Recent Trends in Electronics & Communication Systems vol 3 issue 3

ISSN 2393-8757 (Online)

(RTECS)

Recent Trends in

Electronics & Communication Systems September–December 2016

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Recent Trends in Electronics & Communication Systems

Contents

1. Characterization of PANI-CNT Composite Flexible Dry Electrodes for Long-Term ECG Yadhuraj S.R., Satheesh Babu G., Omprakash S.S.

1

2. The Customized ZigBee Stack: Mathematical Modelling A. Narmada, P. Sudhakara Rao

7

3. Design and Characterization of Microstrip Patch Antenna for Wi-Max Applications Meenal Kate, Anjana Goen

15

4. Digiboard: An Application Based Digital Notice Board Lalit Bhanwrela, Pritesh Kumar Jain

19

5. Compact Arrow Shape Microstrip Antenna for WiMAX Application Ravi Kant, SaiyedTazenAli, Vinod Kumar Singh

24

Recent Trends in Electronics & Communication Systems ISSN: 2393-8757(online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Characterization of PANI-CNT Composite Flexible Dry Electrodes for Long-Term ECG Yadhuraj S.R.1,*, Satheesh Babu G.2, Omprakash S.S.2 1

Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, R.V. College of Engineering, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India 2 Department of Interdisciplinary Research Center, R.V. College of Engineering, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India

Abstract Study of polymer dry electrodes in sensing biological signals has received attention as the nature of the polymer to bend that supports electrode’s contact and also avoids skin irritations and allergic reactions. As a polymeric substrate, we have used polyaniline (PANI) as it has very good conductivity, environmental stability, lower price and facile synthesis. Carbon nanotube (CNT) is added to the substrate to increase the overall electrical, magnetic, mechanical, thermal and optical properties. The electrodes for ECG (electrocardiography) are obtained by depositing metal layer on the polymer substrate, etch the metal patterns chemically. The composites of PANI-CNT were characterized by XRD (X-ray Diffraction) and FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy). SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) was carried on to obtain the surface morphology. The composite are made in to pellets and conductivity of the composites was measured.

Keywords: PANI, CNT, SEM, ECG, long term monitoring

INTRODUCTION The development in the telecommunication has enabled self-monitoring of health continuously and avoiding lot of visits to the physician. Physician can also monitor the progress of his patient health even the absence of the patient [1–6]. The progress of technologies in smart phone is expected to enhance the quality of the self-health monitoring by providing reliable patient autonomy. The long-term wearable electrodes developments are critical in this regards. ECG (electrocardiography) is the vital biosignal most often monitored. Conventionally, silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) electrodes are used for obtaining ECG signals [7]. But while using for long term monitoring it may cause irritations to the skin. Also the quality of the signal will decrease as the gel dries over time [8]. Sweat will also results in signal degradation.

As the dry electrodes does not require electrolyte layer, it is preferred over Ag/AgCl electrodes. Though various dry electrodes are developed, many of them are metallic based,

hence, the signals vary with the movement, not biocompatible and higher electrode-skin impedance. To overcome this limitations, polymer based electrodes are better alternative for long term monitoring. Here we propose a PANI-CNT composite as substrate for electrodes coating that are applicable for obtaining long term ECG signals.

EXPERIMENTAL Materials Aniline, prior using it was distilled in vacuum.

MWNT with inner and outer diameter of 5-10 nm and respectively was purchased from Nanostructured and Amorphous Materials Inc. Hydrochloric acid was bought from S.D. Fine Chem. limited. Deionized water was used for preparing solutions.

Chemicals Preparation CNT (0.2 g) was allowed to disperse with 1 M HCl and 25% ethanol under ultrasonication for about 1 hour. Aniline monomer is added slowly with different concentration, again it is left in the sonicator for about 1 hour. The mixture was allowed to polymerize with

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Recent Trends in Electronics and Communication Systems ISSN: 2393-8757(online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

The Customized ZigBee Stack: Mathematical Modelling A. Narmada*, P. Sudhakara Rao Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Vignan’s Institute of Management and Technology for Women, Hyderabad, Telangana, India Abstract There are different protocols for realising WPAN. ZigBee protocol supports high node density, long range and robust communication and hence chosen for experimenting in WPAN. ZigBee protocol may not be adequate to bring all the consumer electronic devices under WPAN and control them as the devices may use different protocols. ZigBee stack is taken as base, it is modified to incorporate the features of common communication protocol so as to enable the consumer electronics share resources and communicate among themselves leading to a virtual control network. As the internet is most commonly used communication network in the user community, the protocols of internet are studied to find the suitability in channel access and routing strategies in order to implement in the modified ZigBee stack. After a thorough research ZigBee stack is modified with appropriate protocols at respective layers with the addition of new layer between network and application layers. This work presents the mathematical modelling of the modified ZigBee stack, christened ZI stack. Four different metrics viz., throughput, delay, transmit energy and receive energy are modelled and the results of experimentation are also presented. The ZI and ZigBee stack are compared w.r.t. various metrics. The theoretical and practical values of performance metrics are tabulated in this paper.

Keywords: LWIP, TCP/IP, ZI, RIP, CSMA and WSN

INTRODUCTION The study of effects of different components on the entire system predicts the system behaviour. There are different types of models but not limited to dynamic models, statistical models, probabilistic models, empirical models, structural equation models, etc. The gap between the theoretical and experimental values leads to the development of new concepts and theories. The structural equation modelling is more suitable to the proposed work as it is based on multiple inputs and multiple outputs. Hence empirical modelling is used as it is easier compared to other models.

The parameters modelled are throughput, average end-to-end delay, energy consumed in transmit mode as well as receive mode.

RELATED WORK Wireless communication using 802.15.4/ZigBee Technology [1, 2] has become more popular as it is more convenient and cost effective than wired communication.

Research is being carried out towards modelling the ZigBee specification in order to measure the performance metrics in different

application scenarios. The works carried out [3–6] are based on experimentation whereas [7–9] the performance evaluation of 802.15.4 is done and compared with existing simulation models using different tools such as NS2 or Simulink. The impact of coexistence of other wireless technologies such as Bluetooth, 802.11 etc. is evaluated using experimental testbeds [8, 9]. It was concluded that throughput is seriously degraded due to such interferences.

The performance of beacon and non-beacon transmission modes is also compared [10] using few realistic scenarios based on IEEE 802.15.4 and it was concluded that the performance of beaconless mode is better. The association phase of nodes in 802.15.4 is considered for optimization [11]. In the study of different chipsets used in commercial wireless communications the current consumption during transmission and reception is summarized [12]. The study concludes that the ZigBee technology requires

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Recent Trends in Electronics and Communication Systems ISSN: 2393-8757(online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Design and Characterization of Microstrip Patch Antenna for Wi-Max Applications Meenal Kate*, Anjana Goen Department of Electronics, Rustamji Institute of Technology, Tekanpur, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India Abstract A rectangular slot printed rectangular microstrip patch antenna which is simulated on epoxy/glass material has been proposed. The antenna bandwidth of 46.7 MHz is achieved with a lower frequency 3.475 GHz to a higher frequency 3.522 GHz achieved by taking four rectangles of dimensions 27 x 30 mm2 are arranged in such a manner to achieve the WI-MAX frequency band with a resonant frequency of 3.5 GHz, respectively. Other parameters such as directivity, antenna gain, radiation pattern are also analysed with different values of ground plane length. This antenna is printed on the glass epoxy (FR4 lossy) of dielectric substrate with relative permittivity (€r) of 4.3, thickness of 1.6 mm. The proposed antenna simulation result is capable of operating over the 3.47–3.52 GHz frequency band, which covers the 3.5 GHz, WI-MAX operating band.

Keywords: Microstrip Patch Antenna (MPA), Multiband Antenna, Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna (MPA), Return Loss, WI-MAX Antenna

INTRODUCTION The most widely used for the last few years due to their attractive features such as light weight, low volume, ease in fabrication and low cost is Microstrip Patch Antennas (MPA).

There are some applications of wireless communications, requirement of antennas to simultaneously operate for Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WIMAX) technology are increased. The allotted spectrum for WLAN is centred at 2.4, 5.2, and 5.8 GHz, and for WI-MAX at 2.5, 3.5, and 5.5 GHz [1]. A large number of studies have been done in the area of printed microstrip antennas. This includes different shapes and structures, for example, rectangular patch having dual broad band characteristic was reported in [2]. An antenna system composed of a combination of several transmission lines and multi ports has been proposed in [3].

Nowadays, several studies have discussed about the progress of low-profile multiband antennas. However, the majority of them are comparatively large and/or do not provide required bandwidths. One way of improving the bandwidth and reducing the size is to utilize a planar microstrip antenna with slots and strips on the patch and ground plane.

There are different shapes of radiating patches such as square, rectangular, circular, ellipse, etc. Amongst them, the rectangular radiating patch and circular radiating patch have good radiation capability, easy to design and small in size when compared to other microstrip patch shapes is used for transmission line i.e., transmitting or receiving the electromagnetic (EM) waves [4].

In this paper, Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna with a rectangular slot for Wi-Max band applications are proposed, which exhibit better Wi-Max operating characteristics. It can cover a wide frequency range (3.47–3.52 GHz).The properties of the antenna such as return loss, radiation patterns, directivity and gain are determined via a simulation process using CST (Computer Simulation Technology) Microwave Studio Software. Printed MPA is optimized to achieve good return loss with acceptable radiation performance. They can be developed to cover several operating frequency bands in WI-MAX and WLAN [5, 6].

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Recent Trends in Electronics & Communication Systems ISSN: 2393-8757(online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Digiboard: An Application Based Digital Notice Board Lalit Bhanwrela*, Pritesh Kumar Jain Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Institute of Technology, Shri Vaishnav Vidyapeeth Vishwavidyalaya, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India Abstract At present, when urgent circular/information has to be renewed in a notice board, it has to be made manually and it is observed that sticking different notices or circular day by day at different places is a difficult process as well as causes delay. Notice board or circular board is a prime display object in any government or private department/institution/society of education or any public service board situated in places such as bus stand, malls, sports arena, railway terminus, road squares and parks, etc. for common people and provides latest circular regarding the local area. In this paper, a project is designed and presented which is based on ARM Microcontroller interfaced with digital display system and Smart mobile phone. By using DIGIBOARD an information/notice/circular can be updated using the concept of mobile app in GSM service independent of displays/notice boards are present and irrespective of their places in less time. This kind of system will definitely provide a new updated service to the common people in a very effective manner. For synchronization of data in a real time, a timer is used with the microcontroller. A resistive touch screen or smart e board can be used in near future to access the previous notices and record details or up gradations in services.

Keywords: Embedded system, GSM module, Mobile application

INTRODUCTION This concept is new and based on embedded system technology using GSM module. An Embedded system is the combination of hardware and software with the involvement of other mechanical parts made to carry out a definite function. A display point or conventional Notice Board is a very vital piece of equipment in any government or private department/education institute or organization or public value places such as hospitals, bus stations, railway terminus or metro stations and garden/malls or traffic control rooms, road squares. The major intend of this work is to develop an app by which one can easily update the connected digital display or notice board hence it will reduce the manual action and of course the time as it will be a real time system [1, 2]. The information can in turn be updated immediately at the preferred location at any time. The updates can be done in digital displays separately on one click and from remote places in very less amount of time. The information in the form of SMS is to be sent via an app to the GSM receiver module, which is embedded with the receiver unit. At the receiver, this SMS is then stored in the memory unit and displayed on the Digital displays (such as LCD) by the instruction of

controller. In future, these SMS can be transferred to the computer, which acts as a record for future reference. The configuring system requires an SMART mobile phone (initially windows only but in future it will be available for Android/IoS) to install the app and transfer them on to a computer through a Universal Serial Bus (USB) cable, and also store the image in a micro SD card after applying an image compression algorithm.

PROBLEM STATEMENT Normally when government has to make any announcements regarding power cut or water supply cut or traffic jam, traffic diversion they mostly do it by the newspaper, by television media or manually. Many a times this information is not properly circulated among the masses and due to this improper information, they had to face a lot of difficulties. This prototype will solve this issue by displaying the information on an LCD Panel.

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Recent Trends in Electronics & Communication Systems ISSN: 2393-8757(online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Compact Arrow Shape Microstrip Antenna for WiMAX Application Ravi Kant1, Saiyed Tazen Ali1, Vinod Kumar Singh2,* 1

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India 2 Department of Electrical Engineering, S.R. Group of Institutions, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India

Abstract In this paper, microstrip patch antenna dual band which is used for personal communication system and wireless local area network has been discussed. The two bands of ranges 1.72– 2.008 GHz (15.43%) and 2.7–3.964 GHz (37.93%) are obtained. The antenna is fed by coaxial cable probe feeding technique. The microstrip patch antenna is designed on the glass epoxy substrate having dielectric constant 4.4 and simulated on the IE3D Zealand software.

Its simulation results with frequency responses and radiation pattern are presented and discussed.

Keywords: Dual band, IE3D, Zealand, WLAN

INTRODUCTION Microstrip patch antennas are widely used in wireless applications due to great advantages such as lightweight, smaller size and lesser volume. These can easily be moulded to any desired shape and hence can be attached to any host surface. Nowadays compact microstrip antennas are getting much more attention due to the increase in demands of small size antennas used in personal and commercial purposes [1–4]. In order to design a compact microstrip antenna at a fixed operating frequency higher dielectric constant of substrate must be used. Their fabrication processes are simple, production is easy and the fabrication cost is low, and thus they can be manufactured in large quantities. Their fabrication process is compatible with microwave monolithic integrated circuit (MMIC) and optoelectronic integrated circuit technologies [5–9]. This type of antenna basically experienced narrow bandwidth and gain limited power capacity and bad polarization. But to overcome these problems, many researchers have been proposed new techniques such as defected ground plane and different feeding techniques [10–17]. A defected model changes the shielded current distribution in signal plane which results in change of frequency [18–20].

In this paper, a dual band parallel slotted microstrip patch antenna is presented which gives a dual bandwidth of 15.45 and 37.93% which is suitable for WiMAX system applications. The presented antenna has an impedance band covering the frequency range from 1.72–2.008 GHz and 2.7–3.964 GHz.

PROPOSED ANTENNA CONFIGURATION Microstrip patch antenna chooses a dielectric substrate of thickness h and loss tangent. If thickness of microstrip patch antenna will increase, there will be increase in radiated power, reduce conductor loss but due to this effect, increase in weight, dielectric loss and surface wave loss will occur. The geometry of the proposed antenna is shown in Figure 1.

The dimension of ground plane is 29.4 mm×40.6 mm and patch dimension is of 23.8 mm×31 mm. The microstrip antenna that has the patch length L and the patch width W has been located on the surface of a ground with FR4 glass epoxy substrate having the thickness of h. The three crucial parameters for the design of a microstrip patch antenna are frequency of operation, dielectric constant of the substrate, and height of dielectric substrate. The dielectric material of the substrate chosen for this design is FR-4 glass

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