Download Fusion reactor design: plasma physics, fuel cycle system, operation and maintenance 1st edi

Full download ebook at ebookmass.com

Fusion Reactor Design: Plasma Physics, Fuel Cycle System, Operation and Maintenance 1st Edition Takashi Okazaki https://ebookmass.com/product/fusion-reactor-design-plasmaphysics-fuel-cycle-system-operation-and-maintenance-1stedition-takashi-okazaki/

OR CLICK BUTTON DOWLOAD EBOOK

Download more ebook from https://ebookmass.com

More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant download maybe you interests ...

Introduction to Plasma Physics 1st Edition Gerard Belmont

https://ebookmass.com/product/introduction-to-plasma-physics-1stedition-gerard-belmont/

Nuclear reactor physics and engineering Lee

https://ebookmass.com/product/nuclear-reactor-physics-andengineering-lee/

Nuclear Reactor Physics and Engineering John C. Lee

https://ebookmass.com/product/nuclear-reactor-physics-andengineering-john-c-lee/

Desalination Technologies: Design and Operation 1st Edition Iqbal M. Mujtaba

https://ebookmass.com/product/desalination-technologies-designand-operation-1st-edition-iqbal-m-mujtaba/

Power System Operation, Utilization, and Control John Fuller

https://ebookmass.com/product/power-system-operation-utilizationand-control-john-fuller/

Fundamentals of Magnetic Thermonuclear Reactor Design Filatov

https://ebookmass.com/product/fundamentals-of-magneticthermonuclear-reactor-design-filatov/

Bioprocess Engineering. Kinetics, Sustainability, and Reactor Design 2nd Edition Shijie Liu

https://ebookmass.com/product/bioprocess-engineering-kineticssustainability-and-reactor-design-2nd-edition-shijie-liu/

Bioprocess Engineering: Kinetics, Sustainability, and Reactor Design 3rd Edition Shijie Liu

https://ebookmass.com/product/bioprocess-engineering-kineticssustainability-and-reactor-design-3rd-edition-shijie-liu/

Sports Fields: Design, Construction, and Maintenance 3rd Edition James C. Puhalla

https://ebookmass.com/product/sports-fields-design-constructionand-maintenance-3rd-edition-james-c-puhalla/

Fusion Reactor Design

Fusion Reactor Design Plasma Physics, Fuel Cycle System, Operation and Maintenance

Takashi Okazaki

Author Dr. Takashi Okazaki

2660-29 Mawatari Hitachinaka-shi 312-0012 Ibaraki Japan Cover Design: Wiley Cover Image: © dani3315/iStock/Getty Images

All books published by WILEY-VCH are carefully produced. Nevertheless, authors, editors, and publisher do not warrant the information contained in these books, including this book, to be free of errors. Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements, data, illustrations, procedural details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate.

Library of Congress Card No.: applied for British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A

catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche

Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at <http://dnb.d-nb.de>. © 2022 WILEY-VCH GmbH, Boschstr. 12, 69469 Weinheim, Germany All rights reserved (including those of translation into other languages). No part of this book may be reproduced in any form – by photoprinting, microfilm, or any other means – nor transmitted or translated into a machine language without written permission from the publishers. Registered names, trademarks, etc. used in this book, even when not specifically marked as such, are not to be considered unprotected by law.

Print ISBN: 978-3-527-41403-1 ePDF ISBN: 978-3-527-83292-7 ePub ISBN: 978-3-527-83294-1 oBook ISBN: 978-3-527-83293-4 Typesetting Straive, Chennai, India Printing and Binding

Printed on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

v

Contents Preface xxv 1 1.1 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.2 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.3 1.3.1 1.3.1.1 1.3.1.2 1.3.2

Characteristics of the Fusion Reactor 1 The Fusion Reactor as an Energy Source 1 Trends in World Energy Consumption 1 Energy Classification 1 Nuclear Fusion Power Generation 2 Nuclear Fusion Reaction 3 Nuclear Reaction Used in the Fusion Reactor 3 Cross Section of the Fusion Reaction 4 Fusion Reaction Rate 5 Plasma Confinement Concept 7 Magnetic Confinement 7 Linear System (Open-End System) 7 Toroidal System 9 Inertial Confinement 13 References 15

2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.4 2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3 2.5 2.5.1 2.5.2 2.5.3

Basis of the Fusion Reactor 17 Power Flow 17 Fusion Reactor Structure 19 Power Generation Conditions of the Fusion Reactor 20 Power Flow of the Power Plant 20 Plant Efficiency 21 Fuel Supply Scenario 22 Core Plasma Conditions 22 Break-Even Condition and Self-Ignition Condition 22 Lawson Criterion 22 Typical Reactor Concepts 24 Requirements of Plasma in the Fusion Reactor 24 Fusion Triple Product 25 β Value 25 Current Drive Efficiency 25

vi

Contents

2.6 2.6.1 2.6.2 2.6.3 2.7 2.7.1 2.7.2 2.7.3

Operation Scenario 26 Pulse Operation 26 Quasi-steady-state Operation 27 Steady-state Operation 28 Stepwise Development Research of the Fusion Reactor 28 Experimental Reactor 29 Prototype Reactor 29 Demonstration Reactor/Commercial Reactor 29 References 29

3 3.1 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4 3.2.5 3.3 3.3.1 3.3.1.1 3.3.1.2 3.3.1.3 3.3.1.4 3.3.1.5 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.8.1 3.8.1.1 3.8.1.2 3.8.1.3 3.8.1.4 3.8.2 3.9 3.9.1 3.9.2

Basics of Plasma Analysis 31 Boltzmann Equation 31 Plasma Analysis 32 Velocity Information 33 Nonlinear Effects 33 External Electromagnetic Field 33 Numerical Simulation 33 Main Plasma Theories 33 Magnetohydrodynamic Equation 35 Macroscopic Physical Quantity 35 Momentum Flow Tensor P(r, t) 36 Pressure Tensor p(r, t) 36 Energy Density 𝜀(r, t) 36 Internal Energy Density U(r, t) 36 Energy Flux Vector Q(r, t) 36 Particle Number Conservation Law (Equation of Continuity) 37 Momentum Conservation Law 38 Energy Conservation Law 39 Kinetic Equation 39 Linearized Kinetic Analysis (One Dimension) 41 Linearized Kinetic Analysis (Three Dimensions) 43 Quasi-Linear Theory 46 Turbulence Theory 49 Weak Turbulence Theory 49 Wave–Particle Interaction 51 Wave–Wave (3 Waves) Interaction 52 Nonlinear Wave–Particle Interaction 52 Wave–Wave (4 Waves) Interaction 52 Strong Turbulence Theory 53 Neutron Transport Analysis 53 Transport Equation 53 Interaction Between Neutrons and Materials 54 References 55

Contents

4 4.1 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.1.3 4.1.4 4.2 4.2.1 4.2.1.1 4.2.1.2 4.2.1.3 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.2.4 4.3 4.4 4.4.1 4.4.2 4.4.3 4.5 4.6 4.6.1 4.6.2 4.6.3 4.7 4.7.1 4.7.1.1 4.7.1.2 4.7.1.3 4.7.1.4 4.7.1.5 4.7.2 4.7.2.1 4.7.2.2 4.7.2.3 4.7.2.4 4.8 4.8.1 4.8.2 4.8.3 4.8.4 4.9 4.9.1 4.9.2

Plasma Equilibrium and Stability 57 Plasma Equilibrium 57 Plasma Pressure 57 Equilibrium Equation 59 Tokamak Equilibrium 61 Plasma Cross Section 63 MHD Stability 64 Energy Principle 64 MHD Equation 64 Linearized Ideal MHD Equation 66 Energy Principle 67 Energy Integral 68 MHD Instability 69 MHD Mode and Resonant Surface 69 Plasma Positional Instability 71 Kink Instability 74 Characteristics 74 Dispersion Relation 74 Stabilization Method 76 Interchange Instability 77 Ballooning Instability 78 Characteristics 78 Energy Integral 79 Stabilization Method 81 Resistive Instability 82 Tearing Mode 83 Characteristics 83 Basic Equations 84 Magnetic Island Width 85 Magnetic Island Evolution Equation 86 Stabilization Method 88 Neoclassical Tearing Mode 88 Characteristics 88 Difference in the Logarithmic Derivative Due to Bootstrap Current Magnetic Island Evolution Equation 89 Stabilization Method 89 Drift Instability 90 Density Gradient 90 Density Gradient and Temperature Gradient 90 Resistive Drift Mode 92 Influence of Drift Wave on Plasma Transport 95 Resistive Wall Instability 96 Characteristics 96 Stabilization Method 97

89

vii

viii

Contents

4.10 4.10.1 4.10.1.1 4.10.1.2 4.10.1.3 4.10.2 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14

Instability Due to High Energy Particles 98 Alfvén Eigenmode 98 Characteristics 98 Dispersion Relation 99 Instability Condition and Stabilization Method 100 Fishbone Oscillation 102 Sawtooth Oscillation 102 Edge Localized Mode 102 Locked Mode 103 Future Challenges 103 Appendix 4A 103 Appendix 4B 107 References 111

5 5.1 5.2 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.2.1 5.2.2.2 5.2.2.3 5.3 5.3.1 5.3.2 5.3.3 5.3.4 5.4 5.4.1 5.4.2 5.4.3 5.5 5.5.1 5.5.2 5.5.3 5.5.4 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.8.1 5.8.1.1 5.8.1.2 5.8.2 5.8.2.1 5.8.2.2

Plasma Transport and Confinement 113 Confinement Time 113 Plasma Transport 114 Diffusion by Collision 114 Diffusion by Turbulence 116 Bohm Diffusion 116 Gyro-Bohm Diffusion 118 Energy Confinement 119 Scaling Law of Energy Confinement 119 Parameter Dependence of Energy Confinement Time 119 Scaling Law 120 L–H Transition Threshold Power 122 Improved Confinement Mode 122 Edge Localized Mode 124 Types of Edge Localized Mode 124 Energy Released by ELM 125 Measures Against ELM 127 β Limit 127 Plasma Current Profile 128 Plasma Pressure Profile 128 Shape of Plasma Cross Section 129 Neoclassical Tearing Mode 129 Density Limit 129 Confinement of High-Energy Particles 129 Disruption 130 Plasma Behavior in Disruption and Cause of the Occurrence Plasma Behavior 131 Causes of Disruption 133 Effect on Equipment 133 Thermal Load 133 Electromagnetic Force 134

131

Contents

5.8.3 5.9

Countermeasures Against Disruption 135 Future Challenges 137 References 137

6 6.1 6.1.1 6.1.2 6.1.3 6.1.4 6.1.5 6.1.6 6.1.7 6.2 6.2.1 6.2.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.5.1 6.5.2 6.5.3 6.6

Plasma Design 141 Particle and Energy Balances of Plasma (One Dimension) 141 Thermal Conduction Loss Power 143 Convection Loss Power 143 α Heating Power 143 Additional Heating Power 144 Joule (Ohmic) Heating Power 144 Electron-Ion Energy Transfer 144 Radiation Loss Power 145 Particle and Energy Balances of Plasma (Zero Dimension) 145 Zero-Dimensional Particle and Energy Balances 145 Plasma Temperature and Density in Steady-State Operation 146 Burn-Up Fraction 148 Plasma Circuit 150 Reactor Structure 152 Radial Build 152 Magnetic Flux Required for Operation 153 Magnetic Flux to Be Supplied 154 Future Challenges 155 References 156

7 7.1 7.2 7.2.1 7.2.2 7.2.3 7.2.4 7.2.4.1 7.2.4.2 7.2.4.3 7.2.4.4 7.2.4.5 7.2.5 7.3 7.3.1 7.3.2 7.3.2.1 7.3.2.2 7.3.2.3 7.3.3

Blanket 157 Functions Required for the Blanket 157 Tritium Production 157 Necessity of Tritium Production 157 Tritium Breeding Ratio 159 Tritium Doubling Time 159 Improvement of Tritium Breeding Ratio 160 6 Li(n, T)α Reaction Cross Section 161 7 Li(n, n′ T)α Reaction Cross Section 161 Tritium Breeding Material 161 Neutron Flux 163 Blanket Coverage 164 Recovery of Tritium 165 Taking Out of Thermal Energy 165 Energy Multiplication Factor of the Blanket 165 Power Generation Efficiency and Coolant Temperature Temperature of Breeder and Multiplier Materials 166 Temperature of the Blanket Structural Material 167 Coolant 167 Temperature Profile 168

166

ix

x

Contents

7.3.4 7.3.4.1 7.3.4.2 7.3.4.3 7.3.4.4 7.4 7.4.1 7.4.2 7.5 7.5.1 7.5.1.1 7.5.1.2 7.5.1.3 7.5.1.4 7.5.1.5 7.5.2 7.5.2.1 7.5.2.2 7.6 7.6.1 7.6.2 7.6.3 7.6.3.1 7.6.3.2 7.6.4 7.7

8 8.1 8.1.1 8.1.1.1 8.1.1.2 8.1.1.3 8.1.2 8.2 8.2.1 8.2.2 8.2.3 8.2.4 8.2.5

Power Generation Method 170 Power Generation Methods of Fission Reactor and Thermal Power Plant 171 Characteristics of Fusion Power Generation 172 Combination of Coolants 173 Fusion Power Generation 175 Radiation Shielding Function 175 Blanket Thickness 175 Low Radioactivation 176 Maintenance 176 Extension of Life 176 Wear Amount of Lithium by Burning of Tritium Breeding Material 177 Wear Amount of Beryllium by Burning of Neutron Multiplier Material 178 Wear Amount of First Wall 179 Nuclear Damage Due to Displacement Damage, Hydrogen and Helium Productions, Swelling, etc. 179 Change in Thermal Life of Structural Materials Due to Cycle Thermal Fatigue 179 Maintenance Method 179 Wear Amount and Replacement Frequency 179 Remote Maintenance Method 180 Blanket Design 181 Blanket Classification 181 Design Conditions 181 Blanket Concept 181 Blanket Configuration 181 Size of a Blanket 183 Design Example 185 Future Challenges 187 References 189 Plasma-Facing Components 191 Functions Required for Plasma-Facing Components 191 Required Functions 191 Impurity Control 191 Plasma Particle Control 191 Thermal Treatment of Plasma Thermal Energy 192 Limiter and Divertor 192 Divertor Characteristics (in Steady State) 193 Basic Characteristics of Divertor Plasma 193 Two-Point Model 194 Attached State and Detached State 196 Two-Dimensional Divertor Analysis Model 197 Measures for Reducing Particle and Thermal Loads 200

Contents

8.2.5.1 8.2.5.2 8.2.5.3 8.3 8.3.1 8.3.2 8.3.2.1 8.3.2.2 8.4 8.4.1 8.4.1.1 8.4.1.2 8.4.1.3 8.4.1.4 8.4.2 8.4.3 8.5 8.5.1 8.5.2 8.5.3 8.5.3.1 8.5.3.2 8.5.3.3 8.5.3.4 8.5.4 8.6 8.6.1 8.6.2 8.6.2.1 8.6.2.2 8.6.2.3 8.6.2.4 8.6.3 8.7

Impurity Control 200 Particle Control 200 Average Heat Flux to the Divertor Plate 200 Divertor Characteristics (in Non-steady State) 201 ELM 201 Disruption 202 Thermal Load 202 Electromagnetic Force 203 Structures of Limiter and Divertor 203 Shape and Type of Limiter and Divertor 203 Trends in Impurity Control Research 203 Limiter and Pumped Limiter 204 Divertor 204 Comparison of Pumped Limiter and Divertor 205 Comparison of Single Null Divertor and Double Null Divertor 206 Shape of Divertor 206 Divertor Design 208 Design Conditions and Design Items 208 Material Selection 210 Structural Concept 212 Heat Receiving Plate Structure 212 Eddy Current Suppression Structure 213 Reduction of Stress and Strain 213 Cooling Tube 213 Design Example 214 First Wall 217 Particle Load and Thermal Load 217 First-Wall Structure 218 Overall Structure 218 Protection Structure 218 Flow Path Cross Section 218 Amount of Wear 220 Design Example 220 Future Challenges 222 References 222

9 9.1 9.1.1 9.1.2 9.2 9.2.1 9.2.2 9.2.3 9.2.3.1

Coil System 227 Fusion Reactor Coils 227 Types of Coils 227 Necessity of Superconducting Coil 227 Basics of Superconducting Coils 228 Characteristics of Superconductivity 228 Superconducting Materials 228 Manufacturing Methods for Superconducting Wires 229 NbTi 229

xi

xii

Contents

9.2.3.2 9.2.3.3 9.2.3.4 9.2.3.5 9.2.3.6 9.2.4 9.2.4.1 9.2.4.2 9.2.4.3 9.2.4.4 9.2.5 9.2.5.1 9.2.5.2 9.2.6 9.2.6.1 9.2.6.2 9.2.6.3 9.2.6.4 9.2.6.5 9.2.7 9.2.7.1 9.2.7.2 9.3 9.3.1 9.3.2 9.3.2.1 9.3.2.2 9.3.2.3 9.3.3 9.3.3.1 9.3.3.2 9.3.3.3 9.3.4 9.3.4.1 9.3.4.2 9.3.5 9.4 9.4.1 9.4.1.1 9.4.1.2 9.4.2 9.4.2.1 9.4.2.2 9.4.3 9.4.3.1

Nb3 Sn 230 Nb3 Al 230 MgB2 231 Bismuth-Based Oxide 231 Yttrium-Based Oxide 231 Superconducting Wires 231 Hysteresis Loss 231 Stabilizing Materials (Stabilizers) 232 Twist 232 Cooling Performance 232 Thermal Load and Cooling Methods 232 Thermal Load 232 Cooling Methods 233 Conductor Structure 234 Critical Current 235 Limited Current 236 Stability Margin 236 Coil Average Current Density 237 Conductor Design 237 Coil Structure 237 Structure 237 Structural Material 238 Basics of Toroidal Magnetic Field Coil 238 Functions for Toroidal Magnetic Field Coil 239 Coil Current and Number of Coils 239 Coil Current 239 Number of Coils 239 Stored Energy 241 Electromagnetic Force Generated in Coil 241 Extensional Force 241 Centering Force 242 Overturning Force 242 Coil Shape 242 Shape 242 Three-Arc Approximation 243 Maximum Magnetic Field 245 Design of Toroidal Magnetic Field Coil 245 Conductor Design 246 Selection of Superconducting Material 246 Cooling Method 246 Design of Coil Structure 246 Coil Structure 246 Selection of Structural Materials 246 Support Structure 247 Support Structure for the Centering Force 247

Contents

9.4.3.2 9.4.3.3 9.4.4 9.5 9.5.1 9.5.2 9.5.3 9.6 9.6.1 9.6.2 9.6.3 9.6.4 9.6.5 9.6.5.1 9.6.5.2 9.6.5.3 9.7 9.7.1 9.7.1.1 9.7.1.2 9.7.2 9.7.2.1 9.7.2.2 9.7.2.3 9.7.3 9.8 9.8.1 9.8.2 9.8.3 9.9 9.9.1 9.9.1.1 9.9.1.2 9.9.2 9.9.2.1 9.9.2.2 9.9.2.3 9.9.3 9.10

10 10.1 10.1.1

Support Structure for the Overturning Force 249 Support Structure of Own Weight 249 Design Example 249 Basics of Poloidal Magnetic Field Coil 254 Functions of Poloidal Magnetic Field Coil 254 Waveform Pattern of Coil Current for Control of Plasma Position and Shape 255 Position of Poloidal Magnetic Field Coil 256 Current Control of Poloidal Magnetic Field Coil 256 Magnetic Field Configuration to Determine the Plasma Shape 256 Control of Plasma Position and Shape 257 Generation Types of Poloidal Magnetic Field 258 Function-Specific Coil System 259 Hybrid Coil System 260 Number of PF Coils 260 Determining the PF Coil Position 260 Determining the PF Coil Current 260 Design of Poloidal Magnetic Field Coil 263 Conductor Design 263 Selection of Superconducting Material 263 Cooling Method 263 Design of Coil Structure 263 Coil Structure 263 Selection of Structural Materials 263 Support Structure 264 Design Example 264 Basics of Central Solenoid Coil 265 Functions of Central Solenoid Coil 265 Magnetic Field of Central Solenoid Coil 266 Supplied Magnetic Flux 266 Design of Central Solenoid Coil 267 Conductor Design 267 Selection of Superconducting Material 267 Cooling Method 268 Design of Coil Structure 268 Coil Structure 268 Selection of Structural Materials 268 Support Structure 268 Design Example 268 Future Challenges 270 References 271 Plasma Heating and Current Drive 273 Necessity of Plasma Heating and Current Drive 273 Plasma Heating 273

xiii

xiv

Contents

10.1.2 10.2 10.2.1 10.2.2 10.2.2.1 10.2.2.2 10.2.2.3 10.2.3 10.3 10.3.1 10.3.2 10.3.3 10.3.4 10.4 10.4.1 10.4.2 10.5 10.5.1 10.5.2 10.5.3 10.5.4 10.5.5 10.5.5.1 10.5.5.2 10.5.5.3 10.5.6 10.5.6.1 10.5.6.2 10.5.7 10.5.7.1 10.5.7.2 10.5.7.3 10.5.7.4 10.5.8 10.6 10.6.1 10.6.2 10.6.2.1 10.6.2.2 10.6.2.3 10.6.2.4 10.6.3 10.6.3.1 10.6.3.2

Current Drive 274 Basics of NBI Heating 275 Ionization of Neutral Particle Beam 275 Trajectory of Ion Beam 276 Direction of Injection 276 Trapped Condition 277 Trajectory of Beam Ion 278 Plasma Heating by Energy Relaxation 279 Basics of NBI Current Drive 281 Driven Current 281 Current Drive Efficiency 282 Shine Through Rate 284 Current Drive Efficiency Obtained by Experiments 284 Bootstrap Current 285 Trapped Electron Orbit and Bootstrap Current 285 Ratio of the Bootstrap Current 286 Basics of Radio Frequency Heating 287 Dispersion Relation 287 Dispersion Relation of Cold Plasma 288 Dispersion Relation of Hot Plasma 289 Dispersion Relation of Plasma with Maxwell Distribution 290 Characteristics of RF Waves 291 Phase Velocity and Group Velocity 291 Cutoff and Resonance 292 Polarization 292 Propagation Characteristics of RF Waves 293 When the Wave Number Vector is Parallel to the Magnetic Field 294 When the Wave Number Vector is Perpendicular to the Magnetic Field 296 Principles of Plasma Heating 297 Landau Damping 298 Transit Time Damping 298 Cyclotron Damping 299 Absorption Power 299 Propagation in Nonuniform Plasma 300 Various RF Waves 301 Alfvén Wave 301 Ion Cyclotron Wave 303 Right-handed Cut Off and Left-handed Cut Off 304 Density at Which the Wave can Propagate 305 Characteristics of the Slow Wave 305 Characteristics of the Fast Wave 305 Lower Hybrid Wave 307 Resonance and Cut Off 307 Accessibility Condition 309

Contents

10.6.4 10.6.4.1 10.6.4.2 10.6.4.3 10.7 10.7.1 10.7.1.1 10.7.1.2 10.7.1.3 10.7.1.4 10.7.1.5 10.7.2 10.7.2.1 10.7.2.2 10.7.2.3 10.7.2.4 10.7.2.5 10.7.3 10.7.3.1 10.7.3.2 10.7.3.3 10.7.4 10.7.4.1 10.7.4.2 10.7.4.3 10.8 10.8.1 10.8.1.1 10.8.1.2 10.8.1.3 10.8.2 10.8.2.1 10.8.2.2 10.8.3 10.8.3.1 10.8.3.2 10.8.4 10.8.4.1 10.8.4.2 10.8.4.3 10.8.4.4 10.8.5 10.8.6 10.9 10.9.1

Electron Cyclotron Wave 310 Absorption Power 311 Resonance and Cut Off 311 Propagation Path 311 Basics of RF Current Drive 313 General Theory of RF Current Drive 313 Various Noninductive Current Drive Methods 313 Normalized Current Drive Efficiency 314 Current Drive Using Momentum of the Wave 315 Current Drive Using Anisotropy of the Velocity Space 316 Current Drive Efficiency 316 Current Drive Using Momentum of the Wave 316 Fokker–Planck Equation in One and Two Dimensions 316 Driven Current Density and Current Drive Power Density 318 LHCD (One-Dimensional Analysis) 318 DC Electric Field 318 LHCD (Two-Dimensional Analysis) 320 Current Drive with Anisotropy of the Velocity Space 321 Two-Dimensional Fokker–Planck Equation 321 Relativistic Effect 323 Trapped Effect 324 Current Drive Efficiency Obtained by Experiments 327 Fast Wave Current Drive (FWCD) 327 LHCD 328 ECCD 329 NBI System Design 330 Design Requirements 330 Required Functions 330 Design Requirements 330 System Efficiency 330 System Configuration 331 Positive-ion NBI 331 Negative-ion NBI 332 Negative-ion Source 332 Negative-ion Generator 332 Accelerator 334 Beam Transport System 334 Beam Profile Control Unit 334 Neutralization Cell (Neutralizer) 334 Residual Ion Bending Magnet and Residual Ion Dump 335 Vacuum Exhaust System 335 Design Example 335 Future Challenges 336 System Design of the Ion Cyclotron Wave 337 Design Requirements 337

xv

xvi

Contents

10.9.1.1 Required Functions 337 10.9.1.2 ICRF Excitation Method 338 10.9.1.3 System Efficiency 338 10.9.2 System Configuration 339 10.9.2.1 RF Source 339 10.9.2.2 Transmission System 339 10.9.2.3 Injection System 340 10.9.3 Design Example 340 10.9.4 Future Challenges 342 10.10 System Design of the Lower Hybrid Wave 342 10.10.1 Design Requirements 342 10.10.1.1 Required Functions 342 10.10.1.2 LHW Excitation Method 343 10.10.1.3 Plasma Density in Front of the Launcher 344 10.10.1.4 System Efficiency 344 10.10.2 System Configuration 344 10.10.2.1 RF Source 345 10.10.2.2 Transmission System 345 10.10.2.3 Injection System (Launcher) 346 10.10.2.4 Phase Shifter 347 10.10.3 Design Example 348 10.10.4 Future Challenges 350 10.11 System Design of the Electron Cyclotron Wave 350 10.11.1 Design Requirements 350 10.11.1.1 Required Functions 350 10.11.1.2 ECW Excitation Method 351 10.11.1.3 System Efficiency 352 10.11.2 System Configuration 353 10.11.2.1 Various System Configurations 353 10.11.2.2 RF Source 354 10.11.2.3 Transmission System 355 10.11.2.4 Injection System (Launcher) 355 10.11.3 Design Example 356 10.11.4 Future Challenges 357 Appendix 10A 358 Appendix 10B 363 Appendix 10C 369 Appendix 10D 373 Appendix 10E 377 References 380 11 11.1 11.2 11.2.1

Vacuum Vessel 385 Functions Required for Vacuum Vessel 385 Holding Ultra-High Vacuum and High-Temperature Baking 385 Degree of Vacuum in the Vacuum Vessel 385

Another random document with no related content on Scribd:

Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed: This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges.

If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder.

Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files

containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg™ License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works provided that: • You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty

payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.”

• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ works.

• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work.

• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.

1.F. 1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright

law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.

If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. 1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™

Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS. The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including checks, online payments and

credit card donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.