Solar Energy in India

REPORT ON

SURYA* TO BOOST SOLAR MANUFACTURING IN INDIA Supporting

“Make In India” campaign for solar power *Solar Utpaadan & Rozgaar Yojana

Prepared by:

Indian Chamber of Commerce in association with ICF Consulting India Pvt. Ltd. Supported by:

Shakti Sustainable Energy Foundation

Coverage Demand drivers for solar panels in India

Current status of Indian solar PV manufacturing industry

PV manufacturing value chain and raw materials

Government support to PV manufacturing in China and Malaysia

Anti–dumping and Countervailing duties on Chinese modules in US and EU

Current policy support to solar PV manufacturing in India

Estimated cost of integrated solar PV mfg. in India in current scenario

Industry response to Survey

1

Recommendati ons to promote solar PV manufacturing in India

Background to the Project n

India’s solar market is one of the fastest growing markets in the world, offering an average potential of at least INR 35,000 crores (~ USD 5.4 billion*) per annum for solar modules over the next 5 years.

n

India’s domestic solar PV manufacturing industry, however, has not been able to tap into this market on account of its inability to compete with imported products. As a result, India is largely reliant on imports to meet its growing domestic demand and this trend is likely to continue unless domestic capacity is ramped up with suitable policy support.

n

This Report therefore aims to:

n

l

Identify the main issues and challenges faced by India’s solar PV manufacturing industry;

l

Understand the incentives being provided to leading manufacturers in countries such as China and Malaysia;

l

Identify and quantify the key cost drivers of solar PV manufacturing in India; and

l

Provide the Hon’ble Minister for New and Renewable Energy with a specific set of policy recommendations for boosting solar PV manufacturing in the country.

The target of 100 GW of installed solar capacity by 2022 offers a tremendous opportunity to create skilled jobs, bring about technology transfer, and contribute to the Make in India campaign, in addition to reducing the country’s trade deficit and reliance on imports. ICC and ICF welcome this opportunity and are pleased to submit this Report to the Hon’ble Minister.

*1 USD = INR 65

2

Approach & Methodology

Review of support provided to leading global manufacturers • Desktop research • Visit to manufacturing facilities

Assessment of current status of solar mfg. in India • Current installed capacities

and technological capabilities

• Issues faced by industry Support requested by the • industry

in China

Stakeholder Feedback

Analysis • Assessment of key cost

• Industry survey & stakeholder feedback workshops

• Meetings with MoP, MNRE, MeitY • Consultations with technical experts

Formulation of Recommendations

3

drivers at each step of the manufacturing process • Financial modeling • Sensitivity & Elasticity Analysis • Scenario development and estimation of support reqd.

Demand drivers for solar panels in India

India has a HUGE domestic market potential of INR > 35,000 crore per annum in the immediate term for solar modules!

6.5

Capacity Addition (GW)

6.5

6.3

18.5

6.4

18.0

6.2

17.5

5.9

17.9

18.4

18.4

17.0 16.5

6.0 5.8

5.6 16.9

16.0 15.5

6.6

5.6 5.4

15.9

Market Size (billion USD)

19.0

5.2

15.0 14.5

5.0 FY'18

FY'19

FY'20

YoY Capacity Addition Target

FY'21

FY'22

Market - Modules

Source: ICF Analysis

n

To meet YoY Government target for solar capacity additions, significant import of modules will be needed as domestically produced modules not cost-competitive with imported products

n

Even with increased domestic capacity for cells & modules, significant wafer imports will be needed

n

Therefore, huge opportunity to set up complete solar PV value chain in the country!

n

In addition to the local demand, an enhanced domestic manufacturing base can cater to the international market and become a global player

Note: Price assumed for module = USD 35 ¢/Wp. Source: Current price as per feedback received from industry.

5

Current status of India solar PV Manufacturing Industry

Solar PV manufacturing in India – only cell and module, old capacities with high cost, fragmented small units Installed Capacity of Major Cell Manufacturers: 2,400 MW

Jupiter, 350

Installed Capacity of Major Module Manufacturers: ~3,300 MW Renewsys, 1 Moser Baer, 170 Alpex, 200 80 Tata, 300 Emmvee, 17 5 Waaree, 500

Indosolar, 20 0 Moser Baer, 200 Tata, 300

Websol, 150 Vikram, 500

Adani, 1,200 Adani, 1200

Jakson, 100 Source: Industry Feedback

n

Latest market reports indicate that the installed capacity of major cell and module manufactures is roughly 2,400 MW and ~3,300 MW respectively.

n

Of the existing manufacturers, only Adani is manufacturing cells of Passivated Emitter Rear Cell (PERC) technology (300 MW out of the total), which offers superior performance. Global players are adopting this technology as conventional multi-crystalline Al-BSF (Aluminium-Back Surface Field) solar cells have reached efficiency limitations.

n

Therefore, there is a need to retrofit existing cell and module capacities so as to enable them to manufacture PERC technology cells and modules.

7

Ex-Im scenario for cells and modules – steadily rising imports over the last three years

n

88% and 7% of imports from China and Malaysia respectively in FY 2016-17 Imports from Malaysia are primarily produced by Chinese manufacturers who have shifted operations to avoid anti-dumping/countervailing duties in US and EU

6,000

3.5 5,526

3.0

5,000

2.5

3,019

4,000

2.0

3,000

1.5 2,000

1,112

1.0

1,000

0.5

-

0.0 2014-15

2015-16 Imports from China

Total Imports

2016-17 Capacity Addition

Country-wise breakdown of imports in FY 2016-17 Vietnam

Singapore

1%

1% Taiwan

Others 1%

2% Malaysia

7% China 88%

Source: Department of Commerce

8

Capacity Addition (MW)

n

Imports have been increasing proportionately with capacity additions over the last three years

Imports (billion USD)

n

PV manufacturing value chain and raw materials

Harnessing solar energy n

Solar energy can be used to heat a medium to increase its internal energy to either produce electricity or heat for a process (solar thermal), or to produce electricity through the photovoltaic effect (solar PV).

n

The two most prevalent solar PV technologies today are thin film and crystalline silicon.

n

The present assessment focuses on the use of solar irradiation to produce electricity using crystalline silicon technology.

n

Industry is moving towards PERC technology, which has been commercialized for mono crystalline cells.

Harnessing Solar Energy

Solar Thermal (heat from Sun)

Solar PV (Electrical)

Thin Film (CdTe, CIGS, a-Si)

Others – Dye sensitized, Organic PV (research stage only)

Crystalline Silicon

Mono – crystalline (more efficient but expensive)

Multicrystalline (more cost effective)

10

Crystalline silicon PV manufacturing value chain – highly specialized and technology-driven process Quartz

Metallurgical grade silicon

Poly-silicon

Ingot

Wafers

Cells

Modules

n

Quartz to MG-Si: In the first step to make solar cells, the raw materials—silicon dioxide of either quartzite gravel (the purest silica) or crushed quartz—are first placed in an electric arc furnace, to which a carbon arc is applied to release the oxygen. This simple process yields Metallurgical Grade silicon (MG-Si).

n

MG-Si to poly-Si: MG-Si is purified by converting it to a silicon compound that can be more easily purified by distillation than in its original state, and then converting that silicon compound back into pure solar-grade polysilicon. The two commonly used methods are the Siemens process and fluidized bed technology.

n

Poly-Si to ingot: Polysilicon is then melted and crystallized into mono or poly crystalline silicon ingots. For monocrystalline Si cells, the atomic structure of the silicon is modified using the Czochralski method.

n

Ingot to wafer: Wafers are sliced with a multi-wire diamond saw. The wafers are then polished to remove saw marks and to optimize light absorption by surface micromachining of the polished wafer. One of the key processes in silicon surface micromachining is the selective etching of a sacrificial layer to release silicon microstructures.

n

Wafer to cell: A surface diffusion of n-type dopants is performed on the front side of the wafers to create a p-n junction. Subsequently, an anti-reflective coating of silicon nitride or silicon oxide is applied to the wafers to reduce reflection of sunlight. The wafer then has a full area metal contact made on the back surface. After the metal contacts are made, the solar cells are given connections such as flat wires or metal ribbons and encapsulated, that is, sealed into silicone rubber or ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA).

n

Cell to module: The encapsulated solar cells are interconnected and placed into an aluminium frame that has a BoPET (Biaxially oriented Poly-Ethylene Terephthalate) or PVF (Poly-Vinyl Fluoride) back sheet and a glass or plastic cover. Front and rear connections are channelled through the junction box.

Source: Local Manufacturing Potential for Solar Technology Components in Egypt, World Bank 11

Current technology trends n

The crystalline silicon (c-Si) technology continues to dominate the global market, comprising more than 90% of the total photovoltaic module shipments in 2016 with the rest being accounted for by thin film technology. Within c-Si modules, poly-crystalline modules accounted for a dominant share of around 70% in 2016. However, the annual market share in wafer production of monocrystalline modules, which are around 2 percentage points more efficient than poly-crystalline modules, has gradually increased from 20% in 2012 to 29% in 2016, and is expected to further increase to 37% by 2020. The increasing uptake of mono c-Si is mainly because of the narrowing price differential between the mono and poly technologies from 20% in 2014 to 8% in June 2017.*

n

Demand for high efficiency mono c-Si and mono PERC cells has also been bolstered by China’s Top Runner programme. Mainly due to this push, many leading manufacturers have announced expansion plans. Therefore, global share of mono c-Si and mono PERC technologies is expected to continue to increase in the near future.

*Source: India Solar Compass, Q2 2017, Bridge to India

12

Government support to PV Manufacturing in China and Malaysia

Context n

China is the global leader in solar PV manufacturing, accounting for nearly 70% of the global production capacity. Despite not having an attractive domestic market initially, Chinese firms ventured to fulfil global demand with support from local and provincial governments. The local governments provided the firms with incentives such as low interest loans to purchase equipment, land transfer price refunds, electricity price refunds and multiple-year corporate tax reductions. With easy access to low-cost capital and a soaring national and international demand, solar mfg. capacity in China has grown from about 10 GW in 2010 to roughly 50 GW at the end of 2016.

n

However, with import taxes in a number of countries and regions limiting free trade of solar goods, the largest cell and module manufacturers from China have started to build their factories outside their home country. As further decreasing cost is key for solar’s success, the locations of the big PV cell and module makers’ new production facilities are in other Asian countries, such as Malaysia, Vietnam, and Thailand. Malaysia, which already is a major electronics manufacturing hub, has leveraged its existing infrastructure and emerged as the third largest producer of photovoltaics in the world.

n

The following slides provide an overview of the subsidies and incentives available to solar PV manufacturers in China and Malaysia.

14

China case study: summary of incentives available to solar PV industry Soft loans – state-owned commercial/policy banks providing the solar industry with loans at preferential, lower than commercial rates and terms

Export credits - Export-Import Bank of China provides export-contingent loans at preferential rates and assistance in the form of export seller’s credit

Income tax reduction – export oriented (>70%) FIEs eligible to pay only half the income tax rate; preferential tax bene ts to enterprises recognized as “high” or “new” technology enterprises

VAT exemptions – VAT and import tariff rebates on imported equipment for solar manufacturing

Subsidies - grants, loans, and other incentives to enterprises in China, in part to implement an industrial policy of promoting the development of global Chinese brand names, and to increase sales of Chinese- branded and other Chinese merchandise around the world 15

Malaysia case study: Summary of incentives given to solar PV industry Incentives for strategic projects

pioneer status with 100% income tax exemption of statutory income for 10 years given to product/ activity of national importance

Incentives for SMEs

reduced corporate tax of 20% on incomes up to RM 500,000; remaining income taxed on 25% basis

Reinvestment allowance

RA allotted on qualifying capital expenditure incurred to be offset against company’s statutory income

Accelerated capital allowance

Incentives for industrial building systems

Group relief

Other provisions

Promotion of exports

Proprietary rights acquisition

write off of capital expenditure within 3 years`

expense in purchase of moulds used in production are eligible for ACA for 3 years

70% of current year’s losses to be offset against income of another company in the same group

Import duty and sales tax exemption on raw materials and components; production machinery and equipment

VAT exemptions

Deduction in cost incurred for acquiring patents, trademarks

16

Anti–dumping and Countervailing dutieson Chinese modules in US and EU

Background n

Countervailing Duty (CVD) and Anti-Dumping Duty (ADD) investigations were launched in the US on October 19, 2011 when the Coalition for American Solar Manufacturing (CASM) filed official complaints, both with the US Department of Commerce (DOC) and the US International Trade Commission (ITC), charging unfair and injurious trade practices by China in the crystalline silicon solar industry. In December 2011, the ITC found that “there is a reasonable indication that a US industry is materially injured by reason of imports of crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells and modules from China that are allegedly subsidized and sold in the United States at less than fair value.�

n

The European Commission launched a nine month investigation in September 2012, during which the Commission found that Chinese companies were selling solar panels to Europe at far below their normal market value, which was causing significant harm to EU solar panel producers. The fair value of a Chinese solar panel sold to Europe should have been 88% higher than the price at which it was actually sold. The dumped Chinese exports exerted undue price pressure on the EU market, which had a significant negative effect on the financial and operational performance of European producers.

n

The following slides summarize the actions taken by the US Commerce Department and the European Commission with regards to imposition of anti-dumping and anti-subsidy duties on solar imports from China.

18

US Anti-dumping Duties (ADD) and Countervailing Duties (CVD) on Chinese modules – on average 25% ADD and 15% CVD imposed n

The US International Trade Commission (US ITC), vide its order dated 7th December, 2012, imposed anti-dumping and countervailing duties on Chinese cells and modules. The ADD and CVD rates for the major manufacturers have been listed in the table below.

Company

ADD rate

CVD rate

Trina Solar

18.32%

15.97%

Wuxi Suntech

29.14%

14.78%

Yingli Energy

24.48%

15.24%

Jinko Solar

24.48%

15.24%

Source: https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2012-12-07/pdf/2012-29668.pdf https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2012-12-07/pdf/2012-29669.pdf

n

It may also be noted that on 23rd May, 2017, the US ITC formally initiated a Section 201 "global safeguard" investigation on crystalline silicon photovoltaic (CSPV) solar cells and modules. This investigation was launched in response to a petition submitted by Suniva, a US solar cell manufacturer that is currently in bankruptcy. In its petition, Suniva has proposed an additional tariff of up to $0.40 per watt on imports of solar modules and panels and a floor price of $0.78/watt—measures that would significantly impact the export market potential of Indian manufacturers.

19

EU Anti-dumping, Countervailing duties and Minimum Import Price (MIP) – MIP set at ₏0.56/ Wp Duties on Chinese solar cells & panels originally imposed by the EC on 4 June 2013 for 2 years, as a combination of (a) anti-dumping (b) anti-subsidy duties and (c) an MIP. MIP of 0.56 Euros/watt, anti-dumping duties of up to 64.9 percent for those outside the agreement and anti-subsidy duties capped at 11.5 percent Chinese companies are subject to AD and CVD unless they sign and adhere to a MIP Agreement.

The measures were supposed to end by Dec 2015, however based on EU ProSun appeal, postponed the end day to March 2017.

In Feb 2017, EU granted a nal extension on Anti-dumping and Anti-subsidy Duties of 18 months

Commission has proposed cutting the MIP for panels to 0.46 Euros/watt

20

Current policy support to solar PV manufacturing in India

Modified Special Incentive Package Scheme (M-SIPS) n

To attract investments in electronics manufacturing, the Modified Special Incentive Package Scheme (M-SIPS) was notified on 27th July, 2012.

n

The scheme is available for both new projects and expansion projects. The scheme provides capital subsidy of 20% in SEZ (25% in non-SEZ) for units engaged in electronics manufacturing.

It also provides for reimbursements of CVD/ excise for capital equipment for the non-SEZ units.

n

M-SIPS gives preference to state-of-the art technology.

n

The investment threshold varies from INR 1 Crore to INR 5,000 Crores depending upon the type of project. Units all across the manufacturing value chain are covered under the scheme.

n

The M-SIPS requires applicants to submit applications with Financial Closure (tied up funds) for the project they propose to execute. The Financial Closure for a project, however, can be given in phases.

n

A separate vertical has been created for solar PV.

22

Benefits available under M-SIPS Investment Threshold (in INR Crore) Type

Fab

Assembly, Testing, Manufacturing Marking and Packaging (ATMP)

Financial Incentives

SEZ

Non-SEZ

1 Polysilicon

500

N.A.

N.A.

20% of capex + 10% of Production Subsidy on production turnover (exfactory)

Ingotsand/ or wafers

150

N.A.

N.A.

-do-

-do-

75

N.A.

N.A.

-do-

-do-

20% of capex

25% of capex+ reimbursement of Excise/CVD on capital equipment

2

3 Cells

Modules/ 4 panels N.A. (technology agnostic)

N.A.

10

23

25% of capex+ reimbursement of Excise/CVD on capital equipment + 10% of Production Subsidy on production turnover (ex factory)

M-SIPS – key amendments & project approvals to date Time period – earlier of Dec 2018 or reaching incentive of INR 10,000 crore Incentive available for a period of 5 years from approval date Unit to remain in commercial production for 3 years (undertaking) For mega projects > INR 6,850 crores, approval by a separate committee

3500

M-SIPS – applications’ approval status

Investment Amount (INR Cr)

3000 2500

1500 Applications approved

500 0

9 3027.42

Jan - Mar, 2015

Apr - June, 2015

12 2026.99

2000

1000

5 3059.19

No. of applications Investment amounts (INR crores) 4 693.04 4 5 383.21 298.39

Nil Oct - Dec, 2013

Jan - Mar, 2014

Apr - Jun, 2014

July - Sep, 2014

Note: Last available data.

Source: http://www.msips.in/MSIPS/

24

Oct - Dec, 2014

M-SIPS – current status n

190 proposals received in the first round and 40 in the second v

Total value of the proposals = INR 1.2 lakh crore, Subsidy = 25% of this

v

Of this, 17 proposals in solar PV manufacturing = INR 20,000 Crore value

n

These proposals have already exhausted INR 10,000 crore subsidy limit

n

Production subsidy difficult to implement under current provisions v

10% of production turnover?

v

How to calculate arms length price?

n

M-SIPS was conceptualized to promote manufacturing of all electronics, hence it is not a sector-specific scheme

n

Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) does not have a separate allocation for Solar PV

n

Points to a need for a dedicated scheme targeted towards Solar PV

25

Estimated cost of integrated solar PV manufacturing in India in current scenario

Analysis Assumptions (1) n

The analysis has been done with the assumption that 7.5% basic import duty + 18% CVD is applicable on plant and machinery. All raw materials are assumed to be exempt from basic import duty except glass which draws a duty of 5% (BCD). CVD of 5% is applicable on top. We assume no input tax credit is available on CVD.

n

The analysis has been carried out for a fully integrated (polysilicon to module) multi-GW scale plant scaled down to 1 GW.

n

Financing Assumptions : Equity %

30%

Debt %

70%

Equity MIRR

16%

Interest on long term loan

12%

Long term loan period (years)

15

Interest capitalization (quarters)

3

Interest on WC loan

12%

Life (years)

Salvage Value

Rate (WDV)

Rate (SLM)

Accelerated Depreciation

Building

62

0%

10%

1.63%

-

Plant and Machinery

7

5%

15%

14%

40%

Category

27

Analysis Assumptions (2) n

Taxation Assumptions v

Corporate Tax Assumptions

Tax Rate

30%

Surcharge

12%

Education Surcharge

v

3%

Eective Corporate Rate

34.6%

Tax Holiday

0 years

MAT Rate Assumptions 18.5%

Tax Rate Surcharge

12% 3%

Education Cess

21.3%

Eective MAT Rate n

The analysis of CAPEX, OPEX, and raw materials required for each of the five (5) key elements of the solar PV value chain (starting from modules and going back up to polysilicon) is presented in the following slides.

28

Polysilicon to Module manufacturing: Major costs/ GW Stage 5: Cell to modules Usually manufacturers start from setting up module manufacturing and then vertically go backwards in the chain

Polysilicon Capex: $53.4 mn Supporting facilities Workshop

Equipment

3%

28%

Ingot

Module

Cell

Wafer

Raw material: $343.5 mn

Utilities: $0.94 mn

Cell 3% TPT 2% 9% EVA Glass 9% Ribbon 5% AL Frame 6% Silicon Installation material Combiner box

1%

1% Water

64%

Electricity

4%

96%

65%

§ Major raw material cost is Cell cost § Annual Raw Material (RM) cost/ CAPEX = 700 – 800% § Utilities primarily consist of electricity and water; may also include natural gas, steam,

Land 3%

and sewage for other value chain elements

Note: Costs are for a multi-GW scale plant (min. 3 GW) scaled down to 1 GW; TPT: Tedlar Polyester Tedlar, EVA: Ethylene Vinyl Acetate

29

Polysilicon to Module manufacturing: Major costs/GW Stage 4: Wafer to cells Ingot

Polysilicon Capex: $165.3 mn Supporting facilities Workshop

Wafer

Raw material: $238.9 mn 3%

9%

Wafer

Utilities: $3.9 mn

3% 1% 3% 9%

Sewage

7%

Front Ag Water

Back Ag Al Paste Equipment

Module

Cell

4%

84% Electricity

87%

Major raw material cost is Wafer cost Annual RM cost/ CAPEX = 125% Major equipment is printer and rear passivation with Aluminum oxide

Land 1%

Note: Costs are for a multi-GW scale plant scaled to 1 GW

30

89%

Polysilicon to Module manufacturing: Major costs/ GW Stage 3: Ingot cutting into wafers Polysilicon Capex: $73.2 mn

Ingot

Module

Cell

Wafer

Raw material: $74.3 mn

Utilities: $7.6 mn

10% Supporting 14% facilities 12% Workshop

Ingot

93%

Electricity

12%

Silicon carbide Steel wire

46% Water

7%

PEG

Equipment

32% 65%

For Wafer RM (Ingot) forms a signi cant component of costs Annual RM cost/CAPEX = 100% Land

8%

Key equipment driving eďŹƒciency is the wire cutter that can cut wafers thinly. Diamond cutters are most advanced.

Note: Costs are for a multi-GW scale plant scaled to 1 GW; PEG: PolyEthylene Glycol

31

Polysilicon to Module manufacturing: Major costs/GW Stage 2: Polysilicon to crystalline silicon ingots Polysilicon Capex: $52.7 mn

Ingot

Wafer

Raw material: $69.2 mn 5%

Supporting facilities Workshop

3%

19% 17%

Utilities: $10 mn

Electricity

Crucible Silicon nitride Argon

Water 92% Equipment

Land

52%

11%

Module

Cell

ยง For Ingot, the biggest RM cost is Polysilicon (crucible) ยง Annual RM cost/ CAPEX =125% ยง Electricity mainly used for providing homogenous heating

Note: Costs are for a multi-GW scale plant scaled to 1 GW

32

96%

4%

Polysilicon to Module manufacturing: Major costs/GW Stage 1: Quartz to Semiconductor grade Polysilicon Polysilicon Capex: $157.9 mn Supporting facilities

7%

Ingot

Wafer

Raw material: $22.3 mn Silicon Powder

Utilities: $41.9 mn

8% 2%

Steam Natural Gas

Silicon core TCS

57%

33%

Other Material Equipment

Land

Module

Cell

9% 3%

Electricity Water

86% 2%

84%

9%

Capital Cost is the most signi cant cost element OPEX (RM + Utilities) / CAPEX = 25-30% Electricity forms signi cant chunk (~40%) of Total OPEX Major equipment cost is for Fluidized Bed Reactor

Note: Costs are for a multi-GW scale plant scaled to 1 GW; TCS: TriChloroSelane

33

Polysilicon to Module : Major costs are raw material costs, electricity constitute 90% of utility cost (per GW of mfg.)

Ingot

Polysilicon 0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

Module

Cell

Wafer 50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Capex

$502.5 mn Equipment

Civil Land Other

Raw material (annual)

$ 228.8mn AL frame

Si Carbide Silver

TPT

EVA

Si Ribbon Si Pdr Steel wire PEG

Other

Utilities (annual)

$64.3 mn Electricity

Water Other

Includes sewage, natural gas, and steam

n

For a multi-GW scale fully integrated unit (min. 3 GW) scaled down to 1 GW

n

Raw material costs are significant costs compared to capex investment

n

Of the utilities cost, electricity is the largest element

n

Significant CAPEX required in polysilicon and cell manufacturing

34

Raw material costs account for a major chunk of the cost of the finished product in a fully integrated 1 GW facility Estimated module cost from an integrated facility in current scenario – USD 0.423 ¢/Wp

BOM costs constituting a large share of raw materials

0.45

Cost of Raw Materials (annual)

Share of BOM

Polysilicon

$22.3 mn

43%

Ingot

$69.2 mn

8%

Wafer

$74.3 mn

54%

Cell

$238.9 mn

16%

Module

$343.5 mn

36%

Tax

0.40

Financing

0.35 Cost (USD/Wp)

Stage

Depreciation

0.30

Sales cost 0.25

Opex - poly

0.20

Opex - ingot

0.15

Opex - wafer

0.10

Opex - cell

0.05

Opex module

Taken as Base Case for Sensitivity Analysis

-

With duties and no subsidies

35

n

Major BOM: n Aluminum frame n TPT n EVA n Silver paste n Silicon Carbide n Steel/ diamond cutting n wire n PEG n Silicon Powder n Silicon Core

Sensitivity Analysis – description of scenarios n

A sensitivity analysis was performed to assess the impact of different incentives/subsidies on the cost of integrated solar PV manufacturing. The five (5) scenarios assumed in this analysis have been described below: v

Base Case: The base case assumes no CAPEX or OPEX subsidies but import duties on capital equipment and applicable raw materials. The cost of electricity has been assumed at a standard industrial rate of INR 7/kWh.

v

Scenario 1: Scenario 1 assumes that cheap electricity at INR 3.5 per unit is provided to the manufacturing facility. Electricity is one of the major inputs across the solar value chain and accounts for almost 90% of the cost of utilities.

v

Scenario 2: In this scenario, a subvention of 4% on the interest rate is assumed, thereby lowering the interest rate from 12% to 8%.

v

Scenario 3: In this scenario, an additional CAPEX support of 25% is assumed to match the maximum incentive offered by M-SIPS.

v

Scenario 4: In this scenario, an additional OPEX support of 10% is assumed to match the incentive offered by M-SIPS.

v

Scenario 5: In this scenario, all duties on capital equipment are assumed to be waived off, in addition to the benefits of Scenarios 1, 2, 3, and 4.

36

Summary of scenarios

n

Scenario

Electricity Cost

OPEX Support

CAPEX Support

Duties on capital equipment

Rate of Interest

Base Case

INR 7/kWh

No

No

25.5%

12%

Scenario 1

INR 3.5/kWh

No

No

25.5%

12%

Scenario 2

INR 3.5/kWh

No

No

25.5%

8%

Scenario 3

INR 3.5/kWh

No

@ 25%

25.5%

8%

Scenario 4

INR 3.5/kWh

@ 10%

@ 25%

25.5%

8%

Scenario 5

INR 3.5/kWh

@ 10%

@ 25%

0%

8%

The results of the sensitivity analysis have been presented in the following slides.

37

Sensitivity Analysis: Impact on module costs 0.450

0.423

0.400

Price (USD/Wp)

0.350

Scenario 1 0.4

Scenario 2 Scenario 3 0.015 Scenario 4 0.017 Scenario 5 0.025 0.009

0.317

0.300

ยง Assuming exchange rate of 1 USD = INR 65 ยง Costs shown for a minimum 3 GW fully integrated unit

0.250 0.200

ยง As per analysis and industry feedback, minimum size of 3 GW required to achieve economies of scale

0.150 0.100 0.050 -

Base case

Reducing Providing Providing Removing Reducing elec. price to interest rate to capex subsidy production duties on subsidy of equipment 8% Rs 3.5/kWh of 25% 10%

Scenario 5

n

Overall, electricity cost and production subsidy have the greatest impact on the overall cost of manufacturing.

n

Removal of duties on capital equipment lowers the cost only by a cent.

38

Elasticity Analysis – module cost most sensitive to electricity cost and OPEX support n

An elasticity analysis was carried out to study the relative impacts of the three major subsidies/incentives – electricity cost, CAPEX support, and OPEX support – on the cost of modules. The impact was measured one parameter at a time.

n

For example, starting from the base cost of USD 42.3¢/Wp, the CAPEX support was increased from 5% to 30% in steps of 5% while all the other parameters were held constant. For each step, the module cost and the corresponding percent change from the previous value was evaluated.

n

RESULTS

n

v

For every 0.5 rupee reduction in electricity cost, the cost drops on average by 1.5%

v

For every 5% reduction in CAPEX (through support), the cost drops on average by 1%

v

For every 5% reduction in OPEX (through support), the cost drops on average by 3%

Therefore, cost of integrated manufacturing is most affected by OPEX support and electricity cost.

39

Industry response to Survey

Industry response to Survey n

Questionnaire responses received from 12 companies

n

Video messages sent by 5 companies

n

Two Stakeholder Consultation Workshops organized on 15th March and 24th July at Shangri La Hotel, New Delhi attended by participants from more than 8 companies

41

Issues – industry response to questionnaire

Lack of supporting ecosystem / supply chain

Unavailability of low cost electricity, land, etc.

Issues faced by the industry

Low capacity utilization due to higher cost

Lack of skilled workforce

Insufficient R&D investment

High cost of financing

42

Summary of Government support requested by industry

Fiscal

• •

Waiver of import duties on raw materials throughout the chain Continuation of excise exemptions under GST regime

Financial

• •

Interest subvention for existing units Low cost nancing for new investments

Infrastructure

• •

Development of solar mfg. parks with ancillary industries Low cost electricity and support in quick access to land • Facilitation of approvals through single window clearance

Policy

• • •

Issuance of dedicated solar manufacturing policy Guaranteed offtake of locally produced cells/ modules Incentives for procuring better performing modules

Others

• •

Anti-dumping duty on imported cells & modules Stricter QA/QC checks of imported products

43

Recommendations to promote solar PV manufacturing in India

Recommendations on support required for PV manufacturing n

Why is support needed? v

With 15-17 GW annual installation, INR 35,000 crore annual market exists for modules, cells & wafers

v

Under business as usual, this entire market will go to Chinese modules (impacting trade balance)

v

Domestic manufacturing can boost Indian economy significantly l

n

Every 3 GW integrated polysilicon to module manufacturing facility creates > 5,500 jobs

Current M-SIPS scheme was conceptualized to promote manufacturing of all electronics v

Recommended – A Central Solar Mfg. Policy and incentive package beyond M-SIPS

v

Policy name - SURYA : Solar Utpaadan & Rozgaar YojanA

v

Policy duration – 5 years; total outlay – from INR 9,042 to INR 22,380 crores for 5 years (depending on the level of support provided)

v

SURYA to support: l

Ramping up of existing cell and module capacities to 5 GW each with upgrade to PERC technology

l

Setting up of two fully-integrated (poly to module) facilities of 3 GW each

l

Setting up of two poly to wafer facilities of 2.5 GW each

Overall 11 GW of end-to-end solar PV domestic mfg. capacity by 2022

45

Modules: ~3 GW (current capacity)

Modules: 5 GW (by 2019)

Cells: ~2 GW (current capacity)

Cells: 5 GW (by 2019)

5 GW

New

Poly to wafer facilities: 5 GW (wafer production by 2019)

Poly to module facilities: 6 GW (fullyintegrated operations by 2022) -

46

6 GW

Overall 11 GW of end-to-end solar PV manufacturing capacity by 2022

Existing

SURYA to support phased development of solar PV manufacturing value chain (1)

SURYA to support phased development of solar PV manufacturing value chain (2) n

Existing cell capacity to 5 GW with technology enhancement: Promote capacity addition of select existing manufacturers selected on the basis of qualifying criteria and support technology enhancement to PERC technology v

Currently, only 300 MW out of the existing 2.4 GW cell mfg. capacity in India is capable of manufacturing cells of PERC technology

v

Technology upgrade cost estimated to be about INR 187.5 crores per GW

n

Existing module capacity to 5 GW: Promote capacity addition of select existing manufacturers selected on the basis of qualifying criteria

n

Fully-integrated poly to module facilities (total – 6 GW): Support development of two (2) polysilicon to module integrated mfg. facilities of capacity at least 3 GW each (target segment: large-scale industries) v

n

Facilities to initially manufacture cells and modules with further upstream development to polysilicon

Integrated poly to wafer facilities (total – 5 GW): Support development of two (2) polysilicon to wafer facilities of capacity at least 2.5 GW each (target segment: large-scale industries) v

Facilities to support existing cell capacities

47

Proposed implementation plan for SURYA Calender Year

Activities

2018

2019

2020

2021

202

Year 1

Year 2

Year 3

Year 4

Year 5

Filing of applications (3 months) Review of applications (3 months) Financial closure of awarded projects (6 months) Selected module facilities - Capacity addition of 2 GW Selectetd cell facilities - Capacity addition of 3 GW - Technology enhancement to PERC bifacial technology 2 poly to module facilities (3 GW each) Module operations Cell operations Wafer operations Ingot operations Polysilicon operations 2 poly to wafer facilities (2.5 GW each) Wafer operations Ingot operations Polysilicon operations

48

Annual aggregate capacity under SURYA – complete end-to-end solar manufacturing capacity by 2022 All gures in GW Component

2017 (current)

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

Module

3

3

11

11

11

11

Cell

2

2

5

11

11

11

Wafer

-

-

-

11

11

11

Ingot

-

-

-

-

11

11

Polysilicon

-

-

-

-

-

11

n

In 2019, existing cell and module capacities are enhanced to 5 GW each and module operations of two fully-integrated facilities (poly to module) are commissioned resulting in a total module capacity of 11 GW.

n

In 2020, wafer operations of the two fully-integrated facilities and the two poly to wafer facilities are commissioned resulting in wafer and cell capacities of 11 GW each.

n

In 2021, ingot operations of the two integrated facilities come online. By 2022, the polysilicon operations of the two fully-integrated facilities as well as the two poly to wafer units are commissioned.

49

Interim import requirements - select value chain elements will need to be imported during certain periods n

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

Current import duty post notification 50/2017 of MoF – 0%

Cell

1

6

-

-

-

Wafer

2

5

-

-

-

Ingot

-

-

11

-

-

v

Only tempered glass attracting a basic import duty of 5%*

Poly

-

-

-

11

-

v

5% CVD assumed to be applicable on top of BCD

v

n

Interim import requirements (in GW)

Cells, wafer, ingots, poly, and other raw materials

n

In 2018, wafer imports are required to support existing cell capacity of 2 GW. Since module capacity is 3 GW, an additional 1 GW of cells would be required to be imported.

n

In 2019, domestic module capacity reaches 11 GW whereas cell capacity is only 5 GW. Therefore, 6 GW of cells would need to be imported. Similarly, 5 GW of wafer imports would be required to support cell manufacturing.

n

In 2020, 11 GW of cell capacities come online which would need ingots.

n

In 2021, polysilicon imports would be required to support the aggregate 11 GW of ingot capacities.

Capital equipment v

Almost entire equipment is being imported

v

7.5% import duty plus 18% IGST

v

Outlay on account of exemption of all duties on equipment and impact of exemption on module cost has been calculated in Option 4 (Page 54)

*Anti-dumping duty has been imposed on tempered glass as per notification 38/2017 of Ministry of Finance.

However, the same has not been considered in our analysis.

50

Outlay under SURYA (1) n

Option 1 – provision of cheap electricity (INR 7/kWh INR 3.5/kWh) and interest rate subvention of 4% (12% 8%) All gures in INR Crores

Cheap electricity support Existing facilities Fully-integrated facilities Poly àwafer facilities

2018 30 -

2019 68 17 -

2020 68 214 110

2021 68 392 258

2022 68 1,060 815

Sub-total n

n

Further, lump sum outlay on account of interest rate subvention to: v

6 GW of fully-integrated facilities = INR 3,456 Crores

v

5 GW of poly to wafer facilities = INR 1,950 Crores

v

2 GW of standalone module facilities = INR 158 Crores

v

3 GW of standalone cell facilities = INR 309 Crores

v

Sub-total = INR 5,873 Crores

Total outlay under Option 1 = INR 9,042 Crores v

Lion’s share goes to integrated facilities

51

TOTAL 302 1,683 1,184 3,169

Type of facility

Total outlay (INR Crores)

Existing cell + module

769

Fully - integrated facilities

5,139

Poly to wafer facilities

3,134

TOTAL

9,042

Outlay under SURYA (2) n

Option 2 – only CAPEX (@25%) and OPEX (@10%) subsidies All gures in INR Crores

Support CAPEX Support Existing facilities Fully - integrated facilities Poly àwafer facilities Sub-total OPEX Support Existing facilities Fully-integrated facilities Polyàwafer facilities

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

TOTAL

-

979 521 -

2,325 595

514 428

1,540 1,283

979 4,899 2,306 8,185

316 -

789 -

967 266

1,141 411

1,143 413

1,105 3,251 1,091 5,447 13,631

Sub-total TOTAL n

OPEX support is discontinued to downstream units once upstream capacities come online to avoid dual disbursement of benefits. For example, year 2020 onwards, OPEX subsidies to existing cell and module manufacturers are discontinued as 5 GW of wafer mfg. facilities are commissioned.

52

Outlay under SURYA (3) n

Option 3 – combination of Option 1 and Option 2 v

In this option, annual OPEX is reduced as cheap electricity is available to the facilities.

Therefore, while the outlay on account of electricity, interest subvention, and CAPEX support remains the same, OPEX support is reduced as shown in the table below.

All gures in INR Crores

OPEX Support Existing facilities Fully-integrated facilities Poly to wafer facilities

2018 313 -

2019 784 -

2020 945 255

Sub-total n

2021 1,102 386

2022 1,037 332

TOTAL 1,097 3,085 972 5,154

Total outlay under Option 3 = INR 3,169 crores (cheap electricity) + INR 5,873 crores (interest subvention) + INR 8,185 crores (CAPEX) + INR 5,154 crores (OPEX) = INR 22,380 crores.

53

Outlay under SURYA (4) n

Option 4 – removal of all duties on capital equipment + benefits under Option 3 v

Removal of duties on capital equipment reduces the CAPEX and thus, the outlay on CAPEX support. The revised CAPEX support numbers are presented in the table below.

All gures in INR Crores

CAPEX Support Existing facilities Fully integrated facilities Poly to wafer facilities

2018 -

2019 814 452 -

2020 1,925 499

2021 440 366

2022 1,254 1,045

Sub-total

TOTAL 814 4,070 1,910 6,794

v

Total outlay under Option 4 = INR 3,169 crores + INR 5,873 crores + INR 6,794 crores + INR 5,154 crores = INR 20,990 Crores

v

The amount of duty forgone is presented below: All gures in INR Crores

Duty forgone Existing facilities Fully integrated facilities Poly to wafer facilities

2018 -

2019 685 288 -

2020 1,637 382

Sub-total

54

2021 297 247

2022 1,139 949

TOTAL 685 3,360 1,578 5,623

Rationale for subsidies and incentives A. Cheaper utilities: Utility consumption (primarily electricity) is highest and a significant portion of the OPEX for upstream elements of the solar PV value chain (polysilicon, ingot, and wafer). It is our understanding that leading Chinese manufacturers are being provided cheap electricity by the government.

B. CAPEX support: polysilicon and cell manufacturing requires significant capital investment ($170-190 million); support of 25% taken to match incentive offered by M-SIPS. C. OPEX support: OPEX as % of CAPEX is very high for wafer, module, and cell manufacturing; support can be provided as a percentage or at a fixed rate/ MW; support taken as 10% of annual OPEX (raw materials +utilities) to match incentive offered by M-SIPS. D. Duty relief: Duties account for 25% of the CAPEX. Therefore, duty relief may be granted on key high value capital equipment.

55

Key features proposed for SURYA A. Promote development of large integrated manufacturing facilities 1. Allow full flexibility to large-scale players in setting up fully-integrated facilities; location should not be a constraint; to be determined based on whichever state offers best incentives including in SEZs 2. Facilitate provision of cheap electricity to these facilities by granting open access + allowing stranded super-criticial coal plants to supply electricity via bidding route 3. SURYA to encourage upward mobility along the value chain B. Options for incentives under Central Package 1. Interest rate subvention of up to 4% to reduce financing costs 2. Capital support – proposed at 25% 3. OPEX support – proposed at 10% of annual OPEX (raw materials + utilities + labor) 4. Waiver of duties may be allowed on high value capital goods C. Options for incentives under State Incentive Package 1. Cheap electricity (~INR 3.5/kWh) 2. Government owned land at concessional rates to manufacturing facilities

56

Suggested criteria for selection of existing units for enhancement and for selection of new projects Existing module facilities

Existing cell facilities

1. Current capacity a. If < 1 GW, go to 1 GW 2. Performance– whether facility produces modules with all standard certi cations 3. Net worth of the company or its parent 4. Adaptable equipment– whether current equipment can be adapted to PERC technology 5. Availability of land and electricity 6. Expansion plans-whether already planning to invest

1. Current capacity a. If < 500 MW, go to 1 GW 2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Proposed integrated facilities

1. Selectionof technology– technology proposed should be state-of-the-art Performance– cell 2. Technical strength– efficiency to be at least proposal should include 18%; based on feedback setting up of R&D facility; from vendors availability of manpower Net worth of the company 3. Financial capacity or its parent 4. Capability to obtain Adaptable equipment– financial closure– whether current equipment creditworthiness with FIs can be adapted to PERC technology 5. Related background Availability of land and electricity Expansion plans- whether already planning to invest

57

Conclusion (1) n

n

The key drivers of cost of solar PV manufacturing have been identified as: v

Electricity cost – electricity consumption is very high for upstream elements of the solar value chain, especially polysilicon (350 MUs per GW)

v

OPEX – OPEX as % of CAPEX is very high for wafer, module, and cell manufacturing

v

CAPEX – polysilicon and cell manufacturing each requires capital investment to the tune of $170-190 million (INR ~1,200 crores) per GW

Therefore, it is essential to drive down these costs to lower the overall cost of solar PV manufacturing in India. Different scenarios were considered to analyze the relative impact of these drivers on the cost of manufacturing. Starting from base cost of USD 42.3cents /Wp for a module produced by a multi-GW integrated facility (scaled down to 1 GW) in current policy scenario, the impacts are summarized in the table below.

Incentive Electricity price reduction (from 7 to 3.5 per kWh) Interest rate subvention of 4% CAPEX support of 25% OPEX support of 10% Waiver of duties on capital goods n

Reduction in cost of manufacturing 4 US cents 1.5 US cents 1.7 US cents 2.5 US cents 0.9 US cents

Final cost if all incentives are provided =31.7 cents/Wp

58

Conclusion (2) n

The responsivity of the cost to these drivers was also evaluated through an elasticity analysis. It was found that: v

For every 0.5 rupee reduction in electricity price, the cost drops on an average by 1.5%

v

For every 5% reduction in CAPEX (through support), the cost drops on an average by 1%

v

For every 5% reduction in OPEX (through support), the cost drops on an average by 3%

n

Therefore, the cost of solar PV manufacturing is primarily driven by and sensitive to cost of electricity and OPEX.

n

We understand that MNRE has proposed to introduce a scheme designed to support the installation of 7.5 GW solar capacity using locally produced components. The creation of a captive market is expected to significantly boost existing domestic capacity.

n

Further, we understand that the anti-dumping duty investigation initiated against Chinese, Taiwanese and Malaysian solar cells is likely to provide an anchor point for the extent up to which GoI wants to support and promote domestic manufacturing.

59

Conclusion (3) n

Therefore, in light of the analysis carried out and the mentioned developments, we suggest that support to only the integrated facilities (two (2) poly to module and two (2) poly to wafer) may be considered.

n

The outlays under the different options specified earlier but limited only to integrated facilities are summarized in the table below. *base cost of USD 42.3¢/Wp Option

Reduction Expected cost Outlay (INR from base of integrated cost* (US manufacturing Crores) cents/Wp) (US cents/Wp)

Nature of support

Electricity price reduction (from 7 to 3.5 per kWh) + interest rate subvention of 4% Option 2 CAPEX support of 25% + OPEX support of 10% Option 3 Option 1+ Option 2 Option 4 Option 3 + waiver of duties on capital equipment Option 1

n

8,273

5.5

36.8

11,547 19,535

4.3 9.7

38.0 32.5

18,310

10.6

31.7

It may be noted that: v

The outlay on account of cheap electricity support can be significantly reduced by allowing stranded coal plants to supply electricity to the integrated facilities via bidding route.

v

The amount of duty forgone under Option 4 (INR 5,623 crores) will be a source of revenue for the government in the other three options, thereby further reducing the net outlay.

60

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