SIH Level 9 - Uno Kit

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STEM Innovators Book Level 9 Copyright © 2024 Author: Erin Goodwin Editors: Asma Mahamedi, Hari Mukul Sagar and Rebecca McDowell ISBN: 978-981-17494-1-4 Published by: SKOOL21 PTE. LTD. - Singapore DUO Tower, Level 8 #8-21 3 Fraser Street, 189352, Singapore All rights reserved, first edition 2024.

No part of this book may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other non-commercial uses permitted by copyright law.

For permissions or inquiries, please contact: Email: info@skool21.org Website: https://skool21.org For the Ministry of Education approval only

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Preface Welcome to the Future of Learning!

Get ready to explore, build, and imagine like never before! The SKOOL21 STEM Innovators series takes you on an exciting adventure through science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM). Whether you’re just starting out or already a curious creator, these books are designed to help you think big, solve problems, and invent new ideas that could change the world.

Building on a Strong Foundation: From learning how simple machines work to designing with 3D models, each book builds on the one before it. You’ll travel through time—learning about cool inventions from the Industrial Revolution and creating your own along the way. No matter your grade, there’s something new and exciting to discover.

Learning by Doing: This isn’t just about reading or watching—this is about doing. Each book comes with a STEM kit full of tools and materials so you and your group can jump into hands-on challenges. You’ll build, test, explore, and learn by making things with your own two hands!

Real-World Impact:

Your ideas matter. Every project in this series connects to real problems people around the world are working to solve—like clean water, sustainable energy, and protecting nature. These challenges are based on the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and your creations could help make the world a better place.

You’re Learning Like a Pro: The SKOOL21 STEM series is trusted by experts and based on international standards.

That means you’re learning the same problem-solving, teamwork, and design skills that real scientists and engineers use every day. You’re not just doing schoolwork— you’re getting ready to shape the future.

Embrace the spirit of innovation, ignite curiosity and empower the next generation of problem solvers with the SKOOL21 STEM Innovators series!

Happy Innovating!

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Introduction to the Kit The SKOOL21 STEM UNO Learning Kit is a hands-on electronics and coding kit designed for students in Level 9. Used alongside the STEM Innovators Handbook, this kit introduces students to the world of programming, electronics, and automation through real-world projects.

At the heart of the kit is the ATmega328P microcontroller, which is programmed using the C++ programming languagethrough the Arduino platform. Learners explore how hardware and software interact by building projects such as motor control, sensor-based input systems, and more.

Technical Features

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Table of Contents S. NO

STEM PROJECTS

SDG

PAGE NO.

I

ARDUINO

06

II

BLINK

08

III

SWEEP

10

IV

THE POTENTIOMETER

13

V

CONTROLLING THE DC MOTOR

15

1

JOINTS

16

2

WEIGHT MACHINE

24

3

ENERGY WHEEL

35

4

GOLD FOIL EXPERIMENT

44

5

CHROMATOGRAPHY

52

6

ENDOTHERMIC OR EXOTHERMIC?

60

7

SOLUBILITY PREDICTOR

69

8

MOMENTS

78

9

PARTICLE MODEL

86

10

REFLECTION

94

11

MAGNETOMETER

104

12

WIND TURBINES

114

13

WEATHER SEESAW

122

14

ASTEROIDS

131

15

GLOBAL SCIENCE IMPACT

129

C

CAPSTONE PROJECT

147 05

Lesson 1: INTRODUCTION The Controller is the main hub for programming that can store code and connect to sensors and motors. It connects to your device and can send information from the sensors to the user. Inspect the image below and compare it to your controller. Identify the USB port, which will connect the Controller to your device, as well as the 9 ports, which the sensors can plug into according to the colors on the port numbers. Also locate the power switch, which will turn on the additional power necessary for the motors, as well as the servo pins, where the motors can connect.

The diagram below shows the capabilities of each port. D stands for digital, meaning the input and output of the port can be either on or off. A stands for analog, meaning the pin can input and output a range of signals from 0 - 255. The GND on each pins shows that each component that is plugged into the port will automatically be grounded. Thus, while you are only plugging in one device, the board is creating a circuit for you that will ground the sensors and motors such that they operate safely.

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SETUP Arduino is the text-based software used to program the Controller.

1. Arduino can be installed for free at the following website: https://www.arduino.cc/en/software 2. Select the type of device you have (Windows, Mac, or Linux) and follow the download instructions.

3. Once Arduino is installed, open the application.

4. Connect your Controller to your device with the USB cord.

5. Install the Controller libraries.

6. Install the driver.

7. Select “Arduino Uno” for the board.

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JOINTS Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.

OBJECTIVES At the end of this activity the learner will be able to demonstrate an understanding of the following:

Next Generation Science Standards From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes HS-LS1-2 Develop and use a model to illustrate the hierarchical organization of interacting systems that provide specific functions within multicellular organisms.

Cambridge Science Physics: Forces and Energy 9Pf.03 Know that energy is conserved, meaning it cannot be created or destroyed.

ISTE Standards 1.3 Knowledge Constructor 1.3.d. Build knowledge by actively exploring realworld issues and problems, developing ideas and theories and pursuing answers and solutions.

Engineering Connection Create a joint model with Controller blocks and a servo motor.

Common Core For Mathematics Modeling with Geometry HSG.MG.A.1 Use geometric shapes, their measures, and their properties to describe objects (e.g., modeling a tree trunk or a human torso as a cylinder).

Cambridge Mathematics Number 9Ni.01 Understand the difference rational and irrational numbers.

STEM Careers Connection This project includes tasks that reflect the work of professionals in the following careers:

between

Physical therapist

Biomedical engineer

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Project 1: INTRODUCTION Imagine trying to create a humanoid robot. What kinds of joints connect the arms to the torso and the shins to the quadriceps? To answer this question, consider how your own body works when you stand up, throw a ball, or kick. You will notice that your arm can move in circular motions, while your shin hinges on your quadriceps. This is due to the different types of joints present. Your shoulder is a ball-and-socket joint, allowing for 360 degrees of rotation, while your knee is a hinge joint, which permits movement primarily along one axis. There are also devices in everyday life modeled after these joints. For example, a car’s steering mechanism often uses ball-and-socket joints, while a door is connected with a simple hinge joint. A breaker design can be modified to funtion as a hinge joint model.

Understanding the Movement Crisis

Creating a Joint Model

Hinge Joint (knee)

Innovation in joint modeling empowers physically challenged individuals by improving their understanding of movement and supporting better rehabilitation.

Globally, 1 in 5 adults over 60 suffer from osteoarthritis, leading to pain and reduced mobility (Source: WHO, 2023)

Joint dysfunction limits everyday movement like walking, climbing stairs, or even lifting objects. Understanding joint motion is essential in physical therapy, especially for rehabilitation after injury or surgery.

Innovation for Empowerment

Ankle joint (foot) Building these models helps visualize how force and motion interact in human joints. It connects biology to engineering to solve real-world health problems.

Use gears and pins to create oneaxis rotation. Attach servo motor ro control movement.

DEFINE THE PROBLEM A physical therapist wants to create joint models to help her patients understand the movements she is trying to facilitate. Can you help?

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These models also inspire designs in robotics, helping future machines replicate human-like mobility and adaptability.

MEASURE YOUR SUCCESS

Your joint model should: 1. Biomimic a joint hinge with the servo motor 2. Create limbs with the building blocks

Your joint model must: 1. Use only the materials provided 2. Include design ideas from every team member

TEAM ROLES Work with your team to determine who will complete each role for this project.

Project Manager Resource Manager Project Communicator Project Tester

MATERIALS

Controller

USB cable

Building blocks

270 degree servo motor

Scissors

VOCABULARY

Joint

A joint is where two bones in your body connect, allowing movement.

Hinge

A hinge is a type of joint that lets something open and close, like a door or your elbow.

Humanoid

A robot that resembles a human being.

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GETTING STARTED WIRE Step 1: Remove the Controller from the package and connect it to your device using the USB cord.

Step 2: Plug the servo motor into port 13, connecting the brown wire to GND, the red wire to V, and the orange wire to D13.

CODE

Step 1: Open Arduino and connect your device.

Step 2: Select Arduino Uno as your board and ensure the USB connection is selected for the port.

Step 3: Locate the "Servo Sweep" example and change the servo connection port to port 13, as this is the available servo port on our Controller device.

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Step 4: Click the upload arrow in the top left corner and watch for your servo to start turning!

Step 5: Edit the delay to make your servo turn 270 degrees, then re-upload the code.

Step 6: Review the “for” loop and note how the variable “pos” increases from 1 to 270, and then returns to 0. This will be important as we move from using examples to creating our own code in the future.

BUILD See the steps below for inspiration on how make the breaker.

Step 1

Step 2

Step 4

Step 3

Step 5

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DISCOVER

Step 6

How fast can you make your servo motor turn? Decrease the pause in the code to see how much more quickly it can rotate to its programmed position.

CHALLENGE Use the building bricks to create a humanoid arm that hinges at the elbow and wrist using the motors.

TEST Go back to Measure Your Success and check the boxes. Does your project meet all the criteria and constraints?

SHARE AND IMPROVE

Design Strengths Suggestions for Improvement Take turns presenting solutions with another team. As you listen to the other team, consider which parts of their project effectively meet the goals. Offer constructive feedback on areas where they could improve. Record the feedback you receive.

Feedback Design Strengths

Suggested Improvements

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MATH AND SCIENCE CONNECTION 1. The servo motor can turn exactly 270 degrees. What is that value expressed in radians? Hint: Find the circumference of a ¾ circle with a radius of 1.

2. Label the radian measurement from question 1 on the number line.

3. To return to its original position of zero, the servo motor turns -270 degrees. What is that value expressed in radians? Find it and label it on the number line.

REFLECT

1. How could joint models help target SDG 3: better health and wellbeing?

Consider both the work of physical therapists and biomedical engineers in your response.

2. How might people in the career fields listed for this project also help contribute to the SDG Goal of Better Health and Well-Being?

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3. Self-reflect on your work on this project.

I can identify key parts of a problem to solve it effectively.

I can construct a prototype with wired components.

I can program my prototype to accomplish the challenge.

I can work with my team well to accomplish our goals.

Try to wire, build, and program the solution yourself. If you are having trouble, look at the images below for guidance.

SAMPLE SOLUTION The image below show an example of how to use the building bricks to create hinging elbow and wrist joints with the motors.

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WEIGHT MACHINE Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.

OBJECTIVES At the end of this activity the learner will be able to demonstrate an understanding of the following:

Next Generation Science Standards Energy HS-PS3-3 Design, build, and refine a device that works within given constraints to convert one form of energy into another form of energy.

Cambridge Science Science in Context 9SIC.02 Describe how science is applied across societies and industries, and in research.

ISTE Standards Global Collaborator 1.7.c. Contribute constructively to project teams, assuming various roles and responsibilities to work effectively toward a common goal.

Engineering Connection Build a model of a weight machine to help the elderly build muscle.

Common Core For Mathematics Linear, Quadratic, and Exponential Functions HSF.LE.B.5 Interpret the parameters in a linear or exponential function in terms of a context.

Cambridge Mathematics Integers, powers and roots 9Ni.01 Understand the difference rational and irrational numbers.

2

between

STEM Careers Connection This project includes tasks that reflect the work of professionals in the following careers: Physical therapist

3

Personal trainer

24