescents who aspire to those jobs; furthermore, 800 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Holland’s theory suggests that there is a _________ association between occupational match and occupational success. a) personality; positive b) intellectual; positive Consider This: Remember that career counselors use Holland’s theory to help adolescents gain insights into the fields that might be best for them to pursue. LO 11.12 Summarize Holland’s theory of occupational choice, identify its limitations, and describe the role of gender on job choice. c) personality; negative Consider This: Remember that career counselors use Holland’s theory to help adolescents gain insights into the fields that might be best for them to pursue. LO 11.12 Summarize Holland’s theory of occupational choice, identify its limitations, and describe the role of gender on job choice. d) intellectual; negative Consider This: Remember that career counselors use Holland’s theory to help adolescents gain insights into the fields that might be best for them to pursue. LO 11.12 Summarize Holland’s theory of occupational choice, identify its limitations, and describe the role of gender on job choice.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Occupational Selection Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 11.12 Summarize Holland’s theory of occupational choice, identify its limitations, and describe the role of gender on job choice.

EOM_Q11.5.5 5. Considering the five major categories of occupations established by the U.S. Department of Labor, men are mostly found in __________ jobs and women are found in __________ jobs. a) construction; office and sales b) service; transportation and production Consider this: What types of jobs would allow women to balance their career with their family life? LO 11.12 Summarize Holland’s theory of occupational choice, identify its limitations, and describe the role of gender on job choice. c) professional; construction Consider this: What types of jobs would allow women to balance their career with their family life? LO 11.12 Summarize Holland’s theory of occupational choice, identify its limitations, and describe the role of gender on job choice. d) service; professional Consider this: What types of jobs would allow women to balance their career with their family life? LO 11.12 Summarize Holland’s theory of occupational choice, identify its limitations, and describe the role of gender on job choice.

Answer: a 801 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Occupational Selection Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 11.12 Summarize Holland’s theory of occupational choice, identify its limitations, and describe the role of gender on job choice.

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Quiz 11.6: Work in Emerging Adulthood EOM_Q11.6.1 1. Adolescents typically have jobs to facilitate __________, whereas emerging adults typically have jobs to facilitate __________. a) leisure activities; identity development b) leisure activities; financing college Consider This: Remember that emerging adults often ask themselves “what do I really want to do?” when planning for a future career. LO 11.13 Describe the typical experiences of emerging adults in looking for a job. c) identity development; leisure activities Consider This: Remember that emerging adults often ask themselves “what do I really want to do?” when planning for a future career. LO 11.13 Describe the typical experiences of emerging adults in looking for a job. d) financing college; leisure activities Consider This: Remember that emerging adults often ask themselves “what do I really want to do?” when planning for a future career. LO 11.13 Describe the typical experiences of emerging adults in looking for a job.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Work in Emerging Adulthood Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 11.13 Describe the typical experiences of emerging adults in looking for a job.

EOM_Q11.6.2 2. Emerging adults are MOST likely to have more than ________ jobs during emerging adulthood and experience periods of _________. a) 8; unemployment b) 10; overemployment Consider This: Remember that it is common for emerging adults to try out many jobs as they develop a better sense of who they are and what work suits them best. LO 11.13 Describe the typical experiences of emerging adults in looking for a job. c) 5; unemployment Consider This: Remember that it is common for emerging adults to try out many jobs as they develop a better sense of who they are and what work suits them best. LO 11.13 Describe the typical experiences of emerging adults in looking for a job. d) 5; overemployment 803 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Consider This: Remember that it is common for emerging adults to try out many jobs as they develop a better sense of who they are and what work suits them best. LO 11.13 Describe the typical experiences of emerging adults in looking for a job.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Work in Emerging Adulthood Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 11.13 Describe the typical experiences of emerging adults in looking for a job.

EOM_Q11.6.3 3. What contributes to the unemployment of emerging adults? a)

Emerging adults typically have less knowledge and skills in the profession they are entering compared to older adults, so they tend to be the last to be hired and the first to be fired. b) Emerging adults are not as motivated as older adults because they don’t have the same responsibilities of a family and house.

Consider this: The unemployment rate for emerging adults is consistently at least twice as high as for adults beyond age 25. LO 11.14 Summarize the main reasons for high unemployment rates among emerging adults, and describe who is included in the category NEET. c) Emerging adults are hired at less pay and therefore have less job satisfaction and are more likely to leave their jobs in search of something higher paying.

Consider this: The unemployment rate for emerging adults is consistently at least twice as high as for adults beyond age 25. LO 11.14 Summarize the main reasons for high unemployment rates among emerging adults, and describe who is included in the category NEET. d) Emerging adults enter the work force with incorrect expectations that leave them hunting for better jobs every few months.

Consider this: The unemployment rate for emerging adults is consistently at least twice as high as for adults beyond age 25. LO 11.14 Summarize the main reasons for high unemployment rates among emerging adults, and describe who is included in the category NEET. Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Work in Emerging Adulthood Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 11.14 Summarize the main reasons for high unemployment rates among emerging adults, and describe who is included in the category NEET. EOM_Q11.6.4 4. Of the following, who is MOST likely to be unemployed in the United States? a) An adolescent or emerging adult who is a Black American 804 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

b) An adolescent or emerging adult who is a White American Consider This: Even though the gap between ethnicities has shrunk, this ethnic group has long had the highest rate of unemployment. LO 11.14 Summarize the main reasons for high unemployment rates among emerging adults, and describe who is included in the category NEET. c) An adolescent or emerging adult who is a Latino Consider This: Even though the gap between ethnicities has shrunk, this ethnic group has long had the highest rate of unemployment. LO 11.14 Summarize the main reasons for high unemployment rates among emerging adults, and describe who is included in the category NEET. d) An adolescent or emerging adult who is an Asian American Consider This: Even though the gap between ethnicities has shrunk, this ethnic group has long had the highest rate of unemployment. LO 11.14 Summarize the main reasons for high unemployment rates among emerging adults, and describe who is included in the category NEET. Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Work in Emerging Adulthood Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 11.14 Summarize the main reasons for high unemployment rates among emerging adults, and describe who is included in the category NEET. EOM_Q11.6.5 5. To be considered unemployed, which of the following must be true? a) You must not have a job, you must be actively looking for work, and you must be registered as “unemployed” with a governmental agency. b) You must be unemployed, and be actively looking for work.

Consider this: At minimum the government needs to be aware that you are unemployed.

LO 11.14 Summarize the main reasons for high unemployment rates among emerging adults, and describe who is included in the category NEET. c) You must have been unemployed for at least three months and be registered as ―unemployed‖ with a governmental agency.

Consider this: At minimum the government needs to be aware that you are unemployed.

LO 11.14 Summarize the main reasons for high unemployment rates among emerging adults, and describe who is included in the category NEET. d) You must have been unemployed for at least six months, be actively looking for work, and have received $2,000 in unemployment benefits.

Consider this: At minimum the government needs to be aware that you are unemployed.

LO 11.14 Summarize the main reasons for high unemployment rates among emerging adults, and describe who is included in the category NEET. Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate 805 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Topic: Work in Emerging Adulthood Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 11.14 Summarize the main reasons for high unemployment rates among emerging adults, and describe who is included in the category NEET.

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Quiz 11.7: Community Service and Military Service EOM_Q11.7.1 1. Which of the following outcomes is common among adolescents who participate in community service? a) A high sense of personal competence b) A high level of helplessness Consider This: Remember that studies have found that individualistic values are equal to collectivistic values as a motivation for adolescents’ community service. LO 11.15 Summarize the ways community service in adolescence promotes healthy development. c) A high level of self-admiration Consider This: Remember that studies have found that individualistic values are equal to collectivistic values as a motivation for adolescents’ community service. LO 11.15 Summarize the ways community service in adolescence promotes healthy development. d) A high level of religiosity Consider This: Remember that studies have found that individualistic values are equal to collectivistic values as a motivation for adolescents’ community service. LO 11.15 Summarize the ways community service in adolescence promotes healthy development.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Community Service and Military Service Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 11.15 Summarize the ways community service in adolescence promotes healthy development.

EOM_Q11.7.2 2. In surveys of returning Peace Corps volunteers, what percentage of volunteers felt they had effectively promoted an understanding of Americans to their host communities? a) 81% b) 23% Consider This: Along with promoting an understanding of Americans, they also made friends at their sites and promoted a better understanding of their host country to their social networks in the U.S. LO 11.16 Describe the main forms of community service in emerging adulthood. c) 52% Consider This: Along with promoting an understanding of Americans, they also made friends at their sites, and promoted a better understanding of their host country to their social networks in the U.S. LO 11.16 Describe the main forms of community service in emerging adulthood. d) 12% 807 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Consider This: Along with promoting an understanding of Americans, they also made friends at their sites, and promoted a better understanding of their host country to their social networks in the U.S. LO 11.16 Describe the main forms of community service in emerging adulthood.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Community Service and Military Service Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 11.16 Describe the main forms of community service in emerging adulthood.

EOM_Q11.7.3 3. Which of the following outcomes is common among emerging adults who participate in AmeriCorps? a) Increases in analytical problem solving b) Increases in a desire to travel internationally Consider This: Remember that studies have found that participation in AmeriCorps is related to a higher level of life satisfaction. LO 11.16 Describe the main forms of community service in emerging adulthood. c) Increases in discriminatory attitudes Consider This: Remember that studies have found that participation in AmeriCorps is related to a higher level of life satisfaction. LO 11.16 Describe the main forms of community service in emerging adulthood. d) Decreases in tolerance for the American political system Consider This: Remember that studies have found that participation in AmeriCorps is related to a higher level of life satisfaction. LO 11.16 Describe the main forms of community service in emerging adulthood.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Community Service and Military Service Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective LO 11.16 Describe the main forms of community service in emerging adulthood.

EOM_Q11.7.4 4. Which of the following people is MOST likely to volunteer for military service in the United States? a) Someone who comes from a low-SES family and had a C average in high school b) Someone from a high-SES family who had an A or B average in high school Consider This: Remember that emerging adults who do not volunteer for military service in the United States are likely to have high levels of college aspirations. LO 11.17

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Compare the military experiences of emerging adults in the United States and adolescents in developing countries. c) Someone from a low-SES family who failed to graduate from high school Consider This: Remember that emerging adults who do not volunteer for military service in the United States are likely to have high levels of college aspirations. LO 11.17 Compare the military experiences of emerging adults in the United States and adolescents in developing countries. d) Someone from a low-SES family who excelled in high school with straight As Consider This: Remember that emerging adults who do not volunteer for military service in the United States are likely to have high levels of college aspirations. LO 11.17 Compare the military experiences of emerging adults in the United States and adolescents in developing countries.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Community Service and Military Service Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 11.17 Compare the military experiences of emerging adults in the United States and adolescents in developing countries.

EOM_Q11.7.5 5. Adolescents in developing countries who are often abducted from their families and forced to participate in warfare are called _________. Researchers have found that youth who engage in this experience for 6 or fewer months refer to themselves as ________ of the warfare organization. a) child soldiers; victims b) child soldiers; members Consider This: Think about how about 50% of these youth have killed someone as part of their warfare participation. LO 11.17 Compare the military experiences of emerging adults in the United States and adolescents in developing countries. c) adolescent soldiers; victims Consider This: Think about how about 50% of these youth have killed someone as part of their warfare participation. LO 11.17 Compare the military experiences of emerging adults in the United States and adolescents in developing countries. d) adolescent soldiers; members Consider This: Think about how about 50% of these youth have killed someone as part of their warfare participation. LO 11.17 Compare the military experiences of emerging adults in the United States and adolescents in developing countries.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Community Service and Military Service Skill: Understand the Concepts

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Learning Objective: 11.17 Compare the military experiences of emerging adults in the United States and adolescents in developing countries.

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Chapter 11 Quiz EOC_Q11.1 1. Which of the following best summarizes the main forms of work that adolescents in traditional cultures usually engage in? a) Within traditional cultures, adolescents are less likely to be involved in farming because this type of work requires more training and skill development; instead, adolescents are more likely to be involved with care of domestic animals. b) Within traditional cultures, adolescents are less likely to be involved in farming because this type of work requires more training and skill development; instead, adolescents are more likely to be involved in fishing.

Consider This: Think about how tending to cattle is a common responsibility for adolescents growing up in southern Africa. LO 11.1 Describe the main forms that work has taken for adolescents in traditional cultures. c) Within traditional cultures, adolescents are less likely to be involved with care of domestic animals because this type of work requires more training and skill development; instead, adolescents are more likely to be involved in farming.

Consider This: Think about how tending to cattle is a common responsibility for adolescents growing up in southern Africa. LO 11.1 Describe the main forms that work has taken for adolescents in traditional cultures. d) Within traditional cultures, adolescents are less likely to be involved with care of domestic animals because this type of work requires more training and skill development; instead, adolescents are more likely to be involved in fishing.

Consider This: Think about how tending to cattle is a common responsibility for adolescents growing up in southern Africa. LO 11.1 Describe the main forms that work has taken for adolescents in traditional cultures.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Adolescent Work in Traditional Cultures Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 11.1 Describe the main forms that work has taken for adolescents in traditional cultures.

EOC_Q11.2 2. Which of the following best summarizes how globalization of economic life in traditional cultures has influenced adolescents’ work? a) Globalization has provided adolescents in traditional cultures with more access to industrial jobs; however, the working conditions of these industrial jobs are often hazardous.

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b) Globalization has provided adolescents in traditional cultures with more access to technological jobs; however, because youth in these cultures do not experience education on computers and modern technology, they are often fired within 6 months of being hired.

Consider This: Remember that it is common for youth in developing countries to work for companies that manufacture hand-knitted carpets. LO 11.2 Explain how globalization has both positive and negative effects on adolescents’ work in developing countries. c) Globalization has provided adolescents in traditional cultures with more access to agricultural jobs; however, the working conditions of these agricultural jobs are hazardous because youth are often forced to work 24-hour shifts in fields with few water breaks.

Consider This: Remember that it is common for youth in developing countries to work for companies that manufacture hand-knitted carpets. LO 11.2 Explain how globalization has both positive and negative effects on adolescents’ work in developing countries. d) Globalization has provided adolescents in traditional cultures with more access to hospitality jobs; however, the hospitality jobs that adolescents acquire do not offer any career advancement as most youth are placed in janitorial or housekeeping jobs.

Consider This: Remember that it is common for youth in developing countries to work for companies that manufacture hand-knitted carpets. LO 11.2 Explain how globalization has both positive and negative effects on adolescents’ work in developing countries.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Adolescent Work in Traditional Cultures Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 11.2 Explain how globalization has both positive and negative effects on adolescents’ work in developing countries.

EOC_Q11.3 3. Which of the following jobs would an adolescent likely have during the Industrial Revolution in the United States? a) Working in a factory b) Working on a farm Consider This: Remember that the Industrial Revolution prompted a change in the United States economy from being farming to industry based. LO 11.3 Summarize the types and conditions of adolescent work in the West before 1900. c) Working as a server in a restaurant Consider This: Remember that the Industrial Revolution prompted a change in the United States economy from being farming to industry based. LO 11.3 Summarize the types and conditions of adolescent work in the West before 1900. d) Working as a teller in a bank Consider This: Remember that the Industrial Revolution prompted a change in the United States economy from being farming to industry based. LO 11.3 Summarize the types and conditions of adolescent work in the West before 1900.

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Difficulty: Easy Topic: The History of Adolescent Work in the West Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 11.3 Summarize the types and conditions of adolescent work in the West before 1900.

EOC_Q11.4 4. Which of the following part-time jobs would a 16-year-old girl growing up in the United States in the 1960s MOST likely have, and why? a) She would most likely work at a store because from 1950 through the 1990s, the fastest-growing sectors of the American economy were retail trade and service. b) She would most likely work as an assistant in a pharmaceutical laboratory, because from 1950 through the 1990s the fastest-growing sector of the American economy was medicine.

Consider This: Think about how a common job for an adolescent during the late 20th century was being a clerk in a department store. LO 11.4 Explain how the frequency and types of adolescent work changed in the West from the early 20th century to the present. c) She would most likely work on an assembly line in a shoe factory, because from 1950 through the 1990s the fastest-growing sectors of the American economy were the textile and fashion industries.

Consider This: Think about how a common job for an adolescent during the late 20th century was being a clerk in a department store. LO 11.4 Explain how the frequency and types of adolescent work changed in the West from the early 20th century to the present. d) She would most likely work as a farm hand on a large-scale farm, because from 1950 through the 1990s the fastest-growing sector of the American economy was agriculture exports.

Consider This: Think about how a common job for an adolescent during the late 20th century was being a clerk in a department store. LO 11.4 Explain how the frequency and types of adolescent work changed in the West from the early 20th century to the present.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: The History of Adolescent Work in the West Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 11.4 Explain how the frequency and types of adolescent work changed in the West from the early 20th century to the present.

EOC_Q11.5 5. Which of the following BEST reflects the research evidence for late adolescents’ workplace experiences in developed countries today? a) An adolescent works in food preparation in a restaurant about 10 hours per week, and does not feel close to their bosses nor do they see this job as the basis for a future career.

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b) An adolescent has a job doing lawn work for neighbors during early spring to late fall in which they mow lawns a few times a week depending on neighbors’ needs, and they do not see this job as the basis for a future career.

Consider This: Remember that most of the work late adolescents in America and Canada do is not connected to anything learned in school nor is it cognitively challenging. LO 11.5 Summarize adolescents’ workplace experiences in Canada and the United States. c) An adolescent works as an apprentice in a plumbing company learning how to install pipes and small appliances about 20 hours per week, and by working side by side with a mentor they feel close to the mentor and see this job as the basis for a future career.

Consider This: Remember that most of the work late adolescents in America and Canada do is not connected to anything learned in school nor is it cognitively challenging. LO 11.5 Summarize adolescents’ workplace experiences in Canada and the United States. d) An adolescent works as a salesman in a retail clothing store helping people pick out wardrobes about 15 hours per week, and by obtaining training from bosses about fashion they feel close to their bosses and see this job as the basis for a future career.

Consider This: Remember that most of the work late adolescents in America and Canada do is not connected to anything learned in school nor is it cognitively challenging. LO 11.5 Summarize adolescents’ workplace experiences in Canada and the United States.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Adolescent Work Today Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 11.5 Summarize adolescents’ workplace experiences in Canada and the United States EOC_Q11.6 6. Researchers have found that working up to ______ hours a week has little to no influence on adolescents’ psychological functioning; however, working ______ hours a week or more has a considerably negative influence on adolescents’ psychological functioning. a) 10; 20 b) 5; 7 Consider This: Remember that studies have found that when adolescents take on demanding jobs they reduce their sleep by an hour per night and eliminate nearly all sports activities. LO 11.6 Describe how work promotes problem behavior in adolescence. c) 15;20 Consider This: Remember that studies have found that when adolescents take on demanding jobs they reduce their sleep by an hour per night and eliminate nearly all sports activities. LO 11.6 Describe how working promotes problem behavior in adolescence. d) 15; 25 Consider This: Remember that studies have found that when adolescents take on demanding jobs they reduce their sleep by an hour per night and eliminate nearly all 814 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

sports activities. LO 11.6 Describe how working promotes problem behavior in adolescence.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Adolescent Work Today Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 11.6 Describe how working promotes problem behavior in adolescence.

EOC_Q11.7 7. Which of the following best summarizes the research evidence linking working and substance use during adolescence? a) Researchers have found that the link between working and substance use is complex; specifically, adolescents who work long hours may already have a tendency toward substance use, and that tendency may be further amplified by working long hours. b) Researchers have found that the link between working and substance use is direct; specifically, an increase in work hours is associated with increases in substance use.

Consider This: Remember that correlation does not imply causation. LO 11.6 Describe how working promotes problem behavior in adolescence. c) Researchers have found that the link between working and substance use is direct; specifically, adolescents who have a tendency for substance use are more likely to work longer hours.

Consider This: Remember that correlation does not imply causation. LO 11.6 Describe how working promotes problem behavior in adolescence. d) Researchers have found that the link between working and substance use is complex; specifically, all adolescents have a tendency toward substance use, and that tendency is only revealed among youth who choose to work long hours.

Consider This: Remember that correlation does not imply causation. LO 11.6 Describe how working promotes problem behavior in adolescence.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Adolescent Work Today Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 11.6 Describe how working promotes problem behavior in adolescence.

EOC_Q11.8 8. Which of the following BEST reflects the research evidence on the benefits of working conducted by Mortimer and her colleagues? a) Adolescents who have a part-time job feel like working has helped them learn better social skills. b) Adolescents who have a part-time job feel like working has helped them improve their academic grades.

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Consider This: Think about how the researchers also found that gaining independence was among the benefits of working. LO 11.7 Summarize the positive effects of working on adolescent development. c) Adolescents who have a part-time job feel like working has helped them improve their ability to focus while in classes at school.

Consider This: Think about how the researchers also found that gaining independence was among the benefits of working. LO 11.7 Summarize the positive effects of working on adolescent development. d) Adolescents who have a part-time job feel like working has helped them get a better night’s rest.

Consider This: Think about how the researchers also found that gaining independence was among the benefits of working. LO 11.7 Summarize the positive effects of working on adolescent development.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Adolescent Work Today Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 11.7 Summarize the positive effects of working on adolescent development.

EOC_Q11.9 9. Of the following, which is NOT one of the common skills required by a knowledge economy, according to your text? a) Ability to work rapidly to meet deadlines b) Ability to work in teams with diverse people Consider this: What helps you consume and deliver information in a knowledge economy?

LO 11.8 Describe the skills adolescents need to learn to be prepared for jobs in today’s economy, and summarize the areas where job growth is likely to be the strongest in the next decade. c) Familiarity with information technology Consider this: What helps you consume and deliver information in a knowledge economy?

LO 11.8 Describe the skills adolescents need to learn to be prepared for jobs in today’s economy, and summarize the areas where job growth is likely to be the strongest in the next decade. d) Ability to solve semi-structured problems Consider this: What helps you consume and deliver information in a knowledge economy?

LO 11.8 Describe the skills adolescents need to learn to be prepared for jobs in today’s economy, and summarize the areas where job growth is likely to be the strongest in the next decade.

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Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 11.8 Describe the skills adolescents need to learn to be prepared for jobs in today’s economy, and summarize the areas where job growth is likely to be the strongest in the next decade.

EOC_Q11.10 10. Because the economy of the 21st century will continue to become ________ based, countries across the world are focusing on helping adolescents develop ________ capabilities that will contribute to services based on technology and science. a) knowledge; intellectual b) knowledge; physical Consider This: Remember that computer proficiency is a key skill required by emerging adults who join the workforce instead of attending college after graduating from high school. 11.8 Describe the skills adolescents need to learn to be prepared for jobs in today’s economy, and summarize the areas where job growth is likely to be the strongest in the next decade. c) manufacturing; intellectual Consider This: Remember that computer proficiency is a key skill required by emerging adults who join the workforce instead of attending college after graduating from high school. LO 11.8 Describe the skills adolescents need to learn to be prepared for jobs in today’s economy, and summarize the areas where job growth is likely to be the strongest in the next decade. d) manufacturing; physical Consider This: Remember that computer proficiency is a key skill required by emerging adults who join the workforce instead of attending college after graduating from high school. LO 11.8 Describe the skills adolescents need to learn to be prepared for jobs in today’s economy, and summarize the areas where job growth is likely to be the strongest in the next decade.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: From School and Part-Time Work to a ―Real Job‖ Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 11.8 Describe the skills adolescents need to learn to be prepared for jobs in today’s economy, and summarize the areas where job growth is likely to be the strongest in the next decade.

EOC_Q11.11 11. Emerging adults who did not go to college but who participated in the Job Corps program are _______ likely to be arrested and _______ likely to earn a GED compared to emerging adults who did not go to college and who did not participate in the Job Corps program. a) less; more b) less; equally 817 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Consider This: Remember that research on the Job Corps program indicates that emerging adults who participate in the program are likely to be employed more hours per week compared to nonparticipants. LO 11.9 Describe the Job Corps program, and summarize the research on its effectiveness. c) equally; more Consider This: Remember that research on the Job Corps program indicates that emerging adults who participate in the program are likely to be employed more hours per week compared to nonparticipants. LO 11.9 Describe the Job Corps program, and summarize the research on its effectiveness. d) equally; less Consider This: Remember that research on the Job Corps program indicates that emerging adults who participate in the program are likely to be employed more hours per week compared to nonparticipants. LO 11.9 Describe the Job Corps program, and summarize the research on its effectiveness.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: From School and Part-Time Work to a ―Real Job‖ Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 11.9 Describe the Job Corps program, and summarize the research on its effectiveness.

EOC_Q11.12 12. Which of the following best summarizes the main features of the apprenticeship program in Europe? a) Adolescents in Europe typically enter into an apprenticeship program at age 16 that lasts for 2 to 3 years, during which youth continue to attend school part-time while learning skills from a master across a wide range of professions including auto mechanics, computer technicians, and child care. b) Adolescents in Europe typically enter into an apprenticeship program at age 14 that lasts for 3 to 5 years, during which youth continue to attend school part-time while learning skills from a master across a wide range of professions including auto mechanics, computer technicians, and child care.

Consider This: Remember that the apprenticeship program is popular among European adolescents because it prepares them for a career in a respected profession that provides an adequate income. LO 11.10 Identify the main characteristics of apprenticeship programs in Europe. c) Adolescents in Europe typically enter into an apprenticeship program at age 16 that lasts for 2 to 3 years, during which youth continue to attend school part-time while learning skills from a master in a narrow range of craft professions such as carpentry and blacksmithing.

Consider This: Remember that the apprenticeship program is popular among European adolescents because it prepares them for a career in a respected profession that provides

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an adequate income. LO 11.10 Identify the main characteristics of apprenticeship programs in Europe. d) Adolescents in Europe typically enter into an apprenticeship program at age 14 that lasts for 3 to 5 years, during which youth continue to attend school part-time while learning skills from a master in a narrow range of craft professions such as carpentry and blacksmithing.

Consider This: Remember that the apprenticeship program is popular among European adolescents because it prepares them for a career in a respected profession that provides an adequate income. LO 11.10 Identify the main characteristics of apprenticeship programs in Europe.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: From School and Part-Time Work to a ―Real Job‖ Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 11.10 Identify the main characteristics of apprenticeship programs in Europe.

EOC_Q11.13 13. Jasmine is 19 years old and officially declared biology her college major because she wants to become a veterinarian and learned by talking with her academic advisor that the majority of veterinary schools enroll graduates with biology undergraduate degrees. According to Super’s theory of occupational development, in which stage of occupational development is Jasmine? a) Specification b) Crystallization Consider This: Remember that Super’s theory of occupational development has five stages and begins with adolescents starting to consider how their talents and interests match up with the occupational possibilities available to them. LO 11.11 Summarize Super’s theory of occupational development, and identify its limitations. c) Implementation Consider This: Remember that Super’s theory of occupational development has five stages and begins with adolescents starting to consider how their talents and interests match up with the occupational possibilities available to them. LO 11.11 Summarize Super’s theory of occupational development, and identify its limitations. d) Stabilization Consider This: Remember that Super’s theory of occupational development has five stages and begins with adolescents starting to consider how their talents and interests match up with the occupational possibilities available to them. LO 11.11 Summarize Super’s theory of occupational development, and identify its limitations.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Occupational Selection Skill: Understand the Concepts

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Learning Objective: 11.11 Summarize Super’s theory of occupational development, and identify its limitations.

EOC_Q11.14 14. Which of the following reflects one of the main critiques of Holland’s theory of occupational choice? a) Because the six personality categories are not mutually exclusive, there is not just one personality type that is best suited to a particular career. b) Fewer than six personality categories are needed to accurately describe the occupational options that today’s youth pursue.

Consider This: Think about how different occupations may bring out different combinations of strengths and weaknesses in a particular person. LO 11.12 Summarize Holland’s theory of occupational choice, identify its limitations, and describe the role of gender on job choice. c) The six personality categories are dated and do not accurately describe the occupational paths that today’s youth pursue in the worldwide knowledge economy.

Consider This: Think about how different occupations may bring out different combinations of strengths and weaknesses in a particular person. LO 11.12 Summarize Holland’s theory of occupational choice, identify its limitations, and describe the role of gender on job choice. d) The personality categories are biased toward youth in countries that have broad socialization goals.

Consider This: Think about how different occupations may bring out different combinations of strengths and weaknesses in a particular person. LO 11.12 Summarize Holland’s theory of occupational choice, identify its limitations, and describe the role of gender on job choice.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Occupational Selection Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 11.12 Summarize Holland’s theory of occupational choice, identify its limitations, and describe the role of gender on job choice.

EOC_Q11.15 15. Which of the following statements best reflects what an emerging adult would say when asked how they found their current career? a) “I just fell into my current job because I was trying to find something to help pay the bills while searching for my dream job.” b) “I found my current job by first picking a college major that best fit my occupational interests, and then I systematically selected and interviewed for jobs that fit those interests and my educational background.”

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Consider This: Remember that researchers consider the job exploration process in emerging adulthood to be “meandering.” LO 11.13 Describe the typical experiences of emerging adults in looking for a job. c) “I got my current job so that I could bring in enough cash to pursue an active leisure life, including going to the movies and going out with friends.”

Consider This: Remember that researchers consider the job exploration process in emerging adulthood to be “meandering.” LO 11.13 Describe the typical experiences of emerging adults in looking for a job. d) “I got my current job because my parents stopped giving me money to help pay my bills.”

Consider This: Remember that researchers consider the job exploration process in emerging adulthood to be “meandering.” LO 11.13 Describe the typical experiences of emerging adults in looking for a job.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Work in Emerging Adulthood Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 11.13 Describe the typical experiences of emerging adults in looking for a job.

EOC_Q11.16 16. Across countries worldwide, unemployment has been found to be associated with higher risk for __________. a) depression and substance use b) homelessness Consider this: Work is one of the main expectations of adult life in all cultures, so being unable to find paid work is frustrating and discouraging. LO 11.14 Summarize the main reasons for high unemployment rates among emerging adults, and describe who is included in the category NEET. c) low self-esteem Consider this: Work is one of the main expectations of adult life in all cultures, so being unable to find paid work is frustrating and discouraging. LO 11.14 Summarize the main reasons for high unemployment rates among emerging adults, and describe who is included in the category NEET. d) heart disease Consider this: Work is one of the main expectations of adult life in all cultures, so being unable to find paid work is frustrating and discouraging. LO 11.14 Summarize the main reasons for high unemployment rates among emerging adults, and describe who is included in the category NEET. Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Work in Emerging Adulthood Skill: Understand the Concepts 821 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning Objective: 11.14 Summarize the main reasons for high unemployment rates among emerging adults, and describe who is included in the category NEET. EOC_Q11.17 17. Garth’s high school requires him to participate in community service before graduation.

Garth did not want to volunteer his time and would not have done so without the requirement.

How is Garth’s community service participation likely to influence his interest in political and social issues, and why? a) Garth is likely to have an increased interest in political and social issues after participating in community service because despite his resistance to service, the experience likely helped him gain consciousness of his own political socialization. b) Garth is likely to have an increased interest in political and social issues after participating in community service because despite his resistance to service, the experience likely helped him make friends who were more politically conscious.

Consider This: Participating in community service provides numerous benefits. LO 11.15 Summarize the ways community service in adolescence promotes healthy development. c) Garth is likely to have a decreased interest in political and social issues after participating in community service because the requirement made him feel forced to volunteer and thus increased his resistance to service.

Consider This: Participating in community service provides numerous benefits. LO 11.15 Summarize the ways community service in adolescence promotes healthy development. d) Garth is likely to have a decreased interest in political and social issues after participating in community service because the experience exposed him to serious issues in America for which he feels any amount of time he volunteers will not make a difference.

Consider This: Participating in community service provides numerous benefits. LO 11.15 Summarize the ways community service in adolescence promotes healthy development.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Community Service and Military Service Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 11.15 Summarize the ways community service in adolescence promotes healthy development.

EOC_Q11.18 18. In which of the following activities would an emerging adult who is participating in AmeriCorps most likely be engaged? a) Rehabilitating housing for low-income families in a local community b) Rehabilitating housing for low-income families in an international community Consider This: Another common activity among emerging adults in the AmeriCorps is helping persons with disabilities. LO 11.16 Describe the main forms of community service in emerging adulthood.

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c) Playing music in an American orchestra that provides free concerts to low-income communities Consider This: Another common activity among emerging adults in the AmeriCorps is helping persons with disabilities. LO 11.16 Describe the main forms of community service in emerging adulthood. d) Playing music in an international orchestra that provides free concerts to low-income communities Consider This: Another common activity among emerging adults in the AmeriCorps is helping persons with disabilities. LO 11.16 Describe the main forms of community service in emerging adulthood.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Community Service and Military Service Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 11.16 Describe the main forms of community service in emerging adulthood.

EOC_Q11.19 19. What therapeutic intervention has shown promise for normalizing the everyday life for youth that have been exposed to or taken part in political violence and war? a) narrative exposure therapy b) cognitive-behavioral therapy Consider this: Helpful therapy involves youth recounting autobiographical narratives of their experiences while also receiving individual therapy for posttraumatic stress symptoms. LO 11.17 Compare the military experiences of emerging adults in the United States and adolescents in developing countries. c) medication Consider this: Helpful therapy involves youth recounting autobiographical narratives of their experiences while also receiving individual therapy for posttraumatic stress symptoms. LO 11.17 Compare the military experiences of emerging adults in the United States and adolescents in developing countries. d) stress management coping strategies Consider this: Helpful therapy involves youth recounting autobiographical narratives of their experiences while also receiving individual therapy for posttraumatic stress symptoms. LO 11.17 Compare the military experiences of emerging adults in the United States and adolescents in developing countries.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Community Service and Military Service Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 11.17 Compare the military experiences of emerging adults in the United States and adolescents in developing countries.

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EOC_Q11.20 20. Which of the following outcomes is common among emerging adults who choose to volunteer for military service in the United States? a) Increases in self-discipline b) Increases in fear of death Consider This: Recent American veterans also tend to report increases in their abilities to work with others after serving in the military. LO 11.17 Compare the military experiences of emerging adults in the United States and adolescents in developing countries. c) Decreases in self-reliance Consider This: Recent American veterans also tend to report increases in their abilities to work with others after serving in the military. LO 11.17 Compare the military experiences of emerging adults in the United States and adolescents in developing countries. d) Decreases in tolerance for international cultures Consider This: Recent American veterans also tend to report increases in their abilities to work with others after serving in the military. LO 11.17 Compare the military experiences of emerging adults in the United States and adolescents in developing countries.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Community Service and Military Service Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 11.17 Compare the military experiences of emerging adults in the United States and adolescents in developing countries.

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TOTAL ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice GUIDE

Chapter 12 Media

1. At the beginning of the chapter, the author uses the example of Goethe’s The Sorrows of Young Werther to illustrate the __________. a. effects of globalization b. lack of parental control c. power of media Remember Understand Topic Apply What Analyze It d. complexity of media theeffects Factson adolescents the Concepts You Know cMultiple Choice TheoriesAnswer: of 2, 4 1, 7, 8, 9 3, 5 6 LO: 12.1 Explain how cultivation theory and social learning theory share the same basic Media 82-84 premise. True/False Influence Short Essay 101, 102 100 Topic: Theories of Media Influence Adolescents’ Multiple Choice 10, 22, 29 12-17, 21 11, 18-20, Difficulty: Moderate Uses ofSkill: Media 23-28 Understand the Concepts True/False 85-87 principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, Short Essay Media and Multiple Choice 30-33, 35-37 34 2. WhichTrue/False of the following is 88 NOT one of the89, theories of media influence discussed in this Adolescent 90 chapter?

Socialization Short Essay 103 uses andChoice gratification approach Controversiala. Multiple 39, 43, 45, 38, 41, 42, 44, 40, 58, 59 50-52, 54 b. cognitive developmental approach Media 47-49, 53, 46, 60, 62, 64, c. social learning theory 55-57, 61, 67, 71, 73 d. cultivation theory 63, 65, 66, Answer: b 68-70, 72 LO: 12.1 Explain how cultivation theory social True/False 91, 92, 94- and93, 97 learning theory share the same basic premise.

96 Topic: Theories of Media Influence Short Essay Difficulty:Multiple Easy Choice Globalization 74, 75, 81 79, 80 77 76, 78 Skill: Remember the Facts 99 and Media True/False 98 APA LO: 1.1 Describe Short Essay key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

104 3. All of her life, 15-year-old Trina has watched American television shows depicting life in a middle-class, two-parent home. Trina believes that this type of family life is typical of life in America. This example best illustrates __________. a. cultivation theory b. sensation seeking approach c. uses and gratification approach d. social learning theory Answer: a LO: 12.1 Explain how cultivation theory and social learning theory share the same basic premise.

Topic: Theories of Media Influence Difficulty: Difficult 825 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

4. __________ proposes that media gradually shape a person’s worldview, so that over time it comes to resemble the worldview most frequently presented by media. a. Cultivation theory b. Social learning theory c. Uses and gratification approach d. Worldview approach Answer: a LO: 12.1 Explain how cultivation theory and social learning theory share the same basic premise.

Topic: Theories of Media Influence Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

5. Jacques watches a lot of crime shows and has begun to see the world as a dangerous place. This is known as ___________. a. posttraumatic stress syndrome b. mean world syndrome c. risky life syndrome d. cultivation syndrome Answer: b LO: 12.1 Explain how cultivation theory and social learning theory share the same basic premise.

Topic: Theories of Media Influence Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

6. Studies finding that heavier exposure to sexual content on TV is related to earlier initiation of sexual intercourse are guided by which of the following theoretical frameworks? a. cultivation theory b. social learning theory c. uses and gratification approach d. sensation seeking approach Answer: b LO: 12.1 Explain how cultivation theory and social learning theory share the same basic premise.

Topic: Theories of Media Influence Difficulty: Difficult 826 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

7. The uses and gratification approach emphasizes that consumers __________. a. tend to blindly follow media trends b. are active participants in their use of media c. are highly critical of media forms and content d. are easily influenced by media consumption Answer: b LO: 12.2 Explain the two key principles of the uses and gratifications approach and the role of identity in the media practice model.

Topic: Theories of Media Influence Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

8. Research by Jane Brown and colleagues (2006, 2014) has shown that adolescents are active consumers who use media for a variety of purposes. This best reflects the __________. a. uses and gratification approach b. negative effects of media c. impact of technology on adolescents d. displacement effect Answer: a LO: 12.2 Explain the two key principles of the uses and gratifications approach and the role of identity in the media practice model.

Topic: Theories of Media Influence Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

9. The idea that an adolescent’s identity motivates their selection of media products most closely aligns with the __________. a. mean world syndrome b. uses and gratifications approach c. media practice model d. social relations model Answer: c LO: 12.2 Explain the two key principles of the uses and gratifications approach and the role of identity in the media practice model.

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APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

10. In 2021, about how many hours per day were 13- to 18-year-olds spending on screens? a. 4 hours b. 6 hours c. 8 hours d. 10 hours Answer: c LO: 12.3 Summarize patterns of media use among adolescents, including the role of family income.

Topic: Adolescents’ Uses of Media Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

11. Kyla is asking her parents for a smartphone, and they tell her that a 13-year-old girl does not need one. Kyla argues that all of her friends have phones, and that she doesn’t see why she can't have one too. According to the Pew Research Center, Kyla is correct, as ______ percent of adolescents between 13 and 17 years of age have access to a smartphone. a. 62 b. 74 c. 88 d. 95 Answer: d LO: 12.3 Summarize patterns of media use among adolescents, including the role of family income.

Topic: Adolescents’ Uses of Media Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

12. What is the most common daily screen use activity among adolescents? a. watching television b. playing video games c. social media d. watching online videos Answer: d LO: 12.3 Summarize patterns of media use among adolescents, including the role of family income.

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APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

13. Low-income adolescents spend __________ time on screens as compared to adolescents from high-income households. a. more b. less c. the same d. no Answer: a LO: 12.3 Summarize patterns of media use among adolescents, including the role of family income.

Topic: Adolescents’ Uses of Media Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

14. Jenae is using the most popular media platform. She is using ____________. a. TikTok b. Instagram c. YouTube d. Snapchat Answer: c LO: 12.3 Summarize patterns of media use among adolescents, including the role of family income.

Topic: Adolescents’ Uses of Media Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

15. The most common reason that adolescents state for listening to music is to ___________. a. relate to others b. have fun c. dance with potential romantic interests d. waste time Answer: b LO: 12.4 Identify the major types of media use, and explain why some of them are especially prominent in adolescence.

Topic: Adolescents’ Uses of Media Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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16. Sensation seeking is related to __________. a. lower media consumption b. no interest in media consumption c. only video media consumption d. higher media consumption Answer: d LO: 12.4 Identify the major types of media use, and explain why some of them are especially prominent in adolescence.

Topic: Adolescents’ Uses of Media Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

17. What type of music appeals to adolescents who use music for coping? a. easy listening b. country c. hip-hop d. jazz Answer: c LO: 12.4 Identify the major types of media use, and explain why some of them are especially prominent in adolescence.

Topic: Adolescents’ Uses of Media Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

18. Saroj loves listening to her favorite band, Paramore. Recently, Saroj read an interview with the lead singer and decided, "I like her attitude. She always makes up her own mind. I hope I'm like her when I'm that age." Which of the following uses of media is best represented in this scenario? a. coping b. entertainment c. identity formation d. sensation seeking Answer: c LO: 12.4 Identify the major types of media use, and explain why some of them are especially prominent in adolescence.

Topic: Adolescents’ Uses of Media Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

19. Robbie is in 10th grade and edits the school poetry magazine. He hopes to be a 830 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

published writer and win a scholarship to a fine arts college. He says he became interested in poetry two years ago when he watched a television show about Jack Kerouac. This situation best illustrates media use and __________. a. identity formation b. entertainment c. coping strategies d. displacement effect Answer: a LO: 12.4 Identify the major types of media use, and explain why some of them are especially prominent in adolescence.

Topic: Adolescents’ Uses of Media Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

20. Sheldon is a huge fan of heavy metal music. His bedroom walls are plastered with posters of Slayer, Metallica, and Led Zeppelin. Sheldon practices guitar daily and hopes to have a career in music—if not as a "guitar god," then as a studio musician. Which of the following uses of media is best represented in this scenario? a. sensation seeking b. coping c. identity formation d. entertainment Answer: c LO: 12.4 Identify the major types of media use, and explain why some of them are especially prominent in adolescence.

Topic: Adolescents’ Uses of Media Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

21. Which of the following is NOT specified as one of five common uses of media by adolescents? a. entertainment b. coping c. cognitive development d. identity formation Answer: c LO: 12.4 Identify the major types of media use, and explain why some of them are especially prominent in adolescence.

Topic: Adolescents’ Uses of Media Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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22. The extent to which a person enjoys novelty and intensity of sensation best describes the personality characteristic known as __________. a. sensation seeking b. sensationalism c. sensory stimulation d. sensuality Answer: a LO: 12.4 Identify the major types of media use, and explain why some of them are especially prominent in adolescence.

Topic: Adolescents’ Uses of Media Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

23. When Nand feels angry, he goes home and listens to heavy metal music. According to research on coping, if Nand is typical of adolescent heavy metal fans, which of the following may we predict is the most likely effect? After listening to the music for a while, Nand __________. a. calms down b. feels angrier c. writes a song d. withdraws Answer: a LO: 12.4 Identify the major types of media use, and explain why some of them are especially prominent in adolescence.

Topic: Adolescents’ Uses of Media Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

24. Jarrett is angry. He puts on his headphones and blasts his favorite band, Megadeth.

Based on research, what effect could we predict this to have? Jarrett __________. a. freaks out and punches a hole in his bedroom wall b. listens to the songs and eventually calms down c. stays in his room and is very depressed d. gets in a fight with his brother Answer: b LO: 12.4 Identify the major types of media use, and explain why some of them are especially prominent in adolescence.

Topic: Adolescents’ Uses of Media Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know 832 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

25. Bryan moved from New York to Los Angeles during the 9th grade. Bryan is an avid fan of rap music and was happy to discover many of the boys his age in his new neighborhood listen to the same music as his friends back on the East Coast. Which of the following uses of media is best represented in this scenario? a. identity formation b. coping c. sensation seeking d. youth culture identification Answer: d LO: 12.4 Identify the major types of media use, and explain why some of them are especially prominent in adolescence.

Topic: Adolescents’ Uses of Media Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

26. Marina is a 15-year-old girl who has profiles on Facebook and Snapchat. Marina mainly uses these sites to ______. a. check sports updates b. look at weather reports c. socialize with friends d. text her classmates Answer: c LO: 12.4 Identify the major types of media use, and explain why some of them are especially prominent in adolescence.

Topic: Adolescents’ Uses of Media Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

27. Eli often looks to the media—television, radio, the internet—for information that he is uncomfortable discussing with his parents or friends. For Eli, media is acting as a(n) ________. a. super peer b. reference group c. encyclopedia d. normative standard Answer: a LO: 12.4 Identify the major types of media use, and explain why some of them are especially prominent in adolescence.

Topic: Adolescents’ Uses of Media 833 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

28. Marcella enjoys watching YouTube videos that feature an adolescent that is about her own age named Trixie. Trixie likes to use foul language, speak about sexual issues and drug use, and tries to glorify her own illegal use of alcohol. Marcella knows that her parents would be disturbed by these videos, but watching them serves which function? a. high-sensation seeking b. entertainment c. coping d. youth culture identification Answer: d LO: 12.4 Identify the major types of media use, and explain why some of them are especially prominent in adolescence.

Topic: Adolescents’ Uses of Media Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

29. Vicente wants to sign up for an account on a social media website. He decides to join the service that has the highest number of users across the planet. Vicente will be creating a profile on __________. a. Instagram b. Facebook c. Snapchat d. Pinterest Answer: b LO: 12.4 Identify the major types of media use, and explain why some of them are especially prominent in adolescence.

Topic: Adolescents’ Uses of Media Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

30. The most important result of 20th century media, such as television and radio, was the creation of a new source of ___________. a. gratification b. socialization c. cognitive development d. gender identification Answer: b LO: 12.5 Describe the role of media in adolescent socialization, including ways that media 834 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

tend toward broad socialization.

Topic: Media and Adolescent Socialization Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

31. A society offering a tremendous diversity of media is most likely to be associated with which of the following values? a. conformity b. collectivism c. individualism d. gratification Answer: c LO: 12.5 Describe the role of media in adolescent socialization, including ways that media tend toward broad socialization.

Topic: Media and Adolescent Socialization Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

32. Legal prohibition of music and lyrics that promote hate is not likely in the United States because of the __________. a. protection of free speech via the First Amendment b. media's ethical marketing practices c. lack of racism in industrialized countries d. widespread dislike of censorship among parents Answer: a LO: 12.5 Describe the role of media in adolescent socialization, including ways that media tend toward broad socialization.

Topic: Media and Adolescent Socialization Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

33. Adolescents have greater control over their socialization from media than they do over socialization from family or school because the media are __________. a. largely market-driven b. directed toward encouraging adolescents to be good citizens c. chosen by parents and other adults d. limited in scope Answer: a LO: 12.6 Explain ways that media undermine other socialization contexts.

Topic: Media and Adolescent Socialization 835 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

34. What is meant by the following statement? "The socializing provided by media goes over the head of other socializing adults in an adolescent's environment?" a. Adolescents use media in every aspect of their lives, from home to school to recreational time. b. Adolescents can avoid the restrictions their parents place on media use if they are determined to do so. c. There is a lot of diversity in media, and adolescents can get information from a variety of sources. d. Adults are generally not technologically savvy enough to understand the way adolescents use media.

Answer: b LO: 12.6 Explain ways that media undermine other socialization contexts.

Topic: Media and Adolescent Socialization Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

35. It is difficult for parents to impose restrictions on adolescents' media consumption because a. schools generally do not support parents' efforts to guide their children. b. parents and adolescents spend a lot of time away from each other. c. adolescents are less independent today than in earlier times. d. the content of most media is not understood by adults.

Answer: b LO: 12.6 Explain ways that media undermine other socialization contexts.

Topic: Media and Adolescent Socialization Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

36. Alex believes his government needs to be overthrown and that a civil war is imminent.

His being attracted to media that supports his extremist political content is an example of ____________. a. broad socialization b. narrow socialization c. extremist socialization d. individualism Answer: b LO: 12.7 Discuss how media may leave adolescents vulnerable to problematic narrow 836 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

socialization.

Topic: Media and Adolescent Socialization Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

37. When are adolescents especially likely to be at risk of their media use supporting a spiraling extremism? a. when those adolescents live in a very passive political environment b. when those adolescents live in a culture with political or religious polarization c. when those adolescents live with parents who share the extremism d. when those adolescents live in a community that focuses on individualism Answer: b LO: 12.7 Discuss how media may leave adolescents vulnerable to problematic narrow socialization.

Topic: Media and Adolescent Socialization Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

38. Most of the research connecting media with the promotion of violence has focused on _________. a. television b. computer games c. music d. magazines Answer: a LO: 12.8 Summarize research on how violent television and video content is related to aggressiveness in adolescence.

Topic: Controversial Media Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

39. The majority of research on media and violence has studied ___________. a. infants b. adolescents c. preadolescent children d. emerging adults Answer: c LO: 12.8 Summarize research on how violent television and video content is related to aggressiveness in adolescence.

Topic: Controversial Media 837 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

40. Paritha is participating in a study in which her behaviors are studied in a natural setting. This is an example of a(n) ________ study. a. field b. analog c. between subjects d. longitudinal Answer: a LO: 12.8 Summarize research on how violent television and video content is related to aggressiveness in adolescence.

Topic: Controversial Media Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

41. It is difficult to make a clear link between viewing violent television and aggressive behavior in adolescents because most of the research is ___________. a. outdated b. correlational c. Canadian d. experimental Answer: b LO: 12.8 Summarize research on how violent television and video content is related to aggressiveness in adolescence.

Topic: Controversial Media Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

42. Because most studies on adolescents and television violence are correlational, it is __________. a. pointless to study the possible causes of aggressive behavior b. not possible to prove from these studies that television causes aggressive behavior c. likely that television violence is not associated with aggressive behavior d. important not to restrict adolescents' television viewing Answer: b LO: 12.8 Summarize research on how violent television and video content is related to aggressiveness in adolescence.

Topic: Controversial Media 838 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

43. A famous longitudinal study linking aggression to the viewing of television violence was conducted by __________. a. Eron and Huesmann b. Brown and Steele c. Becker and Fagan d. Rogers and Coombs Answer: a LO: 12.8 Summarize research on how violent television and video content is related to aggressiveness in adolescence.

Topic: Controversial Media Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

44. According to the longitudinal research of Eron and Huesmann, boys who had _______ at age 8 were more likely to be arrested, have traffic violations, and abuse their own children when they were 30. a. been victims of parental neglect or abuse b. viewed pornography c. played violent video games d. watched violent television Answer: d LO: 12.8 Summarize research on how violent television and video content is related to aggressiveness in adolescence.

Topic: Controversial Media Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

45. Which of the following is an accurate statement about the children in the Multitel community contained in the research study conducted by MacBeth (2006)? a. They had exposure to television with multiple channels. b. The children were raised in communal neighborhoods. c. All of the kids in this community were raised in multiethnic families. d. None of these children had adequate medical care, and some had never been to a physician.

Answer: a LO: 12.8 Summarize research on how violent television and video content is related to aggressiveness in adolescence.

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Topic: Controversial Media Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

46. A study conducted in a Canadian community, called "Notel" by the researchers, revealed that aggressive behavior in children ________ after television was introduced to a community. a. remained the same b. decreased c. increased d. virtually disappeared Answer: c LO: 12.8 Summarize research on how violent television and video content is related to aggressiveness in adolescence.

Topic: Controversial Media Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

47. In a national study in the United States, what percentage of boys and what percentage of girls ages 13 to 17 reported playing video games? a. almost 100%; 83% b. 75%; 64% c. 83%; almost 100% d. 83%; 83% Answer: a LO: 12.9 Describe the effects and uses of violent video games in adolescence.

Topic: Controversial Media Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

48. Among the 60% of 13- to 18-year-olds that play video games daily, about how many hours do they regularly play? a. a half hour b. one hour c. two hours d. three hours Answer: d LO: 12.9 Describe the effects and uses of violent video games in adolescence.

Topic: Controversial Media Difficulty: Easy 840 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

49. What percentage of the most popular video games contain violent content? a. 35% b. 60% c. 75% d. 90% Answer: d LO: 12.9 Describe the effects and uses of violent video games in adolescence.

Topic: Controversial Media Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

50. Which of the following is not a conclusion that can be drawn from the research on violent video games and aggression in adolescents? a. About 10% of adolescents attracted to violence in video games will have their aggression levels increase through emerging adulthood. b. Most adolescents do not become aggressive as a consequence of playing violent video games. c. A subgroup of adolescents attracted to violent games are also predisposed to be more aggressive from playing video games; however, that eventually goes away. d. Only adolescents who are already predisposed to violence become more violent when playing video games.

Answer: d LO: 12.9 Describe the effects and uses of violent video games in adolescence.

Topic: Controversial Media Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

51. Which of the following is not a reason boys (ages 12 to 14) report for playing violent video games? a. the social aspect of the games b. for cathartic effects c. to experience feelings of anger and aggression d. to experience fantasies of power and fame Answer: c LO: 12.9 Describe the effects and uses of violent video games in adolescence.

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APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

52. Meta-analyses examining the relationships between exposure to non-explicit sexual content in media and the thoughts and behaviors of adolescents reveals ___________. a. media exposure is related to attitudes but not behaviors b. media exposure is related to both attitudes and behaviors c. media exposure has no relation to either attitudes or behaviors d. media exposure has no relation to attitudes, but is related to behaviors Answer: b LO: 12.10 Discuss the associations between sexual content in media and adolescents’ thoughts and behaviors.

Topic: Controversial Media Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

53. What percentage of American adolescents report unintended exposure to pornography, and what percentage report intended exposure to pornography? a. 90%; 22% b. 70%; 40% c. 45%; 23% d. 25%; 13% Answer: b LO: 12.10 Discuss the associations between sexual content in media and adolescents’ thoughts and behaviors.

Topic: Controversial Media Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

54. Frequent use of pornography by adolescents was correlated with all of the following EXCEPT ________. a. higher sensation seeking b. lower self-esteem c. advanced pubertal stage d. troubled family relations Answer: b LO: 12.10 Discuss the associations between sexual content in media and adolescents’ thoughts and behaviors.

Topic: Controversial Media Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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55. Among adolescents, what percentage report sending sexts, and what percentage report receiving sexts? a. 2%; 12% b. 8%; 20% c. 15%; 27% d. 38%; 42% Answer: c LO: 12.10 Discuss the associations between sexual content in media and adolescents’ thoughts and behaviors.

Topic: Controversial Media Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

56. Among emerging adults, what percentage report sending sexts, and what percentage report receiving sexts? a. 5%; 15% b. 25%; 35% c. 38%; 42% d. 52%; 65% Answer: c LO: 12.10 Discuss the associations between sexual content in media and adolescents’ thoughts and behaviors.

Topic: Controversial Media Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

57. What type of music was criticized in the 1920s for promoting promiscuity and alcohol use? a. classical b. jazz c. rock d. alternative Answer: b LO: 12.11 Describe and evaluate the claims that some types of music instigate aggression and other problematic behaviors.

Topic: Controversial Media Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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58. Cindy is an adolescent in the 1920s; if her parents are worried that the music she is listening to will promote promiscuity and encourage her to drink alcohol, what type of music is she likely to be listening to? a. jazz b. rock c. classical d. alternative Answer: a LO: 12.11 Describe and evaluate the claims that some types of music instigate aggression and other problematic behaviors.

Topic: Controversial Media Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

59. Rhys, an American adolescent, is listening to his new favorite musical group. What genre of music is this group likely to fall under? a. hip-hop b. rock c. heavy metal d. alternative Answer: a LO: 12.11 Describe and evaluate the claims that some types of music instigate aggression and other problematic behaviors.

Topic: Controversial Media Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

60. According to the text, hip-hop music has been criticized for all but which of the following? a. sexual exploitation of women b. violence c. racism d. promoting alcohol use Answer: d LO: 12.11 Describe and evaluate the claims that some types of music instigate aggression and other problematic behaviors.

Topic: Controversial Media Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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61. Elvis's career got its initial burst through what form of media? a. radio b. television c. newspaper d. movies Answer: a LO: 12.11 Describe and evaluate the claims that some types of music instigate aggression and other problematic behaviors.

Topic: Controversial Media Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

62. Hip-hop is most popular among adolescents who have __________. a. low self-esteem b. high egocentrism c. high rates of risk behavior d. difficult home lives Answer: c LO: 12.11 Describe and evaluate the claims that some types of music instigate aggression and other problematic behaviors.

Topic: Controversial Media Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

63. Elvis's first performance on The Ed Sullivan Show still ranks as the highest rated television show ever broadcast in the U.S. Approximately _____ of the television sets in the country tuned in. a. 56% b. 83% c. 92% d. 98% Answer: b LO: 12.11 Describe and evaluate the claims that some types of music instigate aggression and other problematic behaviors.

Topic: Controversial Media Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

64. A character in a movie is wearing a t-shirt with a Nike logo and drinking a Pepsi. These 845 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

are examples of ___________. a. product placement b. billboarding c. guerilla marketing d. free advertising Answer: a LO: 12.12 Explain how advertising for cigarettes and vaping aims at the developmental vulnerabilities of adolescents.

Topic: Controversial Media Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

65. According to the text, the most controversial form of advertising in relation to adolescents has been ________ advertising. a. alcohol b. cigarette c. condom d. cosmetics Answer: b LO: 12.12 Explain how advertising for cigarettes and vaping aims at the developmental vulnerabilities of adolescents.

Topic: Controversial Media Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

66. Advertising cigarettes in television and radio has been illegal in the U.S. since ____________. a. 1956 b. 1971 c. 1989 d. 2000 Answer: b LO: 12.12 Explain how advertising for cigarettes and vaping aims at the developmental vulnerabilities of adolescents.

Topic: Controversial Media Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

67. A major criticism of cigarette advertising is that it is ___________. a. too sexy 846 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

b. targeted toward the middle class c. targeted toward adolescents d. directed primarily at women Answer: c LO: 12.12 Explain how advertising for cigarettes and vaping aims at the developmental vulnerabilities of adolescents.

Topic: Controversial Media Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

68. According to Haas and Schafer (2014), what percentage of smokers begin smoking by age 18? a. 25 b. 50 c. 70 d. 90 Answer: d LO: 12.12 Explain how advertising for cigarettes and vaping aims at the developmental vulnerabilities of adolescents.

Topic: Controversial Media Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

69. What specific brand advertising campaign led to a large increase in the number of adolescents who smoked? a. Lucky Strike b. Marlboro c. Benson & Hedges d. Camel Answer: d LO: 12.12 Explain how advertising for cigarettes and vaping aims at the developmental vulnerabilities of adolescents.

Topic: Controversial Media Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

70. Research has found that the effect of advertising on brand choice for cigarettes and tobacco was ______ times as strong for adolescents as for adults. a. three b. five 847 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

c. seven d. nine Answer: a LO: 12.12 Explain how advertising for cigarettes and vaping aims at the developmental vulnerabilities of adolescents.

Topic: Controversial Media Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

71. The "Joe Camel" campaign provides evidence of how targeted advertising impacts adolescents' _____________. a. cigarette brand choice b. age to begin smoking c. attitudes toward parents d. realization of smoking risks Answer: a LO: 12.12 Explain how advertising for cigarettes and vaping aims at the developmental vulnerabilities of adolescents.

Topic: Controversial Media Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

72. Research indicates that __________% of American adolescents have seen vaping ads in the past 30 days. a. 25 b. 45 c. 63 d. 80 Answer: d LO: 12.12 Explain how advertising for cigarettes and vaping aims at the developmental vulnerabilities of adolescents.

Topic: Controversial Media Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

73. What kind of correlation is there between exposure to vaping ads and vaping behavior? a. negative b. no c. positive d. inverse 848 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Answer: c LO: 12.12 Explain how advertising for cigarettes and vaping aims at the developmental vulnerabilities of adolescents.

Topic: Controversial Media Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

74. About how long did it take for television to spread across the world? a. 25 years b. 35 years c. 50 years d. 78 years Answer: c LO: 12.13 Describe the spread of media across the globe and their appeal to adolescents in developing countries.

Topic: Globalization and Media Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

75. About how long did it take for the internet to spread across the world? a. 10 years b. 20 years c. 30 years d. 40 years Answer: b LO: 12.13 Describe the spread of media across the globe and their appeal to adolescents in developing countries.

Topic: Globalization and Media Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

76. Which of the following is the appeal of Western media to adolescents? a. Adolescents are attracted to media they believe contains information about the world they will inhabit as adults. b. Adolescents are attracted to the lights and sounds of interactive media. c. Adolescents are attracted to the wealth of information about the old traditions of their country available in media. d. Adolescents are attracted to the clothing and music fads revealed in media.

Answer: a LO: 12.13 Describe the spread of media across the globe and their appeal to adolescents in 849 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

developing countries.

Topic: Globalization and Media Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

77. Hassan is a Moroccan adolescent who has been exposed to the global growth of Western media. What difference might you notice about Hassan when you compare him to other adolescents who have not been exposed to Western media? a. He will be more egalitarian when considering gender in his culture. b. He will wear more “modernized” clothing. c. He will adopt a more individualistic point of view of the world. d. He will become more politically involved in his community.

Answer: a LO: 12.14 Describe how the spread of media across the globe is influencing adolescents’ beliefs and values in developing countries.

Topic: Globalization and Media Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

78. In a study by Hansen and colleagues (2012), Ethiopian adolescents were tested for the influence of media on Ethiopian interdependence and cultural values. Which of the following best summarizes what the research showed? a. Adolescents exposed to media were less interdependent. b. Adolescents exposed to media were more interdependent. c. Adolescents exposed to media were more individualistic. d. Adolescents exposed to media were less individualistic.

Answer: c LO: 12.14 Describe how the spread of media across the globe is influencing adolescents’ beliefs and values in developing countries.

Topic: Globalization and Media Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

79. The example of the Kathmandu rock band that recorded an original Nepali language album in the style of the Beatles best reflects which of the following? a. the combination of local culture with imported Western styles b. the Nepalese people's historical affinity with the United Kingdom c. a rejection of Western culture by traditional musicians d. a means used by Nepalese youth to make sense of their lives Answer: a 850 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

LO: 12.14 Describe how the spread of media across the globe is influencing adolescents’ beliefs and values in developing countries.

Topic: Globalization and Media Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

80. The use of the English terms teen and teenager in Nepal refers to a(n) ________ category rather than an age category. a. economic b. gender c. social d. psychological Answer: c LO: 12.14 Describe how the spread of media across the globe is influencing adolescents’ beliefs and values in developing countries.

Topic: Globalization and Media Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

81. Which of the following researchers conducted an ethnographic study of adolescents in Nepal? a. Kinney b. Mead c. Liechty d. Arnett Answer: c LO: 12.14 Describe how the spread of media across the globe is influencing adolescents’ beliefs and values in developing countries.

Topic: Globalization and Media Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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True/False 82. Mean world syndrome suggests that the more people watch television, the less likely they are to believe that the world is dangerous, that crime rates are rising, and that they are likely to be the victim of a crime. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 12.1 Explain how cultivation theory and social learning theory share the same basic premise.

Topic: Theories of Media Influence Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

83. Cultivation theory argues that people will be more likely to imitate behaviors they see frequently performed by models who are rewarded or at least not punished. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 12.1 Explain how cultivation theory and social learning theory share the same basic premise.

Topic: Theories of Media Influence Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

84. One key principle of the uses and gratifications approach is that people differ in numerous ways that lead them to make different choices about which media to consume. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 12.2 Explain the two key principles of the uses and gratifications approach and the role of identity in the media practice model.

Topic: Theories of Media Influence Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

85. American adolescents typically spend about 8 hours per day using media. a. True 852 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

b. False Answer: a LO: 12.3 Summarize patterns of media use among adolescents, including the role of family income.

Topic: Adolescents’ Uses of Media Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

86. Adolescents and emerging adults tend to be higher in sensation seeking than adults. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 12.4 Identify the major types of media use, and explain why some of them are especially prominent in adolescence.

Topic: Adolescents’ Uses of Media Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

87. For a majority of music fans, listening to music appears to be a helpful emotional outlet. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 12.4 Identify the major types of media use, and explain why some of them are especially prominent in adolescence.

Topic: Adolescents’ Uses of Media Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

88. In Germany, there is no law that prohibits music lyrics from expressing hatred or advocating violence toward minorities. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 12.5 Describe the role of media in adolescent socialization, including ways that media tend toward broad socialization.

Topic: Media and Adolescent Socialization Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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89. Because adolescents can make choices related to their media use that some adults might find troublesome, the media bears some similarity to an adolescent's peers. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 12.6 Explain ways that media undermine other socialization contexts.

Topic: Media and Adolescent Socialization Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

90. It is possible for an adolescent to seek out media that can lead to a highly distorted worldview. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 12.7 Discuss how media may leave adolescents vulnerable to problematic narrow socialization.

Topic: Media and Adolescent Socialization Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

91. According to research, the majority of violent crimes are committed by young males aged 15 to 25. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 12.8 Summarize research on how violent television and video content is related to aggressiveness in adolescence.

Topic: Controversial Media Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

92. Most of the studies on adolescents and television violence are correlational studies, thus cause-and-effect conclusions cannot be made. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 12.8 Summarize research on how violent television and video content is related to aggressiveness in adolescence.

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Topic: Controversial Media Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

93. Research has shown that there is no significant correlation between adolescents' aggressiveness and their preferences for watching violent television. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 12.8 Summarize research on how violent television and video content is related to aggressiveness in adolescence.

Topic: Controversial Media Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

94. When adolescents play violent games, some report that the activity helps them to work through feelings of anger and stress. This is called a cathexis effect. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 12.9 Describe the effects and uses of violent video games in adolescence.

Topic: Controversial Media Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

95. Non-explicit sexual media content does not seem to be associated with sexual attitudes or behaviors. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 12.10 Discuss the associations between sexual content in media and adolescents’ thoughts and behaviors.

Topic: Controversial Media Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

96. It was television that made Elvis a world-famous star. a. True 855 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

b. False Answer: a LO: 12.11 Describe and evaluate the claims that some types of music instigate aggression and other problematic behaviors.

Topic: Controversial Media Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

97. The most heavily promoted brands of cigarettes are those most often chosen by adolescent smokers. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 12.12 Explain how advertising for cigarettes and vaping aims at the developmental vulnerabilities of adolescents.

Topic: Controversial Media Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

98. Several ethnographic studies of adolescence provide compelling evidence that the media play little to no role in promoting globalization in the lives of adolescents. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 12.13 Describe the spread of media across the globe and their appeal to adolescents in developing countries.

Topic: Globalization and Media Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

99. In Moroccan culture, it is considered shameful for any adolescent—boy or girl—to attend a movie. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 12.13 Describe the spread of media across the globe and their appeal to adolescents in developing countries.

Topic: Globalization and Media Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts 856 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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Essay 100. Define the uses and gratifications approach in terms of adolescents' media consumption. Discuss implications in terms of interpreting existing correlational research on media use and adolescent behavior.

LO: 12.2 Explain the two key principles of the uses and gratification approach and the role of identity in the media practice model.

Topic: Theories of Media Influence Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Answer: Uses and gratifications approach—is an approach to understanding media that emphasizes viewing people as active media consumers. The uses and gratifications approach is based on two key principles. The first is that people differ in numerous ways that lead them to make different choices about which media to consume, and second is that even people consuming the same media product will respond to it in a variety of ways, depending upon their individual characteristics. Adolescents are active participants in the consumption of media. This has implications regarding the choices they make in terms of media content. Correlational research shows the relation between adolescent media consumption (e.g., violent television) and behavior (e.g., aggression). However, it is impossible to prove causation from the results of correlational research. It is important to consider contextual factors, etc. when interpreting research. For example, perhaps adolescents who live in violent contexts may listen to violent music to achieve a cathartic effect.

101. Describe the Media Practice Model of the uses and gratifications theory in terms of adolescents' active uses of media, noting three categories of active uses. Provide an example.

LO: 12.2 Explain the two key principles of the uses and gratification approach and the role of identity in the media practice model.

Topic: Theories of Media Influence Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Answer: Selection— each adolescent’s identity motivates the selection of media products (e.g., Jessica, who enjoys sports selects Sports Illustrated magazine). Interaction—the products are evaluated and interpreted. (For example, Jessica enjoys the articles in the magazine that highlight female athletes, but she boycotts the Swimsuit Edition because she thinks it is sexist and portrays women as objects.) Application—the adolescents engage in application of the media content they have chosen. (For example, Jessica responds to the swimsuit edition by rejecting the models as a false ideal; Jessica responds to the articles about female athletes in terms of role models for her own progress as an athlete and striving to achieve her goals.)

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102. Briefly define five uses of media by adolescents specified in Chapter 12. Provide an example for each.

LO: 12.3 Summarize patterns of media use among adolescents, including the role of family income.

Topic: Theories of Media Influence Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Answer: Entertainment—an enjoyable aspect of adolescents' leisure lives. Identity formation—media provide information about career possibilities, gender role identity, role models, etc. High sensation—media may provide novelty and intensity of sensation sought more by adolescents than adults. Coping: to relieve and dispel negative emotions. Youth culture identification—a sense of connection to a youth culture or subculture unified by certain values or interests. Students will provide their own examples, either drawn from the text or from their own experiences.

103. Discuss differences between media as a source of socialization and other sources of socialization for adolescents.

LO: 12.5 Describe the role of media in adolescent socialization, including ways that media tend toward broad socialization.

Topic: Media and Adolescent Socialization Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Answer: A recent national survey showed that more (49%) adolescents said "they learn a lot from" television and movies, a higher percentage than learned a lot from their mothers (38%) or fathers (31%). Media are largely market-driven and therefore its consumers (i.e., adolescents) largely determine the content. This means that adolescents have greater control over media as a socialization source than they do over other sources of socialization. The limited time parents and adolescents spend together makes it difficult for parents to enforce restrictions over adolescents' media consumption.

104. Discuss possible implications of media as an important force behind the globalization of adolescence. Provide two related examples from research discussed in Chapter 12.

LO: 12.13 Describe the spread of media across the globe and their appeal to adolescents in developing countries.

Topic: Globalization and Media Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Answer: Widespread international distribution of media has resulted in adolescents the world over being familiar with the same television shows, music, etc. This has implications 859 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

in terms of socialization factors—in traditional cultures, adolescents are growing up in socialization contexts very different from that of their parents. Media provides information on what the "global village" of their future will be like. Example: Davis and Davis (1995) found that among Moroccan youth, narrow gender socialization was replicated via differential gender access to new media. Example: Liechty's (1995) Nepal study (Cultural Focus Box, p. 390). Example: Condon's (1988, 1995) study of the Inuit of the Canadian Arctic regarding the introduction of television to the community.

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REVEL QUIZ QUESTIONS

Chapter 12: Media Quiz 12.1: Theories of Media Influence EOM_Q12.1.1 1. Which of the following best summarizes the general principle of cultivation theory? a) Cultivation theory proposes that media gradually shape or ―cultivate‖ a person’s worldview, so that over time it comes to resemble the worldview most frequently presented by the media. b) Cultivation theory states that the more people watch TV and other similar media, the more they are likely to believe that the world is a dangerous place.

Consider This: Cultivation theory outlines how adolescents are impacted by media.

LO 12.1 Explain how cultivation theory and social learning theory share the same basic premise. c) Cultivation theory states that people are more likely to imitate behaviors they see frequently performed by models who are rewarded.

Consider This: Cultivation theory outlines how adolescents are impacted by media.

LO 12.1 Explain how cultivation theory and social learning theory share the same basic premise. d) Cultivation theory is an approach to understanding media that emphasizes that people differ in numerous ways that lead them to make different choices about which media to consume and that even people consuming the same media will respond to it in a variety of ways.

Consider This: Cultivation theory outlines how adolescents are impacted by media.

LO 12.1 Explain how cultivation theory and social learning theory share the same basic premise.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Theories of Media Influence Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 12.1 Explain how cultivation theory and social learning theory share the same basic premise.

EOM_Q12.1.2 2. Which of the following is NOT a prediction made by mean world syndrome? a) The more people watch TV and other similar media, the more likely they are to stop to help a stranger in distress. b) The more people watch TV and other similar media, the more they are likely to believe that the world is a dangerous place.

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Consider This: Media often depict crime and violence, which leads viewers to view the word as mean, violent, and dangerous. LO 12.1 Explain how cultivation theory and social learning theory share the same basic premise. c) The more people watch TV and other similar media, the more likely they are to believe that crime rates are high and rising.

Consider This: Media often depict crime and violence, which leads viewers to view the word as mean, violent, and dangerous. LO 12.1 Explain how cultivation theory and social learning theory share the same basic premise. d) The more people watch TV and other similar media, the more they will believe they are at risk for being a victim of a crime.

Consider This: Media often depict crime and violence, which leads viewers to view the word as mean, violent, and dangerous. LO 12.1 Explain how cultivation theory and social learning theory share the same basic premise.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Theories of Media Influence Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 12.1 Explain how cultivation theory and social learning theory share the same basic premise.

EOM_Q12.1.3 3. Jean Luc is watching another child play with a truck. Rather than push the truck along the ground, the child lifts the truck high and drops it repeatedly. Each time the truck crashes to the floor, the child’s mother applauds and makes loud crashing sounds in response. When Jean Luc gets a turn to play with the truck, he too, lifts it up high and drops the truck. Which theory explains Jean Luc’s behavior? a) Social learning theory b) Cultivation theory Consider This: This is a lot like the ―Bobo doll‖ experiment. LO 12.1 Explain how cultivation theory and social learning theory share the same basic premise. c) Mean world syndrome Consider This: This is a lot like the ―Bobo doll‖ experiment. LO 12.1 Explain how cultivation theory and social learning theory share the same basic premise. d) Uses and gratification approach Consider This: This is a lot like the ―Bobo doll‖ experiment. LO 12.1 Explain how cultivation theory and social learning theory share the same basic premise.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Theories of Media Influence Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 12.1 Explain how cultivation theory and social learning theory share the same basic premise.

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EOM_Q12.1.4 4. Which of the following is NOT part of the media practice model? a) Redirection b) Selection Consider This: This model proposes that adolescents’ media use is active in a number of ways. LO 12.2 Explain the two key principles of the uses and gratifications approach and the role of identity in the media practice model. c) Interaction Consider This: This model proposes that adolescents’ media use is active in a number of ways. LO 12.2 Explain the two key principles of the uses and gratifications approach and the role of identity in the media practice model. d) Application Consider This: This model proposes that adolescents’ media use is active in a number of ways. LO 12.2 Explain the two key principles of the uses and gratifications approach and the role of identity in the media practice model.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Theories of Media Influence Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 12.2 Explain the two key principles of the uses and gratifications approach and the role of identity in the media practice model.

EOM_Q12.1.5 5. What is the primary question answered by the media practice model? a) How do adolescents select, interact with, and apply media products in the course of developing an identity? b) What sort of uses or purposes motivate young people to go to a movie?

Consider This: The media practice model helps to include identity formation into a view on media consumed by an individual. LO 12.2 Explain the two key principles of the uses and gratifications approach and the role of identity in the media practice model. c) What sort of gratifications do adolescents receive from the media they choose?

Consider This: The media practice model helps to include identity formation into a view on media consumed by an individual. LO 12.2 Explain the two key principles of the uses and gratifications approach and the role of identity in the media practice model. d) What harm is being done to adolescents by the media they choose?

Consider This: The media practice model helps to include identity formation into a view on media consumed by an individual. LO 12.2 Explain the two key principles of the uses and gratifications approach and the role of identity in the media practice model.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Theories of Media Influence Skill: Understand the Concepts

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Learning Objective: 12.2 Explain the two key principles of the uses and gratifications approach and the role of identity in the media practice model.

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Quiz 12.2: Adolescents’ Uses of Media EOM_Q12.2.1 1. Regarding media use, adolescents from high-income families spend __________ hours per day on screens, while adolescents from low-income families spend __________. a) 7; 9 b) 2; 5 Consider This: Even though they may not have easy access to screens, adolescents from low-income homes actually spend more time on screens. LO 12.3 Summarize patterns of media use among adolescents, including the role of family income. c) 6; 4 Consider This: Even though they may not have the easy access to screens, adolescents from low-income home actually spend more time on screens. LO 12.3 Summarize patterns of media use among adolescents, including the role of family income. d) 12; 9 Consider This: Even though they may not have the easy access to screens, adolescents from low-income home actually spend more time on screens. LO 12.3 Summarize patterns of media use among adolescents, including the role of family income.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Adolescents’ Uses of Media Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 12.3 Summarize patterns of media use among adolescents, including the role of family income.

EOM_Q12.2.2 2. Which of the following is NOT one the three most common daily screen use activities among adolescents? a) Playing video games b) Social media Consider This: The most common daily screen use activities are not the same as the activities adolescents enjoy the most. LO 12.3 Summarize patterns of media use among adolescents, including the role of family income. c) Watching online videos Consider This: The most common daily screen use activities are not the same as the activities adolescents enjoy the most. LO 12.3 Summarize patterns of media use among adolescents, including the role of family income. d) Watching TV Consider This: The most common daily screen use activities are not the same as the activities adolescents enjoy the most. LO 12.3 Summarize patterns of media use among adolescents, including the role of family income.

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Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Adolescents’ Uses of Media Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 12.3 Summarize patterns of media use among adolescents, including the role of family income.

EOM_Q12.2.3 3. Considering researchers have found that adolescents and emerging adults tend to have higher levels of ___________ than adults, youth will often use media such as ___________ to help them satisfy their desire to experience intense and novel feelings. a) sensation seeking; action movies b) sensation seeking; romantic movies Consider This: Remember that male adolescents dominate the listening audiences for the musical forms of rap, heavy metal, and hard rock. LO 12.4 Identify the major types of media use, and explain why some of them are especially prominent in adolescence. c) emotional fluctuations; romantic movies Consider This: Remember that male adolescents dominate the listening audiences for the musical forms of rap, heavy metal, and hard rock. LO 12.4 Identify the major types of media use, and explain why some of them are especially prominent in adolescence. d) emotional fluctuations; action movies Consider This: Remember that male adolescents dominate the listening audiences for the musical forms of rap, heavy metal, and hard rock. LO 12.4 Identify the major types of media use, and explain why some of them are especially prominent in adolescence.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Adolescents’ Uses of Media Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 12.4 Identify the major types of media use, and explain why some of them are especially prominent in adolescence.

EOM_Q12.2.4 4. Clarice had an unusually difficult day at school. She struggled with her exam in science and had an argument with her best friend. When she arrived home, she quietly slipped upstairs, closed her door, and put on some soothing hip-hop music. How is Clarice using music in this situation? a) She is using it to cope with her day. b) She is using it as entertainment.

Consider This: Adolescents use media for many different purposes. LO 12.4 Identify the major types of media use, and explain why some of them are especially prominent in adolescence. c) She is using it to gain information.

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Consider This: Adolescents use media for many different purposes. LO 12.4 Identify the major types of media use, and explain why some of them are especially prominent in adolescence. d) She is using it socialize with her peers.

Consider This: Adolescents use media for many different purposes. LO 12.4 Identify the major types of media use, and explain why some of them are especially prominent in adolescence.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Adolescents’ Uses of Media Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 12.4 Identify the major types of media use, and explain why some of them are especially prominent in adolescence.

EOM_Q12.2.5 What is “phubbing”? a) A combination of “phone” and “snubbing” and occurs when friends text or social network with someone, when they are in the presence of someone else b) Using your phone as the primary delivery method for your media Consider This: While social media may promote staying in contact with friends, 45% of adolescents in a national survey have experienced “phubbing.” LO 12.4 Identify the major types of media use, and explain why some of them are especially prominent in adolescence. c) Using a laptop as the primary delivery method for your media Consider This: While social media may promote staying in contact with friends, 45% of adolescents in a national survey have experienced “phubbing.” LO 12.4 Identify the major types of media use, and explain why some of them are especially prominent in adolescence. d) A combination of “phone” and “tubbing” and occurs when you use a phone in a hot tub Consider This: While social media may promote staying in contact with friends, 45% of adolescents in a national survey have experienced “phubbing.” LO 12.4 Identify the major types of media use, and explain why some of them are especially prominent in adolescence.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Adolescents’ Uses of Media Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 12.4 Identify the major types of media use, and explain why some of them are especially prominent in adolescence.

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Section 12.3 Media and Adolescent Socialization EOM_Q12.3.1 1. Because Western societies promote __________, media tend to promote _________ socialization values. a) freedom of speech; broad b) freedom of speech; narrow Consider This: Think about how in Western societies such as the United States, adolescents can choose from diverse media offerings the ones that resonate most strongly with their own interests. LO 12.5 Describe the role of media in adolescent socialization, including ways that media tend toward broad socialization. c) censorship of speech; broad Consider This: Think about how in Western societies such as the United States, adolescents can choose from diverse media offerings the ones that resonate most strongly with their own interests. LO 12.5 Describe the role of media in adolescent socialization, including ways that media tend toward broad socialization. d) censorship of speech; narrow Consider This: Think about how in Western societies such as the United States, adolescents can choose from diverse media offerings the ones that resonate most strongly with their own interests. LO 12.5 Describe the role of media in adolescent socialization, including ways that media tend toward broad socialization.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Media and Adolescent Socialization Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 12.5 Describe the role of media in adolescent socialization, including ways that media tend toward broad socialization.

EOM_Q12.3.2 2. In Germany and Norway, the government places solid restrictions on the media that can be seen or heard by adolescents. In the United States, a rating system that warns of content that may be too violent or pornographic for adolescents has been implemented. In the United States, who predominantly enforces restrictions on adolescents’ use of media that may have violent or pornographic content? a) Parents b) Peers Consider This: The First Amendment protects free speech and allows for a broad range of content, but does allow for age restrictions. LO 12.5 Describe the role of media in adolescent socialization, including ways that media tend toward broad socialization. c) The government 868 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Consider This: The First Amendment protects free speech and allows for a broad range of content, but does allow for age restrictions. LO 12.5 Describe the role of media in adolescent socialization, including ways that media tend toward broad socialization. d) Religious institutions Consider This: The First Amendment protects free speech and allows for a broad range of content, but does allow for age restrictions. LO 12.5 Describe the role of media in adolescent socialization, including ways that media tend toward broad socialization.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Media and Adolescent Socialization Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 12.5 Describe the role of media in adolescent socialization, including ways that media tend toward broad socialization.

EOM_Q12.3.3 3. Which of the following best reflects the research evidence for a key way in which media may undermine parental socialization during adolescence? a) Because adolescents have more control over their socialization from media than from their parents, researchers have found that 61% of parents have checked the websites their adolescent visits and 60% have checked their adolescents’ social media profile. b) Because adolescents have more control over their socialization from media than from their parents, researchers have found that less than 10% of adolescents have had their profile checked by a parent and 42% have checked the websites they have visited.

Consider This: Think about how the decreasing amount of time parents and youth spend together across adolescence might influence the enforcement of rules around media use. LO 12.6 Explain ways that media undermine other socialization contexts. c) Because adolescents have less control over their socialization from media than from their parents, researchers have found that fewer than 50% of adolescents report their parents have rules about time spent watching TV and the content of TV watched.

Consider This: Think about how the decreasing amount of time parents and youth spend together across adolescence might influence the enforcement of rules around media use. LO 12.6 Explain ways that media undermine other socialization contexts. d) Because adolescents have less control over their socialization from media than from their parents, researchers have found that more than 70% of adolescents report their parents have rules about time spent watching TV and the content of TV watched.

Consider This: Think about how the decreasing amount of time parents and youth spend together across adolescence might influence the enforcement of rules around media use. LO 12.6 Explain ways that media undermine other socialization contexts.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Media and Adolescent Socialization Skill: Understand the Concepts

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Learning Objective: 12.6 Explain ways that media undermine other socialization contexts.

EOM_Q12.3.4 4. As reported in the chapter, what percentage of parents use controls for restricting their adolescents’ smartphone use? a) 16% b) 5% Consider This: Recall that only 39% of parents use controls for blocking or filtering their adolescents’ online activities. LO 12.6 Explain ways that media undermine other socialization contexts. c) 29% Consider This: Recall that only 39% of parents use controls for blocking or filtering their adolescents’ online activities. LO 12.6 Explain ways that media undermine other socialization contexts. d) 45% Consider This: Recall that only 39% of parents use controls for blocking or filtering their adolescents’ online activities. LO 12.6 Explain ways that media undermine other socialization contexts.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Media and Adolescent Socialization Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 12.6 Explain ways that media undermine other socialization contexts.

EOM_Q12.3.5 5. Which of the following is NOT a feature of social media that lends itself to contributing to extremism? a) Restricted access so that some people cannot access specific pieces of information b) The ability to post unverified information Consider This: Exposure to inaccurate, inappropriate content can lead to extremism. LO 12.7 Discuss how media may leave adolescents vulnerable to problematic narrow socialization. c) Anonymous participation removes accountability Consider This: Exposure to inaccurate, inappropriate content can lead to extremism. LO 12.7 Discuss how media may leave adolescents vulnerable to problematic narrow socialization. d) The posting of evocative statements or images Consider This: Exposure to inaccurate, inappropriate content can lead to extremism. LO 12.7 Discuss how media may leave adolescents vulnerable to problematic narrow socialization.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Media and Adolescent Socialization 870 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 12.7 Discuss how media may leave adolescents vulnerable to problematic narrow socialization.

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Quiz 12.4: Controversial Media EOM_Q12.4.1 1. Which of the following best summarizes the research method and main findings from the study by Eron and Husemann that is most often cited to support claims that violent television causes aggressiveness? a) Eron and Husemann conducted a longitudinal study in which television-viewing patterns and aggressive behavior were assessed at ages 8, 19, and 30. Findings indicated watching violent TV at age 8 predicted aggressive behavior in boys at age 19 and an increased likelihood of men being arrested at age 30; furthermore, no support was found for links between TV watching and aggressiveness for girls. b) Eron and Husemann conducted a longitudinal study in which television-viewing patterns and aggressive behavior were assessed at ages 8, 19, and 30. Findings indicated watching violent TV at age 8 did not predict aggressive behavior in boys at age 19, but that it was associated with an increased likelihood of men being arrested at age 30; furthermore, no support was found for links between TV watching and aggressiveness for girls.

Consider This: Think about whether a longitudinal method or a cross-sectional method is best suited to disentangle correlations between violent TV viewing and aggressiveness.

LO 12.8 Summarize research on how violent television and video content is related to aggressiveness in adolescence. c) Eron and Husemann conducted a cross-sectional study in which television-viewing patterns and aggressive behavior were assessed at ages 8 and 19. Findings indicated watching violent TV at age 8 predicted aggressive behavior in boys at age 19; furthermore, no support was found for links between TV watching and aggressiveness for girls.

Consider This: Think about whether a longitudinal method or a cross-sectional method is best suited to disentangle correlations between violent TV viewing and aggressiveness.

LO 12.8 Summarize research on how violent television and video content is related to aggressiveness in adolescence. d) Eron and Husemann conducted a cross-sectional study in which television-viewing patterns and aggressive behavior were assessed at ages 19 and 30. Findings indicated watching violent TV at age 19 predicted an increased likelihood of men being arrested at age; furthermore, no support was found for links between TV watching and aggressiveness for girls.

Consider This: Think about whether a longitudinal method or a cross-sectional method is best suited to disentangle correlations between violent TV viewing and aggressiveness.

LO 12.8 Summarize research on how violent television and video content is related to aggressiveness in adolescence.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Controversial Media Skill: Analyze It

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Learning Objective: 12.8 Summarize research on how violent television and video content is related to aggressiveness in adolescence.

EOM_Q12.4.2 2. What is the primary criticism of tobacco companies presented in the chapter? a) That they target adolescents to get them addicted before they are mature enough to understand the consequences of their behavior. b) That their advertising budgets are so big. c) That their advertising targets adults who have more money to spend on their product. d) That their product is specifically appealing to young people.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Controversial Media Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 12.12 Explain how advertising for cigarettes and vaping aims at the developmental vulnerabilities of adolescents.

EOM_Q12.4.3 3. Which of the following reflect a commonly reported use of violent video games by adolescent boys? a) To experience fantasies of power b) To experience fantasies of murder Consider This: Remember that researchers have found that boys who play violent video games also report enjoying the social aspect of the gaming experience. LO 12.9 Describe the effects and uses of violent video games in adolescence. c) To learn military tactics Consider This: Remember that researchers have found that boys who play violent video games also report enjoying the social aspect of the gaming experience. LO 12.9 Describe the effects and uses of violent video games in adolescence. d) To learn how to fight Consider This: Remember that researchers have found that boys who play violent video games also report enjoying the social aspect of the gaming experience. LO 12.9 Describe the effects and uses of violent video games in adolescence.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Controversial Media Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 12.9 Describe the effects and uses of violent video games in adolescence.

EOM_Q12.4.4

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4. The percent of 15- to 18-year-olds reporting unintentional exposure to pornography is __________, while those intentionally viewing pornography is __________. a) 70%; 40% b) 35%; 10% Consider This: With pornography easily accessible on the internet, adolescents and emerging adults may be exposed to it and have their sexuality shaped by it. LO 12.10 Discuss the associations between sexual content in media and adolescents’ thoughts and behaviors. c) 90%; 55% Consider This: With pornography easily accessible on the internet, adolescents and emerging adults may be exposed to it and have their sexuality shaped by it. LO 12.10 Discuss the associations between sexual content in media and adolescents’ thoughts and behaviors. d) 57%; 23% Consider This: With pornography easily accessible on the internet, adolescents and emerging adults may be exposed to it and have their sexuality shaped by it. LO 12.10 Discuss the associations between sexual content in media and adolescents’ thoughts and behaviors.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Controversial Media Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 12.10 Discuss the associations between sexual content in media and adolescents’ thoughts and behaviors.

EOM_Q12.4.5 5. The criticism of hip-hop has concerned three themes. Which of the following is NOT one of these themes? a) Theft b) Sexual exploitation of women Consider This: Some hip-hop performers enjoy a wide mainstream audience for their themes of love, romance, and celebration. LO 12.11 Describe and evaluate the claims that some types of music instigate aggression and other problematic behaviors. c) Racism Consider This: Some hip-hop performers enjoy a wide mainstream audience for their themes of love, romance, and celebration. LO 12.11 Describe and evaluate the claims that some types of music instigate aggression and other problematic behaviors. d) Violence Consider This: Some hip-hop performers enjoy a wide mainstream audience for their themes of love, romance, and celebration. LO 12.11 Describe and evaluate the claims that some types of music instigate aggression and other problematic behaviors.

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Topic: Controversial Media Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 12.11 Describe and evaluate the claims that some types of music instigate aggression and other problematic behaviors.

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Quiz 12.5: Globalization and Media EOM_Q12.5.1 1. How long did it take for TV to spread across the globe? a) 50 years b) 35 years Consider This: While the spread was rapid, it did take time to spread to some of the developing countries. LO 12.13 Describe the spread of media across the globe and their appeal to adolescents in developing countries. c) 70 years Consider This: While the spread was rapid, it did take time to spread to some of the developing countries. LO 12.13 Describe the spread of media across the globe and their appeal to adolescents in developing countries. d) 15 years Consider This: While the spread was rapid, it did take time to spread to some of the developing countries. LO 12.13 Describe the spread of media across the globe and their appeal to adolescents in developing countries.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Globalization and Media Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 12.13 Describe the spread of media across the globe and their appeal to adolescents in developing countries.

EOM_Q12.5.2 2. How long did it take the internet to spread across the globe? a) 20 years b) 50 years Consider This: The spread of the internet across the globe took less than half of the time it took TV to spread across the globe. LO 12.13 Describe the spread of media across the globe and their appeal to adolescents in developing countries. c) 35 years Consider This: The spread of the internet across the globe took less than half of the time it took TV to spread across the globe. LO 12.13 Describe the spread of media across the globe and their appeal to adolescents in developing countries. d) 10 years Consider This: The spread of the internet across the globe took less than half of the time it took TV to spread across the globe. LO 12.13 Describe the spread of media across the globe and their appeal to adolescents in developing countries.

Answer: a 876 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Difficulty: Easy Topic: Globalization and Media Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 12.13 Describe the spread of media across the globe and their appeal to adolescents in developing countries.

EOM_Q12.5.3 3. Which of the following is NOT a reason that Western media is especially appealing to adolescents? a) Adolescents in developing countries have been secluded for so long, they find the independence promoted by Western culture irresistible. b) Adolescents in developing countries are growing up in rapidly changing societies much different than their parents knew and are attracted to media they believe contains information about the world they will inhabit as adults.

Consider This: LO 12.13 Describe the spread of media across the globe and their appeal to adolescents in developing countries. c) Adolescents are more capable than younger children of exploring the environment outside of the family, so they can access media that their parents would not have provided for them.

Consider This: LO 12.13 Describe the spread of media across the globe and their appeal to adolescents in developing countries. d) Adolescents are attracted to the new knowledge of a Western culture that is not part of the traditions of their families.

Consider This: LO 12.13 Describe the spread of media across the globe and their appeal to adolescents in developing countries.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Globalization and Media Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 12.13 Describe the spread of media across the globe and their appeal to adolescents in developing countries.

EOM_Q12.5.4 4. Which domain of adolescent socialization is being changed in traditional cultures by the introduction of Western media as demonstrated in your text by ethnographic research from Morocco? a) Gender roles b) Educational values Consider This: Think about how youth in traditional cultures are watching more Western movies and TV that expose them to themes such as love being the central basis for entering marriage. LO 12.14 Describe how the spread of media across the globe is influencing adolescents’ beliefs and values in developing countries. c) Dietary habits 877 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Consider This: Think about how youth in traditional cultures are watching more Western movies and TV that expose them to themes such as love being the central basis for entering marriage. LO 12.14 Describe how the spread of media across the globe is influencing adolescents’ beliefs and values in developing countries. d) Collectivistic values Consider This: Think about how youth in traditional cultures are watching more Western movies and TV that expose them to themes such as love being the central basis for entering marriage. LO 12.14 Describe how the spread of media across the globe is influencing adolescents’ beliefs and values in developing countries.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Globalization and Media Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 12.14 Describe how the spread of media across the globe is influencing adolescents’ beliefs and values in developing countries.

EOM_Q12.5.5 5. Field studies in Ethiopia have shown how adolescents who gained access to a laptop became more __________, even as they also retained collectivistic values. a) individualistic b) dependent Consider This: The introduction of Western media can change traditions and beliefs. LO 12.14 Describe how the spread of media across the globe is influencing adolescents’ beliefs and values in developing countries. c) interdependent Consider This: The introduction of Western media can change traditions and beliefs. LO 12.14 Describe how the spread of media across the globe is influencing adolescents’ beliefs and values in developing countries. d) self-serving Consider This: The introduction of Western media can change traditions and beliefs. LO 12.14 Describe how the spread of media across the globe is influencing adolescents’ beliefs and values in developing countries.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Globalization and Media Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 12.14 Describe how the spread of media across the globe is influencing adolescents’ beliefs and values in developing countries.

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Chapter 12 Quiz EOC_Q12.1 1. What do cultivation theory and social learning theory have in common? a) They both see the media consumer as relatively passive and easily manipulated. b) They both see the media consumer as having an active role in how the media will affect them.

Consider This: Both cultivation theory and social learning theory emphasize the one-way view that media influence children and adolescents. LO 12.1 Explain how cultivation theory and social learning theory share the same basic premise. c) They both see the media consumer as relatively passive but not easily manipulated by the media.

Consider This: Both cultivation theory and social learning theory emphasize the one-way view that media influence children and adolescents. LO 12.1 Explain how cultivation theory and social learning theory share the same basic premise. d) They both see the media consumer as having an active role in which media they will view.

Consider This: Both cultivation theory and social learning theory emphasize the one-way view that media influence children and adolescents. LO 12.1 Explain how cultivation theory and social learning theory share the same basic premise.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Theories of Media Influence Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 12.1 Explain how cultivation theory and social learning theory share the same basic premise.

EOC_Q12.2 2. Which of the following is a key critique of two of the main theories of media use, cultivation theory and social learning theory? a) Both cultivation theory and social learning theory depict the media consumer as a passive recipient of the media’s effects; as such, the research using these theories often interprets correlations between media use and attitudes or behavior as causation. b) Both cultivation theory and social learning theory were developed more than 50 years ago and do not reflect modern types and uses of media; as such, research using these theories is outdated and not valid.

Consider This: Remember that according to social learning theory , people are more likely to imitate behaviors they see frequently performed by models who are rewarded or at least not punished. LO 12.1 Explain how cultivation theory and social learning theory share the same basic premise.

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c) Both cultivation theory and social learning theory assume that people consuming the same media will respond to it in similar ways; as such, research using these theories does not attend to individual differences in media consumption.

Consider This: Remember that according to social learning theory, people are more likely to imitate behaviors they see frequently performed by models who are rewarded or at least not punished. LO 12.1 Explain how cultivation theory and social learning theory share the same basic premise. d) Both cultivation theory and social learning theory were developed in industrialized countries; as such, research using these theories is biased toward developed countries’ socialization goals regarding media use.

Consider This: Remember that according to social learning theory, people are more likely to imitate behaviors they see frequently performed by models who are rewarded or at least not punished. LO 12.1 Explain how cultivation theory and social learning theory share the same basic premise.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Theories of Media Influence Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 12.1 Explain how cultivation theory and social learning theory share the same basic premise.

EOC_Q12.3 3. Cultivation theory and social learning theory focus on the __________ role of the adolescent in interacting with media, while the uses and gratifications approach focuses on the __________ role of the adolescent in interacting with media. a) passive; active b) active; passive Consider This: These theories and approaches aim to explain motivations in using media.

LO 12.2 Explain the two key principles of the uses and gratifications approach and the role of identity in the media practice model. c) undemanding; demanding Consider This: These theories and approaches aim to explain motivations in using media.

LO 12.2 Explain the two key principles of the uses and gratifications approach and the role of identity in the media practice model. d) demanding; undemanding Consider This: These theories and approaches aim to explain motivations in using media.

LO 12.2 Explain the two key principles of the uses and gratifications approach and the role of identity in the media practice model.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Theories of Media Influence Skill: Understand the Concepts

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Learning Objective: 12.2 Explain the two key principles of the uses and gratifications approach and the role of identity in the media practice model.

EOC_Q12.4 4. What are the two key principals of the uses and gratifications approach that addresses media use? a) One, people differ in numerous ways that lead them to make different choices about which media to consume, and two, people consuming the same media product will respond to it in a variety of ways. b) One, people differ in numerous ways that lead them to make different choices about which media to consume, and two, people consuming the same media product will respond the same way.

Consider This: These principals are key to an active consumer experience. LO 12.2 Explain the two key principles of the uses and gratifications approach and the role of identity in the media practice model. c) One, people will make similar choices about which media to consume based on its popularity, and two, people consuming the same media product will respond to it in a variety of ways.

Consider This: These principals are key to an active consumer experience. LO 12.2 Explain the two key principles of the uses and gratifications approach and the role of identity in the media practice model. d) One, people will make similar choices about which media to consume based on its popularity, and two, people consuming the same media product will respond the same way.

Consider This: These principals are key to an active consumer experience. LO 12.2 Explain the two key principles of the uses and gratifications approach and the role of identity in the media practice model.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Theories of Media Influence Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 12.2 Explain the two key principles of the uses and gratifications approach and the role of identity in the media practice model.

EOC_Q12.5 5. According to research, which of the following is NOT one of the screen use activities that adolescents report enjoying the most? a) Watching television b) Using social media Consider This: What they enjoy most and what are the most common daily screen use activities are different. LO 12.3 Summarize patterns of media use among adolescents, including the role of family income. c) Playing video games 881 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Consider This: What they enjoy most and what are the most common daily screen use activities are different. LO 12.3 Summarize patterns of media use among adolescents, including the role of family income. d) Watching online videos Consider This: What they enjoy most and what are the most common daily screen use activities are different. LO 12.3 Summarize patterns of media use among adolescents, including the role of family income.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Adolescents’ Uses of Media Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 12.3 Summarize patterns of media use among adolescents, including the role of family income.

EOC_Q12.6 6. Vladimir is currently on his computer, and he is doing an activity that is both one of the most common screen use activities adolescents do and it is one of the screen use activities adolescents most report enjoying. What is Vladimir doing? a) Using social media b) Watching a TV show Consider This: Two activities occur on both lists. LO 12.3 Summarize patterns of media use among adolescents, including the role of family income. c) Searching for information on his homework Consider This: Two activities occur on both lists. LO 12.3 Summarize patterns of media use among adolescents, including the role of family income. d) Writing e-letters to people across the world Consider This: Two activities occur on both lists. LO 12.3 Summarize patterns of media use among adolescents, including the role of family income.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Adolescents’ Uses of Media Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 12.3 Summarize patterns of media use among adolescents, including the role of family income.

EOC_Q12.7 7. Which of the following scenarios best reflects adolescent media use for the purpose of identity formation? a) Jarred loves jazz music and has ambitions of being a professional piano player in a jazz group. Jarred decorated his bedroom with posters of famous current and historical jazz pianists, some of which have women in minimal clothing laying on top of the pianos, and made his Facebook profile picture that of his favorite jazz pianist.

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b) Jarred recently broke up with his girlfriend and has been feeling sad and depressed.

Jarred loves jazz music and has been listening to slow and somber jazz songs with lyrics about unrequited love in the privacy of his bedroom. While listening to the songs, Jarred reflects upon memories with his ex-girlfriend and finds himself missing her.

Consider This: Although all of the answer choices accurately reflect different types of adolescent media use, think about which one best reflects an adolescent’s use of media to find ideal selves to emulate. LO 12.4 Identify the major types of media use, and explain why some of them are especially prominent in adolescence. c) Jarred loves jazz music and listens to jazz when he is driving in his car or doing his homework. His favorite recreational activity is attending local jazz concerts.

Consider This: Although all of the answer choices accurately reflect different types of adolescent media use, think about which one best reflects an adolescent’s use of media to find ideal selves to emulate. LO 12.4 Identify the major types of media use, and explain why some of them are especially prominent in adolescence. d) Jarred recently moved from New York to Chicago and started attending a new middle school. Growing up in New York, Jarred developed a love for jazz music and all of his friends in middle school were in the jazz band. Jarred quickly made new friends at his new school by joining the middle school jazz ensemble.

Consider This: Although all of the answer choices accurately reflect different types of adolescent media use, think about which one best reflects an adolescent’s use of media to find ideal selves to emulate. LO 12.4 Identify the major types of media use, and explain why some of them are especially prominent in adolescence.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Adolescents’ Uses of Media Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 12.4 Identify the major types of media use, and explain why some of them are especially prominent in adolescence.

EOC_Q12.8 8. Researchers have suggested that media function as a __________ because adolescents often use media to learn about topics that they might not talk with their parents about, especially topics concerning ___________. a) super peer; sexuality b) super peer; discrimination Consider This: Think about which topic adolescents might be most likely to talk about in the company of their friends. LO 12.4 Identify the major types of media use, and explain why some of them are especially prominent in adolescence. c) super teacher; sexuality Consider This: Think about which topic adolescents might be most likely to talk about in the company of their friends. LO 12.4 Identify the major types of media use, and explain why some of them are especially prominent in adolescence. d) super teacher; discrimination 883 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Consider This: Think about which topic adolescents might be most likely to talk about in the company of their friends. LO 12.4 Identify the major types of media use, and explain why some of them are especially prominent in adolescence.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Adolescents’ Uses of Media Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 12.4 Identify the major types of media use, and explain why some of them are especially prominent in adolescence.

EOC_Q12.9 9. Which of the following statements summarizes the influence of media on the socialization of adolescents? a) As parents’ influence on socialization recedes during adolescence, the role of media in socialization grows. b) As parents’ influence on socialization grows during adolescence, the role of media in socialization also grows.

Consider This: As a socialization influence, media tend toward broad socialization in societies that have freedom of speech and where media are relatively uncontrolled and uncensored by government agencies. LO 12.5 Describe the role of media in adolescent socialization, including ways that media tend toward broad socialization. c) As parents’ influence on socialization grows during adolescence, the role of media in socialization begins to recede.

Consider This: As a socialization influence, media tend toward broad socialization in societies that have freedom of speech and where media are relatively uncontrolled and uncensored by government agencies. LO 12.5 Describe the role of media in adolescent socialization, including ways that media tend toward broad socialization. d) As parents’ influence on socialization recedes during adolescence, the role of media also recedes leaving peers as the primary influence.

Consider This: As a socialization influence, media tend toward broad socialization in societies that have freedom of speech and where media are relatively uncontrolled and uncensored by government agencies. LO 12.5 Describe the role of media in adolescent socialization, including ways that media tend toward broad socialization.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Media and Adolescent Socialization Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 12.5 Describe the role of media in adolescent socialization, including ways that media tend toward broad socialization.

EOC_Q12.10 884 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

10. When considering ways that media tend toward a broad or narrow socialization, which statement describes it best? a) In societies where there is little restriction on media availability, this is likely to promote a broad range of individual differences in values, beliefs, interests, and personality characteristics because of the broad range of media choices. b) In societies where there is little restriction on media availability, this is likely to promote a narrow range of individual differences in values, beliefs, interests, and personality characteristics as most people will choose the most popular media only.

Consider This: As a socialization influence, media tend toward broad socialization where there is freedom of speech. LO 12.5 Describe the role of media in adolescent socialization, including ways that media tend toward broad socialization. c) In societies where there is much restriction on media availability, this is likely to promote a narrow range of individual differences as the choices are so small and popularity will win out.

Consider This: As a socialization influence, media tend toward broad socialization where there is freedom of speech. LO 12.5 Describe the role of media in adolescent socialization, including ways that media tend toward broad socialization. d) In societies where there is much restriction on media availability, this is likely to promote a broad range of individual differences in values, beliefs, interests, and personality.

Consider This: As a socialization influence, media tend toward broad socialization where there is freedom of speech. LO 12.5 Describe the role of media in adolescent socialization, including ways that media tend toward broad socialization.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Media and Adolescent Socialization Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 12.5 Describe the role of media in adolescent socialization, including ways that media tend toward broad socialization.

EOC_Q12.11 11. On average, adolescents in the United States now spend more than __________ hours daily engaged with media. a) 8 b) 5 Consider This: As parents’ influence on socialization recedes during adolescence, the role of media in socialization grows. LO 12.5 Describe the role of media in adolescent socialization, including ways that media tend toward broad socialization. c) 10 Consider This: As parents’ influence on socialization recedes during adolescence, the role of media in socialization grows. LO 12.5 Describe the role of media in adolescent socialization, including ways that media tend toward broad socialization. d) 14 885 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Consider This: As parents’ influence on socialization recedes during adolescence, the role of media in socialization grows. LO 12.5 Describe the role of media in adolescent socialization, including ways that media tend toward broad socialization.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Media and Adolescent Socialization Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 12.5 Describe the role of media in adolescent socialization, including ways that media tend toward broad socialization.

EOC_Q12.12 12. What percentage of parents block or filter their adolescents’ online activities and what percentage restrict their smartphone use? a) 39; 16 b) 72; 35 Consider This: If an adolescent is determined to access certain media, it is probably impossible for parents to restrict them because of the amount of time each day adolescents spend away from their parents. LO 12.6 Explain ways that media undermine other socialization contexts. c) 27; 8 Consider This: If an adolescent is determined to access certain media, it is probably impossible for parents to restrict them because of the amount of time each day adolescents spend away from their parents. LO 12.6 Explain ways that media undermine other socialization contexts. d) 55; 42 Consider This: If an adolescent is determined to access certain media, it is probably impossible for parents to restrict them because of the amount of time each day adolescents spend away from their parents. LO 12.6 Explain ways that media undermine other socialization contexts.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Media and Adolescent Socialization Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 12.6 Explain ways that media undermine other socialization contexts.

EOC_Q12.13 13. Research studies provide only mixed support for the claim that watching violent television causes ________ to behave aggressively. The evidence is more persuasive that violent television causes aggression in ________. a) adolescents; children b) children; adolescents 886 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Consider This: Which group is more cognitively advanced and therefore able to better reflect on what they are watching? LO 12.8 Summarize research on how violent television and video content is related to aggressiveness in adolescence. c) adolescents; emerging adults Consider This: Which group is more cognitively advanced and therefore able to better reflect on what they are watching? LO 12.8 Summarize research on how violent television and video content is related to aggressiveness in adolescence. d) adolescents; adults Consider This: Which group is more cognitively advanced and therefore able to better reflect on what they are watching? LO 12.8 Summarize research on how violent television and video content is related to aggressiveness in adolescence.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Controversial Media Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 12.8 Summarize research on how violent television and video content is related to aggressiveness in adolescence.

EOC_Q12.14 14. Which of the following BEST explains whether adolescent boys’ viewing of violent TV shows will be linked to promoting aggressive behavior if they did not grow up watching violent TV? a) It is unlikely that the boys’ viewing of violent TV shows will promote aggressive behavior because the body of research linking violent TV and aggressive behavior during adolescence is weaker and more inconsistent compared to the research during childhood; thus, because the boys did not watch violent TV as a child, the chances of watching the violent TV shows causing increases in their aggressive behavior are low. b) It is likely that the boys’ viewing of the violent TV shows will promote aggressive behavior because the body of research linking violent TV and aggressive behavior during adolescence is stronger and more consistent compared to the research during childhood; thus, even though the boys did not watch violent TV as a child, the chances of watching the violent TV shows causing increases in their aggressive behavior are high.

Consider This: Remember that field studies are a common method among researchers investigating the effects of television on adolescent aggression. LO 12.8 Summarize research on how violent television and video content is related to aggressiveness in adolescence. c) It is unknown if the boys’ viewing of the violent TV shows will promote their aggressive behavior because all of the research linking violent TV and aggressive behavior during adolescence is correlational; thus, it cannot be determined if the boys’ viewing of violent TV will promote aggressiveness or if they were predisposed with a level of aggression that attracted them to watching the violent TV shows.

Consider This: Remember that field studies are a common method among researchers investigating the effects of television on adolescent aggression. LO 12.8 Summarize

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research on how violent television and video content is related to aggressiveness in adolescence. d) It is highly likely that the boys’ viewing of the violent TV shows will promote their aggressive behavior because all of the research linking violent TV and aggressive behavior during adolescence is experimental and consistently indicates a positive association; thus, it can be stated that the boys’ viewing of the violent TV shows will cause an increase in their aggressive behavior.

Consider This: Remember that field studies are a common method among researchers investigating the effects of television on adolescent aggression. LO 12.8 Summarize research on how violent television and video content is related to aggressiveness in adolescence.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Controversial Media Skill: Analyze It Learning Objective: 12.8 Summarize research on how violent television and video content is related to aggressiveness in adolescence.

EOC_Q12.15 15. Will has been practicing to try out for his middle school’s baseball team. Will made a lot of mistakes at the tryout and did not make the team. When he got home from the tryout, he played a violent video game in which he used an army tank to run over enemy soldiers. After playing the game, he felt less angry about not making the team. Which of the following best describes why Will played the violent video game? a) Will played the violent video game because it provided a cathartic effect. b) Will played the violent video game because he is interested in becoming a soldier in the military.

Consider This: Remember that adolescent boys who play violent video games do not believe that playing the games affected them negatively. LO 12.9 Describe the effects and uses of violent video games in adolescence. c) Will played the violent video game because he has a high level of sensation seeking.

Consider This: Remember that adolescent boys who play violent video games do not believe that playing the games affected them negatively. LO 12.9 Describe the effects and uses of violent video games in adolescence. d) Will played the violent video game purely for entertainment purposes.

Consider This: Remember that adolescent boys who play violent video games do not believe that playing the games affected them negatively. LO 12.9 Describe the effects and uses of violent video games in adolescence.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Controversial Media Skill: Understand the Concepts 888 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning Objective: 12.9 Describe the effects and uses of violent video games in adolescence.

EOC_Q12.16 16. Which of the following is NOT an accurate conclusion regarding sexual content in the media? a) Sexual content does not influence adolescents’ thoughts and beliefs about sexual behaviors. b) Non-explicit sexual media content is associated with sexual attitudes and behaviors.

Consider This: Correlations examining the impact of sexual media are quite weak. LO 12.10 Discuss the associations between sexual content in media and adolescents’ thoughts and behaviors. c) Sexually explicit media content is associated with sexually aggressive thoughts.

Consider This: Correlations examining the impact of sexual media are quite weak. LO 12.10 Discuss the associations between sexual content in media and adolescents’ thoughts and behaviors. d) Sexually violent media content is associated with aggressive attitudes and behaviors, including approval of sexual violence.

Consider This: Correlations examining the impact of sexual media are quite weak. LO 12.10 Discuss the associations between sexual content in media and adolescents’ thoughts and behaviors.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Controversial Media Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 12.10 Discuss the associations between sexual content in media and adolescents’ thoughts and behaviors.

EOC_Q12.17 17. Which of the following best summarizes the three main criticisms of hip-hop music and the research evidence linking listening to hip-hop and aggressive behavior among adolescents? a) The three main criticisms of hip-hop music are that it promotes sexual exploitation of women, violence, and racism. Furthermore, there is little support for evidence linking listening to hip-hop and aggressive behavior among adolescents because the research is correlational. b) The three main criticisms of hip-hop music are that it promotes sexual exploitation of women, violence, and racism. Furthermore, there is strong support for evidence linking listening to hip-hop and aggressive behavior among adolescents because the majority of the research is longitudinal.

Consider This: Remember that correlation does not equal causation. LO 12.11 Describe and evaluate the claims that some types of music instigate aggression and other problematic behaviors.

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c) The three main criticisms of hip-hop music are that it promotes drug use, denigrates education, and glorifies gangs. Furthermore, there is little support for evidence linking listening to hip-hop and aggressive behavior among adolescents because the research is correlational.

Consider This: Remember that correlation does not equal causation. LO 12.11 Describe and evaluate the claims that some types of music instigate aggression and other problematic behaviors. d) The three main criticisms of hip-hop music are that it promotes drug use, denigrates education, and glorifies gangs. Furthermore, there is strong support for evidence linking listening to hip-hop and aggressive behavior among adolescents because the majority of the research is longitudinal.

Consider This: Remember that correlation does not equal causation. LO 12.11 Describe and evaluate the claims that some types of music instigate aggression and other problematic behaviors.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Controversial Media Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 12.11 Describe and evaluate the claims that some types of music instigate aggression and other problematic behaviors.

EOC_Q12.18 18. A research study found that the effect of cigarette advertising on brand choice was _________ as strong for adolescents as for adults, and provided the example of the character _________ as being alluring to adolescents to initiate smoking because it depicted acceptance from peers if one smoked. a) three times; Joe Camel b) three times; Marlboro Man Consider This: Remember this study also found that between 1988, when this character was introduced, and 1993, this cigarette’s market share among 12- to 17-year-olds rose from less than 1% to 13%. LO 12.12 Explain how advertising for cigarettes and vaping aims at the developmental vulnerabilities of adolescents. c) five times; Joe Camel Consider This: Remember this study also found that between 1988, when this character was introduced, and 1993, this cigarette’s market share among 12- to 17-year-olds rose from less than 1% to 13%. LO 12.12 Explain how advertising for cigarettes and vaping aims at the developmental vulnerabilities of adolescents. d) five times; Marlboro Man Consider This: Remember this study also found that between 1988, when this character was introduced, and 1993, this cigarette’s market share among 12- to 17-year-olds rose from less than 1% to 13%. LO 12.12 Explain how advertising for cigarettes and vaping aims at the developmental vulnerabilities of adolescents.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate 890 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Topic: Controversial Media Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 12.12 Explain how advertising for cigarettes and vaping aims at the developmental vulnerabilities of adolescents.

EOC_Q12.19 19. What is the primary appeal of Western media to adolescents in developing countries? a) Young people in developing countries are growing up in rapidly changing societies much different than their parents knew and are attracted to media they believe contains information about the world they will inhabit as adults. b) Young people in developing countries are competitive and are striving to be the first to consume the latest news from the world.

Consider This: The outside world is a very new experience for adolescents from developing countries. LO 12.13 Describe the spread of media across the globe and their appeal to adolescents in developing countries. c) Young people in developing countries see the great power of using music as a media to cope with the stress of the rapidly developing world.

Consider This: The outside world is a very new experience for adolescents from developing countries. LO 12.13 Describe the spread of media across the globe and their appeal to adolescents in developing countries. d) Young people in developing countries are starved for news and stimulation from the outside world.

Consider This: The outside world is a very new experience for adolescents from developing countries. LO 12.13 Describe the spread of media across the globe and their appeal to adolescents in developing countries.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Globalization and the Media Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 12.13 Describe the spread of media across the globe and their appeal to adolescents in developing countries.

EOC_Q12.20 20. One of the biggest changes observed when studying how the spread of media is influencing adolescents is from the study in Morocco described in the text. What changes are being seen in Morocco as a result of the availability of media from the West? a) There are changes in gender roles and gender relations. b) There are changes in time until first intercourse.

Consider This: Morocco provides a vivid example of the role of media in promoting globalization in the lives of adolescents. LO 12.14 Describe how the spread of media across the globe is influencing adolescents’ beliefs and values in developing countries.

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c) There are changes in clothing styles and hair styles.

Consider This: Morocco provides a vivid example of the role of media in promoting globalization in the lives of adolescents. LO 12.14 Describe how the spread of media across the globe is influencing adolescents’ beliefs and values in developing countries. d) There are changes in social media use.

Consider This: Morocco provides a vivid example of the role of media in promoting globalization in the lives of adolescents. LO 12.14 Describe how the spread of media across the globe is influencing adolescents’ beliefs and values in developing countries.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Globalization and the Media Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 12.14 Describe how the spread of media across the globe is influencing adolescents’ beliefs and values in developing countries.

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TOTAL ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice GUIDE

Chapter 13 Problems and Resilience

1. Scholars distinguish between two types of problems young people experience: ___________ a. internalizing and externalizing b. male and female c. depression and aggression Topic Remember Understand Apply Analyze It d. "in control" and "out of the control" Facts the Concepts What You Answer: a Know LO: 13.1 internalizing problems and provide Two Types of Define Multiple Choice 1, examples.; 2, 4, 5, 7-9 13.2 3,Define 6, 10 externalizing problems and provide examples.

Problems True/False 84, 85 86 Topic: Two Types of Problems Short Essay 104 Difficulty: Moderate Risky Automobile Multiple Choice 11 12, 13, 15, 16 17 Skill: Understand the Concepts True/False Driving APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts,87-88 principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Short Essay Multiple Choice 19, 24 Substance Use 18, 25, 26, 28, 22, 23, 27, 2. Which of the following is NOT considered an internalizing problem?

29, 31 30 True/False a. depression 89-91 92 b. substance Short use Essay 105 disorder Multiple Choice 32-34, 38, 43 35-37, 39, 41, 40 Delinquency c. andeating d. anxiety Crime 44-46 Answer: b True/False 93-95 LO: 13.1 Define Short internalizing Essay problems and provide examples.

Topic: Two Types of Problems Multiple Choice 47, 48, 50, Emotional 49, 51, 53, 56, 54, 55, 57, 52, 61 Difficulty: Moderate 59, 60, 62, Disorders 64, 66 58 Skill: Understand the Concepts 63, 65 APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts,96-100 principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

True/False Short Essay 106, 107 Multiple Choice 67, 72 Eating Disorders 68, 71, 73, 75, 69. 70 74 3. Kenda has begun withdrawing from other people 76 and is experiencing pain and weakness throughout It is102 likely that Kenda has a(n) ___________.

True/False her body.101, a. externalizing problem Short Essay disorder Multiple Choice 77, 81 Resilienceb. somatoform 78-80, 82, 83 c. internalizing problem True/False 103 d. personality disorder Short Essay Answer: c LO: 13.1 Define internalizing problems and provide examples.

Topic: Two Types of Problems Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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Analyze It

14 20, 21

4. Internalizing problems are more common among __________. a. boys and men b. adolescents c. emerging adults d. girls and women Answer: d LO: 13.1 Define internalizing problems and provide examples.

Topic: Two Types of Problems Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

5. Young people with internalizing disorders are sometimes referred to as __________. a. undercontrolled b. overcontrolled c. unsocialized d. oversocialized Answer: b LO: 13.1 Define internalizing problems and provide examples.

Topic: Two Types of Problems Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

6. Caddy suffers from clinical depression. Based on the type of problem that this is, it could be predicted that Caddy is more likely to ________ than other adolescents. a. have an anxiety disorder b. engage in aggressive behavior c. excel in academics d. excel in sports Answer: a LO: 13.1 Define internalizing problems and provide examples.

Topic: Two Types of Problems Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

7. Which of the following is a common characteristic of people considered to be "overcontrolled"? a. calm and relaxed b. extremely lazy c. overly self-punishing d. above average intelligence 894 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Answer: c LO: 13.1 Define internalizing problems and provide examples.

Topic: Two Types of Problems Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

8. Externalizing problems are more common in ___________. a. boys and men b. emerging adults c. children d. girls and women Answer: a LO: 13.2 Define externalizing problems and provide examples.

Topic: Two Types of Problems Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

9. Young people with externalizing problems are sometimes referred to as __________. a. overcontrolled b. unsocialized c. oversocialized d. undercontrolled Answer: d LO: 13.2 Define externalizing problems and provide examples.

Topic: Two Types of Problems Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

10. Kris is 14 years old. The assessment done by the school psychologist refers to Kris as "undercontrolled." Based upon research, which of the following predictions is most likely accurate? Kris likely __________. a. comes from a family with little parental monitoring or control b. is an only child with only one parent c. is a fraternal twin brother d. is a late-maturing girl who is just beginning high school Answer: a LO: 13.2 Define externalizing problems and provide examples.

Topic: Two Types of Problems Difficulty: Difficulty Skill: Apply What You Know 895 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

11. Which of the following age groups has the highest rate of automobile accidents, fatalities, and injuries? a. 15–24 b. 24–30 c. 30–50 d. 65–80 Answer: a LO: 13.3 Summarize the overall pattern of crash risk in relation to age, and identify the factors that promote risky driving in adolescence and emerging adulthood.

Topic: Risky Automobile Driving Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

12. In the United States, the leading cause of death among adolescents and emerging adults is ___________. a. violent crimes b. suicide c. automobile accidents d. eating disorders Answer: c LO: 13.3 Summarize the overall pattern of crash risk in relation to age, and identify the factors that promote risky driving in adolescence and emerging adulthood.

Topic: Risky Automobile Driving Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

13. In Western countries other than the United States, a higher minimum driving age and less access to automobiles is associated with ___________. a. fewer car accidents and fatalities among young people b. higher unemployment rates due to lack of transportation c. more car accidents and fatalities among young people d. a decreased rate of other externalizing problems amongst adolescents Answer: a LO: 13.3 Summarize the overall pattern of crash risk in relation to age, and identify the factors that promote risky driving in adolescence and emerging adulthood.

Topic: Risky Automobile Driving Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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14. According to research highlighted in the text, which of the following has NOT been identified as a factor contributing to high automobile accident rates among young Americans? Young drivers are ____________. a. more likely to drive at excessive speeds b. inexperienced c. more likely to violate traffic signs and signals d. less likely than adults to have a cell phone for emergency calls Answer: d LO: 13.3 Summarize the overall pattern of crash risk in relation to age, and identify the factors that promote risky driving in adolescence and emerging adulthood.

Topic: Risky Automobile Driving Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

15. Which of the following characteristics are most likely associated with young males' involvement in automobile crashes due to their promotion of risky driving behavior? a. internalizing and externalizing problems b. anxiety and depression c. sensation seeking and aggressiveness d. identity diffusion and passive aggressiveness Answer: c LO: 13.3 Summarize the overall pattern of crash risk in relation to age, and identify the factors that promote risky driving in adolescence and emerging adulthood.

Topic: Risky Automobile Driving Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

16. One factor that may contribute to the failure of driver education programs to reduce accidents is that they __________. a. often employ a graduated licensing approach b. are often taught by instructors who are emerging adults c. are more often offered to young females than males d. enable adolescents to obtain a driver's license more quickly Answer: d LO: 13.4 Describe the features of graduated driver licensing programs, and evaluate their effectiveness.

Topic: Risky Automobile Driving Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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17. Aaron is a young driver who has been awarded a restricted license. He is allowed to drive unsupervised but cannot drive after 9 P.M. Which of the following approaches to reducing traffic accidents and fatalities is best described in this scenario? a. graduated licensing b. driver education c. zero tolerance d. parental monitoring Answer: a LO: 13.4 Describe the features of graduated driver licensing programs, and evaluate their effectiveness.

Topic: Risky Automobile Driving Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

18. Rates of smoking are particularly high among adolescents in __________. a. the United States b. Canada c. Europe d. South America Answer: c LO: 13.5 Summarize the variations in adolescent substance use in Europe and North America.

Topic: Substance Use Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

19. According to the graph in the text, approximately what percentage of American 15year-old girls reported smoking cigarettes at least once a week in 2022? a. 8% b. 12% c. 15% d. 23% Answer: a LO: 13.5 Summarize the variations in adolescent substance use in Europe and North America.

Topic: Substance Use Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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20. Which of the following best describes substance use among American adolescents? a. Most smoke cigarettes at least once, but never use alcohol. b. All substance use is uncommon among American adolescents. c. American adolescents use marijuana more than adolescents in the other countries studied. d. American adolescents use nicotine the most followed by alcohol, followed by marijuana.

Answer: c LO: 13.5 Summarize the variations in adolescent substance use in Europe and North America.

Topic: Substance Use Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

21. Which of the following statements is true regarding substance use in American adolescents? a. Other than alcohol, nicotine, and marijuana, use of other substances is uncommon among American adolescents. b. The most used substance outside of alcohol, nicotine, and marijuana is Ecstasy. c. The most used substance outside of alcohol, nicotine, and marijuana is sedatives. d. The most used substance outside of alcohol, nicotine, and marijuana is cocaine.

Answer: a LO: 13.6 Describe how substance use changes with age, and explain the relationship between substance use and unstructured socializing in emerging adulthood.

Topic: Substance Use Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

22. Cade is 20 years old and moved out of his parents' house two months ago. He smoked marijuana several times last year but since he has been living on his own, has smoked marijuana much more often. Cade and his roommates are always having parties. Which of the following is the best possible explanation for Cade's behavior change? a. increased propensity and opportunity b. acquiring full license c. socialized delinquents d. increased protective factor Answer: a LO: 13.6 Describe how substance use changes with age, and explain the relationship between substance use and unstructured socializing in emerging adulthood.

Topic: Substance Use Difficulty: Difficult 899 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

23. Mika rarely goes to parties or smokes marijuana anymore because she is too busy working and looking after family responsibilities. Based on research, it could be predicted that Mika is approximately what age? a. 9–12 b. 13–19 c. 19–24 d. 25–30 Answer: d LO: 13.6 Describe how substance use changes with age, and explain the relationship between substance use and unstructured socializing in emerging adulthood.

Topic: Substance Use Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

24. Osgood used the term ________ socializing to include behavior such as riding around in a car for fun, going to parties, going shopping, and going out with friends. a. unstructured b. leisure-time c. graded d. peer Answer: a LO: 13.6 Describe how substance use changes with age, and explain the relationship between substance use and unstructured socializing in emerging adulthood.

Topic: Substance Use Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

25. In general, which of the following best describes the overall pattern for substance use from ages 18 through 45? Substance use __________. a. steadily increases b. peaks in the early 20s c. steadily decreases d. declines in the late 30s Answer: b LO: 13.6 Describe how substance use changes with age, and explain the relationship between substance use and unstructured socializing in emerging adulthood.

Topic: Substance Use Difficulty: Moderate 900 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

26. Which of the following is NOT described in the textbook as one of the purposes for which young people use substances? a. experimental reasons b. social experiences c. medicinal purposes d. peer acceptance Answer: d LO: 13.7 Identify the different types of substance use in adolescence and emerging adulthood, and describe the outcomes of attempts to prevent substance use.

Topic: Substance Use Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

27. Gil feels anxious and depressed a lot. He is nervous leaving his house in the morning and dreads the thought of having to speak in front of others at school. Sometimes he smokes marijuana to relax and drinks when he feels nervous around people. Which of the following purposes best describes Gil's substance use? a. experimental b. social c. medicinal d. addictive Answer: c LO: 13.7 Identify the different types of substance use in adolescence and emerging adulthood, and describe the outcomes of attempts to prevent substance use.

Topic: Substance Use Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

28. A person who frequently says, "I'm so stressed out right now that I have to have a cigarette" is engaging in ________ substance use. a. experimental b. medicinal c. social d. peer-monitored Answer: b LO: 13.7 Identify the different types of substance use in adolescence and emerging adulthood, and describe the outcomes of attempts to prevent substance use.

Topic: Substance Use 901 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the c=Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

29. According to research by Windle et al (2005), which of the following groups of adolescents were found to be the most psychologically healthy? a. frequent substance users b. experimental substance users c. addictive users d. self-medicators Answer: b LO: 13.7 Identify the different types of substance use in adolescence and emerging adulthood, and describe the outcomes of attempts to prevent substance use.

Topic: Substance Use Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

30. Abby has recently stopped smoking cigarettes. She finds herself irritable, having headaches, and she feels shaky. Abby is most likely experiencing __________. a. withdrawal symptoms b. tolerance c. dependence d. psychosis Answer: a LO: 13.7 Identify the different types of substance use in adolescence and emerging adulthood, and describe the outcomes of attempts to prevent substance use.

Topic: Substance Use Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

31. Efforts to prevent or reduce substance use among adolescents have generally been delivered through __________. a. community centers b. church organizations c. prisons d. schools Answer: d LO: 13.7 Identify the different types of substance use in adolescence and emerging adulthood, and describe the outcomes of attempts to prevent substance use.

Topic: Substance Use Difficulty: Moderate 902 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

32. Violations of the law committed by juveniles are referred to as acts of __________. a. propensity b. opportunity c. delinquency d. transgression Answer: c LO: 13.8 Explain the reasons for the age–crime relationship.

Topic: Delinquency and Crime Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

33. According to research, which group of people commits the great majority of crimes? a. males, ages 12–25 b. females, ages 18–25 c. males, ages 25–35 d. females, ages 25–35 Answer: a LO: 13.8 Explain the reasons for the age–crime relationship.

Topic: Delinquency and Crime Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

34. According to the law in most countries, a juvenile is defined as a person under the age of __________. a. 14 b. 16 c. 18 d. 21 Answer: c LO: 13.8 Explain the reasons for the age–crime relationship.

Topic: Delinquency and Crime Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

35. The high homicide rate among young people in the United States is linked to __________. a. conservative religious beliefs 903 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

b. substance abuse rates c. easy access to firearms d. mental illness Answer: c LO: 13.8 Explain the reasons for the age–crime relationship.

Topic: Delinquency and Crime Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

36. Higher rates of violent crime in the United States than in other Western countries appear to be due in part to __________. a. more expensive automobiles b. more conservative religious beliefs c. low socioeconomic status d. stricter gun control Answer: c LO: 13.8 Explain the reasons for the age–crime relationship.

Topic: Delinquency and Crime Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

37. That Black adolescents are more likely than White adolescents to be arrested reflects __________. a. higher religiosity among Whites b. lower SES among Black Americans c. genetic predisposition to certain risk behaviors d. cultural differences in the acceptability of crime Answer: b LO: 13.8 Explain the reasons for the age–crime relationship.

Topic: Delinquency and Crime Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

38. Terrie Moffitt's (1993, 2003) theory proposes a distinction between which two types of delinquency? a. male and female b. urban and rural c. hedonistic-social and poverty-needs-based d. adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent Answer: d 904 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

LO: 13.9 Identify the two types of delinquency in Moffitt’s theory and their different origins.

Topic: Delinquency and Crime Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

39. According to Moffitt (1993, 2003), neuropsychological deficits are associated with which type of delinquency? a. life-course-persistent b. hedonistic-social c. adolescence-limited d. bio-psychological Answer: a LO: 13.9 Identify the two types of delinquency in Moffitt’s theory and their different origins.

Topic: Delinquency and Crime Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

40. According to her mom, 33-year-old Shara had no problems during childhood. Shara is now a schoolteacher and has a child of her own. During her adolescent years, however, Shara "ran with a crowd" that smoked pot, shoplifted, and occasionally vandalized buildings. During her youth, Shara's behavior could best be described as ___________. a. suburban diaspora b. adolescent-limited delinquency c. life-course-persistent delinquency d. adolescent egocentrism Answer: b LO: 13.9 Identify the two types of delinquency in Moffitt’s theory and their different origins.

Topic: Delinquency and Crime Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

41. Some delinquency prevention interventions have been found to increase delinquency because they ___________. a. teach specific techniques for certain crimes b. bring high-risk adolescents together to form a clique c. are facilitated by teachers who are “out of touch” d. are attended only by adolescent-limited delinquents Answer: b LO: 13.10 Evaluate the success of programs to prevent delinquency, and explain why some have been more successful than others.

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Topic: Delinquency and Crime Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

42. Which of the following best explains the ineffectiveness of some delinquency prevention programs from the perspective of adolescent participants and programmers respectively? a. "I don't want to be there," and "We should have caught the problem earlier." b. "There are too many boys there," and "We should wait until they are more mature." c. "There are too many girls there," and "We should wait until they are more mature." d. "I don't want to be there," and "Programs should be centered in urban areas."

Answer: a LO: 13.10 Evaluate the success of programs to prevent delinquency, and explain why some have been more successful than others.

Topic: Delinquency and Crime Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

43. One successful approach to delinquency prevention is the ________ approach. a. contextual b. just say no c. scared straight d. multisystemic Answer: d LO: 13.10 Evaluate the success of programs to prevent delinquency, and explain why some have been more successful than others.

Topic: Delinquency and Crime Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

44. The Gluecks' longitudinal research found that the key to delinquency lay in an interaction between __________. a. constitutional factors and family environments b. age and gender c. intelligence and school environments d. heredity and peer socialization Answer: a LO: 13.10 Evaluate the success of programs to prevent delinquency, and explain why some have been more successful than others.

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Topic: Delinquency and Crime Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

45. One criticism of the Gluecks' longitudinal research on delinquency is that the researchers were __________. a. not blind to participants' delinquent status b. unaware of participants' delinquent status c. approximately the same age as the participants d. teachers in the schools the participants attended Answer: a LO: 13.10 Evaluate the success of programs to prevent delinquency, and explain why some have been more successful than others.

Topic: Delinquency and Crime Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

46. Which of the following has been shown to reduce delinquent acts up to 18 months after the completion of therapy? a. cognitive behavioral therapy b. functional family therapy c. peer contagion elimination therapy d. multitactical therapy Answer: b LO: 13.10 Evaluate the success of programs to prevent delinquency, and explain why some have been more successful than others.

Topic: Delinquency and Crime Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

47. The most severe form of depression is __________. a. major depressive disorder b. depressive syndrome c. persistent depressive disorder d. schizoaffective disorder Answer: a LO: 13.11 Identify the main types and causes of depression in adolescence.

Topic: Emotional Disorders Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts 907 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

48. Which of the following is the most common form of internalizing problem in adolescence? a. depressive disorder b. depressed mood c. anorexia nervosa d. claustrophobia Answer: b LO: 13.11 Identify the main types and causes of depression in adolescence.

Topic: Emotional Disorders Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

49. The interaction of genetic and environmental factors is particularly well-established with respect to __________. a. depression b. risky driving c. eating disorders d. substance use Answer: a LO: 13.11 Identify the main types and causes of depression in adolescence.

Topic: Emotional Disorders Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

50. Which of the following terms refers specifically to a preexisting vulnerability? a. inclination b. amenorrhea c. diathesis d. ethos Answer: c LO: 13.11 Identify the main types and causes of depression in adolescence.

Topic: Emotional Disorders Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

51. Richie, who demonstrated early delays in motor skills, was diagnosed with depressive disorder at age 13. This situation suggests ___________.

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a. a neurological diathesis for depression b. authoritative parenting patterns c. a lack of parental monitoring d. neurosis triggered by puberty Answer: a LO: 13.11 Identify the main types and causes of depression in adolescence.

Topic: Emotional Disorders Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

52. One of the strongest suggestions that depression has a genetic component to it is the idea that __________. a. scientists have identified the gene that causes depression b. the concordance rate for depression in identical twins is higher than in fraternal twins c. if your parent has depression, you will have depression d. if your sibling has depression, you will have depression Answer: b LO: 13.11 Identify the main types and causes of depression in adolescence.

Topic: Emotional Disorders Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

53. One of the factors that constitutes the highest risk of developing depression in adolescence is simply being __________. a. male b. intelligent c. born in a Western culture d. female Answer: d LO: 13.11 Identify the main types and causes of depression in adolescence.

Topic: Emotional Disorders Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

54. D.J. responds to problems by focusing distress inward. Based on research, it could be predicted that D.J. is most likely _________. a. male b. female c. from a traditional culture 909 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

d. from a Western culture Answer: b LO: 13.11 Identify the main types and causes of depression in adolescence.

Topic: Emotional Disorders Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

55. Julia suffers from depression and is participating in a study to examine the effectiveness of a new medication. Julia is part of a group that receives a pill that has no active substance in it as she serves in the control group of the study. This study is also known as a _____________. a. double group design b. placebo design c. within group design d. quasi-experimental design Answer: b LO: 13.12 Explain the benefits and risks of antidepressant medications, and evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy.

Topic: Emotional Disorders Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

56. A review of over 70 different research studies found that there was a considerably higher risk of suicidal thoughts and aggressive behavior among children and adolescents who were being treated with ________ medication. a. mood stabilizing b. antipsychotic c. antianxiety d. antidepressant Answer: d LO: 13.12 Explain the benefits and risks of antidepressant medications, and evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy.

Topic: Emotional Disorders Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

57. Mekka suffers from depression and wants to seek the most successful treatment. Based on your text, along with antidepressants, what type of therapy should she try? a. group therapy b. psychotherapy 910 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

c. cognitive behavioral therapy d. insight therapy Answer: c LO: 13.12 Explain the benefits and risks of antidepressant medications, and evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy.

Topic: Emotional Disorders Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

58. José worries excessively about his performance in school. Often the worry he feels after taking a test is even more than the worry he felt before taking the test. José most likely suffers from ___________. a. a mood disorder b. depression c. generalized anxiety disorder d. obsessive compulsive disorder Answer: c LO: 13.13 Describe the symptoms of general anxiety disorder and its prevalence among adolescents and emerging adults.

Topic: Emotional Disorders Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

59. About __________% of adolescents (ages 12–17) suffer from generalized anxiety disorder. a. 4 b. 10 c. 15 d. 25 Answer: b LO: 13.13 Describe the symptoms of general anxiety disorder and its prevalence among adolescents and emerging adults.

Topic: Emotional Disorders Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

60. What percent of children and adolescents with depression also experience severe anxiety? a. 22 b. 45 c. 75 911 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

d. 90 Answer: c LO: 13.13 Describe the symptoms of general anxiety disorder and its prevalence among adolescents and emerging adults.

Topic: Emotional Disorders Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

61. Which of the following are the risk factors for generalized anxiety as described by your text? a. low self-esteem and a difficult temperament b. previous episodes of depression and borderline personality c. being female and having a risk-averse personality d. low socioeconomic status and an avoidant personality Answer: c LO: 13.13 Describe the symptoms of general anxiety disorder and its prevalence among adolescents and emerging adults.

Topic: Emotional Disorders Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

62. What is the first line of treatment for generalized anxiety disorder? a. medication b. cognitive behavioral therapy c. insight therapy d. group therapy Answer: b LO: 13.13 Describe the symptoms of general anxiety disorder and its prevalence among adolescents and emerging adults.

Topic: Emotional Disorders Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

63. Suicide is currently the ________ -most common cause of death among young people between the ages of 15 and 19. a. second b. third c. seventh d. ninth Answer: b 912 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

LO: 13.14 Describe the most important risk factors for suicide in adolescence.

Topic: Emotional Disorders Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

64. Which ethnic group is at greatest risk for suicide? a. Black adolescents and emerging adults b. Asian adolescents and emerging adults c. Native American adolescents and emerging adults d. Latino adolescents and emerging adults Answer: c LO: 13.14 Describe the most important risk factors for suicide in adolescence.

Topic: Emotional Disorders Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

65. ___________ are about four times more likely to attempt suicide; ___________ are about four times more likely to die from suicide. a. Young adults; older adults b. Older adults; young adults c. Women; men d. Men; women Answer: c LO: 13.14 Describe the most important risk factors for suicide in adolescence.

Topic: Emotional Disorders Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

66. Which of the following is NOT an additional risk factor for suicide in adolescents? a. substance use b. family disruption c. low self-esteem d. problems in relationships outside the family Answer: c LO: 13.14 Describe the most important risk factors for suicide in adolescence.

Topic: Emotional Disorders Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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67. Most cases of eating disorders are seen in girls and women and have their onset during __________. a. early childhood b. middle adulthood c. the teens and early 20s d. early and middle adulthood Answer: c LO: 13.15 Explain the causes of eating disorders and the differences between anorexia nervosa and bulimia.

Topic: Eating Disorders Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

68. Boys are much _______ likely than girls to believe that they are overweight, and are much ______ likely than girls to be satisfied with their bodies. a. less; less b. less; more c. more; less d. more; more Answer: b LO: 13.15 Explain the causes of eating disorders and the differences between anorexia nervosa and bulimia.

Topic: Eating Disorders Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

69. Leanne is underweight and has experienced amenorrhea associated with anorexia nervosa. Despite this, when she looks in the mirror she sees herself as overweight and flabby. This situation best illustrates a. fatigue. b. realistic perfectionism. c. underlying physical illness. d. cognitive distortion.

Answer: d LO: 13.15 Explain the causes of eating disorders and the differences between anorexia nervosa and bulimia.

Topic: Eating Disorders Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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70. Lewis suffers from an eating disorder in which he regularly engages in episodes of binge eating and then attempts to purge the food that he ate. Lewis would be best diagnosed with __________. a. pica b. bulimia c. anorexia nervosa d. rumination disorder Answer: b LO: 13.15 Explain the causes of eating disorders and the differences between anorexia nervosa and bulimia.

Topic: Eating Disorders Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

71. Unlike people who suffer from anorexia nervosa, those with bulimia typically ___________. a. lose more than 15% of their weight in a very short time period b. often develop a fine downy body hair called lanugo c. experience tremendous loss of bone density d. maintain a normal weight Answer: d LO: 13.15 Explain the causes of eating disorders and the differences between anorexia nervosa and bulimia.

Topic: Eating Disorders Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

72. Which of the following provides evidence for a cultural basis of eating disorders? Eating disorders are __________. a. common in cultures with a larger female body ideal b. more common in cultures that emphasize female slimness c. most common in males who are in adolescence and emerging adulthood d. almost universally seen in all subcultures of Africa Answer: b LO: 13.15 Explain the causes of eating disorders and the differences between anorexia nervosa and bulimia.

Topic: Eating Disorders Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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73. Extreme fasting in females as _____________ arose during the 16th through 19th centuries. a. a religious rite b. a commercial spectacle c. disease prevention d. beauty enhancement Answer: b LO: 13.15 Explain the causes of eating disorders and the differences between anorexia nervosa and bulimia.

Topic: Eating Disorders Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

74. The development of anorexia in young women is related to all but which of the following? a. a general susceptibility to internalizing disorders b. the co-occurrence of depression and anxiety disorders c. a loss of contact with reality, which is termed "psychosis" d. the same factors involved in the development of bulimia Answer: c LO: 13.15 Explain the causes of eating disorders and the differences between anorexia nervosa and bulimia.

Topic: Eating Disorders Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Analyze It APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

75. Because anorexia is eventually life threatening, the first step in recommended treatment is usually ___________. a. hospital-based b. school-based c. family-centered d. group-oriented Answer: a LO: 13.16 Evaluate the effectiveness of the main treatments for eating disorders.

Topic: Eating Disorders Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

76. What is the most effective therapy for the treatment of bulimia? a. medication b. cognitive behavioral therapy 916 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

c. family therapy d. group therapy Answer: b LO: 13.16 Evaluate the effectiveness of the main treatments for eating disorders.

Topic: Eating Disorders Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

77. "Good outcomes in spite of serious threats to adaptation and development" is one definition of __________. a. cohesion b. resilience c. diathesis d. correspondence Answer: b LO: 13.17 Identify the protective factors associated with resilience.

Topic: Resilience Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

78. Which of the following is NOT a protective factor that enables adolescents and emerging adults to overcome the risks in their lives? a. high intelligence b. religious beliefs and practices c. working class ideals d. a healthy school environment Answer: c LO: 13.17 Identify the protective factors associated with resilience.

Topic: Resilience Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

79. The idea that religious participation may make it less likely that an adolescent takes part in risk behavior best refers to ___________. a. adolescence-limited-delinquency b. labeling theory c. parental monitoring d. a protective factor Answer: d LO: 13.17 Identify the protective factors associated with resilience.

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Topic: Resilience Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

80. Which researcher noted that an important part of being resilient is having the "ordinary magic" of being able to function reasonably well even when faced with difficult circumstances? a. Piaget b. Jessor c. Masten d. Sternberg Answer: c LO: 13.17 Identify the protective factors associated with resilience.

Topic: Resilience Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

81. Which of the following is a protective factor associated with resilience? a. high intelligence b. an adult mentor within the family c. parents who use control and discipline as the dominant parenting style d. having a boyfriend or girlfriend Answer: a LO: 13.17 Identify the protective factors associated with resilience.

Topic: Resilience Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

82. One reason that emerging adulthood has been proposed as a key period for the expression of resilience is because emerging adults ___________. a. have not yet made the commitments that structure adult life b. are impervious to life changes c. are unable to leave unhealthy, high-risk family environments d. are too busy at work and school to experience stress Answer: a LO: 13.18 Explain why emerging adulthood may be a critical period for the expression of resilience.

Topic: Resilience Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts 918 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

83. In the Kauai study discussed in your text, adolescents who had been placed in a "nonresilient" group turned out to be more resilient in emerging adulthood as a result of several factors. They included all but which of the following? a. participating in higher education b. learning new occupational skills through military service c. engaging in psychoeducational classes that taught about resilience d. converting to a religious faith that provided a community of support Answer: c LO: 13.18 Explain why emerging adulthood may be a critical period for the expression of resilience.

Topic: Resilience Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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True/False 84. Adolescence is a time of increased risk for a wide range of problems. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 13.1 Define internalizing problems and provide examples.

Topic: Two Types of Problems Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

85. Externalizing problems are more common among females than among males. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 13.2 Define externalizing problems and provide examples.

Topic: Two Types of Problems Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

86. Quentin is considered to have an externalizing disorder. He frequently engages in delinquent behavior and fighting. Based upon research, it could be predicted that Quentin experiences little distress related to his behavior. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 13.2 Define externalizing problems and provide examples.

Topic: Two Types of Problems Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

87. The rate of automobile fatalities among young people is lower in the United States than in other Western countries. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 13.3 Summarize the overall pattern of crash risk in relation to age, and identify the factors that promote risky driving in adolescence and emerging adulthood.

Topic: Risky Automobile Driving 920 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

88. Research shows that adolescents who have taken driver education courses have lower involvement in automobile crashes. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 13.4 Describe the features of graduated driver licensing programs, and evaluate their effectiveness.

Topic: Risky Automobile Driving Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

89. Rates of cigarette smoking are lower among adolescents in Europe than in Canada and the United States. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 13.5 Summarize the variations in adolescent substance use in Europe and North America.

Topic: Substance Use Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

90. Higher rates of marijuana use among adolescents in Canada and the United States are due to easier access to marijuana and lower perceptions of its harmfulness. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 13.5 Summarize the variations in adolescent substance use in Europe and North America.

Topic: Substance Use Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

91. The peak of substance use occurs during adolescence. a. True 921 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

b. False Answer: b LO: 13.6 Describe how substance use changes with age, and explain the relationship between substance use and unstructured socializing in emerging adulthood.

Topic: Substance Use Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

92. Efforts to prevent or reduce substance use among young people have generally been the responsibility of parents. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 13.7 Identify the different types of substance use in adolescence and emerging adulthood, and describe the outcomes of attempts to prevent substance use.

Topic: Substance Use Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

93. Adolescents and emerging adult males are more likely than children or adults to be the victims of crimes. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 13.8 Explain the reasons for the age–crime relationship.

Topic: Delinquency and Crime Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

94. Legal systems in most countries define a juvenile as a person under 21 years of age. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 13.8 Explain the reasons for the age–crime relationship.

Topic: Delinquency and Crime Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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95. The multisystemic approach is a reasonably successful approach to decreasing delinquency. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 13.10 Evaluate the success of programs to prevent delinquency, and explain why some have been more successful than others.

Topic: Delinquency and Crime Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

96. Rates of depression are considerably higher among males than females. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 13.11 Identify the main types and causes of depression in adolescence.

Topic: Emotional Disorders Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

97. The use of most antidepressant drugs has been found to be generally ineffective with adolescents. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 13.12 Explain the benefits and risks of antidepressant medications, and evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy.

Topic: Emotional Disorders Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

98. People who have received cognitive-behavior therapy are less likely than those who have been treated with antidepressant medication to relapse after the treatment period. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 13.12 Explain the benefits and risks of antidepressant medications, and evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy.

Topic: Emotional Disorders 923 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

99. Generalized anxiety disorder is often accompanied by physical symptoms such as headaches, heart palpitations, stomach upset, muscular tension, and restlessness. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 13.13 Describe the symptoms of general anxiety disorder and its prevalence among adolescents and emerging adults.

Topic: Emotional Disorders Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

100. Suicide rates are lower in Canada and the United States than in other industrialized countries. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 13.14 Describe the most important risk factors for suicide in adolescence.

Topic: Emotional Disorders Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

101.

Approximately 90% of eating disorders occur among females. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 13.15 Explain the causes of eating disorders and the differences between anorexia nervosa and bulimia.

Topic: Eating Disorders Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

102. A disturbing symptom associated with bulimia is the tremendous loss of weight that can lead to hospitalization and, in some cases, death. a. True b. False 924 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Answer: b LO: 13.15 Explain the causes of eating disorders and the differences between anorexia nervosa and bulimia.

Topic: Eating Disorders Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

103. Adolescents with high IQs have a better chance than other adolescents of overcoming the challenges of a difficult environment. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 13.17 Identify the protective factors associated with resilience.

Topic: Resilience Difficulty: Easy Skill: Remember the Facts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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Essay 104. Define internalizing and externalizing problems. Provide three examples of each type of problem.

LO: 13.1 Define internalizing problems and provide examples. LO: 13.2 Define externalizing problems and provide examples.

Topic: Two Types of Problems Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Answer: Internalizing problems—take place when people turn their distress inward toward themselves. Adolescents with internalizing problems are sometimes called "overcontrolled" and tend to come from families with tight parental psychological control.

As a result, their own personalities are often overly controlled and self-punishing. Young people with internalizing problems usually feel distress. Internalizing problems are more likely to be experienced by girls. Three examples: depression, anxiety, eating disorders.

Externalizing problems—are problems that are directed outward rather than inward.

Adolescents with externalizing problems are sometimes referred to as "undercontrolled" and tend to come from families lacking parental monitoring and control. Additionally, they tend to lack self-control themselves, which then leads to their externalizing problems.

Distress is not often experienced with externalizing problems. Externalizing problems are more likely to be experienced by males. Three examples: delinquency, substance abuse, risky driving.

105. Describe three types of substance use in adolescence, providing an example for each.

LO: 13.5 Summarize the variations in adolescent substance use in Europe and North America.

Topic: Substance Use Difficulty: Difficult Skill: Apply What You Know APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Answer: Experimental—adolescent tries a substance once or twice out of curiosity, and then does not develop a pattern of use afterwards. Much adolescent substance use falls into this category. Social— involves the use of substances during social activities, such as parties and dances, with one or more friends. Medicinal or self-medication—involves substance use in order to relieve an unpleasant emotional state such as sadness, anxiety, stress, or loneliness. Adolescents who self-medicate tend to use substances more frequently than those in the previous two categories. Note—students will provide their own examples.

106. Define and briefly explain the goals and processes of cognitive behavioral therapy for treating depression in adolescents.

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LO: 13.12 Explain the benefits and risks of antidepressant medications, and evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy.

Topic: Emotional Disorders Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Answer: Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) recognizes that depression is characterized by negative attributions or negative ways of explaining what happens in one’s own life (e.g., adolescents may believe their situation is unchangeable and out of their control, and they may ruminate on the negative). CBT addresses these thinking patterns with a goal of helping the adolescent to recognize the cognitive habits that are promoting depression.

Therapy includes getting the adolescent to critically analyze and actively work on changing his or her behaviors and cognitive habits. The therapist actively challenges the negative attributions, so that the client will examine them critically and begin to see them as distortions of reality. Processes include role-playing, conversing with the therapist, and practicing new ways of thinking and interacting.

107. List two strong predictors of suicide among adolescents. Briefly outline gender differences in adolescent suicide rates.

LO: 13.14 Describe the most important risk factors for suicide in adolescence.

Topic: Emotional Disorders Difficulty: Moderate Skill: Understand the Concepts APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Answer: Family disruption—risk factor from family life that is chaotic, high in conflict, and low in warmth. Suicide or suicide attempt is often preceded by a period of months during which family problems have become more severe. Substance use problems—may be an attempt at self-medication for distress. Gender differences: women are about four times more likely than men to attempt suicide, and men are about four times more likely than woman to actually die from suicide. Men are more likely than women to use violent means to die by suicide, e.g., men are more likely to use guns or hanging; women are more likely to use an overdose of pills.

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REVEL QUIZ QUESTIONS

Quiz 13.1: Two Types of Problems EOM_Q13.1.1 1.

Which of the following represent internalizing problems for an individual? a) Depression, anxiety, eating disorders b) Delinquency, risky behaviors Consider This: Which of the options represent what can happen internally to an individual? LO 13.1 Define internalizing problems and provide examples. c) Substance use Consider This: Which of the options represent what can happen internally to an individual? LO 13.1 Define internalizing problems and provide examples. d) Unprotected sex Consider This: Which of the options represent what can happen internally to an individual? LO 13.1 Define internalizing problems and provide examples.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Two Types of Problems Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 13.1 Define internalizing problems and provide examples.

EOM_Q13.1.2 2.

Which of the following is a common personality characteristic of young people who have internalizing problems? a) Inhibited b) Spontaneous Consider This: This is sometimes linked to parents who exercise tight psychological control. LO 13.1 Define internalizing problems and provide examples. c) Hyperactive Consider This: This is sometimes linked to parents who exercise tight psychological control. LO 13.1 Define internalizing problems and provide examples. d) Outgoing Consider This: This is sometimes linked to parents who exercise tight psychological control.

LO 13.1 Define internalizing problems and provide examples.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Two Types of Problems Skill: Understand the Concepts 928 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning Objective: 13.1 Define internalizing problems and provide examples.

EOM_Q13.1.3 3.

Which of the following represents examples of externalizing problems? a) Delinquency, risky driving, substance use b) Depression, anxiety, eating disorders Consider This: Young people with these problems tend to be impulsive and lack selfcontrol. LO 13.2 Define externalizing problems and provide examples. c) Withdrawn, shy Consider This: Young people with these problems tend to be impulsive and lack selfcontrol. LO 13.2 Define externalizing problems and provide examples. d) Often feels sick and misses school Consider This: Young people with these problems tend to be impulsive and lack selfcontrol. LO 13.2 Define externalizing problems and provide examples.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Two Types of Problems Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 13.2 Define externalizing problems and provide examples.

EOM_Q13.1.4 4.

What are personality characteristics for young people who have externalizing problems? a) Lacking self-control, impulsive b) Inhibited, punishing Consider This: They are often acting out on the world. LO 13.2 Define externalizing problems and provide examples. c) Shy, introverted Consider This: They are often acting out on the world. LO 13.2 Define externalizing problems and provide examples. d) Outgoing, loud Consider This: They are often acting out on the world. LO 13.2 Define externalizing problems and provide examples.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Two Types of Problems Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 13.2 Define externalizing problems and provide examples.

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5.

Sometimes internalizing problems are associated with what parental characteristics? a) Parents who exercise tight psychological control. b) Parents who are withdrawn or do not provide monitoring.

Consider This: Parenting styles can be associated with behavior in children that is associated with internalizing problems. LO 13.1 Define internalizing problems and provide examples. c) Parents who are anxious and depressed.

Consider This: Parenting styles can be associated with behavior in children that is associated with internalizing problems. LO 13.1 Define internalizing problems and provide examples. d) Parents who had problematic behaviors as adolescents.

Consider This: Parenting styles can be associated with behavior in children that is associated with internalizing problems. LO 13.1 Define internalizing problems and provide examples.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Two Types of Problems Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 13.1 Define internalizing problems and provide examples.

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Quiz 13.2: Risky Automobile Driving EOM_Q13.2.1 1. Which of the following groups of factors are MOST likely to increase the likelihood of risky driving behavior among adolescents and emerging adults? a) Low levels of parental monitoring, high levels of friends’ approval of risky driving behaviors, and high levels of optimistic bias b) High levels of parental monitoring, low levels of friends’ approval of risky driving behaviors, and low levels of optimistic bias Consider This: Remember that the personality characteristic of aggressiveness is positively associated with risky driving behaviors among youth. LO 13.3 Summarize the overall pattern of crash risk in relation to age, and identify the factors that promote risky driving in adolescence and emerging adulthood. c) Low levels of parental monitoring, high levels of sensation seeking, and low levels of optimistic bias Consider This: Remember that the personality characteristic of aggressiveness is positively associated with risky driving behaviors among youth. LO 13.3 Summarize the overall pattern of crash risk in relation to age, and identify the factors that promote risky driving in adolescence and emerging adulthood. d) High levels of parental monitoring, low levels of sensation seeking, and high levels of optimistic bias Consider This: Remember that the personality characteristic of aggressiveness is positively associated with risky driving behaviors among youth. LO 13.3 Summarize the overall pattern of crash risk in relation to age, and identify the factors that promote risky driving in adolescence and emerging adulthood.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Risky Automobile Driving Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 13.3 Summarize the overall pattern of crash risk in relation to age, and identify the factors that promote risky driving in adolescence and emerging adulthood.

EOM_Q13.2.2 2. Juan is driving when a friend texts him. Without hesitation, he picks up his phone and responds to the friends text while still making his way down the road. Juan is participating in ___________. a) Distracted driving b) The optimistic bias

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Consider This: Where is Juan’s focus? Is it on driving or texting? LO 13.3 Summarize the overall pattern of crash risk in relation to age, and identify the factors that promote risky driving in adolescence and emerging adulthood. c) Driving under the influence Consider This: Where is Juan’s focus? Is it on driving or texting? LO 13.3 Summarize the overall pattern of crash risk in relation to age, and identify the factors that promote risky driving in adolescence and emerging adulthood. d) Inexperienced driving Consider This: Where is Juan’s focus? Is it on driving or texting? LO 13.3 Summarize the overall pattern of crash risk in relation to age, and identify the factors that promote risky driving in adolescence and emerging adulthood.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Risky Automobile Driving Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 13.3 Summarize the overall pattern of crash risk in relation to age, and identify the factors that promote risky driving in adolescence and emerging adulthood.

EOM_Q13.2.3 3. According to the National Center for Statistics and Analysis, which age group is at highest risk for fatal automobile crashes in the United States and Western countries? a) 15- to 24-year-olds b) 12- to 18-year-olds Consider This: Who is committing the most risky driving? LO 13.3 Summarize the overall pattern of crash risk in relation to age, and identify the factors that promote risky driving in adolescence and emerging adulthood. c) 20- to 27-year-olds Consider This: Who is committing the most risky driving? LO 13.3 Summarize the overall pattern of crash risk in relation to age, and identify the factors that promote risky driving in adolescence and emerging adulthood. d) 25- to 32-year-olds Consider This: Who is committing the most risky driving? LO 13.3 Summarize the overall pattern of crash risk in relation to age, and identify the factors that promote risky driving in adolescence and emerging adulthood.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Risky Automobile Driving Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 13.3 Summarize the overall pattern of crash risk in relation to age, and identify the factors that promote risky driving in adolescence and emerging adulthood.

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EOM_Q13.2.4 4. Which of the following best summarizes how adolescents’ participation in graduated driver licensing (GDL) programs is associated with their likelihood of experiencing automobile crashes? a) Adolescents who participate in graduated driver licensing (GDL) programs are up to 40% less likely to experience an automobile crash, most likely because youth who participate in GDL programs obtain driving privileges gradually, contingent on a safe driving record, rather than all at once. b) Adolescents who participate in graduated driver licensing (GDL) programs are up to 80% less likely to experience an automobile crash, most likely because youth who participate in GDL programs obtain driving privileges gradually, contingent on a safe driving record, rather than all at once.

Consider This: Remember that researchers have found that fatal crashes among 16- to 17year-old drivers in the United States decreased by almost 70% from 1996 to 2015, mainly due to GDL programs. LO 13.4 Describe the features of graduated driver licensing programs, and evaluate their effectiveness. c) Adolescents who participate in graduated driver licensing (GDL) programs are up to 40% less likely to experience an automobile crash, most likely because youth who participate in GDL programs are required to take driver education courses taught by experts and then receive their license all at once.

Consider This: Remember that researchers have found that fatal crashes among 16- to 17year-old drivers in the United States decreased by almost 70% from 1996 to 2015, mainly due to GDL programs. LO 13.4 Describe the features of graduated driver licensing programs, and evaluate their effectiveness. d) Adolescents who participate in graduated driver licensing (GDL) programs are up to 80% less likely to experience an automobile crash, most likely because youth who participate in GDL programs are required to take driver education courses taught by experts and then receive their license all at once.

Consider This: Remember that researchers have found that fatal crashes among 16- to 17year-old drivers in the United States decreased by almost 70% from 1996 to 2015, mainly due to GDL programs. LO 13.4 Describe the features of graduated driver licensing programs, and evaluate their effectiveness.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Risky Automobile Driving Skill: Analyze It Learning Objective: 13.4 Describe the features of graduated driver licensing programs, and evaluate their effectiveness.

EOM_Q13.2.5

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5.

What has been shown to be one of the most effective restrictions that results in reduced risk of young people being involved in a crash? a) Driving curfew b) Driving without a parent Consider This: This restriction is based on research revealing the factors that are most likely to place young drivers at risk for crashes. 13.4 Describe the features of graduated driver licensing programs, and evaluate their effectiveness. c) Driving with teenage passengers Consider This: This restriction is based on research revealing the factors that are most likely to place young drivers at risk for crashes. 13.4 Describe the features of graduated driver licensing programs, and evaluate their effectiveness. d) Driving excessively Consider This: This restriction is based on research revealing the factors that are most likely to place young drivers at risk for crashes. 13.4 Describe the features of graduated driver licensing programs, and evaluate their effectiveness.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Risky Automobile Driving Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 13.4 Describe the features of graduated driver licensing programs, and evaluate their effectiveness.

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Quiz 13.3: Substance Use EOM_Q13.3.1 1. Regarding adolescent substance use in Western countries, youth in Europe are more likely to use _________ and __________ compared to youth in America and Canada. a) alcohol; cigarettes b) alcohol; marijuana Consider This: The higher European rates of alcohol use are partly attributable to the lower legal drinking age in European countries. LO 13.5 Summarize the variations in adolescent substance use in Europe and North America. c) cigarettes; cocaine Consider This: The higher European rates of alcohol use are partly attributable to the lower legal drinking age in European countries. LO 13.5 Summarize the variations in adolescent substance use in Europe and North America. d) cigarettes; marijuana Consider This: The higher European rates of alcohol use are partly attributable to the lower legal drinking age in European countries. LO 13.5 Summarize the variations in adolescent substance use in Europe and North America.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Substance Use Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 13.5 Summarize the variations in adolescent substance use in Europe and North America.

EOM_Q13.3.2 2. Of the following substances, which one is least likely to be used by American adolescents? a) Cocaine b) Alcohol Consider This: Only 4% of American adolescents have tried this drug. LO 13.6 Describe how substance use changes with age, and explain the relationship between substance use and unstructured socializing in emerging adulthood. c) Nicotine Consider This: Only 4% of American adolescents have tried this drug. LO 13.6 Describe how substance use changes with age, and explain the relationship between substance use and unstructured socializing in emerging adulthood. d) Marijuana Consider This: Only 4% of American adolescents have tried this drug. LO 13.6 Describe how substance use changes with age, and explain the relationship between substance use and unstructured socializing in emerging adulthood.

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Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Substance Use Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 13.6 Describe how substance use changes with age, and explain the relationship between substance use and unstructured socializing in emerging adulthood.

EOM_Q13.3.3 3. Which of the following statements best summarizes substance use patterns through adolescence and emerging adulthood? a) Substance use rates rise from age 15 through the end of high school. It peaks in the earlyto mid-20s before starting to decline in the late 20s. b) Substance use rates rise until age 15 where it slowly declines, and then it suddenly peaks in the mid-20s before starting to decline again in the late 20s.

Consider This: Substance use rises through high school with more use reported in seniors than in freshman. LO 13.6 Describe how substance use changes with age, and explain the relationship between substance use and unstructured socializing in emerging adulthood. c) Substance use rates remain low until the early 20s when it spikes until the late 20s when it begins to slowly decline.

Consider This: Substance use rises through high school with more use reported in seniors than in freshman. LO 13.6 Describe how substance use changes with age, and explain the relationship between substance use and unstructured socializing in emerging adulthood. d) Substance use rates rise through early adolescence peaking at age 15. Use then slowly declines until the late 20s.

Consider This: Substance use rises through high school with more use reported in seniors than in freshman. LO 13.6 Describe how substance use changes with age, and explain the relationship between substance use and unstructured socializing in emerging adulthood.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Substance Use Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 13.6 Describe how substance use changes with age, and explain the relationship between substance use and unstructured socializing in emerging adulthood.

EOM_Q13.3.4 4. Joaquin is a high school senior who does well in school and is involved in many sports. When he is out with friends, he just can’t resist drinking and smoking with them. Joaquin is demonstrating __________. a) social substance use b) experimental substance use 936 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Consider This: These four categories indicate that young people use substances in different ways, with different implications for their development. LO 13.7 Identify the different types of substance use in adolescence and emerging adulthood, and describe the outcomes of attempts to prevent substance use. c) medicinal substance use Consider This: These four categories indicate that young people use substances in different ways, with different implications for their development. LO 13.7 Identify the different types of substance use in adolescence and emerging adulthood, and describe the outcomes of attempts to prevent substance use. d) addictive substance use Consider This: These four categories indicate that young people use substances in different ways, with different implications for their development. LO 13.7 Identify the different types of substance use in adolescence and emerging adulthood, and describe the outcomes of attempts to prevent substance use.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Substance Use Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 13.7 Identify the different types of substance use in adolescence and emerging adulthood, and describe the outcomes of attempts to prevent substance use.

EOM_Q13.3.5 5. School programs that have been found to be effective in reducing adolescent substance use have focused on __________, and family programs that that have been found to be effective in reducing adolescent substance use have focused on __________. a) increasing youth’s strategies to decline substance use offers; increasing parental monitoring b) increasing youth’s knowledge of illegal drugs and their effects; increasing parental monitoring Consider This: Remember that peer influence is a common topic of school programs that have been found to be effective in reducing adolescent substance use. LO 13.7 Identify the different types of substance use in adolescence and emerging adulthood, and describe the outcomes of attempts to prevent substance use. c) increasing youth’s strategies to decline substance use offers; improving adolescentparent communication Consider This: Remember that peer influence is a common topic of school programs that have been found to be effective in reducing adolescent substance use. LO 13.7 Identify the different types of substance use in adolescence and emerging adulthood, and describe the outcomes of attempts to prevent substance use. d) increasing youth’s knowledge of illegal drugs and their effects; improving adolescentparent communication

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Consider This: Remember that peer influence is a common topic of school programs that have been found to be effective in reducing adolescent substance use. LO 13.7 Identify the different types of substance use in adolescence and emerging adulthood, and describe the outcomes of attempts to prevent substance use.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Substance Use Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 13.7 Identify the different types of substance use in adolescence and emerging adulthood, and describe the outcomes of attempts to prevent substance use.

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Quiz 13.4: Delinquency and Crime EOM_Q13.4.1 1.

Crime __________ in adolescence and emerging adulthood, and when committed by some under the age of 18, the violations are considered __________. a) peaks; delinquency b) increases; accidental errors Consider This: The great majority of crimes are committed by young men between the ages of 12 and 25 and that has been consistent for over 150 years. LO 13.8 Explain the reasons for the age–crime relationship. c) decreases; delinquency Consider This: The great majority of crimes are committed by young men between the ages of 12 and 25 and that has been consistent for over 150 years. LO 13.8 Explain the reasons for the age–crime relationship. d) is rare; heinous Consider This: The great majority of crimes are committed by young men between the ages of 12 and 25 and that has been consistent for over 150 years. LO 13.8 Explain the reasons for the age–crime relationship.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Delinquency and Crime Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 13.8 Explain the reasons for the age–crime relationship.

EOM_Q13.4.2 2.

What is one theory about why crime and age have such a consistent and strong relationship? a) Adolescents and emerging adults not only have increased independence from parents and other adult authorities but also have increased time with peers and increased orientation toward peers. b) Adolescents experience cognitive competition that interferes with reasoning. This cognitive competition is brought on by the fluctuations in hormones seen during puberty.

Consider This: At this age, most crime is committed in groups and resembles the unstructured socializing discussed relative to substance use. LO 13.8 Explain the reasons for the age–crime relationship. c) Adolescents and emerging adults experience increased independence from parental figures and other adults and respond with rebellious activity intended to make their separation from those adults more significant.

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Consider This: At this age, most crime is committed in groups and resembles the unstructured socializing discussed relative to substance use. LO 13.8 Explain the reasons for the age–crime relationship. d) Freedom from oversight from parents and other adults leaves adolescents and emerging adults testing boundaries to see how much they can get away with.

Consider This: At this age, most crime is committed in groups and resembles the unstructured socializing discussed relative to substance use. LO 13.8 Explain the reasons for the age–crime relationship.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Delinquency and Crime Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 13.8 Explain the reasons for the age–crime relationship.

EOM_Q13.4.3 3.

Kyrie is 22 and was raised by a single mom in a home marked by poverty. She never liked to sit still and had a great deal of difficulty in school, having been diagnosed with ADHD and dyslexia. She has been in and out of juvenile facilities to try to reform her behavior, but she just can’t stay out of trouble. Which of the following classifications might best fit Kyrie’s behavior? a) Kyrie might be classified as a life-course-persistent delinquent. b) Kyrie might be classified as an internalizer.

Consider This: Moffitt identified two distinct types of delinquency, each with different motivations and different sources. LO 13.9 Identify the two types of delinquency in Moffitt’s theory and their different origins. c) Kyrie might be classified as an adolescence-limited delinquent.

Consider This: Moffitt identified two distinct types of delinquency, each with different motivations and different sources. LO 13.9 Identify the two types of delinquency in Moffitt’s theory and their different origins. d) Kyrie might be classified as an externalizer.

Consider This: Moffitt identified two distinct types of delinquency, each with different motivations and different sources. LO 13.9 Identify the two types of delinquency in Moffitt’s theory and their different origins.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Delinquency and Crime Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 13.9 Identify the two types of delinquency in Moffitt’s theory and their different origins.

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4. __________ show no signs of problems in infancy or childhood. During adolescence and emerging adulthood (from 12 to 25) they have a period of occasional criminal activity. a) Adolescence-limited delinquents b) Emerging adult-limited delinquents Consider This: Moffitt identified two distinct types of delinquency, each with different motivations and different sources. LO 13.9 Identify the two types of delinquency in Moffitt’s theory and their different origins. c) Life-course-persistent delinquents Consider This: Moffitt identified two distinct types of delinquency, each with different motivations and different sources. LO 13.9 Identify the two types of delinquency in Moffitt’s theory and their different origins. d) Unintentional-limited delinquents Consider This: Moffitt identified two distinct types of delinquency, each with different motivations and different sources. LO 13.9 Identify the two types of delinquency in Moffitt’s theory and their different origins.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Delinquency and Crime Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 13.9 Identify the two types of delinquency in Moffitt’s theory and their different origins.

EOM_Q13.4.5 5. Nelson is a 13-year-old boy who is involved in a program in which he attends an after-school youth center to do his homework, and his parents are learning strategies to increase their parental monitoring. Nelson is involved in a ________ for juvenile delinquency, and his participation in this program ________ the likelihood that he will go to prison in the future. a) multisystemic approach; decreases b) multisystemic approach; increases Consider This: Remember that these programs intervene at multiple levels and strive to direct the energy of delinquents into more socially constructive directions. LO 13.10 Evaluate the success of programs to prevent delinquency, and explain why some have been more successful than others. c) life-course approach; decreases Consider This: Remember that these programs intervene at multiple levels and strive to direct the energy of delinquents into more socially constructive directions. LO 13.10 Evaluate the success of programs to prevent delinquency, and explain why some have been more successful than others. d) life-course approach; increases Consider This: Remember that these programs intervene at multiple levels and strive to direct the energy of delinquents into more socially constructive directions. LO 13.10

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Evaluate the success of programs to prevent delinquency, and explain why some have been more successful than others.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Delinquency and Crime Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 13.10 Evaluate the success of programs to prevent delinquency, and explain why some have been more successful than others.

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Quiz 13.5: Emotional Disorders EOM_Q13.5.1 1. Which of the following would NOT be considered a “diathesis” in the diathesis-stress model of adolescent depression? a) Being male b) Prenatal difficulties Consider This: In the diathesis-stress model, “diathesis” means “vulnerability.” LO 13.11 Identify the main types and causes of depression in adolescence. c) Emotionally distant parents Consider This: In the diathesis-stress model, “diathesis” means “vulnerability.” LO 13.11 Identify the main types and causes of depression in adolescence. d) Family history of depression Consider This: In the diathesis-stress model, “diathesis” means “vulnerability.” LO 13.11 Identify the main types and causes of depression in adolescence.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Emotional Disorders Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 13.11 Identify the main types and causes of depression in adolescence.

EOM_Q13.5.2 2. One of the reasons why studies have found cognitive behavioral therapy is an effective treatment for adolescent depression is because this therapy challenges _____________, which are pessimistic explanations for life events, especially the tendency to dwell on the things that are wrong, or ___________. a) negative attributions; rumination b) negative attributions; suicidal ideation Consider This: Remember that the goal of cognitive behavioral therapy is to help the young person recognize the cognitive habits that are promoting depression and work to change those habits. LO 13.12 Explain the benefits and risks of antidepressant medications, and evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy. c) uncontrollable attributions; rumination Consider This: Remember that the goal of cognitive behavioral therapy is to help the young person recognize the cognitive habits that are promoting depression and work to change those habits. LO 13.12 Explain the benefits and risks of antidepressant medications, and evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy. d) uncontrollable attributions; suicidal ideation Consider This: Remember that the goal of cognitive behavioral therapy is to help the young person recognize the cognitive habits that are promoting depression and work to change

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those habits. LO 13.12 Explain the benefits and risks of antidepressant medications, and evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Emotional Disorders Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 13.12 Explain the benefits and risks of antidepressant medications, and evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy.

EOM_Q13.5.3 3. What is the incidence of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)? a) About 10% of adolescents (ages 12–17) suffer from GAD. b) About 3% of adolescents (ages 12–17) suffer from GAD. Consider This: The disorder begins gradually, often in childhood or adolescence, with symptoms that may worsen during times of stress. LO 13.13 Describe the symptoms of general anxiety disorder and its prevalence among adolescents and emerging adults. c) About 17% of adolescents (ages 12–17) suffer from GAD. Consider This: The disorder begins gradually, often in childhood or adolescence, with symptoms that may worsen during times of stress. LO 13.13 Describe the symptoms of general anxiety disorder and its prevalence among adolescents and emerging adults. d) About 29% of adolescents (ages 12–17) suffer from GAD. Consider This: The disorder begins gradually, often in childhood or adolescence, with symptoms that may worsen during times of stress. LO 13.13 Describe the symptoms of general anxiety disorder and its prevalence among adolescents and emerging adults.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Emotional Disorders Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 13.13 Describe the symptoms of general anxiety disorder and its prevalence among adolescents and emerging adults.

EOM_Q13.5.4 4.

What is the first line of treatment for generalized anxiety disorder? a) Cognitive behavioral therapy b) Anti-anxiety medication Consider This: This therapy can be combined with medications sometime to be even more effective. LO 13.13 Describe the symptoms of general anxiety disorder and its prevalence among adolescents and emerging adults. c) Stress management training

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Consider This: This therapy can be combined with medications sometime to be even more effective. LO 13.13 Describe the symptoms of general anxiety disorder and its prevalence among adolescents and emerging adults. d) Psychoanalysis Consider This: This therapy can be combined with medications sometime to be even more effective. LO 13.13 Describe the symptoms of general anxiety disorder and its prevalence among adolescents and emerging adults.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Emotional Disorders Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 13.13 Describe the symptoms of general anxiety disorder and its prevalence among adolescents and emerging adults.

EOM_Q13.5.5 5. Two important risk factors for suicide in adolescence are a history of ___________ and ___________. a) family disruption; substance abuse b) family disruption; school failure Consider This: Remember that researchers agree that in almost all cases, adolescent suicide takes place not in response to a single stressful or painful event but only after a series of difficulties extending over months or even years. LO 13.14 Describe the most important risk factors for suicide in adolescence. c) peer rejection; substance abuse Consider This: Remember that researchers agree that in almost all cases, adolescent suicide takes place not in response to a single stressful or painful event but only after a series of difficulties extending over months or even years. LO 13.14 Describe the most important risk factors for suicide in adolescence. d) peer rejection; school failure Consider This: Remember that researchers agree that in almost all cases, adolescent suicide takes place not in response to a single stressful or painful event but only after a series of difficulties extending over months or even years. LO 13.14 Describe the most important risk factors for suicide in adolescence.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Emotional Disorders Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 13.14 Describe the most important risk factors for suicide in adolescence.

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Quiz 13.6: Eating Disorders EOM_Q13.6.1 1.

Which of the following is NOT considered disordered eating. a) Replacing a nightly bowl of ice cream with yogurt b) Fasting for 24 hours or more Consider This: Fear of becoming overweight and body dissatisfaction can lead adolescents to exhibit eating disordered behavior. LO 13.15 Explain the causes of eating disorders and the differences between anorexia nervosa and bulimia. c) Using diet products Consider This: Fear of becoming overweight and body dissatisfaction can lead adolescents to exhibit eating disordered behavior. LO 13.15 Explain the causes of eating disorders and the differences between anorexia nervosa and bulimia. d) Using laxatives to control weight Consider This: Fear of becoming overweight and body dissatisfaction can lead adolescents to exhibit eating disordered behavior. LO 13.15 Explain the causes of eating disorders and the differences between anorexia nervosa and bulimia.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Eating Disorders Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 13.15 Explain the causes of eating disorders and the differences between anorexia nervosa and bulimia.

EOM_Q13.6.2 2.

What percentage of American adolescents have experienced anorexia nervosa or bulimia? a) 3% b) 1% Consider This: The vast majority of eating disorders occur among girls and women. LO 13.15 Explain the causes of eating disorders and the differences between anorexia nervosa and bulimia. c) 12% Consider This: The vast majority of eating disorders occur among girls and women. LO 13.15 Explain the causes of eating disorders and the differences between anorexia nervosa and bulimia. d) 23% Consider This: The vast majority of eating disorders occur among girls and women. LO 13.15 Explain the causes of eating disorders and the differences between anorexia nervosa and bulimia.

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Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Eating Disorders Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 13.15 Explain the causes of eating disorders and the differences between anorexia nervosa and bulimia.

EOM_Q13.6.3 3.

What percentage of eating disorders occurs in girls or women? a) 90% b) 48% Consider This: In the United States, about 23% of adolescent girls and 10% of boys in grades 9–12 report engaging in eating disordered behavior in the past 30 days. LO 13.15 Explain the causes of eating disorders and the differences between anorexia nervosa and bulimia. c) 62% Consider This: In the United States, about 23% of adolescent girls and 10% of boys in grades 9–12 report engaging in eating disordered behavior in the past 30 days. LO 13.15 Explain the causes of eating disorders and the differences between anorexia nervosa and bulimia. d) 83% Consider This: In the United States, about 23% of adolescent girls and 10% of boys in grades 9–12 report engaging in eating disordered behavior in the past 30 days. LO 13.15 Explain the causes of eating disorders and the differences between anorexia nervosa and bulimia.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Eating Disorders Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 13.15 Explain the causes of eating disorders and the differences between anorexia nervosa and bulimia.

EOM_Q13.6.4 4. Carrie is 15 years old and is undergoing therapy for bulimia. There is a _____ chance that she will relapse after treatment, and even if the treatment is successful, it is likely she will show significant impairments in her _________ as an emerging adult. a) 50%; social functioning b) 50%; career development Consider This: Remember that treatments for adolescent bulimia are successful in about half of cases. LO 13.16 Evaluate the effectiveness of the main treatments for eating disorders. c) 75%; social functioning

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Consider This: Remember that treatments for adolescent bulimia are successful in about half of cases. LO 13.16 Evaluate the effectiveness of the main treatments for eating disorders. d) 75%; career development Consider This: Remember that treatments for adolescent bulimia are successful in about half of cases. LO 13.16 Evaluate the effectiveness of the main treatments for eating disorders.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Eating Disorders Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 13.16 Evaluate the effectiveness of the main treatments for eating disorders.

EOM_Q13.6.5 5. What is the most effective treatment for bulimia nervosa? a) Cognitive behavioral therapy b) Medication to stop cravings Consider This: Therapy focuses on normalizing eating behavior and identifying environmental and internal thoughts that precipitate bingeing or purging. LO 13.16 Evaluate the effectiveness of the main treatments for eating disorders. c) Group therapy Consider This: Therapy focuses on normalizing eating behavior and identifying environmental and internal thoughts that precipitate bingeing or purging. LO 13.16 Evaluate the effectiveness of the main treatments for eating disorders. d) Family therapy Consider This: Therapy focuses on normalizing eating behavior and identifying environmental and internal thoughts that precipitate bingeing or purging. LO 13.16 Evaluate the effectiveness of the main treatments for eating disorders.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Eating Disorders Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 13.16 Evaluate the effectiveness of the main treatments for eating disorders.

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Quiz 13.7: Resilience EOM_Q13.7.1 1. __________ is the term scholars use to describe adolescents and emerging adults who face dire conditions, yet manage to adapt and function well. a) Resilience b) Revitalization Consider This: This phenomenon is also described as the “ordinary magic” of being able to function reasonably well despite being faced with unusually difficult circumstances. LO 13.17 Identify the protective factors associated with resilience. c) Determination Consider This: This phenomenon is also described as the “ordinary magic” of being able to function reasonably well despite being faced with unusually difficult circumstances. LO 13.17 Identify the protective factors associated with resilience. d) Perseverance Consider This: This phenomenon is also described as the “ordinary magic” of being able to function reasonably well despite being faced with unusually difficult circumstances. LO 13.17 Identify the protective factors associated with resilience.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Resilience Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 13.17 Identify the protective factors associated with resilience.

EOM_Q13.7.2 2. Derrick is growing up in a low socioeconomic family and lives in an impoverished neighborhood that has a high level of crime. Despite these conditions, the likelihood that Derrick will have a positive self-image and avoid antisocial behaviors is increased if his parents do which of the following? a) Promote one good relationship with a parent or an adult outside the family b) Spend a considerable amount of time working to financially provide for the family Consider This: Remember that one caring adult can be a key factor for reducing the chances of youth developing problems. LO 13.17 Identify the protective factors associated with resilience. c) Allow a lot of freedom by engaging in low levels of parental monitoring Consider This: Remember that one caring adult can be a key factor for reducing the chances of youth developing problems. LO 13.17 Identify the protective factors associated with resilience. d) Endorse educational values that convey it is possible to be financially successful even if one does not obtain high academic achievement

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Consider This: Remember that one caring adult can be a key factor for reducing the chances of youth developing problems. LO 13.17 Identify the protective factors associated with resilience.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Resilience Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 13.17 Identify the protective factors associated with resilience.

EOM_Q13.7.3 3. Which of the following best summarizes the findings from research on school environments and resilience among adolescents? a) Youth who experience a positive school climate that emphasizes the value of schoolwork, rewards good performance, and establishes fair but firm discipline are less likely to engage in delinquent behaviors across adolescence. b) Youth who experience a positive school climate that is characterized by a substantial proportion of bright and achievement-oriented students who identify with the aims and rules of the school are less likely to engage in delinquent behaviors across adolescence.

Consider This: Remember that a positive school climate and a favorable school ethos can have significant effects on rates of delinquency, even after controlling for such influences as social class and family environment. LO 13.17 Identify the protective factors associated with resilience. c) Youth who experience a positive school climate that is characterized by strict discipline, a focus on memorization and performance, and hierarchical student-teacher relationships are less likely to engage in delinquent behaviors across adolescence.

Consider This: Remember that a positive school climate and a favorable school ethos can have significant effects on rates of delinquency, even after controlling for such influences as social class and family environment. LO 13.17 Identify the protective factors associated with resilience. d) Youth who experience a positive school climate that is characterized by a substantial proportion of bright and performance-oriented students who challenge authority are less likely to engage in delinquent behaviors across adolescence.

Consider This: Remember that a positive school climate and a favorable school ethos can have significant effects on rates of delinquency, even after controlling for such influences as social class and family environment. LO 13.17 Identify the protective factors associated with resilience.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Resilience Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 13.17 Identify the protective factors associated with resilience.

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EOM_Q13.7.4 4. Which of the following best explains why emerging adulthood may be a critical period for the expression of resilience? a) Because emerging adults are legally adults and because they have not yet committed to adult roles such as marriage and parenthood, they have the ability to leave unhealthy family environments and take advantage of opportunities to turn their lives in a different direction. b) Because emerging adults have not yet committed to adult roles such as marriage and parenthood, they have the time and ability to take advantage of opportunities to turn their lives in a different direction.

Consider This: Although all of the answer choices are accurate, think about which one best explains why emerging adulthood is a time of resilience and a time of possibilities. LO 13.18 Explain why emerging adulthood may be a critical period for the expression of resilience. c) Because emerging adults are legally adults, they have the ability to leave an unhealthy, high-risk family environment and turn their lives in a different direction.

Consider This: Although all of the answer choices are accurate, think about which one best explains why emerging adulthood is a time of resilience and a time of possibilities. LO 13.18 Explain why emerging adulthood may be a critical period for the expression of resilience. d) Because emerging adults have mature cognitive capabilities, they are able to make positive decisions to turn their lives in a different direction.

Consider This: Although all of the answer choices are accurate, think about which one best explains why emerging adulthood is a time of resilience and a time of possibilities. LO 13.18 Explain why emerging adulthood may be a critical period for the expression of resilience.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Resilience Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 13.18 Explain why emerging adulthood may be a critical period for the expression of resilience.

EOM_Q13.7.5 5. A surprise finding of the Kuai study was that some of the participants who had been placed in the nonresilient category in adolescence turned out to be resilient after all in emerging adulthood. Which of the following was an experience that helped them change their life for the better during emerging adulthood? a) Participating in higher education b) Participating in volunteer activities

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Consider This: Think about which of these experiences is likely to offer the most opportunity to turn one’s life around. LO 13.18 Explain why emerging adulthood may be a critical period for the expression of resilience. c) Getting married to a supportive partner Consider This: Think about which of these experiences is likely to offer the most opportunity to turn one’s life around. LO 13.18 Explain why emerging adulthood may be a critical period for the expression of resilience. d) Obtaining their dream job Consider This: Think about which of these experiences is likely to offer the most opportunity to turn one’s life around. LO 13.18 Explain why emerging adulthood may be a critical period for the expression of resilience.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Resilience Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 13.18 Explain why emerging adulthood may be a critical period of the expression of resilience.

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Chapter 13 Quiz EOC_Q13.1 1. Which of the following statements best summarizes the main differences between internalizing and externalizing problems during adolescence? a) Adolescents with internalizing problems are called overcontrolled because they often come from families who exercise strict psychological control and typically experience problems such as depression, anxiety, and eating disorders; conversely, adolescents with externalizing problems are called undercontrolled because they often come from families who lack monitoring and typically experience problems such as delinquency, substance use, and risky driving. b) Adolescents with internalizing problems are called undercontrolled because they often come from families who exercise strict psychological control and typically experience problems such as depression, anxiety, and eating disorders; conversely, adolescents with externalizing problems are called overcontrolled because they often come from families who lack monitoring and typically experience problems such as delinquency, substance use, and risky driving.

Consider This: Remember that young people with internalizing problems usually experience distress, whereas young people with externalizing problems often do not. LO 13.1 Define internalizing problems and provide examples; LO 13.2 Define externalizing problems and provide examples. c) Adolescents with internalizing problems are called undercontrolled because they often come from families who lack monitoring and typically experience problems such as delinquency, substance use, and risky driving; conversely, adolescents with externalizing problems are called overcontrolled because they often come from families who exercise strict psychological control and typically experience problems such as depression, anxiety, and eating disorders.

Consider This: Remember that young people with internalizing problems usually experience distress, whereas young people with externalizing problems often do not. LO 13.1 Define internalizing problems and provide examples; LO 13.2 Define externalizing problems and provide examples. d) Adolescents with internalizing problems are called overcontrolled because they often come from families who exercise strict psychological control, and typically experience problems such as delinquency, substance use, and risky driving; conversely, Adolescents with externalizing problems are called undercontrolled because they often come from families who lack monitoring, and typically experience problems such as depression, anxiety, and eating disorders.

Consider This: Remember that young people with internalizing problems usually experience distress, whereas young people with externalizing problems often do not. LO 13.1 Define internalizing problems and provide examples; LO 13.2 Define externalizing problems and provide examples.

Answer: a 953 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Two Types of Problems Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 13.1 Define internalizing problems and provide examples; 13.2 Define externalizing problems and provide examples.

EOC_Q13.2 2. Charista is an adolescent who engages in problematic substance use and has been to court for stealing several times. She finds it easy to commit these crimes and engage in substance use because there is little monitoring from her parents. Given the information provided, what classification best fits Charista’s situation? a) Charista experiences externalizing problems. b) Charista experiences internalizing problems.

Consider This: Charista is acting out on the world. LO 13.2 Define externalizing problems and provide examples. c) Charista has characteristics of both internalizing and externalizing problems.

Consider This: Charista is acting out on the world. LO 13.2 Define externalizing problems and provide examples. d) Charista does not show signs of either internalizing or externalizing problems.

Consider This: Charista is acting out on the world. LO 13.2 Define externalizing problems and provide examples.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Two Types of Problems Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 13.2 Define externalizing problems and provide examples.

EOC_Q13.3 3. Internalizing problems are more often seen in __________ and externalizing problems are more often seen in ___________. a) girls; boys b) boy; girls Consider this: Internalizing problems include things like depression, anxiety, and eating disorders while externalizing problems include delinquency, fighting, substance abuse, risky driving, and unprotected sex. LO 13.1 Define internalizing problems and provide examples; LO 13.2 Define externalizing problems and provide examples. c) adolescents; emerging adults Consider this: Internalizing problems include things like depression, anxiety, and eating disorders while externalizing problems include delinquency, fighting, substance abuse, risky driving, and unprotected sex. LO 13.1 Define internalizing problems and provide examples; LO 13.2 Define externalizing problems and provide examples.

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d) emerging adults; adolescents Consider this: Internalizing problems include things like depression, anxiety, and eating disorders while externalizing problems include delinquency, fighting, substance abuse, risky driving, and unprotected sex. LO 13.1 Define internalizing problems and provide examples; LO 13.2 Define externalizing problems and provide examples.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Two Types of Problems Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 13.1 Define internalizing problems and provide examples; 13.2 Define externalizing problems and provide examples.

EOC_Q13.4 4. Which of the following scenarios BEST reflects the research evidence for an adolescent or emerging adult who is the most likely to experience a fatal driving accident? a) A 23-year-old male who has had a few alcoholic drinks with friends at a bar and just left to drive home b) A 23-year-old female who has had a few alcoholic drinks with friends at a bar and just left to drive home Consider This: Remember that there are many factors other than inexperience that are linked to risky driving behaviors. LO 13.3 Summarize the overall pattern of crash risk in relation to age, and identify the factors that promote risky driving in adolescence and emerging adulthood. c) A 16-year-old male who passed his driver’s license test a month ago Consider This: Remember that there are many factors other than inexperience that are linked to risky driving behaviors. LO 13.3 Summarize the overall pattern of crash risk in relation to age, and identify the factors that promote risky driving in adolescence and emerging adulthood. d) A 16-year-old female who passed her driver’s license test a month ago Consider This: Remember that there are many factors other than inexperience that are linked to risky driving behaviors. LO 13.3 Summarize the overall pattern of crash risk in relation to age, and identify the factors that promote risky driving in adolescence and emerging adulthood.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Risky Automobile Driving Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 13.3 Summarize the overall pattern of crash risk in relation to age and identity the factors that promote risky driving in adolescence and emerging adulthood.

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EOC_Q13.5 5. The _________ is the second stage of a graduated driver licensing program, and one of the most effective prohibitions during this stage that has been linked to reducing crashes is _________. a) restricted license; driving curfews b) restricted license; zero tolerance rule for cell phone use Consider This: Remember that during the first stage of the graduated driver licensing program, youth are only allowed to drive while under the supervision of an experienced driver. LO 13.4 Describe the features of graduated driver licensing programs, and evaluate their effectiveness. c) learning license; driving curfews Consider This: Remember that during the first stage of the graduated driver licensing program, youth are only allowed to drive while under the supervision of an experienced driver. LO 13.4 Describe the features of graduated driver licensing programs, and evaluate their effectiveness. d) learning license; zero tolerance rule for cell phone use Consider This: Remember that during the first stage of the graduated driver licensing program, youth are only allowed to drive while under the supervision of an experienced driver. LO 13.4 Describe the features of graduated driver licensing programs, and evaluate their effectiveness.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Risky Automobile Driving Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 13.4 Describe the features of graduated driver licensing programs, and evaluate their effectiveness.

EOC_Q13.6 6.

In a comparison of countries and substance use, which country has the highest level of alcohol use overall? a) Italy b) Ireland Consider This: Substance use can be impacted by a country’s laws, like drinking age. LO 13.5 Summarize the variations in adolescent substance use in Europe and North America. c) United States Consider This: Substance use can be impacted by a country’s laws, like drinking age. LO 13.5 Summarize the variations in adolescent substance use in Europe and North America. d) Canada Consider This: Substance use can be impacted by a country’s laws, like drinking age. LO 13.5 Summarize the variations in adolescent substance use in Europe and North America.

Answer: a 956 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Difficulty: Easy Topic: Substance Use Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 13.5 Summarize the variations in adolescent substance use in Europe and North America EOC_Q13.7 7. Which of the following best explains the difference in rates of substance use between adolescents and emerging adults? a) The peak of substance use occurs in emerging adulthood and not adolescence because emerging adults have higher levels of unstructured socializing, which includes both the propensity and opportunity to engage in risky behavior. b) The peak of substance use occurs in adolescence and not emerging adulthood because adolescents have higher levels of unstructured socializing, which includes both the propensity and opportunity to engage in risky behavior.

Consider This: Remember that substance use declines in the mid- to late 20s because of role transitions such as marriage, parenthood, and full-time work. LO 13.6 Describe how substance use changes with age, and explain the relationship between substance use and unstructured socializing in emerging adulthood. c) The peak of substance use occurs in emerging adulthood and not adolescence because emerging adults have higher levels of sensation seeking, which includes both the desire and curiosity to engage in risky behavior.

Consider This: Remember that substance use declines in the mid- to late 20s because of role transitions such as marriage, parenthood, and full-time work. LO 13.6 Describe how substance use changes with age, and explain the relationship between substance use and unstructured socializing in emerging adulthood. d) The peak of substance use occurs in adolescence and not emerging adulthood because adolescents have higher levels of sensation seeking, which includes both the desire and curiosity to engage in risky behavior.

Consider This: Remember that substance use declines in the mid- to late 20s because of role transitions such as marriage, parenthood, and full-time work. LO 13.6 Describe how substance use changes with age, and explain the relationship between substance use and unstructured socializing in emerging adulthood.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Substance Use Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 13.6 Describe how substance use changes with age, and explain the relationship between substance use and unstructured socializing in emerging adulthood.

EOC_Q13.8 957 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

8. Miguel went to a fraternity party and drank a lot of alcohol with his friends to celebrate the end of the college semester. Julio went to the same fraternity party and decided to try marijuana for the first time because he wanted to see what it felt like. Miguel engaged in _________ substance use, and Julio engaged in _________ substance use. a) social; experimental b) social; social Consider This: Remember that there are four categories of substance use, and that frequent use is called medicinal or addictive substance use. LO 13.7 Identify the different types of substance use in adolescence and emerging adulthood, and describe the outcomes of attempts to prevent substance use. c) experimental; social Consider This: Remember that there are four categories of substance use, and that frequent use is called medicinal or addictive substance use. LO 13.7 Identify the different types of substance use in adolescence and emerging adulthood, and describe the outcomes of attempts to prevent substance use. d) experimental; experimental Consider This: Remember that there are four categories of substance use, and that frequent use is called medicinal or addictive substance use. LO 13.7 Identify the different types of substance use in adolescence and emerging adulthood, and describe the outcomes of attempts to prevent substance use.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Substance Use Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 13.7 Identify the different types of substance use in adolescence and emerging adulthood, and describe the outcomes of attempts to prevent substance use.

EOC_Q13.9 9. Researchers have consistently found that crimes committed by young men usually take place in a(n) _______ context compared to adult offenders. a) group b) individual Consider This: Remember that unstructured socializing is highest in emerging adulthood.

LO 13.8 Explain the reasons for the age–crime relationship. c) emotional Consider This: Remember that unstructured socializing is highest in emerging adulthood.

LO 13.8 Explain the reasons for the age–crime relationship. d) urban Consider This: Remember that unstructured socializing is highest in emerging adulthood.

LO 13.8 Explain the reasons for the age–crime relationship.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy 958 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Topic: Delinquency and Crime Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 13.8 Explain the reasons for the age–crime relationship.

EOC_Q13.10 10. Which of the following scenarios best depicts the factors that are highly associated with a life-course-persistent pattern of delinquency? a) Connor was raised in a single-parent family and diagnosed with ADHD at age 5. b) Connor was born with an easygoing temperament and raised in a family with a high socioeconomic status.

Consider This: Remember that life-course-persistent delinquents tend to continue their criminal activity well into adulthood compared to adolescent-limited delinquents. LO 13.9 Identify the two types of delinquency in Moffitt’s theory and their different origins. c) Connor became friends with a group of boys in high school who liked to take risks, including stealing low-priced items from the grocery store.

Consider This: Remember that life-course-persistent delinquents tend to continue their criminal activity well into adulthood compared to adolescent-limited delinquents. LO 13.9 Identify the two types of delinquency in Moffitt’s theory and their different origins. d) Connor became friends with a group of boys in high school who liked to challenge authority and often engaged in vandalism such as breaking windows.

Consider This: Remember that life-course-persistent delinquents tend to continue their criminal activity well into adulthood compared to adolescent-limited delinquents. LO 13.9 Identify the two types of delinquency in Moffitt’s theory and their different origins.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Delinquency and Crime Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 13.9 Identify the two types of delinquency in Moffitt’s theory and their different origins.

EOC_Q13.11 11. Which of the following is one of the main reasons why programs such as “Outward Bound” and group therapy have failed to prevent adolescent delinquency? a) Adolescents who participate in these programs often do so unwillingly, leading to an increased resistance to engage with the program content. b) Adolescents who participate in these programs are highly antisocial and do not like to do group activities, which leads to an increased resistance to engage with the program content.

Consider This: Remember that another main reason why these programs fail to prevent delinquency is because they typically take place in adolescence, after a pattern of delinquency has already been clearly established. LO 13.10 Evaluate the success of

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programs to prevent delinquency, and explain why some have been more successful than others. c) Adolescents who participate in these programs often have ADHD and are thus unable to focus on the program content.

Consider This: Remember that another main reason why these programs fail to prevent delinquency is because they typically take place in adolescence, after a pattern of delinquency has already been clearly established. LO 13.10 Evaluate the success of programs to prevent delinquency, and explain why some have been more successful than others. d) Adolescents who participate in these programs often have high levels of depression and are thus unmotivated to engage with the program content.

Consider This: Remember that another main reason why these programs fail to prevent delinquency is because they typically take place in adolescence, after a pattern of delinquency has already been clearly established. LO 13.10 Evaluate the success of programs to prevent delinquency, and explain why some have been more successful than others.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Delinquency and Crime Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 13.10 Evaluate the success of programs to prevent delinquency, and explain why some have been more successful than others.

EOC_Q13.12 12. ___________ is the most common internalizing problem during adolescence, and one of the key symptoms is a(n) ___________ a) Depressed mood; enduring period of sadness b) Depressed mood; recurrence of suicidal thoughts Consider This: Remember that the proportion of adolescents who report experiencing depressed mood within the past 6 months is about 37%. LO 13.11 Identify the main types and causes of depression in adolescence. c) Major depressive disorder; enduring period of sadness Consider This: Remember that the proportion of adolescents who report experiencing depressed mood within the past 6 months is about 37%. LO 13.11 Identify the main types and causes of depression in adolescence. d) Major depressive disorder; recurrence of suicidal thoughts Consider This: Remember that the proportion of adolescents who report experiencing depressed mood within the past 6 months is about 37%. LO 13.11 Identify the main types and causes of depression in adolescence.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Emotional Disorders 960 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 13.11 Identify the main types and causes of depression in adolescence.

EOC_Q13.13 13. Which of the following BEST reflects the research evidence for the most effective approach for treating adolescent depression? a) Taking the antidepressant medication Prozac in combination with cognitive behavioral therapy sessions b) Only taking the antidepressant medication Prozac Consider This: Although all of the answer choices are accurate, think about which one is most effective for influencing lasting improvements. LO 13.12 Explain the benefits and risks of antidepressant medications, and evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy. c) Only engaging in cognitive behavioral therapy sessions Consider This: Although all of the answer choices are accurate, think about which one is most effective for influencing lasting improvements. LO 13.12 Explain the benefits and risks of antidepressant medications, and evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy. d) Engaging in group psychotherapy sessions with other adolescents who have depression Consider This: Although all of the answer choices are accurate, think about which one is most effective for influencing lasting improvements. LO 13.12 Explain the benefits and risks of antidepressant medications, and evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Emotional Disorders Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 13.12 Explain the benefits and risks of antidepressant medications, and evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy.

EOC 13.14 14. Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is characterized by __________. a) excessive and uncontrollable worry b) bouts of sadness Consider This: Adolescents with GAD tend to worry about the same things as their nonanxious peers, but they do so to a greater degree. LO 13.13 Describe the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder and its prevalence among adolescents and emerging adults. c) hearing voices 961 Copyright © 2024, 2020, 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Consider This: Adolescents with GAD tend to worry about the same things as their nonanxious peers, but they do so to a greater degree. LO 13.13 Describe the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder and its prevalence among adolescents and emerging adults. d) chronic stress Consider This: Adolescents with GAD tend to worry about the same things as their nonanxious peers, but they do so to a greater degree. LO 13.13 Describe the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder and its prevalence among adolescents and emerging adults.

Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Topic: Emotional Disorders Skill: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 13.13 Describe the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder and its prevalence among adolescents and emerging adults.

EOC_Q13.15 15. Which of the following best summarizes and explains the gender difference in rates of suicide attempts and suicide in adolescence and emerging adulthood? a) Female adolescents attempt suicide four times as often as males because of the higher rates of depression among females; however, males are about four times as likely to kill themselves because males are more likely to use deadly methods to kill themselves, such as guns. b) Female adolescents attempt suicide 10 times as often as males because of the higher rates of depression among females; however, males are about 10 times as likely to kill themselves because males are more likely to use deadly methods to kill themselves, such as guns.

Consider This: Remember that studies comparing suicide rates among young people across developing and developed countries find that rates are highest in countries where guns were most easily available. LO 13.14 Describe the most important risk factors for suicide in adolescence. c) Male adolescents attempt suicide four times as often as females because of the higher rates of depression among males; however, females are about four times as likely to kill themselves because females are more likely to use deadly methods to kill themselves, such as taking poison.

Consider This: Remember that studies comparing suicide rates among young people across developing and developed countries find that rates are highest in countries where guns were most easily available. LO 13.14 Describe the most important risk factors for suicide in adolescence. d) Male adolescents attempt suicide 10 times as often as females because of the higher rates of depression among males; however, females are about 10 times as likely to kill themselves because females are more likely to use deadly methods to kill themselves, such as taking poison.

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Consider This: Remember that studies comparing suicide rates among young people across developing and developed countries find that rates are highest in countries where guns were most easily available. LO 13.14 Describe the most important risk factors for suicide in adolescence.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Emotional Disorders Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 13.14 Describe the most important risk factors for suicide in adolescence.

EOC_Q13.16 16. Molly has been diagnosed with bulimia and Haley has been diagnosed with anorexia. Which of the following best describes how Molly’s and Haley’s body weight may be influenced by their respective disorders? a) Molly will likely maintain a normal body weight and she will have relatively normal eating habits in between her episodes of binging and purging, whereas Haley will likely experience a reduction in body weight because of her restriction of food intake. b) Molly will likely gain body weight because of her episodes of binge eating, whereas Haley will likely maintain her body weight because of her restriction of food intake.

Consider This: Remember that compared to anorexics, bulimics do not regard their eating patterns as normal. LO 13.15 Explain the causes of eating disorders and the differences between anorexia nervosa and bulimia. c) Molly and Haley will both likely experience a reduction in body weight because of their restriction of food intake.

Consider This: Remember that compared to anorexics, bulimics do not regard their eating patterns as normal. LO 13.15 Explain the causes of eating disorders and the differences between anorexia nervosa and bulimia. d) Haley will likely maintain a normal body weight and she will have relatively normal eating habits in between her episodes of binging and purging, whereas Molly will likely experience a reduction in body weight because of her restriction of food intake.

Consider This: Remember that compared to anorexics, bulimics do not regard their eating patterns as normal. LO 13.15 Explain the causes of eating disorders and the differences between anorexia nervosa and bulimia.

Answer: a Difficulty: Difficult Topic: Eating Disorders Skill: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 13.15 Explain the causes of eating disorders and the differences between anorexia nervosa and bulimia.

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EOC_Q13.17 17. Which of the following treatments have been found to be the most effective for treating anorexia nervosa in adolescence? a) Family-based therapy b) Cognitive behavioral therapy Consider This: Remember that a study found that about 30% of anorexics treated in hospital-based programs remain chronically ill. LO 13.16 Evaluate the effectiveness of the main treatments for eating disorders. c) Drug therapy Consider This: Remember that a study found that about 30% of anorexics treated in hospital-based programs remain chronically ill. LO 13.16 Evaluate the effectiveness of the main treatments for eating disorders. d) Hospital-based therapy Consider This: Remember that a study found that about 30% of anorexics treated in hospital-based programs remain chronically ill. LO 13.16 Evaluate the effectiveness of the main treatments for eating disorders.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Eating Disorders Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 13.16 Evaluate the effectiveness of the main treatments for eating disorders.

EOC_Q13.18 18. Studies have found that religiosity is _______ related to participation in risk behavior in adolescence and emerging adulthood, such that youth who have _______ levels of religiosity are less likely to engage in problematic substance use. a) inversely; high b) inversely; low Consider This: Think about how strong religious faith may protect youth from risky behaviors. LO 13.17 Identify the protective factors associated with resilience. c) positively; high Consider This: Think about how strong religious faith may protect youth from risky behaviors. LO 13.17 Identify the protective factors associated with resilience. d) positively; low Consider This: Think about how strong religious faith may protect youth from risky behaviors. LO 13.17 Identify the protective factors associated with resilience.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Resilience Skill: Understand the Concepts

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Learning Objective: 13.17 Identify the protective factors associated with resilience.

EOC_Q13.19 19. Which of the following best summarizes the results from the Kauai study that provided evidence for emerging adulthood as a critical period for resilience? a) Many of the participants who were categorized as nonresilient in adolescence were then recategorized as resilient in emerging adulthood. b) Many of the participants who were categorized as nonresilient in childhood were then recategorized as resilient in adolescence.

Consider This: Remember that some of the participants in this study cited conversion to a religious faith as a key reason they changed their lives for the better during emerging adulthood. LO 13.18 Explain why emerging adulthood may be a critical period for the expression of resilience. c) Many of the adolescents categorized in the resilient group were found to have exceptional abilities.

Consider This: Remember that some of the participants in this study cited conversion to a religious faith as a key reason they changed their lives for the better during emerging adulthood. LO 13.18 Explain why emerging adulthood may be a critical period for the expression of resilience. d) Most of the participants who were categorized as resilient during adolescence had serious problems in emerging adulthood.

Consider This: Remember that some of the participants in this study cited conversion to a religious faith as a key reason they changed their lives for the better during emerging adulthood. LO 13.18 Explain why emerging adulthood may be a critical period for the expression of resilience.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Resilience Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 13.18 Explain why emerging adulthood may be a critical period for the expression of resilience.

EOC 13.20 20. What is “planful competence”? a) A form of resilience that includes realistic goal setting, dependability, and selfcontrol b) A form of resilience that includes religiosity, healthy school environments, and healthy adult relationships Consider This: Resilient emerging adults are able to reappraise their difficult circumstances as something that makes them stronger. LO 13.18 Explain why emerging adulthood may be a critical period for the expression of resilience.

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c) A form of resilience that includes listing the positives in your life and planning to increase those positives through action.

Consider This: Resilient emerging adults are able to reappraise their difficult circumstances as something that makes them stronger. LO 13.18 Explain why emerging adulthood may be a critical period for the expression of resilience. d) A form of resilience that includes religious faith, military service, and a focus on change.

Consider This: Resilient emerging adults are able to reappraise their difficult circumstances as something that makes them stronger. LO 13.18 Explain why emerging adulthood may be a critical period for the expression of resilience.

Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Topic: Resilience Skill: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 13.18 Explain why emerging adulthood may be a critical period for the expression of resilience.

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