Recent Trends in Civil Engineering & Technology vol 6 issue 3

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Recent Trends in Civil Engineering & Technology

Contents

1. A Study on Earthquake Resistance Building Construction Anil Upadhyay, Himanshu Agarwal, Hanish Jain

1

2. Assessing the Performance of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash with Portland Pozzolana Cement Shikha Pandey, K. Murari

6

3. Effect on Seismic Analysis of Reinforced Cement Concrete Building Considering Soil Structure Interaction Vaibhav Singh, Kanchan Mala 10 4. Production of Dense Graded Cold Asphalt Mixtures with New Cementitious Material Abbas Al-Hdabi, Hassan Al Nageim

15

5. Effects of Polypropylene Fibre on Strength of Geopolymer Concrete A. Talib, M.Y. Khan, A. Baqi, M.K. Vakil

23

6. Combined Effect of Ceramic Waste and Metal Fiber Waste on Splitting Tensile and Flexural Strength in Pavement Concrete Nilesh K. Vasoya, H.R. Varia

32

7. Experimental Study on Properties of Concrete with Phoenix Fibres S. Kalaiselvi, Akshay A. Bhagat, Arumugam K.S., Arunkumar A., Aswin Kumar S.

40

Recent Trends in Civil Engineering & Technology

ISSN: 2249-8753(online), ISSN: 2321-6476(print) Volume 6, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

A Study on Earthquake Resistance Building Construction Anil Upadhyay*, Himanshu Agarwal, Hanish Jain Department of Civil Engineering, ITM University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India Abstract

Earthquake is one of the largest and greatest dangerous hazards of the property and life in the world. Due to its quick and sudden reaction, the buildings, highways, bridges, tunnels etc., are damaged very fast and also causes so many fatal and nonfatal injuries of people. For the safety purpose, many precautions during the design and construction time were considered in the structures. In this paper, we have done a study about earthquake and its related terminology. Here we have discussed the seismic design philosophy for buildings and mention Indian seismic codes used for the improvement in the behavior of structures. Also discusses some technique by which structures and buildings should make earthquake resistance in earthquake zone.

Keywords: Earthquake, building, construction, seismic

INTRODUCTION

Earthquake is one of the unexpected and dangerous hazards on our planet which affects our whole life, property and affects the cities and countries. Earthquake is come to be quickly and suddenly, due to this reason peoples are not prepare for this type of dangerous hazards. When earthquake is comes in developing countries, populated areas and urbanized areas, there have been the number of fatal injuries, non-fatal injuries and death ratio are large on other hazards and destroy the building structure, highways, bridges and tunnels. Earthquake is most dangerous and harmful events. Earthquakes are developed

very large cracks in earths and destroy the tall building structure and small building structure.

Earthquake cannot be prevents and minimal but due to this effect the harmful life and destroy the property and number of deaths is minimize. The one and only option is to design the all structures are in the use of designing codes, precaution, materials are derived earthquake resistant on those zones where the earthquake is come with large amount of magnitude and energy. Some technical and professional persons are minimizes the number of deaths due to earthquake and provide the safety in buildings and he creates a safe society and environment.

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ISSN: 2249-8753(online), ISSN: 2321-6476(print) Volume 6, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Assessing the Performance of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash with Portland Pozzolana Cement Shikha Pandey*, K. Murari Department of Civil Engineering, Jaypee University of Engineering and Technology, Guna, Madhya Pradesh, India Abstract

Cements which are used for construction work are generally OPC/PSC or PPC and the production of this kind of cement not only consumes huge amount of the natural resources i.e. limestone and fossils fuel, also the world cement production generates 2.8 billion tons manmade greenhouse gas annually. The uses of the industrial and agricultural wastages in concrete partly as cement or any other ingredients replacement are therefore eco-friendly, economic and contribute towards solid waste management. Recycling of agricultural wastes is the viable solution not only to pollution problem, but also the problem of land filling. One of the agro waste is sugar cane bagasse ash (SCBA), which is a fibrous waste produced from sugar mills as a byproduct. After the processing of sugar cane, the ash can be produced by burning bagasse in uncontrolled condition at 600–800°C temperature. The study in turn is useful for evaluating the locally available SCBA material to develop as sustainable construction material. In this paper, SCBA has been chemically and physically characterized and partially replaced in the ratio of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% by weight of cement. The properties of concrete investigated include consistency limit, initial and final setting time, compressive strength. Grade of concrete is M20.

Keywords: Bagasse ash, waste, recycling, cement, sustainable material

INTRODUCTION

which was procured from Madhya Pradesh province in India. Analysis has been done on partial replacement of PCC in the ratio of 5, 10, 15 and 20% by weight. The experimental study examines the chemical testing, gradation, fineness, consistency limit, initial setting time and final setting time. The main ingredients are PPC, SCBA and water.

Sugar industries use this by product to run boilers and the ash produced after burning is known as bagasse ash, which is a waste and is dumped in landfill. Many researches have been done on rice husk, glass powder, coconut shell ash, fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, etc. [1, 2].

MATERIALS USED

Concrete is the most commonly used material in construction. It is produced by using OPC/PSC or PPC as a binder. The demand of PPC is world-wide increasing day by day. Production of cement is energy-intensive. On the other hand, production of sugar results in mass quantity of fibrous waste known as bagasse.

The main component that should be kept in mind is the proportion of silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide and ferric oxide. After burning bagasse under controlled temperature, silica is found in amorphous form which has pozzolanic properties [3]. Therefore, it is possible to use sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) as partial replacement of cement. The present study was carried out on SCBA obtained by controlled combustion of sugarcane bagasse,

The materials used in the investigation are: Cement Cement used in study was PPC (Jaypee Cement) because it gives extra durability. All tests were conducted on this cement.

Natural Sand Graded river sand passing through 4.75 mm sieve with specific gravity of 2.55 were used.

The proportion of natural sand was taken as 70% of total fine aggregate.

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ISSN: 2249-8753(online), ISSN: 2321-6476(print) Volume 6, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Effect on Seismic Analysis of Reinforced Cement Concrete Building Considering Soil Structure Interaction Vaibhav Singh*, Kanchan Mala Department of Civil Engineering, Jaypee University of Engineering and Technology, Guna, Madhya Pradesh, India Abstract

Many researches and case studies indicate that soil structure interaction (SSI) has a significant impact on dynamic response of structure, which may lead to unexpected seismic response or failure of structure. Current seismic codes adopt the methods in which, generally, flexibility of soil is not considered in seismic analysis of reinforced cement concrete (RCC) building. In this study, seismic response of a 35 m tall G+9 storey building resting on raft foundation is studied considering soil structure interaction. Response spectrum method of dynamic analysis has been used to analyze the building for seismic zone V according to IS 1893:2002 in FEM software CSI SAP 2000, Version 14 [1]. Elastic continuum approach is used to idealize the soil. Storey shear forces and lateral time period has been compared for fixed base and flexible base buildings resting on raft foundation. The study reveals that on considering SSI, there is an increase in lateral time period of the building and re-distribution of storey shear forces in flexible base model as compared to fixed base model.

Keywords: Soil-structure interaction (SSI), structural response, storey shear, time period, inter storey drift

INTRODUCTION

In present scenario, vertical growth of buildings in urban parts of India is much needed to provide shelter and workspace to the people. When seismic forces act on high rise building, neither the structural displacements nor the ground displacements are independent of each other. The process, in which the response of the soil influences the motion of the structure and motion of the structure influences the response of the soil, is termed as soil structure interaction (SSI). In general practice, structural designers neglect the SSI effect and design the building considering as a fixed base condition. Earthquake in Kobe in 1995 and many other recent earthquakes, such as those in Fukushima (Japan) in 2011 and New Zealand in 2011 clearly highlighted the importance of soil properties on the seismic response of structure.

Tabatabaiefar et al. studied SSI effect over building frame in both, elastic and inelastic cases [2]. It was observed that natural time period is the parameter which influences the seismic response of building. Increase in time period leads to increment in roof

displacements and inter storey drift. Due to these increments, performance level of the structure changes from life safe to collapse.

According to available literature, it was found that when shear velocity of supporting soil is less than 600 m/s, the effect of the SSI is significant. In this study, SSI effect on 10storey moment resisting frame is investigated in terms of storey forces, time period, roof displacement and storey drift.

MODELLING Building Modelling A G+9 storey RCC building was modelled in SAP 2000 V14 with two different base conditions i.e. conventional fixed base model and flexible base model considering SSI (Figures 1 and 2). Building was assumed to be situated in zone V as per IS 1893 [1]. Total height of the building was 35 m with floor to floor distance of 3.5 m each. Building was supposed to be resting on raft foundation of 1.2 m depth and a plan area of 15ď‚´15 m.

Specification of the structural components modelled are tabulated in Table 1. In SAP

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ISSN: 2249-8753(online), ISSN: 2321-6476(print) Volume 6, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Production of Dense Graded Cold Asphalt Mixtures with New Cementitious Material Abbas Al-Hdabi*, Hassan Al Nageim Faculty of Engineering, University of Kufa, Iraq Abstract

The energy revolution for offering sustainable energy supply and utilize in terms of economically and environmentally is interested evident for governments and industry. Cement is the main material for constructing the society’s buildings and infrastructures. Meanwhile, 5% of global CO2 emission is related to cement industry. Therefore, replacing of cement with one of the other sustainable materials is one of the main objectives of the climate change mitigation strategies around the world. Utilization of fly and bottom ashes in different construction fields decrease the utilization of virgin materials and will reduce the landfill materials and CO2 emissions. Accordingly the industrial sustainability will be contributed when using of fly and bottom ashes. This study presents a method to introduce a new blended cement totally from waste fly and bottom ashes based on the hardened mortar properties testing. Two types of Waste Fly Ashes i.e., WFA1 and WFA2 and a Ground Bottom Ash (GBA) were added and optimized to produce a new blended cementitious material. WFA1 which has high lime and gelenite content, WFA2 which has high alkali components and GBA which is high silica content and cost-plus material have been blended with different percentages in this study to produce the mentioned cement. Such waste ash cement would develop an adequate concrete properties, i.e., compressive strength and durability. On the other hand, the new cementitious product was found to enhance the performance of the cold asphalt emulsion mixtures. This performance of cold asphalt emulsion mixtures has been investigated by conducting indirect tensile stiffness modulus test.

Keywords: Waste materials, cold bituminous emulsion mixtures, concrete, stiffness modulus, compressive strength

INTRODUCTION

Several studies have been conducted to investigate the physical activation i.e., grinding of fly and bottom ashes and chemical activation i.e., adding of alkalis to be used in construction industry [1, 2]. Blanco, 2006 stated a motivation of fly ash by concurrent chemical and mechanical applications to produce a cement with a strength comparable with the reference cement at 20% replacement level.

Also, these results were greater than those with same replacement percentage of the wellknown by product material, i.e., silica fume.

Another investigation by Konstantin stated that when ground cement clinker with Reactive Silica Admixture (RSA) will cause changes within the system that accelerated the hydration process [3]. Production of binary and ternary cementitious blends by incorporation of different materials to the cement have been studied by several investigations [4, 5].

The most important thing when incorporation of pozzolanic material is the rapidity of reaction between this material with Ca(OH)2 to produce hydration substances. The generation of a hardened products with dense microstructure and high durability when homogenous nucleation took place between different particles sized substances. Moreover, a blend of cement, fly ash and silica fume controlled the alkali silica reaction effectively, i.e., better than using of fly ash or silica fume individually. Also, a high microstructure of CSH can be generated when adding of silica fume with superfine particles due to activate the reaction with Ca(OH)2 and alkaline hydroxides [6].

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Effects of Polypropylene Fibre on Strength of Geopolymer Concrete 1

A. Talib1,*, M.Y. Khan2, A. Baqi3, M.K. Vakil3

Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India Department of Civil Engineering, Al-Falah University, Faridabad, Haryana, India 3 Department of Civil Engineering, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India 2

Abstract

In the construction industry, the most vital parameter considered in the current scenario is the sustainable development of the structures. The most used material in construction is concrete, which is primarily made up of Portland cement. The production of Portland cement is nearly about 2.6 billion tonnes per year and is increasing at the rate of 5% annually. The concrete industry contributes about 5–8% of all human generated carbon dioxide worldwide. Among the greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide contributes about 65% to the global warming. In this paper, the effects of polypropylene fibre on the strength of geopolymer concrete are studied under the following tests, namely: compressive strength test, flexural tensile strength test, and split tensile strength test. The geopolymer concrete used for testing is produced with 100% replacement of cement with fly ash as a binder. A geopolymer binder has a reduction of about 80% in carbon emissions compared to Portland cement. Following are the data pertaining to preparation of concrete: the ratio by weight =1:1.4:3.28 (Fly ash: Fine Aggregate: Coarse Aggregate), alkaline liquid (a mixture of sodium silicate solution and sodium hydroxide solution) to fly ash ratio is 0.40, sixteen molar (16M) sodium hydroxide solution is used, polypropylene fibre used is 1.0 kg/m3 for fibre concrete composites. There is a 30% increment in compressive strength of geopolymer concrete with the addition of polypropylene fibre.

There is a 50% increment in the flexural tensile strength of geopolymer concrete with the addition of polypropylene fibre. There is a 16% increment in the split tensile strength of geopolymer concrete with the addition of polypropylene fibre.

Keywords: Geopolymer concrete, fly ash, polypropylene fibre, carbon emissions, sodium silicate solution, sodium hydroxide solution

INTRODUCTION

Concrete is one of the most widely used construction material. It is a composite material composed mainly of water, aggregate, and cement (Portland cement). The man made material is cement which is the main component for making concrete. Five to eight percent of all human generated atmospheric carbon dioxide worldwide comes from the concrete industry. Among the greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide contributes about 65% of global warming.

Although the use of Portland cement is still unavoidable until the foreseeable future, many efforts are being made in order to reduce the consumption of OPC in concrete. On the other hand a large volume of fly ash has been generated around the world by thermal power

plants and this fly ash is not effectively used until the near past, but it is disposed in landfills which affects aquifer and surface bodies of fresh water. New researches proved the fly ash as an alternative binder that can be used in cement making and concrete making.

Fly ash can be used for making geopolymer cement or geopolymer concrete.

Geopolymer and its Applications The term geopolymer was first introduced by Davidovits in 1978 to describe a family of mineral binders with a chemical composition similar to zeolites but with an amorphous microstructure. A geopolymer contains an alkali activated alumina silicate mineral binder. Geopolymer is a new inorganic silicon based polymer; the raw materials used in the manufacture of silicon-based polymers are

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Combined Effect of Ceramic Waste and Metal Fiber Waste on Splitting Tensile and Flexural Strength in Pavement Concrete Nilesh K. Vasoya1,*, H.R. Varia2

1

Department of Civil Engineering, Gujarat Engineering Research Institute, R.K. University Rajkot, Government of Gujarat, India 2 Tatva Institute of Technological Studies, Modasa, Gujarat, India

Abstract

India is a prodigious country, with a huge population almost second in the world, will increase from China by the middle of this century. In India, majority of the population is much younger, which have advantage of having substantial work force and epic development opportunities. India’s 12th Five Year Plan is pivoted on the growth of infrastructure facilities such as roads and highways, railways, ports and shipping, power stations, irrigation structures, oil and gas, communications, etc. As it is known that concrete is a prominent material which is used in almost all construction work. Today the world is fostering too fast and our environment is changing dynamically. Attention is being anchored on the environment, by preventing natural resources and emphasizing the use of waste materials.

Ceramic is used in many forms in day-to-day life. It has slender life, after use it becomes waste which is sent for landfills. Here in this paper, an attempt has been made to examine the suitability of replacing various percentage of waste ceramic obtained from Morbi-Wankaner belt (Gujarat) as a partial replacement of aggregate and waste fiber metal obtained from Rajkot city (Gujarat) as an additive in concrete. Examine strength such as splitting tensile strength and flexural strength of concrete (M25 grade) are found for 7 and 28 days, their results are analyzed and compared with conventional concrete. The experimental results reveal covenanting use of this waste ceramic metal concrete (WCMC) as a pavement concrete by retarding the depletion of natural resources and safeguarding environment from wastes.

Keywords: Waste ceramic, waste fiber metal, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, pavement concrete

INTRODUCTION

All eyes of the world monitoring India as a country that has high potential of grow. India is definitely most populous country with largest youngest population. Because of this youngest single workforce India has advantage of epic development. India’s 12th Five Year Plan is pivoted on the growth of infrastructure facilities such as roads and highways, railways, ports and shipping, power stations, irrigation structures, oil and gas, communications, etc. Concrete is the most widely used construction material in the world, so no construction activity can be envisaged with concrete. Today our environment is changing dynamically and attention is being anchored on the environment, by preventing natural resources and emphasizing the use of

waste materials. In this view, people have started exploring other logical alternative materials for concrete. Four major ceramic clusters in Gujarat are Himatnagar, Ahmedabad, Thangadh and Morbi-Wankaner cluster. Conforming to CGCRI (Central Glass and Ceramics Research Institute) annually wastage originates from these ceramic clusters varies from 3 to 5%. Morbi-Wanker zone is about 65 km. from Rajkot and about 230 km. from Ahmedabad. Morbi-Wankaner belt in Rajkot district alone accounts for about 60% production of ceramic tiles in the country. The total investment of glazed tiles is around 300 crore. The total production is around 50 lakhs box per month (one box contained 10 numbers) and about 10% of total production are exported in neighbour countries like

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Recent Trends in Civil Engineering & Technology

ISSN: 2249-8753(online), ISSN: 2321-6476(print) Volume 6, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Experimental Study on Properties of Concrete with Phoenix Fibres S. Kalaiselvi*, Akshay A. Bhagat, Arumugam K.S., Arunkumar A., Aswin Kumar S. Department of Civil Engineering, Sona College of Technology, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India

Abstract

In this paper, an attempt has been made to investigate the possibility of using phoenix fibre to improve the properties of concrete. The aim of this research is to investigate the properties of concrete with phoenix fibres of various percentages. Mechanical properties such as compressive strength, split tensile strength of concrete using phoenix fibre have been investigated. M20 grade of concrete has been used for this investigation. Mechanical strength tests on standard specimens such as compressive strength and split tensile strength tests were conducted on phoenix fibrous concrete specimens to obtain the optimum volume fraction and length of fibres. Totally 36 cubes, 36 cylinder specimens are cast and tested. Based on the experimental results of workability and mechanical strength studies, a constant length of 25 mm of different volume fractions such as 0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5% are chosen for this study.

Keywords: Phoenix fibre, workability, mechanical properties, volume fraction

INTRODUCTION

Concrete is a composite material containing cement, water, coarse aggregate and fine aggregate. The resulting material is a stone like structure which is formed by the chemical reaction of the cement and water. This stone like material is a brittle material which is strong in compression but very weak in tension. This weakness in the concrete makes it to crack under small loads, at the tensile end.

The formation of cracks is the main reason for the failure of the concrete [1].

Fibres are intended to improve tensile strength, flexural strength, toughness and impact strength [2], to change failure mode by means of improving post-cracking ductility, and to control cracking [3]. These fibres are uniformly distributed and randomly arranged.

Studies have been conducted to investigate the mechanical and physical properties of materials [4]. This paper presents a study on

the mechanical properties of phoenix fibre reinforced concrete [5–8] (Figure 1).

MATERIAL PROPERTY Cement 43 grade OPC is used for all concrete sample mixes. The cement used was fresh and without any lumps. Testing of cement was done as per IS: 8112–1989. The various test results conducted on the cement are reported in the Table 1.

Coarse Aggregate Locally available coarse aggregates having the maximum size of 20 mm are used in the present work. Testing of coarse aggregates is done as per IS: 383–1970. The 20 mm aggregates were sieved through 20 mm sieve.

They were then washed to remove dust and dirt and were dried to surface dry condition.

The results of various tests conducted on coarse aggregate are given in Table 2.

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