Journal of alternate energy sources & technologies (vol5, issue2) by STM Journals Publication

May - August 2014

ISSN: 2321-5186

Journal of Alternate Energy Sources & Technologies (JoAEST)

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Editorial Board Dr. Sundara Ramaprabhu Professor, Nurture Earth R&D Pvt. Ltd. MIT Campus, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India.

Dr. Ramasare Prasad Yadav Indian Institute of Technology Rorkee, India.

Dr. Atul Sharma Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Rae Bareli, U.P., India.

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Animesh Dutta University of Guelph, Canada.

Sudhagar Mani University of Georgia, Athens , USA, United States.

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Dr. Raghubir Singh Anand Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India.

Dr. P.K. Bhargava Chief Scientist & Scientist Coordinator (Efficiency of Buildings Division) Central Building Research Institute Roorkee.

T Hussain National Center For Physics, Quaid-i-Azam University Complex, Islamabad, Pakistan.

Editorial Board Dr. Chetan Singh Solanki

Dr. Tushar Jash

Associate Professor department of Energy science and Engineering IIT Bombay

Assistant Professor School of Energy Studies Jadhavpur University

Dr. A. Jagadeesh

Dr. Apurba Gosh

Director at Nayudamma Centre for Development Alternatives

Associate Professor Department of Environmental Science University of Burdwan West Bengal India.

Dr. Anil Kumar Berwal

Dr. Asma Ahmed

Associate Professor Centre of Excellence for Energy and Environmental Studies Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science & Technology Haryana,India.

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Director's Desk

STM JOURNALS

I take the privilege to present the hard copy compilation for the [Volume 5 Issue (2)] of Journal of Alternate Energy Sources & Technologies (JoAEST). The intension of JoAEST is to create an atmosphere that stimulates creativeness, research and growth in the area of Alternate Energy Sources. The development and growth of the mankind is the consequence of brilliant Research done by eminent Scientists and Engineers in every field. JoAEST provides an outlet for Research findings and reviews in areas of Alternate Energy Sources & Technologies found to be relevant for National and International recent developments and research initiative. The aim and scope of the Journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of Research results that support high level learning, teaching and research in the domain of Alternate Energy Sources. Finally, I express my sincere gratitude and thanks to our Editorial/ Reviewer board and Authors for their continued support and invaluable contributions and suggestions in the form of authoring writeups/ reviewing and providing constructive comments for the advancement of the journals. With regards to their due continuous support and co-operation, we have been able to publish quality Research/Review findings for our customers base. I hope you will enjoy reading this issue and we welcome your feedback on any aspect of the Journal.

Dr. Archana Mehrotra Director STM Journals

Journal of Alternate Energy Sources & Technologies

Contents

1. Performance of Wind Turbine under Different Operating Modes Navjot Singh Sandhu, Shelly Vadhera, Kanwarjit Singh Sandhu

2. Revitalization of the Power Sector Through Diversification; The Sure Way Forward for Nigeria Power Crisis George N. Osaghae, H. Ahidjo, Olukolapo O. Akinmola, O. T Abdulazeez

3. A MAED Model Analysis of Biomass and Biofuels Demand in Nigeria Johnson O. Ojosu, Aminu H. Isa, Promise U. Chukwu, Joseph S. Olayande

4. Finite Element Analysis of Vertical and Inclined Flanged Diffusers for Micro Wind Turbine Sandip A. Kale, S. N. Sapali

5. Production of Biodiesel from Karanja Oil Berwal A. K., Dahiya A. P., Berwal P.

6. Hydrogen as an Alternative Fuel for Internal Combustion Engines Dandajeh H. A.

Journal of Alternate Energy Sources and Technologies ISSN: 2230-7982 (online), ISSN: 2321-5186 (print) Volume 5, Issue 2 www.stmjournals.com

Performance of Wind Turbine under Different Operating Modes Navjot Singh Sandhu1*, Shelly Vadhera2, Kanwarjit Singh Sandhu2 1

School of Renewable Energy and Efficiency, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, India 2 Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, India

Abstract Out of all renewable energy resources wind energy is found to be the most viable energy source due to its availability, pollution free and fast developments globally. Wind turbine, one of the major components of wind energy conversion system is used to capture the energy associated with the wind for driving the induction generator generally adopted to generate electrical power. Power output of wind turbines varies in accordance with the wind variations and as observed from literature, wind turbines may be operated either in constant speed or variable speed operation. However, complicated controls as adopted for such operations make the system expansive and complicated. Keeping it in view, in this paper a new approach based upon the generator control is proposed to analyze the operation of wind turbine under two operating modes. Simulation results as obtained using developed Matlab model prove the effectiveness of such control strategies. Investigations as reported along with the wind speed data for installation site may be helpful to decide the mode of operation for wind turbine to be installed.

Keywords: Matlab/Simulink, Renewable energy resources, Wind disturbances, Wind turbine, Wind turbine control

Journal of Alternate Energy Sources and Technologies ISSN: 2230-7982 (online), ISSN: 2321-5186 (print) Volume 5, Issue 2 www.stmjournals.com

Revitalization of the Power Sector Through Diversification; The Sure Way Forward for Nigeria Power Crisis George N. Osaghae*, H. Ahidjo, Olukolapo O. Akinmola, O. T Abdulazeez Energy Commission of Nigeria, Plot 701 CBD, Abuja, Nigeria

Abstract Energy is the bedrock on which the development of any nation lies as its overall growth and prosperity depend, to a large extent, on the adequacy, efficiency and functionality of its electricity industry. Despite the huge potential energy resources in Nigeria, Its power supply has however, been inadequate for the socio-economic development. The need to address this trend led to the conduct of a survey to capture the opinions of Nigerians on ways of ending its power problem which has continued to stall its progress over a long period of time. This paper expresses the opinion of Nigerians on steps in addressing its energy crisis, visa- a-vis meeting the demand of the country energy need in twenty five year time. Closed ending questions were used. The aggregate opinion was needed to possibly adjust the national energy policies. It is inferred from the result that the government needs to intensify its present commitment in the sector, sustenance of privatization policy of the sector received a boost by Nigerians as they believed private sectors participation in the industry will enhance its efficiency and management, there is also an indication that vigorous pursuit of energy efficiency and conservation including renewable energy development are necessary in revamping the power sector.

Keywords: Electrical energy sources, Electricity demand, Energy crisis, Power generation, Transmission, Distribution, Energy efficiency and conservation

Journal of Alternate Energy Sources and Technologies ISSN: 2230-7982 (online), ISSN: 2321-5186 (print) Volume 5, Issue 2 www.stmjournals.com

A MAED Model Analysis of Biomass and Biofuels Demand in Nigeria Johnson O. Ojosu*, Aminu H. Isa, Promise U. Chukwu, Joseph S. Olayande Energy Planning and Analysis Department, Energy Commission of Nigeria, Plot 701c, Central Area, P. M. B. 358, Garki, Abuja, Nigeria Abstract Biomass forms 85% of the energy resources commonly utilized for cooking and heating in the rural areas of Nigeria where about 60% of the population lives. The total consumption of biomass in Nigeria grows from 153 million tons in 2007 to 160 million tons in 2009. Hitherto, the demand for energy from biomass resources keeps increasing despite efforts to introduce the use of biofuels. Also, the supply failed to meet the demand due to insufficient biomass resources. These cause a lot of hardship and palpable poverty in rural households. There have been several efforts in the past to replace the use of traditional biomass such as fuelwood, agricultural wastes and animal droppings as energy resources, with modern biofuels such as briquettes, biofuels (biodiesel and ethanol) and biogas, and also the use of improved wood stove. But all these efforts turned out to be inadequate for the supply to meet the demand. This paper examines bioenergy demand and the factors that affect its use in Nigeria. The IAEA’s Model for Analysis of Energy Demand (MAED) was used to evaluate bioenergy demand in Nigeria in three scenarios: reference (7%); high growth (10%); and optimistic (13%), over the periods 2005 – 2030. Emphasis is placed on the use of biofuels, biogas and charcoal for activities in household and services sectors and biodiesel for the transport sector. Also analyzed are their conversion technologies and appliances, in addition to the profiles of the consumers. An analysis of the results obtained shows that the demand for biomass is projected to be replaced by biofuels, briquettes, biogas and charcoal over the period of study.

Keywords: Biomass Resources, Biofuels, Energy Consumption, Demand, MAED Model

Journal of Alternate Energy Sources and Technologies ISSN: 2230-7982 (online), ISSN: 2321-5186 (print) Volume 5, Issue 2 www.stmjournals.com

Finite Element Analysis of Vertical and Inclined Flanged Diffusers for Micro Wind Turbine Sandip A. Kale1*, S. N. Sapali2 1

Trinity College of Engineering and Research, Pune, India 2 College of Engineering, Pune, India

Abstract Micro-wind turbines have huge potential to generate power and to add support to meet growing energy demand across the globe. Wind power produced changes with third power of wind velocity. Even a small increase in wind velocity improves power performance of wind turbine significantly. A diffuser plays a significant role to increase wind velocity at rotor diameter. Diffuser-augmented micro-wind turbines can effectively fulfill energy demand of many rural houses in developing countries in low-wind regions. Researchers are always working to reduce the size and weight of the diffuser in order to make diffuser-augmented wind turbine (DAWT) compact and practicable. With this objective, DAWT developed through various stages such as a long straight conical diffuser, aerodynamic-shaped diffuser, curved diffuser and diffuser with vertical flange. Curved diffuser with vertical flange enhances performance of the system significantly. On the other side, deformation and stresses induced in vertical flange diffuser need to be minimized. A curved inclined flanged diffuser developed by authors has shown enhancement in performance because of flange inclination in CFD analysis. It is also necessary to study stresses induced in this inclined flanged diffuser. The diffuser with vertical flange and diffuser with inclined flange are modeled and analyzed using ANSYS11. These results are presented in this paper. A significant amount of stress reduction is found in inclined flanged diffuser.

Keywords: Diffuser, Vertical flange, Inclined flange, FEA

Journal of Alternate Energy Sources and Technologies ISSN: 2230-7982 (online), ISSN: 2321-5186 (print) Volume 5, Issue 2 www.stmjournals.com

Production of Biodiesel from Karanja Oil Berwal A. K.1, Dahiya A. P.2, Berwal P.3* 1

Centre of Excellence for Energy and Environmental Study, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal, Sonipat, India 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Polytechnic Murthal, Sonipat, India 3 Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Study, Dehradun, India

Abstract Biodiesel is a mono-alkyl ester of fatty acid which is obtained from various edible and non-edible oil of different feed stock through transesterification and is a potential alternative fuel to petroleum diesel. India being a developing country is still short of edible oil to meet the demand of its burgeoning population. Therefore, in its National Policy on Biofuel, declare to use 20% biodiesel blend with petroleum diesel by 2017 and biodiesel will be produced mainly from the feed stock of non-edible oil like Karanja, Jatropha, etc. Karanja has high acidic value and to get biodiesel from it first esterification should be done to reduce its acidic value. Fatty acid composition of methyl ester of Karanja has physio-chemical properties makes a suitable fuel for C.I. Engine.

Keywords: Biodiesel, National Biofuel Policy, Fatty acid, Transesterification

Journal of Alternate Energy Sources and Technologies ISSN: 2230-7982 (online), ISSN: 2321-5186 (print) Volume 5, Issue 2 www.stmjournals.com

Hydrogen as an Alternative Fuel for Internal Combustion Engines Dandajeh H. A.* Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria Abstract This paper critically reviews articles on hydrogen as an alternative fuel in an internal combustion engines (ICE). Emphasis is given to the properties of hydrogen fuel with respect to engine performance while developing explicit comparison with a typical gasoline fuel (iso-octane). Calculations were made which demonstrated lower volumetric efficiency of a đ??ť2â&#x20AC;&#x201C;ICE as result of its 30% relative occupancy in the combustion chamber. Detailed combustion chemistry and consequent dependence of emissions on engine speed have been analyzed. Advantages and limitations, such as pre-mature ignition have been well elucidated. Suggestions were made on the salient factors needed to be considered before an ICE can operate on đ??ť2 and valid conclusions were drawn based on the issues seminal to the progress of đ??ť2 â&#x20AC;&#x201C;ICE.

Keywords: Hydrogen, Energy, Internal combustion engine