Journal of Remote Sensing & GIS vol 7 issue 3

ISSN 2230-7990 (Online) ISSN 2321-421X (Print)

Journal of

Remote Sensing & GIS (JoRSG) SJIF: 3.713

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It is my privilege to present the print version of the [Volume 7 Issue 3] of our Journal of Remote Sensing & GIS, 2016. The intension of JoRSG is to create an atmosphere that stimulates vision, research and growth in the area of Remote Sensing & GIS. Timely publication, honest communication, comprehensive editing and trust with authors and readers have been the hallmark of our journals. STM Journals provide a platform for scholarly research articles to be published in journals of international standards. STM journals strive to publish quality paper in record time, making it a leader in service and business offerings.

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I hope you will enjoy reading this issue and we welcome your feedback on any aspect of the Journal.

Dr. Archana Mehrotra Managing Director STM Journals

Journal of Remote Sensing & GIS

Contents

1. Spatial Multi-Criteria Evaluation for Solid Waste Disposal Site Selection in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia: Case Study of Wukro and Adi-gudom Towns A.A.Mohammedshum, M.A.Gebresilassie, C.M. Rulinda

1

2. Satellite based Monitoring of Water Resource Project using Google Earth: A Case Study of Bhima LIS J. Harsha, R. Pandian, M. Thulasidharan, V. Raghunathan

10

3. Zonation of Potential Groundwater and Its Spatial Correlation with Indices and Boreholes: Western Region of Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia Demeke Sewnet, Hasan Raja Naqvi, A. S. Mohammed Abdul Athick

22

4. Improvement of a Geospatial Web-Network for Road Substructure Management in Mekelle City, Ethiopia Kidu Gebremedhin

35

5. A Contribution to the Improvement of Water Supply Network Maintenance in Cameroon Using Mobile GIS and Web Mapping Ekani Mebenga Thibaut Aloys, Takem Ebangha Agbor Delphine, Moha EL-AYACHI, Kamguia Joseph

47

Journal of Remote Sensing & GIS ISSN: 2230-7990(online), ISSN: 2321-421X(print) Volume 7, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Spatial Multi-Criteria Evaluation for Solid Waste Disposal Site Selection in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia: Case Study of Wukro and Adi-gudom Towns A.A.Mohammedshum*, M.A.Gebresilassie, C.M. Rulinda Institute for Geo-Information and Earth Observation Sciences (I-GEOS), Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia Abstract Identifying solid waste disposal sites and appropriately managing them is challenging task to many developing countries. This is also a critical problem in Ethiopia in general and in the towns of Wukro and Adi-gudom in particular. The existing waste disposal sites of both towns are not sufficient in capacity, and due to the location of the sites, the type of wastes dumped the surrounding areas are impacted severely. The rapid population growth and sprawling of the towns are further aggravating the problem. This study was conducted to first assess the existing solid waste management strategies in both towns; and secondly to identify potential solid waste disposal sites, using GIS and remote sensing techniques. The study used spatial multi-criteria evaluation (SMCE) method. SMCE was used to combine influencing factors and constraints for the selection of dumping sites locations in each town. First, site suitability maps for each of the factors and constraints were developed within GIS. In Wukro, results indicated that 12 locations were found appropriate whereas in Adi-gudom 9 locations were found appropriate. They were further ranked against their suitability in terms of wind direction, proximity to settlement area and distance from the center of the town. Finally, two locations were identified as the best appropriate site locations for both towns. This study showed that the spatial multicriteria evaluation methods are proved to be efficient and low cost tools to select appropriate dumping sites so as to facilitate decision-making processes.

Future work on incorporating hydrological factors that influence the dumping site selections are recommended to fine tune the results.

Keywords: Ethiopia, GIS, MCE, remote sensing, solid waste site disposal

INTRODUCTION The process of selecting and managing solid waste dumping sites is a challenging problem especially in the developing countries. The problem is more worrisome due to lack of proper solid waste management procedures, lack of supporting tools and the nature of wastes produced. The practice of direct dumping of waste into water bodies, open and abandoned land without proper treatment leads to serious environmental contamination and has negative impacts on public health.

According to Abbas et al. [1], waste management problems usually stem from unsustainable methods of waste disposal, which is a result of inadequate planning and implementation. Rapid population growth and urbanization in the developing world are contributing to the imbalanced exploitation of

non-renewable resources and causing disposal of effluent and toxic waste indiscriminately.

According to The United State Environmental Protection Agency [2], solid waste is defined as any garbage, refuse, sludge produced from a waste water or water supply treatment plant or air dried materials including solid, liquid, semi-solid or contained gaseous material resulting from industrial, commercial mining, agricultural operations and from community activities. Cities produce large volumes of various types of wastes from households, hospitals, industry etc. on daily basis.

Effective solid waste disposal procedures depend upon the selection of proper dumping site considering mainly its social, economic and environmental impacts. Municipal solid waste disposal has been a serious concern in developing countries due to poverty,

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Journal of Remote Sensing & GIS ISSN: 2230-7990(online), ISSN: 2321-421X(print) Volume 7, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Satellite based Monitoring of Water Resource Project using Google Earth: A Case Study of Bhima LIS J. Harsha*, R. Pandian, M. Thulasidharan, V. Raghunathan Monitoring South Organization, Central Water Commission, Jalasoudha, HMT Post, Bangalore, Karnataka, India Abstract Monitoring of physical progress of water resources projects is challenging because the field inspection has serious limitations as the canal network isn’t uniform across the command area. The canal network consists of main canals, distributaries and minors of varying dimensions right from head works towards tail end. Hence, use of remote sensing and geographical information system (RS and GIS) offers tremendous scope in monitoring of progress of water resources projects as the field visits are limited by accessibility to command area, time constraints and constraints to choose the location. But the varying dimensions of canal network in command area is also challenging for RS and GIS as it demands very high resolution satellite images to map the alignment of canal network that varies as less as 50 cm and discriminate the breaks in canal network. Bhima lift irrigation scheme (Bhima LIS) in southern Indian state of Karnataka has been chosen for the present study. The study illustrates how the challenges encountered during monitoring of physical progress in Bhima LIS such as limitations of India’s Cartosat images were overcome using Pleiades satellite images and GIS tools of Google Earth. The present study then unravels the various short comings in the execution of canal network of Bhima LIS through use of RS and GIS techniques of Google Earth which could have been impossible with either field visits as well as Cartosat satellite images.

Keywords: Monitoring, irrigation potential, remote sensing, GIS, Google Earth, distributary

INTRODUCTION The federal government of India funds several water resources projects executed by state governments. It sets well-defined timeline for completion of the dam head works, canal networks and achievement of targeted ultimate irrigation potential in its command area [1].

One of the key challenges for monitoring of water resources projects is to verify the progress of canal network and therefore the ultimate irrigation potential existing on ground. The execution of canal network or its physical progress during different periods of time is one area where remote sensing and geographic information system (RS and GIS) techniques offer tremendous scope for mapping the progress and decision making visà-vis targets/timelines. This is because physical monitoring with field visits has serious limitation that it is next to impossible to verify every kilometer or every hectare of the vast command area of water resources

projects. But, the present study had a different challenge not only with monitoring of water resource project but also the limitation of spatial and spectral resolution of Indian satellites Cartosat 1 and 2.

STUDY AREA Realizing the advantages offered by satellite based remote sensing and GIS, the federal government of India initiated (on pilot basis) the monitoring of physical progress of water resources projects in 2013–14 [2]. One such pilot water resource project chosen for satellite based monitoring was Bhima lift irrigation scheme (Bhima LIS) located in the southern state of Karnataka in India. Bhima LIS is situated across river Bhima, a tributary of river Krishna in the Kalaburagi district (earlier Gulbarga district) of the state of Karnataka in India (Plate 1). The location co-ordinates of the project are 17°03ʹ59.50ʺ and 17°18ʹ14.00ʺN Latitude and 76°07ʹ37.81ʺ and

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Journal of Remote Sensing & GIS ISSN: 2230-7990(online), ISSN: 2321-421X (print) Volume 7, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Zonation of Potential Groundwater and Its Spatial Correlation with Indices and Boreholes: Western Region of Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia Demeke Sewnet1, Hasan Raja Naqvi2,*, A.S. Mohammed Abdul Athick2 1

Department of Civil Engineering, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia Department of Geomatics Engineering, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama, Ethiopia

2

Abstract Water has a significant role in day-to-day life of people to fulfill their requirements. Although, study area is a part of Blue Nile basin but it has great water scarcity because of its topographic and geological nature. It has been observed during the field visit that people are travelling long to get the water from remote areas. Productivity through groundwater is quite high as compared to surface water, but groundwater resources have not yet been properly exploited. The present study attempts to identify Groundwater Potential (GWP) zones in the Sede River Watershed of the Blue Nile Basin using an integrated remote sensing and GIS techniques employed Satty's Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). The thematic layers were integrated using weighted overlay analysis method to delineate GWP map of the study area.

Study highlighted the different potential sites where the water could accumulate and resist long time. Geology and lineament are the mainly control for the occurrence and movement of groundwater in the study area. Normalized Differentiate Water Index (NDWI) results showed the positive value less than 0.09 which highlights no existence of water where the community struggling a lot. Finally extracted pixels (>0.20) of NDMI and resulted groundwater potential sites has been validated by existing borehole data. Interestingly, study found very close relationships between them and out of 58 boreholes, approximately 15 were found under very good and good ground water potential zones and vicinity of extracted moisture pixels of NDMI. Keywords: Groundwater potential, GIS and Remote Sensing, NDWI, NDMI, Sede Watershed, Ethiopia

INTRODUCTION Groundwater is one of the most valuable natural resources, which supports human health, economic development and ecological diversity. In addition, groundwater supports freshwater ponds, wetlands, streams, and sound environments, all of which represent specific and important habitats for flora and fauna [1]. The occurrence of groundwater is related to climatic, geological, hydrological, physiographical and ecological factors [2].

Ethiopia has abundant surface and ground water resources potential of which groundwater has a lion-share. The preliminary estimated amount of yearly groundwater recharge of the country is about 28x109 m3.

Recent research highlighted that the potential is much greater than this amount and it plays an important role in Ethiopia as a major source of water for domestic uses, industries and livestock [3]. Groundwater utilization has been

limited to community water supply using shallow hand dug wells and unprotected springs. In rural areas where more than 85% of the population lives water shortage problems can be solved by proper utilization of groundwater [4].

Water supply in the Blue Nile River Basin is largely obtained from surface water, which is highly dependent on the seasonal inputs from rainfall. Successive years of low and inconsistent rainfall have left large areas of the region in severe drought that resulted in crop failure and drinking water shortages [5]. The Blue Nile River Basin is affected by droughts and floods.

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Journal of Remote Sensing & GIS ISSN: 2230-7990(online), ISSN: 2321-421X (print) Volume 7, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Improvement of a Geospatial Web-Network for Road Substructure Management in Mekelle City, Ethiopia Kidu Gebremedhin* UKAID, Mekelle, Ethiopia Abstract Infrastructure is a framework which covers the basic facilities and capacities of material, institutional and personnel kind which are essential for the functioning of a national economy.

Road is key infrastructure which leads to an overall better standard of living; it is currently the heart of regional connectivity of a continent. Road substructure management is a challenging task to many developing countries, due to limited technical resources. This is a challenging issue too in Ethiopia in general, and in Mekelle city in particular. In Mekelle road substructure is poorly managed, mainly caused by a lack of appropriate organization and access of spatial information timely, leading to poor and unhurried decision making processes. Due to the fast expansion and urbanization developments, the city urgently needs to upgrade its road management system, while optimizing its limited resources. This study was conducted first to assess the existing road substructure management in Mekelle city, and second to exploit the use of available low-cost geo-spatial Web technologies so as to improve it. Methods included the use of PostgreSQL to create a geospatial database that will store road substructure information and the use of the Open Geo-spatial Consortium (OGC) standard’s Web Map Service (WMS) for disseminating this information over the Internet, through an interactive geo-portal. A Geo-spatial Web prototype has been developed and tested; and its relevance was validated by users in Mekelle city. The study showed that with the use of Geo-spatial Web technologies, road substructure management can be improved significantly in places where resources are limited.

Keywords: Road Substructure Management, Geo-spatial Web-Network, Mekelle, Ethiopia

INTRODUCTION The term infrastructure refers to the underlying foundation used for providing goods and services; especially the basic capacities and facilities that facilitate the economic growth of a community and reducing the costs of production and raising profitability, production, income and employment [1, 2]. Infrastructure is a framework which includes basic facilities and capacities which are required and essential for the functioning of a national economy and society. A frequently used more specific expression for these premises is public infrastructure [3, 4].

Urban infrastructure is a major part of public infrastructure and comprises all technical, institutional, legal and organizational premises, which are required for the functioning of urban settlements. Road infrastructures are major components of urban

infrastructures that constitute the main infrastructure serving regional connectivity, carrying at least 80 percent of goods and 90 percent of passengers. Roads are currently the heart of regional connectivity for the continent Africa. However, it is characterized by missing links and poor road maintenance managements [5]. Urban management as such covers aspects of organizational structure, relationships between agencies within and external to the organization, organizational planning and implementation as well as the processes of decision-making of urban programs.

Its scope incorporates the whole complex of interventions of government agencies, private, commercial and noncommercial institutions [6]. Urban infrastructure management is one of the major components of the wider urban management functions of local government.

Infrastructure management within urban areas

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Journal of Remote Sensing & GIS ISSN: 2230-7990(online), ISSN: 2321-421X (print) Volume 7, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

A Contribution to the Improvement of Water Supply Network Maintenance in Cameroon Using Mobile GIS and Web Mapping Ekani Mebenga Thibaut Aloys1,*, Takem Ebangha Agbor Delphine2, Moha EL-AYACHI3, Kamguia Joseph2 1

National Institute of Cartography, Division of Mapping work, Service of Surveying, Yaoundé, Cameroon 2 National Institute of Cartography, Yaoundé, Cameroon 3 School of Geomatic and Surveying Engineering, Rabat, Morocco

Abstract The management of the water supply networks (WSN) of Cameroon is a very big challenge, particularly in terms of maintenance and monitoring. This paper aimed at contributing to the improvement of the reactive maintenance of the water networks of Cameroon but also to open a way towards a proactive maintenance in this country. It demonstrated the great advantage offered by a tablet using a mobile GIS (Geographic Information System) for visualizing and finding underground network elements. Another tool that was essential in this document was Google’s Fusion Tables (GFT) which is a free data visualization web tool. Based on some sample data of pipes and valves collected in Ekounou quarter, thematic web maps displaying data points and spatial information were developed in order to demonstrate how Web Mapping can help decide when and what network element to change. A mechanism of updating databases and then web maps was also highlighted in the last part of the paper where it is suggested a proactive schema for maintenance and monitoring of Cameroon’s WSN. Keywords: Water supply network, Mobile GIS, Web mapping, GNSS, Predictive models of pipe failures

INTRODUCTION Most of the water supply networks (WSNs) of Cameroon were constructed in the 1980s. The situation is similar to the one described by GRAPHINFO (2006), a company specialized in the development and publication of Geographic Information Software relating notably to WSN: The knowledge of maintenance technicians about the implantation of networks becomes weak over the years and modifications, paper plan deteriorate due to several manipulations and weather conditions, valves were installed in relation to elements of environment unreliable over time (trees, entrances, posts…), there is no coherence between as-built drawings with the real positions of network elements. It sometimes happens that technician close the main valve leading to many quarters, depriving population living there of drinking water, because they do not find the specific valve

leading to the zone subject to intervention.

Besides, these networks are subject to many failures (break and leakage on pipes) over the years [1, 2]. The leakages on pipes are not often localized in time. Lack of knowledge of spatial location of networks elements, combined with the degradation of equipment over the years; generate many consequences as highlighted at the conference of Bourges [3].

Amongst these consequences, an increase in water loss and multiplication in repairs which induce an increase of operation costs require a particular attention. It is therefore, necessary to put in place mechanisms contributing to the minimization of these operation costs. The mechanisms will have to ensure the conservation of information about the WSNs in a sustainable way, as well as the daily

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Journal of

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