KUL 2015 Banjarmasin Design Investigations

WATER URBANISM

RIVER & ROAD AS WARP & WOOF Interweaving Ecologies and Economies in the deltaic Territory, Banjarmasin, Indonesia 2015 K.U.Leuven, Master of Human Settlements, Master of Urbanism and Strategic Planning

VOLUME 1_EXPLORATIONS VOLUME 2_DESIGN INVESTIGATIONS

Prof. Dr. Bruno De Meulder, Prof. Guido Geenen, Tom van Mieghem, Cynthia Susilo, Stefanie Dens

WATER URBANISM STUDIO 2015 STUDIO TEAM Guido Geenen, prof ir-arch KULeuven Tom Van Mieghem, arch Stefanie Dens, ir-arch SUPPORTING STUDIO TEAM Bruno De Meulder, prof dr ir-arch KULeuven, program director MaHS/MaUSP Cynthia Susilo, phd KULeuven Sari Aryani IN COOPERATION WITH UN-Habitat, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific The City of Banjarmasin, Indonesia YKKS/P5 UNDIP, Indonesia Arcadis MORE INFO ?

MAHS / MAUSP / EMU Master Programs Department ASRO, K.U.Leuven Kasteelpark Arenberg 1, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium Tel: + 32(0)16 321 391 Email: paulien.martens@kuleuven.be ISBN 978-94-6018-975-3 Wettelijk depot D/2015/7515/31 © Copyright by K.U.Leuven Without written permission of the promotors and the authors it is forbidden to reproduce or adapt in any form or by any means any part of this publication.

Requests for obtaining the right to reproduce or utilize parts of this publication should be addressed to K.U.Leuven, Faculty of Engineering – Kasteelpark Arenberg 1, B-3001 Heverlee (België). Telefoon +32-16-32 13 50 & Fax. +32-16-32 19 88.

A written permission of the promotor is also required to use the methods, products, schematics and programs described in this work for industrial or commercial use, and for submitting this publication in scientific contests.

All images in this booklet are, unless credits are given, made or drawn by the authors (Water Urbanism Studio Banjarmasin, 2015).

WATER URBANISM

RIVER & ROAD AS WARP & WOOF Interweaving Ecologies and Economies in the deltaic Territory, Banjarmasin, Indonesia 2015 K.U.Leuven, Master of Human Settlements, Master of Urbanism and Strategic Planning

VOLUME 1_EXPLORATIONS VOLUME 2_DESIGN INVESTIGATIONS

Prof. Dr. Bruno De Meulder, Prof. Guido Geenen, Tom van Mieghem, Cynthia Susilo, Stefanie Dens

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TABLE OF CONTENTS 1

diary of a studio

This introductional text gives an overview of the masterclass in Banjarmasin and the studio that continued in Leuven. It highlights on steps in the process, decisions that have been taken throughout the studio sessions, and gives a quick overview of the elaborated strategies and projects that grew out of the debates.

2

design investigations

Five strategies and key projects for Banjarbakula: Directed Wetlands Receptive Landscapes Adjusting the Regional Network Coloring the Polarized City Framing the Adhesive Green Armature

3

writings

As part of a diploma thesis, these writings research and critique on issues related to the developped designs, in similar or opposing contexts. These writings form a theoratical background, and an extended vision on the proposed strategies and designs.

5

DIARY OF A STUDIO

1_FEBRUARY FIELDWORK

Last February 15-26, 20 KULeuven Mahs-Mausp international students and 4 KULeuven staff members went on a fieldtrip to Indonesia, South Kalimantan, Banjarbakula, Banjarmasin. The invitation was by UN-Habitat, implementing the initiative “Making Urban Investment Planning Work� in partnership with the Directorate General of Human Settlements (DGHS) of the Ministry of Public Works. In Banjarmasin 17 Indonesian participants joined our students (City of Banjarmasin Government, South Kalimantan Province Government, University of Lambung Mangkurat, IAP South Kalimantan, University of Diponegoro, Ministry of Public Works and Housing, and Indonesian KUL Alumni). Partners for the event were UN-Habitat, YKKS/P5 UNDIP, Pemda Banjarmasin, Arcadis and KULeuven. The first results of this fieldwork-masterclass were presented during the CDS closing event in Java, Semarang 27-28 February.

Allow us to once more sincerely thank everybody who made this fieldwork-masterclass possible, and also to apologize again for adjusting the carefully prepared fieldtrip schedule and agenda last minute, for the sake of building a more thorough understanding of the region. The warm welcome, sound support, inspiring enthusiasm, fruitful collaboration and wonderful company have been amazing. We would especially like to thank UN-Habitat Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific and Bappeda Banjarmasin. And underline the very essential full preparation work and guidance of Nini Purwajati, Cynthia Susilo and Stefanie Dens.

Back in Leuven on Sunday 1st March sound and safe, no time to recuperate (except for unfortunate Tarek) from the hard labour. The day after, on Monday 2nd March, we summoned our students in the Water Urbanism Design Studio Banjarmasin, as we would do for the next consecutive 9 Mondays in a row (Easter holidays excluded). The Water Urbanism Design Studio would have the fieldwork as a start for Design Explorations by the 20 KULeuven Mahs-Mausp students. It is the summary of these Design Explorations we present in this booklet.

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2_MARCH CONCEPTS

Fieldwork groups (tissue, water, production and infrastructure) were reshuffled in 5 design groups of 4 students each, at the very beginning of the design studio: an iterative process since we desired one member of every field group in the design groups, and mixing nationalities.

The first weeks were to be divided in finalising the fieldwork in the booklet Explorations [1], and simultaneously setting up design issues derived from this fieldwork. Animated discussions started up as design group members brought along fieldwork issues they wanted to further investigate. And at the same time a large amount of more and less official plans and documents were analysed to build an understanding of all the challenges the Banjarmasin region would be facing in the near future. This information very often seemed uncertain, unclear or even conflictuous.

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Therefore the studio would switch constantly between design group discussions and discussions with the full studio group, in an attempt to define specific design issues that are complementary to each other, and could support each other in a joint effort for envisioning a future for the region. At times the studio was thus considered as a semi-professional research group questioning the challenges for the region and how to deal with them. Trying to mitigate between the understanding of the territory from a meticulous fieldwork and the governments policies and projections. Trying to mitigate also between a genuine appreciation of local traditions and habits, and the projected pressure of a globalizing economy.

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Soon it became obvious that it would be necessary to work not only in individual design groups, but also to work as one big group investigating a potential flexible spatial (landscape-) structure, derived from an understanding of the territory and preparing for a very uncertain future to come. From the very beginning of the design studio indeed, we received additional aspirations and expectations, and uncertain additional information, and this would go on during the full course of the studio.

Some of the most upsetting information being a (serious) study for moving the Indonesian capital to Kalimantan (Palangkaraya or Pangkalan Bun) during the next 20 yrs, the announcement of Russian and Japanese studies for train infrastructures in Kalimantan, or upgraded national food efficiency programmes. Thanks Cynthia Susilo and Aryani Sari Rahmanti for keeping us updated and for your translations!

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SUMBER : 1. Peta Rupa Bumi Indonesia, BIG Tahun 1999 2. Bappeda Kabupaten/Kota Tahun 2008 3. Bappeda Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan Tahun 2008 4. Dinas Kehutanan Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan

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[1] Water Urbanism, River & Road as Warp & Woof, Interweaving Ecologies and Economies in the deltaic Territory, Banjarmasin, Indonesia, VOLUME 1_EXPLORATIONS, 2015 KULeuven, Master of Human Settlements, Master of Urbanism and Strategic Planning. This booklet holds the studio topic, issues, and methodology, and the findings of the fielwork groups tissue, water, production and infrastructure. It holds the full list of participants and partners on the fieldwork-masterclass.

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In a very short notice, 5 design concepts were tested in a mid review jury.

Students prepared a design group analysis or statement, and formulated a draft design strategy. The statement maps are included in this booklet, while design strategies were further elaborated and refined during the second half of the design studio, and have replaced the first drafts.

1_Lost and Found_SCAPES / Time Earth Water_SCAPES 2_Reveiling Troubled Landscapes / Healing (the) Landscapes 3_Interplaying Flows / Shaping Mobilities mid review at KULeuven

4_Towards a Generic City? / Edge as Catalyst for Identity 5_Exploring the Diver(c)ity / Articulating R-Urbanity

We were very honoured with the interest of prof. Hari Wibisono who finally was not able to join the jury, and to receive prof. Sudaryono Sastrosasmito, Aryani Sari Rahmanti, Annelies Denijs, Yuri Gerrits, Matteo Motti, Julie Marin and of course prof. Bruno De Meulder as (guest) critics.

The jury took note of the presented fieldwork and commented the first concepts. We remember prof. Sudaryono’s involved comments on typologies (scales, history, community patterns) and the questioning of the uncontrolled development that comes along with the new infrastructure within the very sensitive settlement patterns. A vivid discussion took place related to the supposedly dramatically shifting conditions that would occur during the coming years. What is the time frame considered? If change must come, what kind of change, for whom? Same people in other spatial conditions or other people that may need other spaces and will do other activities? What kind of space or infrastructure will be needed? And what can this landscape bear? Isn’t the direct relation with the landscape alarmingly disappearing? This studio must take position!

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3_APRIL DESIGN EXPLORATIONS

Mid review critics and Easter holidays immediately after were obviously very inspiring!

Basic

A prelim on the v hydro a

Full group discussions multiplied, with or without the studio staff. A solid awareness of other design group’s aspirations grew, and design strategies started to leave room for each other and at the same time complement each other. The (attentive) reader will find elements of other design groups within the different projects. We consider this a true quality and an achievement of the studio as a whole.

Studio

Guido G Tom Van Stephanie & Studen 2015

Conte

1. Kalima Flood & U

Therefore we did an extra effort to summarize the different strategies and combine the students’ work in a single comprehensive map. It manifests a constructive ambition of us all to contribute to the debate, grateful for the invitation and the local support, and eager to make these efforts worthwhile.

2. Banjarb Landscap

3. Design

topography - the liquid territory of Banjarmasin

One vision explicitly triggered the interaction and reciprocity of design strategies: the ‘water’ design group came up with a very clear and sensitive strategy. It was as much innovative as it was pre-existing and thus conservative. A threefold strategy for runoff water (natural flow, activated drainage system, and enhanced storage capacity) combined with dealing with flood and saline intrusion pressures from SLR. It is based on a precision topography, and a solid understanding of existing water systems. At the time it felt like a breakthrough: a vision with excessive consequences! Therefore the water group did an extra effort to present this vision in an intermediate draft report, that we would try to double-check with water management experts. This did not really work out within the compelling time-schedule of the studio. The studio then decided to accept this vision as a structuring frame.

Flood & Underground Water Situation Source: BMKG Maps

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Legend High > > Risk of Flooding

> Low

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100 Km

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High > > Ground Water stress

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100 Km

> Low

The occurance of floods and relation to ground water highlights an interesting situation around the site of explorations within the region. for instances of floding some of the internal areas suffer flooding during peak rainy season, scuh as areas between banjarbaru and martapura. Similarly regions near the mouth of the river face the worst underground water conditions.

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4_MAY CONCLUSIONS 1 DIRECTED WETLANDS enhanced identities through a cyclic waterscape Indeed the water vision highlighted the very delicate areas that should stay free of any new urbanization and must give room to water.

1

2 RECEPTIVE LANDSCAPES successional transformation and recovery/open-ended absorption scenarios

2

Afforestation strategies (mangrove forests and foothill forests) strongly support this vision, while simultaneously inviting new economies (harbour related or manufacturing and food processing) as partners to help and apply these afforestation strategies. A Barito mangrove-harbour or harbour-mangrove? A foothill forest-city or city-forest? Time will tell.

A thorough understanding of production processes and soil conditions supports these strategies.

3 ADJUSTING THE REGIONAL NETWORK IN BANJARBAKULA activating the latent urban system

3

4

5

12

The ‘infrastructure’ group exactly needed these clarifications to adjust the infrastructural network to the expected and projected change. A clear hierarchy of the mobility network is implemented, reusing as much as possible of the existing or planned infrastructure and restricting the necessary new investments. It distinguishes the need (and probability) of public transport on a Kalimantan, regional and local scale. It recognizes the need of a long-term vision that can be gradually implemented. It understands the important role of raised infrastructural lines within the very low lying territory, as a strong tool to implement the envisioned water strategy. But basically this vision tries to build resilience against the purely speculative habit of developing every new road along its borders.

(Development thickens to the extent that the road gets saturated and must be replaced by the following, spreading sprawl all over the territory without a proper mobility flow.) The result is a clever positioning of infrastructural lines in line with the water vision and with the ‘receptive landscapes’.

Finally, this consolidated territorial landscape- and network-frame initiated an explicit vision on the relation of Banjarmasin and Banjarbaru(/ Martapura). The development pressure along this 30 km strip can be considered as the catalyst for the sprawl condition. Banjarmasin and Banjarbaru together tend to form a linear city. But this is happening in a flood prone territory with bad soil conditions: Gambut low lying area, swamp, space for water storage! The thickening of this development along

5_JUNE FINAL REVIEW

Jeneral Ahmed Yani (Transkalimantan road?) is furthermore congesting the major infrastructural spine, whereas extra room should be made for intercity (public) transport passing the Syamsudin Noor Airport.

Banjarmasin and Banjarbaru must be understood as clearly separate cities, with very different characteristics and very different future potential. At the same time they are closely related and dependant one another, in a delicate balance. They share the airport and drink water facilities, as they may share the future train station, water park, natural water purification systems and power supplies? Twin cities?

This studio was a fine journey! Thank you students for your enthusiasm and pro-activity! The combined plans and captions seem to make a coherent story! Overall gevernment policies are confronted with territorial realities. It would be great if some of the proposed strategies - either based on incomplete (traffic) counts during fieldwork, or developed more intuitively due to lack of correct numbers (waterflows) - could be evaluated with more precision? We are pleased to present this work to policymakers and stakeholders, hoping it helps to envision a possibly sustainable future for a region we have come to appreciate in very many ways!

4 BANJARMASIN_COLOURING THE POLARIZED CITY Banjarmasin - traditional river city - located at Barito River is the harbour city as ‘gateway to Kalimantan’. It sits delicately on the slightly raised riverbanks, surrounded by floodable (swamp) territory. It urgently needs to clarify protective strategies against flood risk and saline intrusion.

But some of the expected new development may be crucial to the region’s economy and should probably be absorbed here? The harbour is shifting towards the Java Sea, whereas universities and public amenities shift towards the Transkalimantan road and Barito Bridge in the north.

The traditional city quarters and Kampongs experience pressure from infrastructure and development. The typical harbour city at one side of the mighty river is everything but radio concentric, so it should not need a ring road. But the main city road is blocked by through-going traffic. And how can Banjarmasin cherish its water-based origin? The Banjarmasin group investigates potential new identities for the polarized city that are in line with its landscape (and waterscape) and with its territory.

5 BANJARBARU_FRAMING THE ADHESIVE GREEN ARMATURE Banjarbaru on the other hand sits (with Martapura) safely on the dry edge of the swamp at the foothills of the mountain range, as a slope city, and has good soil conditions. It has a history of distinct natural settlements and consecutive planned urbanism. Lately the provincial headquarters were founded here. But (the periphery of) Banjarbaru is sprawl-like and still holds a lot of potential for densification. Banjarbaru holds many identities.

Today it lacks cohesion and consistency and a clear urban structure.

Water run-offs from the higher grounds pierce through the tissue. The Banjarbaru group investigates the characteristic open (green) spaces around these water bodies as a potential adhesive structure, and as a necessary complement of the road network. A potential for Banjarbaru to receive new programmes and more housing, and to simultaneously gain urban qualities?

Leuven, July 2015 studio staff: Guido Geenen, Tom Van Mieghem and Stefanie Dens with the very much appreciated support of: Bruno De Meulder, Cynthia Susilo and Aryani Sari Rahmanti 13

Banjarmasin, the city of 1000 rivers, seen from the Martapura River

DESIGN INVESTIGATIONS

DIRECTED WETLANDS Enhanced identities through a cyclic landscape Spandan Das Quynh Nhu Le, Ashim Manna, Valentine Van den Eynde

Indeed the water vision highlighted the very delicate areas that should stay free of any new urbanization and must give room to water.

0

1

5 km

plan scale

mid review map: reading of the liquid territory of Banjarbakula

oct

Flooded areas

18

jan

may

Drought

aug

+0,5

+1

1250

2500 mm/year

Sea level rise and precipitation

+2m

Soil conditions

peat alfisols istosols

entisols ultisols inceptisols

STRATEGY - The idea is to manage water and landscape in such a way that it allows to provide space to extend for the city but also for the economic activities and most certainly for water itself. To reach those goals, the strategy is to connect people, green and water to form one common language.

The idea is to boost a compact development north-south of the cities in order to reinforce their own and distinct identities and to preserve a natural protected area between the two urbanized zones. This way we can direct water through this corridor instead of to the cities and re-organise productive landscape and waterscape.

Taking time into account, the strategy is to reinforce drainage and storage of excessive water during the wet season while increasing flows and irrigations during the dry season to ensure production, life and security.

Flood

Drought

Forest

Peat Soil

Productive wetland

Urbanisation

Understanding the territory: conditions on Sout Kalimantan scale

+0,5 +1 mining

Infiltration levels

+2m

crop agricult grass

1950 1985 2010

Deforestation

prod. wetland forest wood production urbanisation

Land use

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0

1

5 km

plan scale

Strategic project for Banjarbakulas water management

The approach is to create a blue corridor between the cities to give a path to the excessive water from the foothills down to the sea and to reduce pressure on Martapura river and Banjarmasin. The city becomes an island using infrastructure like dikes and doors letting the water cross or blocking it following the needs. Coming from the foothills water has different itineraries to join the sea without flooding Banjarmasin: an almost completely man-made and controlled system in the north with the polders and canals network, a mostly controlled system through Martapura river and Banjarmasin city, an almost not controlled and natural system in the south through the creek landscape.

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Taking time into account, the strategy is to reinforce drainage and storage of excessive water during the wet season while increasing flows and irrigations during the dry season to ensure production, life and security.

Looking at the territory, its landscape and its landuse, we can develop alternative ways of interpreting it. It is crucial to consider the existing situations and recognise its potentials.

Water is more than streams. It becomes a resource, part of the public realm, supporting activities according to each landscape types and to seasonal landscapes. But the quantity and quality of water can easily become a massive issue if not handled properly. Looking

at the landscape with the intermediate scale allows to answer both large issues and specifi c needs and conditions. This way the landscape is shaped based on a multiscale approach both from a stakeholder’s point of view and from a landscape and development one.

PHASE 1

PHASE 2

The development plan of Banjarbakula is mainly in line with the presented strategies.

Whereas industries and unified urbanized area are not part of the strategies, several actions are similar (forest, peat, mangroves, fisheries, ...)

The crucial points are developed in order to manage the main water issues while protecting the cities and redirecting the flows.

PHASE 3

PHASE 4

Lines are reinforced while offering more specified opportunities to middle scale stakeholders in order to intensify the potential of the region.

Small scale appropriations of the new landscape and waterscape are implemented, collecting the benefits and multiplying stakeholders in a more individual scale.

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1 2 3

4

Strategies at a Regional scale: Banjarbakula water management, plan and section

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FOREST

CHECK DAM SYSTEM

FOREST

VILLAGES RIVER

URBAN AREA

supporting economic local productions.

Section 1 “The Productive and Protective Forest”

FISH PONDS

CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS & WATER CLEANING SYSTEM

ORCHARDS & PADDIES

ORCHARDS & PADDIES

URBAN AREA

Section 2 “The Agricultural Terrace”

PEAT FOREST

CONSTRUCTED WETLAND

In the foothills, the protective and productive forest is reinforced to keep water longer. Using small scale check-dams the water is slowed down, favouring infiltration, recharging the aquifer and protecting topography from erosion while

WATER RESERVOIR

The wetland is associated with cleansing systems, storage areas and intensive productive landscapes that defines the transition between the city and the wetland.

The waters of Banjarbaru are collected to be cleaned in a park mixed with orchards before joining the wetland.

After the wetland, the water passes through a cleansing waterpark forest before joining a storage area. Forest and storage are located in productive peat forest in order to take advantage of the high retention capacity of peat soil while protecting the region of ground fires in dry season.

AGRO PARK

Section 3 “The Cleaning Water Park Forest”

CREEK SYSTEM

SPONGE FOREST

AGRICULTURE (PADDY)

Section 4 “The Creeks System”

FISH POND

AGRICULTURE (PADDY)

FISH POND

FISH POND

AGRICULTURE (PADDY)

PEAT FOREST

The creek system acts as a sponge. Coming from the sea, a productive mangrove forest aims to become a buffer zone, consolidating the river bank and reducing saline intrusion. Natural landscape and man-made irrigation meet in a system of ponds and islands by profiling the topography to increase the productivity and protect ecosystems.

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RECEPTIVE LANDSCAPES Succesional Transformation and Recovery Marion Mukolwe, Sadia Subrina, Michael Stas, Joyce Stijnen

Afforestation strategies (mangrove forests and foothill forests) strongly support this vision, while simultaneously inviting new economies (harbour related or manufacturing and food processing) as partners to help and apply these afforestation strategies. A Barito mangrove-harbour or harbour-mangrove? A foothill forest-city or city-forest? Time will tell.

A thorough understanding of production processes and soil conditions supports these strategies.

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0 plan scale

mid review map: a reading of threatened landscapes

READING - The map diagnoses the conflicts in the landscapes under threat especially if the current trend of land use was to continue.

Troubled landscapes are an expression of the evolution of time in ever increasing development and the search for better livelihoods. The threat increases with the passage of time spent in the same trends. Excavations and mines will expand, ecosystems will continue to shrink 26

and plantations will fight forests for space. The contradiction is landscapes that have been heavily invested in but have not met their full potential. The level of irreversible damage is fast approaching requiring a strategic that takes into account the communities living in the region, the resources and the time factor.

1

5 km

0

1

5 km

plan scale

STRATEGY - Diverse landscapes are under threat by the current use of land and the demand for absorbing the new. The level of irreversible damage is fast approaching; requiring a strategy that frames a balanced, systematic transformation and recovery. By

taking advantage of the existing conditions of each landscape a feasible groundwork for the future is shaped. This project focuses on the mangrove and mining landscapes because of their strategic location within diverse conflicting edges in the area and their capacity to receive

the new along with enhancing the ecology.

We consider three scales of transformation within a timeframe of fifteen years that shows a scenario, an open ended story for an uncertain future.

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Two territories; mangroves and mines, in transformation are holding the capacity to absorb and receive the new. A strategic plan gives way to different possible scenario’s: Ecologically driven, development driven and a balanced scenario of the two previous. The strategies for transformation are to rebuild mangroves on the river edge and to do reforestation in the foot hills. These strategies are projected in different phases with small steps of interventions. The mines are exceptional landscapes that gives space for production, flood protection, facilities and services for future growth, ... while the mangroves provide room for new economies and reestablished ecologies.

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A place for ‘the new’ ?

Landscapes that can absorb

existing:

Banjarmasin + Banjarbaru

new urban entity:

Mine landscape

Current estimate populaton new urban and port

Mangrove landscape

Current estimate populaton

= 140, 02 sq km = 933.933 persons = 126,00 sq km = 840.420 persons = 30 000 persons

density Banjarmasin: 6670 pers / sq km

= 21,14 sq km = 141.003 persons = 8000 persons

Edge Dynamics as starting point

Mangrove and productive landscape Banjabaru City, the mines the swamp and the plantations The tropical forest and plantations

29

MANGROVES

Mangroves MINES

RECEPTIVE LANDSCAPES - matrix showing 3 scales of transformations within a timeframe of 15 years

30

CONTEXT AND SUCCESIONAL GROWTH

2015

2020

2025

2030

31

MINES ( part 2)

RECEPTIVE LANDSCAPES - matrix showing 3 scales of transformations within a timeframe of 15 years

32

CONTEXT AND SUCCESIONAL GROWTH

2015

2020

2025

2030

33

Interplay of Mangrove and Port

Legend

Ecological driven scenario Ecology as a frame to absorb the new

Protection System

Avicennia pioneer, saline tolerant

Bruguiera inner mangrove, saline tolerant

Port Framework: Safeguarding space

Development driven scenario Transport and social infrastructure

Mangrove + coconut structure

Ceriops inner mangrove, saline tolerant

Euphorbiaceae

brackish areas, sunny position

Optimum Growth

Dredged waste into new land

Nypa Fructicans shore protection, sunny

Cocos Nucifera inner mangrove, protection

From scars to Identities

Port as clearances in the mangrove forest, structured by waterways and vegetation

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Aquaculture intertwined with mangroves forming a productive dyke

Port and mangrove as interweaving river bank protection Mangrove as protective and productive dykes

0

1

5 km

Mines as structuring voids for the new

settlements

settlements

Legend

industry university campus dense park edge flood protection

settlements

industry

settlements

university campus dense park

industry

flood protection swamp

detension swamp reservoir

food production

edge

bigindigenous galam amenities forest restoration

dense park edge

food galam production

edge foothill commercial - riverbed hub

swamp

indigenous forest restoration

social centers

galam

commercial hub

repairian corridor

industry university campus dense park flood edge protection detension reservoir swamp food big production amenities indigenous galam forest

edge foothill restoration - riverbed commercial social hub centers

Ecological driven scenario Ecology as a frame to absorb the new

university campus

detension reservoir

flood detension protection reservoir

big amenities

food big production amenities

edge foothill - riverbed

Adapting new social topography

indigenous forest edge foothill restoration - riverbed

centers

commercial social hub centers

repairian corridor

Development driven scenario Transport and social infrastructure

High density + student housing typologies as border/threshhold

Water as swamp protection

Optimum Growth

Planting patterns as future definition

0

1

riparian

5 km

repairian corridor

repairian corridor

Anisoptera (Mersawa) along riverbanks

Eusideroxylon zwageri (Ulin) well drained soil along river

Sapindaceae (Rambutan) well drained soil, rich organic matter

Ficus

pioneer, grows on rocky soils

Hevea brasiliensis (Rubber) well drained, weathered soil

Melaleuca cajuputi (Gelam) peaty loam, coastal swamp forest

From scars to Identities

Mine as space for large amenities

Excavation mines as public space and mixed-use hubs

University campus and football stadium as objects in a water purifying park

New settlements, industries and commerce

Topography as a border and oppurtunity: University campus and football stadium as objects in a water purifying park Mines as commercial hubs: from tree nurseries and plantations to productive forest market

35

ADJUSTING THE REGIONAL NETWORK Activating the latent Urban System Baidya Emerald Upoma, Bosmans Claire, Matton Isabelle, Tran Trung Vinh

The ‘infrastructure’ group exactly needed these clarifications to adjust the infrastructural network to the expected and projected change. A clear hierarchy of the mobility network is implemented, reusing as much as possible of the existing or planned infrastructure and restricting the necessary new investments. It distinguishes the need (and probability) of public transport on a Kalimantan, regional and local scale. It recognizes the need of a long-term vision that can be gradually implemented. It understands the important role of raised infrastructural lines within the very low lying territory, as a strong tool to implement the envisioned water strategy. But basically this vision tries to build resilience against the purely speculative habit of developing every new road along its borders.

(Development thickens to the extent that the road gets saturated and must be replaced by the following, spreading sprawl all over the territory without a proper mobility flow.) The result is a clever positioning of infrastructural lines in line with the water vision and with the ‘receptive landscapes’.

Banjarmasin and Banjarbaru must be understood as clearly separate cities, with very different characteristics and very different future potential. At the same time they are closely related and dependant one another, in a delicate balance. They share the airport and drink water facilities, as they may share the future train station, water park, natural water purification systems and power supplies? Twin cities?

+7m

canal 12m

road 6m

AA - Martapura Lama

+7m canal 5m

BB

road 6m

BB - North Transkalimantan Road

AA

+27m road 12m

CC - Ahmed Yani Road - Banjarbaru

EE

+8m

DD

road 12m

FF

DD - Regional Road

CC

GG +7m canal 3m

right of way 30m

canal 3m

EE - Ahmed Yani Road - Banjarmasin

+10m right of way 18m

FF - Landscape line - Banjarbaru

+5m

0 plan scale

1

right of way 28m

5 km

Planned new satellite cities

GG - Industrial Corridor 0 sections scale

mid review map: a reading of the current infrastructure lines and their section

READING of INTERPLAYING FLOWS The analysis highlights an urban structure linking two cities, made by only one axis: the A. Yani road, single symbol of modernity. A systematic sprawl characterizes the recent urban developments replacing productive landscapes all around the city. Up to now, ring roads and new satellite cities are the weak planned alternatives to the street-city system.

Peoples flow - road based

How can infrastructures and mobility guide the urban growth, while preserving the landscape features of the environment?

Products flow - road based

38

4

20 m

ONGOING - The way infrastructure is currently produced in the Banjar Bakula region and in Kalimantan has oversimplified the role of ecology and underplays the social aspect of urban infrastructure by an extreme reliance on efficiency.

Being at a turning point in the region development, it is the occasion and the necessity to think about territories in another way, more in terms of quality and character.

734 vehicles/hour 6128 vehicles/hour

* counting realized during the fieldwork, during peak hours

BANJAR BAKULA - Ongoing infrastructure developement

Borneo - Transkalimantan road and railway project

39

TOOLBOX

Legend strategy map

0 plan scale

a strategy on the regional scale

Toolbox to upgrade the local network

40

1

5 km

1. REGIONAL SCALE AA’

Legend regional map

BB’ DD’

Legend urban map

a REGIONAL network for Banjar Bakula

AA’ Transkalimantan North

REGIONAL BUS + TRAIN - Adjustment + New network 5 to 10 km radius - 5 stops

Through strategic interventions (cut, add, profile) we adjust a n ongoing situation, clearing out a double system, along with its tasks, qualities and rhythms, always keeping in mind the waterscape as backgroung for any decision.

The new network are thought to prepare for new developments, either urban or regional, opening up alternatives to a current overcrowded street-city system.

BB’ Transkalimantan Road + Urban Line / waterscape

DD’ - Transkalimantan / New line

41

2. URBAN SCALE

EE’

CC’

BB’

FF’

0

an URBAN network for the twin cities of Banjarmasin and Banjarbaru

1

5 km

plan scale

ee’ - Ring road / Banjarmasin

LOCAL BUS - Improvement of existing network Integrated - 300 m radius - no formal stop

cc’ - A. Yani / Banjarmasin

FAST BUS (BRT) - New network Separated line - 1 km radius - 30 stops

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FF’

Intermodal node - phase 1 - design for the meeting between systems

Banjarmasin / Along the historic canals - public space & local public transportation

Intermodal node - phase 2 - ready for the train to come

Banjarmasin / Banjarbaru/ A. Yani - public space, drainage & fast bus line - preparing for density

Banjarmasin / Along the main rivers - public transportation Hybrid terminal, preparing for new major urban functions

43

COLORING THE POLARIZED CITY Kathleen De Beukelaer, Saima Musharrat, Hanne Van Gils, Amaranta Vargas Mendoza

Banjarmasin - traditional river city - located at Barito River is the harbour city as ‘gateway to Kalimantan’. It sits delicately on the slightly raised riverbanks, surrounded by floodable (swamp) territory. It urgently needs to clarify protective strategies against flood risk and saline intrusion.

But some of the expected new development may be crucial to the region’s economy and should probably be absorbed here? The harbour is shifting towards the Java Sea, whereas universities and public amenities shift towards the Transkalimantan road and Barito Bridge in the north.

The traditional city quarters and Kampongs experience pressure from infrastructure and development. The typical harbour city at one side of the mighty river is everything but radio concentric, so it should not need a ring road. But the main city road is blocked by through-going traffic. And how can Banjarmasin cherish its water-based origin? The Banjarmasin group investigates potential new identities for the polarized city that are in line with its landscape (and waterscape) and with its territory.

Reading of Banjarmasin

Banjarmasin is a key city that will grow rapidly. In order for the predicted doubling of population to take place, the growth model of the city needs to be closer looked at. Following the current trend, the edge of the city forms the first layer of possible urbanisation. As this 46

already causes some difficulties for the waterbased landscape, the question arised how this growth can take place differently. On top, it can be even stated how the new development can improve the old. Shifting from a concentric model towards a polycentric constellation, the

city will regain present identities including both present conditions as well as additional inputs.

By shaping a clear urban figure and proffer a toolbox of actions, a transformation of the city will occur.

CURRENT FUCTIONS

CENTRAL MOSQUE

RIVERFRONT KAMPUNG

SOLID OBJECTS

URBAN TISSUE

NEW DEVELOPMENT

FROM CONCENTRIC TO POLYCENTRIC GROWTH Banjarmasin is a key city in the Banjarbakula region, framed all around by water. It is founded on the highest spot in which multiple rivers collide, resulting in a traditionally highly-water based growth. Nowadays, the city expanded between the rivers and is moving more and more within its edge. De-attached new developments and generic implementations as ring roads, reinforce this landscape-ignoring evolution. At first glance, the edge of the city forms an important area of tension as it will be the first new layer to be urbanised

commercial market education

industry terminal

health offices public services

tissue edge of 5m topogrphy line proposed ring roads focus zones CDS profile

Existing conditions

Looking towards the edge

Two pending questions arise: How will the city grow further? How can the new improve the old?

region

We distinguish multiple potentials and lingering identities at hand. Reinforcing this results in a shift from a concentric growth model towards a polycentric city. city

city

city

city

How the new can inforce the old

Colors of identity

47

REINFORCING THE INTERMEDIATE SCALE Each district will base itself on its specificity in order to induce change, created by a strong urban figure that symbolises the system of transformation. On the highest scale, it starts to question the collaboration of city, the 48

developers and the (future) inhabitants. In order to invest in the poly centre, all of them will have to place themselves in a set of rules.

Zooming in, the specificity of each district, will come into place. Today, various spatial conditions are present and have the possibility

to recalibrate the new urban system resulting in a new spatial figure with more pronounced hierarchy of these conditions. All together, this results in various spatial scenario’s on site, which also include the social dimension of each poly centre.

As the waterbody in between Banjarmasin and Banjarbaru will clearly divide the two cities, Banjarmasin will have to opportunity to be more explicit framed. The multiple centres allow to pursue the lingering identities present in the current condition. By directing the growth of the city towards these nodes, it allows the city to preserve its productive and water-regulating landscape in between or even be strenghtened waterscapes as wetlands. The specificity of each polycentre will be brought to the surface, resulting in various strategies.

Covering the different designs, each searches for connections within the spatial as well as the programatic and social relations. A new urban system colours this transformation towards a polorized city.

REDIRECTING OF FUNCTIONS

SPECIFICITY

commercial market education

health offices public services

industry terminal

?

REGIONAL

$

city

developer

inhabitants GAME RULES general

CITY new typology

urban functions

potential growth

connectivity

public space

ecologic infrastructure

specific

new spatial figure

present spatial conditions

DISTRICT

SITES

spatial scenario

social

A CORE AND ITS DISTRICT - Each poly centre aims to create a higher quality of urbanity. It consist out of one or two cores within a certain district or influential zone where within these facets have their own implementation.

TOOLBOX OF ACTIONS - Depending on the scale and its corresponding actor, a toolbox of actions guides the new development. According to different categories, multiple strategies are stated.

49

50 markets

$ wetland systyem

CBD offices

big shops along road

public transport

public transport water-based

productive landscape

forest

CONNECTING CENTRE markets

research centre

small scale industry

green corridor

public transport

urban shops along platforms road water-based

$

riverfrond

orchards

upgrated growth

terminal

mangroves

large scale industries

Each polycentre has a clear hierarchy $ $ of lines that create a new frame for each district. To enhance the identity, various spatial elements or programs are implemented.

new development

productive landscape

connectivity

recreational functions

water-based

A SYSTEM OF URBAN FIGURES -

+ 25 000 p.

GREENED INDUSTRY

$ $ $

$

+ 150 000 p. + 25 000 p.

LIVING WITH THE GREEN REINFORCING THE TRADITIONAL

$ $

SEQUENCING URBANITY + 250 000 p.

LIVING WITH THE GREEN

REINFORCING THE TRADITIONAL

SEQUENCING URBANITY

The Trans-Kalimantan road forms the catalyst for the Northern part of the city. It holds the potential for having new typologies and being charged with urban elements. Bordered by an orchard system, the starting point is the green. The design strategy is to bring balance between the upcoming settlements and existing green. Taking the design toolbox as checkbox, the new developments are to add the improved living qualities that the city is missing. By connecting the voids with a green corridor and transforming them into platforms for large-scale functions, i.e research centre, university, commerce, park etc; the strategy tries to break the current mono-functionality of the area and giving it an identity which is more than only living.

Being the oldest road since the birth of Banjarmasin, the Martapura Lama holds great historical significance, including the commercial character. The challenge is thus to create conditions that would strengthen the traditional attributes of river settlements as well as creating new points of opportunities. In regional scale, this area lies in an important crossroad that can purify and retain the upstream water in a natural way before entering the city. Specific design strategies like connecting the water lines, upscaling small-scale industries and creating eco-tourism and recreational facilities provide for the future. All these, naturally, can be connected by introducing public water transport and reprofiling the existing road. By sharing common platforms of facilities, the new can meet the old while building an image of traditional, cultural and artisanal identity.

As one of the main links between Banjarmasin and Banjarbaru, A.Yani road has gone through great transformation in recent years, which is mostly turning the buildings’ front facade towards the road into linear and dense commercial corridor. This has often been done by razing the first layers of dwelling and blocking the water. As a challenge, this road asks for creating beneficial choices for living and working by taking advantage of the existing landfill and references from landscape.

Our design strategy gives orientation to the spaces by equipping the road with public transport, generating secondary connections by strategically replacing bridges and making space for public facilities. Using the existing cross roads and water lines, micro worlds are created, while the landscape keeps flowing through. Layers of zoning redefine the spatial hierarchy providing options for a healthy urban mix.

51

5. FRAMING THE ADHESIVE GREEN ARMATURE Xxxx

FRAMING THE ADHESIVE GREEN ARMATURE Eleni Kasselouri, Danny Andres Osorio Gaviria, Sheeba Amir, Tarek Morad

Banjarbaru on the other hand sits (with Martapura) safely on the dry edge of the swamp at the foothills of the mountain range, as a slope city, and has good soil conditions. It has a history of distinct natural settlements and consecutive planned urbanism. Lately the provincial headquarters were founded here. But (the periphery of) Banjarbaru is sprawl-like and still holds a lot of potential for densification. Banjarbaru holds many identities.

Today it lacks cohesion and consistency and a clear urban structure.

Water run-offs from the higher grounds pierce through the tissue. The Banjarbaru group investigates the characteristic open (green) spaces around these water bodies as a potential adhesive structure, and as a necessary complement of the road network. A potential for Banjarbaru to receive new programmes and more housing, and to simultaneously gain urban qualities?

a STRATEGY for banjarbaru, lying on the outskirts of the mountains

1900

1970

URBAN GROWTH ALONG WATER AND INFRASTRUCTURE

A gradient of R-urbanity in the existing and emerging centers that drive urbanization

54

2010

FRAMING THE ARMATURE

ADHESIVE

GREEN

The existing green flows inside the city of Banjarbaru are currently part of a fragmented and dispersed urbanity, or being suppressed from the expanding urban tissue. The hidden potential of these flows is crucial for the new city, as they can constitute the new public spaces for the dense structure. Reversing polarity from negative to positive, they create ecological corridors that work together with the drainage system, while at the same time, connecting to the waterscape. In the framework of a compact but porous city, the green flows have a crucial role.

5 Minutes Walking Circle

Mosques

Ridges and Valleys_ sub-watersheds and saddles

Various Amenities

Infrastructure

0

.5

1

2 km

Amenities concentration along Ahmad Yani_ the civic spine of Banjarbaru

The relation of high land and low land

55

LEGEND urban green

natural

green,

high

productive green

Interwaving with the existing civic spine, the green armature constitutes a growing structure for the emerging city. Higher density and multiple new functions come along with the natural ecosystem. The green lines are formed by different green qualities; urban green, productive green, natural green and wetland green come together producing a variety of public spaces. The green lines are incorporating multiple scales and structure the territory for the ongoing urbanization process.

56

social forestry

low vegetation

continuity of green system

Agro-city_ Densify as a strategy to protect the productive landscape

Green boulevards upgrading the airport-city

Open public space_ the center of the emerging city

m

57

Banjarmasin, the city of 1000 rivers, seen from the Martapura River

WRITINGS

PARTNERS & STUDENTS

PARTNERS

K.U.LEUVEN STUDENTS

UN-HABITAT Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific

KULeuven Participants Sheeba Amir Claire Bosmans Spandan Das Kathleen De Beukelaer Eleni Kasselouri Quynh Nhu Le Ashim Manna Isabelle Matton Amaranta Vargas Mendoza Tarek Morad Marion Mukolwe Saima Musharrat Danny Osorio MichaĂŤl Stas Joyce Stijnen Sadia Subrina Trung Vinh Tran Emerald Upoma Baidya Hanne Van Gils Valentine Van den Eynde

Bruno Dercon Nini Purwajati Agung Ramadhan YKKS/P5 UNDIP

Holi Bina Wijaya Achmad Rifai Indra Hadi PEMDA BANJARMASIN

Fajar Desira Windiasti Kartika & team K.U. LEUVEN

Bruno de Meulder Guido Geenen Tom Van Mieghem Cynthia Susilo Stefanie Dens Sari Aryani ARCADIS

Bert Smolders David Osorio Robert Titus Alex Brook Fransisco Bernadeth Nuri

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61

Banjarmasin, Indonesia

RIVER & ROAD AS WARP & WOOF Interweaving Ecologies and Economies in the deltaic Territory, Banjarmasin, Indonesia volume 2 : design investigations.

Banjarmasin had a population of 625 000 in 2010 and is moving fastly towards the one million inhabitants. The city is laced with floodprone waterways, influenced by the ebb tide of the Java Sea. At a certain moment it counted more then hundred canals, creeks and riverways. Following this contemporary pace of development, the existing city and its lowlying flood prone periphery are being overlaid with a new scale of urban fabric and programs. New infrastructures and allotments adequately canalize development but, in general, and in so the Studio aims to explore ( and simultaneously test) in strategic projects development visions for Banjarmasin that could guide its sustainable development in spatial and socioeconomic and cultural terms.

MaHS, MaUSP Spring Design Studio 2015 Leuven, Belgium