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IN THIS ISSUE PAGE 4 Arming the Ultimate Fighter
October-November 2023
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A comprehensive analysis of the Infantry Soldier as the Apex Fighting System in Warfare Lt General Dushyant Singh (Retd) PAGE 6 A Sneak Peek of Future Warfare
An overview of some of the most promising advancements in land-based weaponry that will significantly impact the modern battles Rohit Goel PAGE 7 Lessons from the Israel-Hamas War
Unraveling the Complex Lessons from the Israel-Hamas Conflict Lt General P.C. Katoch (Retd)
A new FICV, featuring technological advancements, is deemed necessary by the Army to replace the outdated BMP-II
The Future of Infantry Combat Vehicle The Future Infantry Combat Vehicle (FICV) programme of the Indian Army is a technological leap forward for the Next-Generation Infantry Combat Vehicles that will give soldiers a decisive edge on the battlefield
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LT GENERAL ABHAY KRISHNA (RETD)
Rajesh Choudhary, Chairman & Managing Director, Advanced Weapons & Equipment India Limited
The changing geostrategic canvas has undergone numerous revolutionary alterations which has created strategic volatility and uncertainty as also affected overall regional and international security environment. The Indian subcontinent’s security milieu has drastically rehabilitated in the past decade as a result of China’s menacing and swaggering expansionism, undermining India’s sphere of influence and Pakistan’s unstable, radicalised and revisionist government waging proxy war in India. These, coupled with shifting strategic realignment power centers, thus, require fortifying every aspect of our gross national power. Punitive deterrence and indigenous military might be crucial components for our strategic autonomy. National security, particularly in light of
E XCLU SI V E INTERVIEW
PAGE 9 New Chapter in India-Italy Defence Ties
Charting a fresh course, India and Italy embark on a new era of defence collaboration Ranjit Kumar
The Geostrategic Security Dynamic
our active borders, requires that the Army pitches niche technological capabilities when needed, not when it is convenient and that modernisation efforts must keep up with or surpass pace of the adversaries. As a consequence, war fighting concepts as applicable to the Indian operational landscape and the future wars, India might need to define capability pursuits in a planned time frame with least reliance on external assistance.
Conflict - an Inevitable Part of the Indian Mosaic
It is pertinent to note that India is entangled in a challenge to handle two hostile neighbours concomitantly on two different fronts i.e. western and northern borders. Apart from plains, developed/semi-developed and desert terrain along the western borders, the Line of Actual Control (LAC) on the northern borders has a peculiar ter-
rain where the altitude varies from 9,000 to 18,000 ft with intermittent plains and valleys. The protracted standoff in Eastern Ladakh since Galwan in June 2020 has seen mobilisation of tanks and BMPs in these areas, thus evolving a new concept of operation, which were lined eyeball to eyeball to the northern adversary. Despite the arguments presented by nay-sayers, the protracted deployment on the borders escalates the risk of a kinetic skirmish manifolds and hence such an inevitable possibility needs to be given a prismatic treatment through a pragmatic interpretation of the adversaries’ intentions where in conflict is the most likely outcome.
Infantry – The Actual Real Estate Champions
The doctrine for the Infantry worldwide focuses on a self-reliant Infantry operating in a combined arms environment. There-
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As the world witnesses technological advancements in military capabilities, the significance of a robust and modernised Infantry cannot be overstated. In the ever-evolving landscape of military conflicts, ranging from asymmetric warfare to border conflicts and full-scale wars, the role of Infantry remains paramount. This historical truth continues to hold relevance in contemporary warfare.
Recognising the indispensable role of Infantry, the Indian Army has identified the need for a new Future Infantry Combat Vehicle (FICV) with incremental technological improvements. This initiative aims to replace the aging Soviet BMP-IIs, which have served as the backbone of the Army’s Mechanised Infantry since the 1980s but have now outlived their utility. However, it’s crucial to note that even with the planned introduction of the FICV by 2026-27, the complete fleet replacement of 1,750 FICVs is anticipated to take 17 to 18 years, lasting until 2039. This lengthy timeline, highlights the need for continuous upgrades as the first lot approaches midlife. Our lead story by Lt General Abhay Krishna (Retd) covers the Indian requirement for FICV.
fore, while it may appear that the future could manifest in the employment of modular tailor-made integrated forces tasked with specific operational outcomes, it cannot take away from the fact that all such conflicts be it Asymmetric War, Border Conflict or an All-out war will eventually have to rely on the Infantry to achieve tangible operational results. The Infantry has, therefore, been the foremost fighting arm from the days of yore. History is testimony to the fact that the ultimate victory in any war is decided by who holds the critical ground and that job can only be accomplished by the Infantry. It is the infantryman who pushes the enemy out of his bunker and forces him to accept defeat; or resolutely holds his position against the assaults of the enemy till the ‘last man, last round’. There is a never-ending list of examples of how the capture or the denial of land has resulted in the change of course, even of a strategic engagement.
Leading armies around the world are investing in “soldier as a system” initiatives to modernise their infantry. These initiatives focus on providing soldiers with integrated systems that include weapons, body armour, communications, and other equipment. These systems are designed to make soldiers more lethal, survivable, and agile. Yet, amidst this pursuit of modernisation, challenges abound. Despite these challenges, it is imperative that India modernise its infantry. In his article, Lt General Dushyant Singh (Retd) talks about how the infantry is still the backbone of the Indian military, and it must be prepared to meet the demands of the future battlefield. The rapidly evolving military technology landscape introduces significant hurdles in the quest to
platforms. Their ability to float across water obstacles as a mobile protected lethal platform gives them the singular critical operational capability to gain and retain high tempo of operations especially as part of a proactive strategy. While fighting against capable and obscure enemies, maintaining combat overmatch definitely requires timely equipment modernisation. It is a necessity, not only to intimately support continuous time critical technological upgradations of current equipment profile, but also simul-
enhance Infantry capabilities and survivability. New weapons and systems are being developed all the time, and the infantry must be able to adapt to these changes quickly. The race for cutting-edge technologies is on, promising to redefine ground-based forces’ capabilities. Rohit Goel features some of these technologies that can be expected in the near future. On the diplomatic front, the recent visit of Indian Defence Minister Rajnath Singh to Rome on October 9, 2023, marked a significant development. This visit cleared the path for a comprehensive revival of defence cooperation between India and Italy, with a formal defence cooperation agreement. Ranjit Kumar brings you the details on the visit in his article in this issue of the magazine.
ous & tracked FICV and vendors who could not respond to the RFP were given time extension upto March 2023 for replying to the RFP. The Indian Army announced on December 22, 2022 that an Acceptance of Necessity had been granted for procurement of new Futuristic Infantry Combat Vehicle, conforming that trials of prototype after completion of TEC will begin in 36 months and L1 & L2 vendors will receive 60: 40 split quantities for manufacturing 1,750 units. The issuance of the RFI marked the Indian PHOTOGRAPH: PIB
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Why A New FICV?
As highlighted, the ICV is an important facet of mechanised warfare, employed to safely transport mechanised infantry to critical locations in the battlefield, provide fire support to cover their dismounted operations and destroy enemy tanks and other weapon
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JAYANT BARANWAL Publisher & Editor-in-Chief
Version’ and balance will be specialist version with mini drones and Kamikaze drones. The FICV will be a critical force multiplier for ensuring combat overmatch in the future conflict scenarios, across the entire spectrum of our envisaged threats and desired capabilities. These vehicles will be able to operate in the plains, semi-desert, desert and mountainous terrain with capability to cross the rivers and streams (amphibious capability) and operate in CBRN (Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear) environment. This combat vehicle will also be employed for operations along the LAC in the Ladakh, Central and Sikkim sectors.
Technology Begets Technology
Hit Fast – Hit Hard – Hit Deep
With the fleeting and dynamic nature of current and future wars and the known commitment of the adversary to ‘Non-Contact Warfare’, it is highly possible that there would be a short and intense window for a kinetic engagement and hence all opportunities that arise during such an engagement have to be optimised. For the same, mobility, lethality and survivability emerge as the key tenets to achieve success. An Infantry Combat Vehicle (ICV) fleet is a precarious constituent of the Mechanised Force which was inducted to ensure the same through mobile high tempo operations with carrying capability of infantry, dovetailed with potent weapon platform to ensure ‘Victory at Least Cost and in Minimum Time’. The ICVs are armoured vehicles which carry mechanised infantry into the battle as an integrated mobile weapons platform, as part of a combined arms team or group, across the entire spectrum ranging from a sub conventional domain to a nuclear battlefield. Presently the mainstay of the ICV fleet of the Indian Army is the Soviet Union vintage BMP-II inducted in mid-1980’s when a major drive was undertaken to mechanise the Indian Infantry. With a service life of globally accepted formulation of 32 years of the equipment, replacement of BMP-II in 2017-18 onwards was an operational prerequisite.
Drawing insights from the ongoing Israel-Hamas conflict, valuable lessons emerge for the Indian Armed Forces, especially the Indian Army. The importance of maintaining a balance between technology and human intelligence becomes evident, highlighting the pitfalls of over-reliance on technological prowess. Lt General P.C. Katoch (Retd) details the various lessons that the Indian Armed can imbibe from this war. All this and a lot more. Happy Reading!
India’s Defence Acquisition Council had approved the procurement of the Futuristic Infantry Combat Vehicle (FICV) for the Indian Army under the ‘Buy (Indian)’ category
taneously enhance own competency with induction of future capabilities. The Army thus required a new FICV with incremental technological improvements to replace the existing BMP-II. The FICV is envisaged to replace the vintage Soviet BMP-IIs that were the bulwark of the Army’s Mechanised Infantry since the 1980s and which have long outlived their utility. The ageing BMPIIs, which the FICV will replace, are deployed in large numbers to tackle China’s cross-border transgressions but suffer from a lack of night-fighting and anti-drone capabilities. India’s Defence Acquisition Council (DAC), chaired by Defence Minister Rajnath Singh, had approved the procurement of the Futuristic Infantry Combat Vehicle (FICV) for the Indian Army and, the procurement, approved through the provision of an ‘Acceptance of Necessity’ (AoN) status under the ‘Buy (Indian)’ category, included the tracked version of the FICV for the Mechanised Infantry Regiment of the Indian Army. In June 2021, Indian Army issued a Request for Information (RFI) for planned procurement of 1,750 units of indigenously developed, amphibi-
Army’s third attempt since 2008 to acquire FICVs to replace the service’s ageing fleet of Soviet Union era BMP-I and BMP-II ICVs.
Cutting Edge on The Edge
The Army’s RFI requires the vehicle to be modular and lend itself to future upgrades through simple modifications. It also needs to be amphibious, with laser warning & active protection systems and its weapon turret ‘preferably unmanned’. The armament suite is to include a 30mm automatic cannon, fire-and-forget top-attack ATGMs, and a 12.7mm stabilised RCWS (remotecontrolled weapon station). The FICV should moreover have a 30 HP / tonne power-toweight ratio and combat load of 2.5 tonnes and be manned by 11 personnel including three crew members for the vehicle. India’s state-run Armoured Vehicles Nigam Limited (AVNL) and private-sector companies such as Mahindra Defence Systems, Larsen & Toubro (L&T), and Tata Motors are developing FICV prototypes for the Indian Army and are likely to take part in the FICV bidding process. According to Indian Army’s new RFI, 55 per cent of FICVs will be ‘Gun
FICV will be a harbinger of high-end technology induction to India. More significantly, it would serve as a bandwagon on which large, medium, and small sized defence enterprises could locate mutually exclusive areas to construct an integrated defence ecosystem. So, putting aside any worries about ‘Made in India’, it would serve as a catalyst to advance the recently announced defence corridor from a concept to a reality. The FICV also includes a family of futuristic combat support vehicles, with the potential to construct an operationally necessary light tank based on the idea of shared base platforms. In addition to the intriguing concept of requiring a large number of FICV and related platforms, its life cycle management and support make tremendous commercial sense for international partners as well as the Indian Defence Industry. However, pertinent to note here is that even if the FICV as presently planned, the manifestation in the Army by 2026-27 (RFI being issued in June 2021), the fleet replacement with 1,750 FICVs will take minimum 17 to 18 years (@100 per year) i.e., by 2039; by when the first lot would be near mid-life and necessitating next level of upgrades.
A Charted Course
FICV programme must progress at a legislated pace because it will not just be a lethal platform, but also be the base for other defence R&D programmes and a test of the credibility of ‘Atmanirbhar Bharat’ initiative. Both from the perspective of time sensitive indigenous capability development, as well as addressing critical operational void, it would be prudent to progress FICV expeditiously with due responsibility and accountability to meet the future operational challenges and be a step ahead of the adversaries. SP The Author is former Army Commander South Western, Eastern and Central Army Commands
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Arming the Ultimate Fighter A comprehensive analysis of the Infantry Soldier as the Apex Fighting System in Warfare PHOTOGRAPH: PIB
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LT GENERAL DUSHYANT SINGH (RETD) NFANTRY HAS ALWAYS BEEN the last to be considered for modernisation, primarily due to its lack of glamour and low-profile weapons and equipment as compared to the tanks, ships, aircraft, guns, missiles, and rockets. However, the reality on ground is that wars are lost if that country’s boots on ground lack the spirit, skill and the right mix of weapons and modern technology to improve its OODA (Observe, Orient, Decide and Act) loop.
Introduction
There are numerous examples of mighty and the powerful winning the air and the sea battle but losing the land battle, especially in the unconventional domain. US in Vietnam, Somalia, Iraq, Afghanistan and Syria, Russians in the current Ukraine war and Afghanistan and China in Vietnam and Galwan are just a few examples. In the Indian Army too the infantry man gets the last priority despite sincere efforts by top military leadership to do so. Indian Army continues to rely on the unsatisfactory INSAS Rifles and LMGs, MMGs of old vintage, below the mark surveillance systems and unwieldly body protection systems. Not that there are no efforts being made, systems ex import is being procured but their numbers are small and hence unable to equip the huge infantry force of the Indian Army. This article will attempt to highlight the efforts being made to enhance the Infantry Soldier’s fighting ability in a highly technology driven warfare environment and what needs to be done to speed up the process to make our Infantry and by corollary our Armed Forces a more effective and lethal war fighting machine. Because as Brigadier Rumel Dahiya has written, “Operational and strategic advantage can only be created through tactical advantage and we can be sure of victory in war if our forces create and retain overall military advantage over our adversaries”.
The Contemporary and Emerging Battlefield Dynamics
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The modern battlefield is marked by advanced surveillance, sophisticated artificial intelligence, and lethal weaponry. Conventional and unconventional elements, such as precision guidance systems and integrated communication, define warfare. Despite technological advancements, well-trained, equipped infantry remains indispensable. Ongoing conflicts in Israel, and Ukraine underscore the critical role of operationally prepared infantry. The Battle of Bakhmut and Mariupol and operations in Gaza emphasise the need for infantry in complex battle situations. The centrality of infantry persists, requiring preparation for survival in lethal environments and unconventional warfare. To meet these challenges, world armies focus on providing lighter precision weapons, advanced body protection, and effective communica-
Hurdles and internal competition for resources within the Indian Armed forces, underscore the challenges in modernising the Infantry 4
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Defence Minister Rajnath Singh handing over indigenously developed Future Infantry Soldier as a System (F-INSAS) to Chief of the Army Staff General Manoj Pande
tion systems. Infantry readiness extends to countering nuclear, biological, and chemical threats as well and must be capable of fighting dirty. Observing global approaches ensures enhanced functionality and survivability on the modern battlefield.
Infantry Systems of the World Armies
As highlighted above due to the pivotal role of the infantry in any future or current wars, its fighting capability and survivability are being continuously improved upon by leading armies of the world. They have termed the modernisation of the Infantry as “soldiers as a system” initiative in which the infantry soldier is integrated with C4I structure of the fighting formations at least up to the Brigade and where feasible and operationally desired up to Division level. However, care needs to be taken to ensure that the degree of visibility of the soldier is calibrated to the level of information and communication required by the soldier to function without being hampered by information or technology overload. Various world systems are: “LAND 125 Soldier Combat System of Australia, Integrated and Modular Engagement System (IMESS) of Switzerland, Soldato Futuro of Italy, Future Force Warrior of USA, Future Infantry Soldier Technology (FIST) of UK, IdZ of Germany, FELIN of France, Advance Combat Man System of Singapore, ANOG of Israel and F-INSAS or Future Infantry Soldier as a System are some of the programmes in various states of implementation. Over 20 Armies in the world are having such programmes. The common theme running across these programmes is that they are meant to provide an infantry soldier with improved combat effectiveness in terms of lethality, mobility, survivability and C4I”. A point that needs to be noted is that these pro-
grammes are not similar in nature or structure. Each country has tailored it to meet their specific operational environment. Country like India has the maximum challenge where the Indian Infantry Soldier (The Ultimate Fighter) must contend with High Altitude, Jungles, Riverine, Urban and Rural terrain, extreme weather conditions – 30 to + 50-degree temperature and have the ability to fighting across the entire spectrum of warfare, conventional, CI, CT, IS and grey zone.
Indian Initiative
F-INSAS is a supplement to the existing initative to modernise the war establishment table of the Infantry Units and focuses on the individual soldiers. Continuous additions and modifications form part of this initiative. Subsystem forming part of the programme were initially formulated in 2008 to include weapon(s), protection, communications, surveillance, situational awareness, and body worn mini computers. Initial equipment proposed were, lightweight composite material helmet, head display screen, push-to-talk short-range radio set, body armour, night vision goggles, small computer, data card, wrist-mounted GPS, new personal weapon, quality clothing, web equipment, boots, and meals-ready-toeat. However, this entails huge investment required for simultaneous equipment of the entire force. The plan to equip the forces is being followed as per laid down priorities. Special Forces are the first to be equipped followed by units located in operational areas and then to the rest of Infantry. Soldiers from the other arms will get some of these equipment based on their requirement especially the personal weapon body protection and communication equipment. Specific items that form part of the F-INSAS
Infantry plays the pivotal role in modern warfare and wars can be lost without a well-equipped and skilled infantry force include AK-203 assault rifle which is a Russian weapon under joint production of Russia and India will be the stock personal weapon which is likely to be rolled out of the factory very soon. Recently Defence Minister Rajnath Singh handed over the indigenously built Nipun mines also known as soft target blast munition. These are similar to the Russian PFM-1 and PFM-1S also known as “Butterfly Mines”. These mines are meant to act as the first line of defence against infiltrators and enemy infantry. They are smaller in size and can be deployed in large numbers. They provide protection to the troops on the borders and are more potent and effective than the existing anti-personnel mines in their arsenal. Likewise, plans are afoot to equip the Infantry to traverse water bodies by proving them modern Landing Craft Assaults meant to replace the boats in Pangong Tso and for River / wide canal crossing Operations. Other equipment handed over to the Infantry are Solar Photovoltaic Energy plant at Siachen to replace the generator based dependency at such a challenging weather, terrain and operating condition. Similarly, MoD has handed over to the Army for the Infantry, hand held thermal imagers, long range frequency hopping radio equipment that is extremely difficult to jam and intercept, infantry mobility vehicle to match the speed of mechanised forces, quick reaction fighting vehicles and mini remotely piloted aerial system surveillance, detection and reconnaissance at the infantry battalion and mechanised infantry unit level.
Challenges in Modernising the Infantry
Numerous challenges confront us, notably the internal competition for resources within the Army across various branches. The imperative to replace, upgrade, and indigenise Artillery Systems, prioritise light tank deployment, and enhance existing tanks is evident. Urgent requirements for new Air Defence Systems, procurement for newly formed units, and the induction of aviation assets, including attack helicopters, Light Combat Helicopters, Communication, and Logistics support helicopters, further compound these challenges. The inter-service competition between the Indian Air Force (IAF), Indian Navy (IN), and Indian Army (IA) adds another layer, with the capital-intensive nature of IAF and IN impinging on the Army’s needs. Procurement hurdles persist due to the conventional case-by-case approval approach, with the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) often hindering private sector and import-based procurement. Despite positive strides in policy reform, greater involvement of the private sector, encouragement for start-ups and Small & Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) under the Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative, substantial obstacles persist. While expanding the negative list for weapons procurement is a step towards self-reliance, India has a considerable Continued on page 9...
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A Sneak Peek of Future Warfare
An overview of some of the most promising advancements in land-based weaponry that will significantly impact the modern battles
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PHOTOGRAPHS: G-NIUS, Krauss-Maffei Wegmann, US Navy, Boeing, IAI, Lockheed Martin
ROHIT GOEL N THE RAPIDLY EVOLVING landscape of military technology, advanced weapon systems for land forces are taking centre stage. These cutting-edge technologies promise to revolutionise warfare by providing unprecedented advantages over conventional weapons. From Directed Energy Weapons (DEWs) to Precision-Guided Missiles (PGMs) and beyond, these systems are poised to redefine the capabilities of ground-based forces.
Unmanned Combat Ground Vehicles (UCGVs)
UCGVs represent a category of unmanned land-based vehicles engineered to execute military operations autonomously, devoid of human intervention. These vehicles can be armed with an assortment of weaponry, including machine guns, grenade launchers, and missiles, and can also be equipped with various sensors like cameras and radar to augment situational awareness. The advantages of UCGVs over traditional manned vehicles are manifold: l Reduced Risk of Casualties: UCGVs can undertake perilous tasks without exposing human soldiers to potential harm. l Heightened Capabilities: UCGVs can be armed with weapons and sensors that might be impractical or dangerous to deploy on manned vehicles. l Enhanced Flexibility: UCGVs can be deployed in locations inaccessible to manned vehicles, such as confined spaces like tunnels or densely populated areas. l Reconnaissance: UCGVs could function as scouts, surveying terrain ahead of friendly forces and identifying enemy positions. l Surveillance: UCGVs could be employed to monitor enemy activities and positions. l Target Acquisition: UCGVs could identify and track enemy targets, contributing valuable intelligence to the operation. l Fire Support: Armed with weaponry, UCGVs could provide crucial fire support to friendly forces by engaging enemy targets. l Minefield Clearance: UCGVs could be tasked with clearing minefields ahead of advancing friendly forces. UCGVs hold the potential to significantly impact modern warfare by providing armed forces with a versatile tool to conduct operations with enhanced safety and efficiency. As UCGV technology continues to advance, an increasingly pivotal role in military operations worldwide will be played by them.
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Remote Controlled Weapon Stations (RCWS)
RCWS are remotely operated weapon systems equipped with a diverse array of weapons, including machine guns, grenade launchers, and missiles. They find application on various platforms such as vehicles, buildings, ships, and other installations. Advantages of RCWS over conventional weapon systems encompass: l Enhanced Gunner Protection: RCWS enable operators to engage targets from a secure location, diminishing exposure to enemy fire. l Heightened Accuracy: Equipped with advanced fire control systems, RCWS bolster accuracy, especially at extended ranges.
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strategic capabilities of land forces. The CHAMP system being developed by the US Army is a prime example, intended for use against enemy drones and communications systems. Particle Beam Weapons Utilising directed beams of charged particles, particle beam weapons hold significant promise in terms of power and effectiveness. Although still in early stages of development, they offer the potential for formidable land-based weaponry. Advantages of DEWs l DEWs operate at the speed of light, making them ideal for intercepting fast-moving targets like ballistic missiles. l They exhibit high precision even over long distances, enabling specific target engagement and minimising collateral damage. l DEWs do not rely on expensive propellants, reducing operational and maintenance expenses.
Precision-Guided Missiles (PGMs)
(Top Left-Right) Unmanned Ground Vehicles; Remote-controlled Light Weapon Station; (Middle Left-Right) Laser Weapon System; High-powered Microwave Advanced Missile Project; (Above Left-Right) IAI Harop loitering munition; Exoskeleton helps carry heavy gear.
Augmented Situational Awareness: Often integrated with sensors, RCWS afford operators a comprehensive view of their surroundings, enhancing situational awareness. l Reduced Crew Requirements: RCWS can reduce the number of personnel required to operate a vehicle, allowing crew members to undertake additional tasks. In military and law enforcement domains, RCWS are gaining prominence, being mounted on an array of vehicles like tanks, armoured personnel carriers, infantry fighting vehicles, and patrol boats. Additionally, they are deployed in stationary capacities, such as guard towers and checkpoints. Recent advancements in RCWS technology encompass: l Artificial Intelligence (AI): AI is being harnessed to develop RCWS capable of autonomously tracking and engaging targets. l Integration of Laser Weapons: Laser systems are being integrated into RCWS, expanding their capacity to engage targets at extended ranges. l Size and Weight Reduction: Ongoing efforts are focused on making RCWS more compact and lightweight, rendering them suitable for an even broader range of platforms. RCWS possess the potential to change the battlefield by affording operators the capability to engage targets from a secure location, coupled with advanced fire conl
trol systems that significantly enhance the accuracy and lethality of weapon systems.
Directed Energy Weapons (DEWs)
Directed energy weapons (DEWs) employ focused energy forms like lasers, microwaves, and particle beams to damage or destroy targets. They are known for their exceptional speed, operating at the speed of light, making them effective against fastmoving targets like ballistic missiles. DEWs are highly accurate, ensuring specific target engagement while minimising collateral damage. Despite their advantages, DEWs face challenges related to power requirements, susceptibility to atmospheric conditions, and safety concerns due to handling high voltages and currents. Laser Weapons Laser weapons represent a pinnacle of modern military technology. Harnessing highly focused energy in the form of lasers, they promise unparalleled speed, accuracy, and cost-effectiveness. Currently in their early stages of development, laser weapons have shown potential in intercepting fast-moving targets like drones and ballistic missiles. One notable example is the US Navy’s LaWS system, designed for countering small boats and drones. High-Powered Microwave (HPM) Weapons HPM weapons utilise intense microwaves to incapacitate electronic systems. These weapons have the potential to disable enemy drones, aircraft, and ships, enhancing the
Precision-guided missiles (PGMs) are equipped with guidance systems that ensure accurate target strikes, utilising methods such as laser, GPS, infrared, and radar guidance. They stand out for their exceptional accuracy even at extended ranges, making them suitable for precision strikes. PGMs are often more lethal than conventional missiles due to their precise targeting, and they have a longer reach, allowing them to engage targets deep within enemy territory. However, they tend to be pricier and more complex, which leads to higher maintenance and operational demands. Additionally, PGMs using GPS or radar guidance can be vulnerable to jamming. Advantages of PGMs l PGMs demonstrate exceptional accuracy, even at extended ranges, making them suitable for precision strikes. l They are often more lethal than conventional missiles due to their precise targeting. l PGMs can have a longer reach, allowing them to engage targets deep within enemy territory. Challenges PGMs tend to be pricier compared to conventional missiles, they are more intricate, which can lead to higher maintenance and operational demands and since PGMs use GPS or radar guidance, they can be vulnerable to jamming.
Loitering Munitions
Loitering munitions, also known as suicide drones, are unmanned aerial systems with a built-in warhead. They hover over a target area until a suitable target is located, then engage by crashing into it. These munitions are highly accurate, capable of precise target strikes over long ranges. They are also cost-effective to produce. However, they can be affected by jamming, especially those using GPS or radar guidance. Advantages of Loitering Munitions l Highly accurate, capable of precise target strikes over long ranges. l High lethality due to accurate targeting. l Capable of reaching targets deep within enemy territory. l Relatively cost-effective to produce. However, GPS or radar-guided loitering munitions can be affected by jamming. Continued on page 11...
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Lessons from the Israel-Hamas War
Unraveling the Complex Lessons from the Israel-Hamas Conflict
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LT GENERAL P.C. KATOCH (RETD) CTOBER 7, 2023, WAS the blackest day in Israel’s history, with multiple Hamas attacks by air-land-sea backed by 3,000 rockets that killed 114 IDF personnel and civilians, taking temporary control of some areas/military posts and took back a large number of hostages to Gaza. Israel’s AI-enabled surveillance and intelligence system was easily circumvented despite Egypt’s foreign minister telling Israeli PM Benjamin Netanyahu 10 days earlier that something “big” was about to happen. Saudi Arabia also warned of an “explosive situation building up with Palestinians deprived of their legitimate rights.” Israeli intelligence (known globally one of the best) had no inkling of thousands of Hamas fighters planning to cross into Israel? It is said they came to know only a day earlier but didn’t alert the border, which is difficult to digest considering IDF-Hamas hostility. The ‘Five Eyes Alliance’, which blamed India for Nijjar’s killing, knew nothing about the impending attacks? What about the CIA, with America developing a secret US military base in Israel atop Mount Har Qeren? Israel witnessed prolonged nation-wide protests after the government drastically curtailed powers of the judiciary. The US also was desperate to divert attention from its project in Ukraine. So, it suited both to let Hamas attack and then go after it full force although intensity of the attack was miscalculated? Israel continues to bomb Gaza. Ground offensive has begun incrementally through the rubble-cum-built up areas but Hamas has a 500-km underground tunnel network. Israel has conducted airstrike in Lebanon and Syria and the US has also bombed Syria. Israel and Hezbollah are battling it out and rockets continue to be fired by Hamas-Hezbollah into Israel. Gaza is a human tragedy with paucity of food, medicines, medical facilities and meager aid, with water, electricity and communications cut off. Bombing of hospitals has made it worse. Palestine reports 8,000 plus killed and 13,000 plus injured in Israeli bombings. Israel plans to lay siege with tankposts and continue Hamas-hunting, which will take a long time. The IDF will likely incur many casualties fighting through built up areas and tunnels which also hold hostages. With its tentacles and support base abroad, killing Hamas altogether is out of the question, while simultaneously fighting Hezbollah will split IDF resources. With two US carrier battle groups (CBGs) in situ, China sending six warships to the region, America warning Iran, China-RussiaMiddle East united behind Palestine-Hamas and the US-led West backing Israel with
military hardware, expansion of the IsraelHamas War into a larger Middle East conflict is becoming a possibility. Veteran US Army Colonel Douglas McGregor warns that the US will bring Israel to destruction if it continues to raise the stakes in the Middle East. The US apparently aims to reap strategic-economic benefits from this war – similar to in Ukraine. The POTUS Joe Biden has requested $14 billion in “new funding” for military aid to Israel. Two of America’s largest defence contractors RTX (earlier called Raytheon) and General Dynamics have told investors that Israel’s war on Gaza is “good for
business” — one predicting its recent fourfold increase in artillery production will not suffice to meet additional demand. It is no secret that American foreign policy is heavily influenced by its arms, oil and pharma lobbies. According to S&P Global Commodity Insights, the main suppliers of oil to Israel in 2022 were Iraq, Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan, as also small quantities from Nigeria and Gabon. Of these countries, the OIC includes Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Iraq, Nigeria and Gabon. Azerbaijan supplied $1.7 billion worth oil to Israel in 2022, Kazakhstan $777 million worth and the UAE $645 mil-
lion. As of mid-May 2023, Israel imported about 2,20,000 barrels of oil a day, about 60 per cent of which came from the two Muslim countries. The OIC may stop oil supplies to Israel if it continues bombing Gaza. America can then supply oil to Israel at higher costs as it is doing to Europe by banning Russian oil. A ceasefire and negotiating for a two-state arrangement through talks may be the solution of the Israel-Hamas War but both sides have rigid stands about whose land it is and who the occupier. Hamas cannot be totally Continued on page 11...
The conflict underscores the irreplaceable role of human intelligence and vigilance alongside technological surveillance in safeguarding national security 5/2023 SP’s LAND FORCES
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>> E XCLU SI V E I N T E R V I E W
AWEIL — Ultimate Weapon Systems Provider RAJESH CHOUDHARY, Chairman & Managing Director, Advanced Weapons & Equipment India Limited
“Our Vision is to strengthen India’s defence capabilities under ‘Atmanirbhar Bharat’ & ensure a larger global presence, for ourselves as well as for our Nation” — Rajesh Choudhary, Chairman & Managing Director, Advanced Weapons & Equipment India Limited, in conversation with SP’s Land Forces. PHOTOGRAPH: AWEIL
SP’s Land Forces (SP’s): Kindly give the readers of SP’s LAND FORCES a brief background and introduction of Advanced Weapons and Equipment India Ltd. Rajesh Choudhary (Choudhary): Advanced Weapons & Equipment India Ltd. (AWEIL) is one of the seven (7) new Defence PSUs formed by converting the erstwhile Ordnance Factory Board into fully Government owned Enterprises. AWEIL was incorporated under the Companies Act 2013 on August 14, 2021 and commencement of business took place on October 1, 2021 as notified by DDP. It comprises of 8 production units: Rifle Factory Ishapore (RFI), Small Arms Factory Kanpur (SAF), Gun & Shell Factory, Cossipore (GSF), Ordnance Factory Tiruchirapalli (OFT), Ordnance Factory, Kanpur (OFC), Field Gun Factory, Kanpur (FGK), Gun Carriage Factory, Jabalpur (GCF), and Ordnance Factory Project Korwa (OFPKR) and 1 non-production unit AWEIL Training Academy, Ishapore. The units have proven integrated facility for high-quality, cost-effective manufacturing of small, medium and large caliber weapon systems & ammunition hardware.
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SP’s: Please tell us about how AWEIL has grown since being established in 2021? Choudhary: I am happy to say that post corporatisation, AWEIL has been granted sufficient autonomy and flexibility to make decisions. This enables us to respond quickly to changing defence requirements and market dynamics, fostering agility and innovation. It is also helpful in strategic decision-making, accountability, and ensuring transparency in operation. AWEIL is in its inception stage and sales of AWEIL from October 1, 2021 to March 31, 2022 was I`1076 Crore. Subsequently the sales rose to `1900 Crore in 2022-23. The target is `2750 Crore for 2023-24. We are targeting to double our turnover in next 3-4 years from the current level. The order book of AWEIL has also improved. When we started the order book position was `4500 Crore approx. Post corporatisation we have received orders of `7000 approx. The current position is `8500 Crore & it is anticipated that our order book will be of crossing `10,000 Crore by end of 2023-24. SP’s: Government of India is focusing on defence exports by Indian defence industries. Please brief us about AWEIL’s export and its strategies for global market presence. Choudhary: I am extremely pleased to share that we are actively expanding our export base in international markets. In a short span of two years, AWEIL has made its presence in Europe, North America, Middle East & Africa. AWEIL is able to grab export orders of approx. `700 Crore which includes Small Arms & Medium Calibre weapons, Artillery Gun Spares, Ammunition Hardware, Repair of Artillery Guns & Spares of Small Arms. AWEIL is effectively penetrating the global defence markets by focussing on competitive prices, promotion & marketing
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DHANUSH is AWEIL’s flagship product which showcases their engineering expertise, domain knowledge, vast experience, precision manufacturing capabilities, and commitment to deliver cutting-edge defence solutions
through direct engagement with potential customers, online webinars/seminars/B2B interactions, inviting Defence Attachés (DAs) of potential customer countries in India, engaging channel partners, participation in domestic and international exhibitions, regular follow up of leads received on Defexim portal, direct engagement with prospective customers & interaction with foreign OEMs. SP’s: How does AWEIL support the Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative of Government of India in the defence sector? Choudhary: At AWEIL, we take immense pride in our role as a cornerstone of the Indian defence manufacturing ecosystem and our unwavering commitment to
“The indigenous content in the turnover of AWEIL is to the tune of 94 per cent which is one of the highest amongst DPSUs. Our vision is to make indigenisation level as high as 100 per cent & have NIL dependence on imports.”
the Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative. The Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative, a call for self-reliance and indigenisation, has been instrumental in shaping our vision and strategy, and we’ve been actively aligning our efforts with this transformative agenda. It is a matter of pride for me to share that the indigenous content in the turnover of AWEIL is to the tune of 94 per cent which is one of the highest amongst DPSUs. Our vision is to make indigenisation level as high as 100 per cent & have NIL dependence on imports. SP’s: It is well known that AWEIL manufactures multiple products which range from Artillery Guns to Pistols & Revolvers. What would you say is your flagship product? Choudhary: I am proud to say that we have a very diverse portfolio of products ranging from Small Arms to Large Calibre, ammunition hardware etc. to cater to various defence needs. It is really a challenging task to single out one flagship product due to the significance and value of each product. However, there is one product that stands out as a symbol of our technological prowess and contribution to national defence and that is ‘DHANUSH’- 155 mm/45 Cal Artillery Gun System. ‘DHANUSH’ is our flagship product which showcases our engineering expertise, domain knowledge, vast experience, precision manufacturing capabilities, and commitment to deliver cutting-edge defence solutions. Dhanush Guns are designed to meet the
stringent requirements of modern Artillery warfare, & providing our forces with a formidable advantage. Dhanush has nearly 94 per cent indigenous content. The Automatic Gun Alignment and Positioning System (AGAPS) makes Dhanush more accurate. AGAPS uses enhanced tactical computer, for on-board ballistic computations, a muzzle velocity radar to help minimise error, and an inertial navigation system-based sighting system which can get GPS updates. Dhanush is also compatible with the Shakti Artillery Combat Command and Control System that integrates and automates all artillery operational functions from the Corps Fire Control Centre down to the Battery Command Post to create a networked environment for efficient use of firepower. We have also developed 52 calibre version and test fired it already. SP’s: What are the core strengths of AWEIL? Choudhary: I am proud to state that AWEIL has vast experience in manufacture of a very large variety of weapons including Pistols, Revolvers, Machine Guns, Rifles, Tank Gun Articles, Air Defence Guns, Naval Guns, Artillery Guns, Ammunition Hardware, with state-of-the-art manufacturing facilities. We have a highly skilled & dedicated man force, a very capable and competent R&D team which are our strength areas. These strengths in highly leveraged structure of DPSU are poised to grow at very high pace. SP
>> B I L AT E R A L / I N D I A-I TA LY
New Chapter in India-Italy Defence Ties
Charting a fresh course, India and Italy embark on a new era of defence collaboration PHOTOGRAPHS: PIB
(Left) Defence Minister Rajnath Singh in a bilateral meeting with the Italian Defence Minister Guido Crosetto; (Right) Rajnath Singh interacting with CEOs and other Top Industry Leaders of Italian Defence Companies.
T
RANJIT KUMAR
HE FIRST EVER VISIT by an Indian Defence Minister to Rome in recent decades, on October 9, 2023, cleared the roadmap for revival of full scale defence cooperation between India and Italy. The visit of Defence Minister Rajnath Singh delivered defence cooperation agreement on expected lines as it was preceded by a joint statement on defence cooperation from highest quarters. The India-Italy summit meeting between Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni, held earlier in March this year, issued a landmark statement on defence cooperation and an action plan to revive and deepen the defence cooperation between India and Italy. Defence relations between India and Italy were put on hold after allegations of bribery in the VVIP AgustaWestland helicopter deal. After the Narendra Modi led government in New Delhi gave a closure to this issue and cleared the way for laying the track for next chapter in defence relations, the European defence equipment manufacturer will have cordial defence cooperation relations with Indian defence forces and industry in coming years. Prior to Rajnath Singh’s landmark visit to Rome, during the 2020 virtual summit between Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni, a plan of action was released to deepen economic and strategic cooperation, which referred to 2020-2024 plan of action for enhancing Defence Cooperation. During the November 2020 virtual summit, the two Prime Minis-
ters welcomed the steady strengthening of defence cooperation between the two countries and recognised the importance of regular defence exchanges between the two countries. According to senior officials, they emphasised on the need to further expand defence engagement through greater two-way collaboration and technology cooperation, co-development and co-production, by expediting discussions through the Joint Defence Committee and Military Cooperation Group. Further during the March, 2023 state visit of Giorgia Meloni to New Delhi, the two Prime Ministers released a joint statement which referred to the inking of MoU on Defence cooperation. Probably this led to the India-Italy Defence Cooperation agreement, which will initiate a new chapter in India-Italy defence relations. Earlier, the two countries held on June 1, 2022, 11th round of Military Cooperation Group meeting in Rome. The IndiaItaly Military Cooperation Group (MCG) is a forum established to boost defence cooperation between the both countries through regular talks at the strategic and operational levels between Headquarters, Integrated Defence Staff and the Joint Staff HQ of Italian Armed Forces. The meeting was Co-Chaired from the Indian side by Deputy Assistant Chief of Integrated Staff, Brigadier Vivek Narang and Italian Defence General Staff Brigadier General Alessandro Grassano, from the Italian side. A senior official described the meeting of the military cooperation group was held in a friendly, warm and cordial atmosphere. Discussions focused on new initiatives under the ambit of existing
bilateral defence cooperation mechanism and further strengthening ongoing defence engagements. More than an year after the MCG meeting, the two defence ministers signed defence cooperation meeting of long term significance, The agreement released after meeting between Indian Defence Minister Rajnath Singh and Italian Defence Minister Guido Crosetto talked of promoting bilateral cooperation in varied defence domains, such as security and defence policy, Research & Development, education in military field, maritime domain awareness, sharing of defence information and industrial cooperation, including co-development, co-production & setting up of joint ventures. Besides the cooperation agreement, both sides discussed a host of defence and strategic cooperation issues, including training, sharing of information, maritime exercises and maritime security. The focus was on the opportunities in defence industrial cooperation. The two Ministers discussed the complementary capacities of India & Italy in defence and the possibilities of joint development. The talks between Indian and Italian defence ministers suggested fostering the interaction of the Indian start-ups with the Italian defence companies. Since India and Italy raised the level of bilateral relationship to strategic partnership and there are similarities of views relating to Indo-Pacific issues, both the countries also plan to have cooperative relationship between armed forces. The issue ofpromoting strategic partnership in Indo-Pacific was taken up during the visit
of External Affairs Minister Dr S. Jaishankar to Rome two years ago. In view of European Union’s positive assessment of the emerging Indo-Pacific construct, India and Italy can cooperate in resilient supply chains and infrastructure projects in third countries. It is significant that Italy has already organised a trilateral India, Italy and Japan meet on promoting cooperation under the banner of IndoPacific. Italy and India agree on support to all connectivity issues based on international norms and standards, good governance, rule of law, inclusiveness, transparency and level playing field. In the Plan of Action finalised during the virtual summit, Italy agreed with India on the importance of the Indo-Pacific region as a fundamental area for connecting Asia and Europe. It is expected that India and Italy can be a major partner in implementing connectivity projects under the Indo-Pacific. Thus Indo-Pacific is going to be new focus of India-Italy bilateral cooperation projects. Besides joining hands on multilateral forums, the two ancient civilisations have already worked out an ambitious agenda to strengthen people to people contacts through cultural festivals, besides plans to strengthen the opportunity for tourism, culture and educational collaboration. These developing relations in various sectors, would lead to an atmosphere of trust in defence sectors also, which is expected to a revived cosy defence relations between India and Italy. SP
defence forces toward self-sufficiency under the ‘Atmanirbhar Bharat’ initiative, the establishment of defence corridors in UP and Tamil Nadu indicates steps in the right direction. However, realising these goals will require time. During this transitional phase, our reliance on imports and collaboration with the Private Indian Defence Industry must persist. Easing procurement processes and providing support to MSMEs are essential steps, and ongoing efforts in this direction need sustained momentum. The Infantry urgently demands modernisation to meet the challenges of future battlefields characterised by advanced
weapon systems, disruptive technologies, and heightened battlefield transparency due to AI-driven ground, aerial manned and unmanned and space based surveillance systems. The introduction of drones, robots, and unmanned weapons platforms necessitates equipping and empowering the Infantry with the right weapons and C4I systems to enhance its Operational, Observational, Decision, and Action (OODA) loop. Encouragingly, the Ministry of Defence and the Defence Forces are actively addressing these needs, taking essential steps to equip not only the Infantry but also other crucial components of the Defence Forces. SP
The author is a Senior Journalist and Strategic Affairs Analyst
Arming the Ultimate Fighter... Continued from page 4 journey ahead to achieve self-sufficiency in its defence, including Infantry needs. Transforming the Infantry Soldier is a prolonged endeavour that demands considerable time to fulfil the 100 per cent requirement for essential items in the Future Infantry Soldier as a System (F-INSAS) programme. However, prioritising the proposed Assault Rifle is imperative to prevent a scenario where infantry is compelled to engage with obsolete INSAS Rifles, highlighting the urgency in addressing this crucial need.
Conclusion
The Ministry of Defence and the Indian
Army recognise the imperative of modernising key army components, including Infantry, Armour, Artillery, Air Defence, and Aviation. While initiatives like defence industry privatisation, integration of MSMEs, Startups, and academia aim to transition the
Global initiatives are underway for Infantry modernisation to enhance infantry capabilities
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>> W E A P O N SYST E MS / R OS O B O R O N E X P O RT
Rosoboronexport Organised an Exhibition of Battle-Tested Weapons at Army 2023 Forum
Rosoboronexport held meetings with delegations from many partner countries and they were given presentations on Russian products, all of which had undergone necessary upgrades and have been retrofitted PHOTOGRAPHS: Rosoboronexport
According to Alexander Mikheev, by 2030, share of new samples of Russian products, offered for exports, is expected to prevail over currently manufactured items in the proportion of 90 to 10 per cent. (Clockwise from Top Left) Ka-52E Attack Helicopter; Russian T-14 Armata MBT; Russian small arms are in constant demand worldwide; As per tradition Rosoboronexport showcased a range of Armoured Vehicles.
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OSOBORONEXPORT (PART OF ROSTEC State Corporation) took an active part in the IX Army 2023 International MilitaryTechnical Forum, which was held in August 2023 at the Patriot Exhibition and Convention Center of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. The Company held meetings with delegations from many partner countries, more than 30 of which were headed by Defence Ministers and Chiefs of General Staff. They were given presentations of Russian military, dual-use and civilian products exhibited at the Forum, and also were told on possible options for cooperation. “Russian weapons displayed at the Army Forum have a successful track record on the battlefield. They proved to be easy to operate and at the same time very effective against cutting-edge products from our Western competitors,” said Alexander Mikheev, Director General of Rosoboronexport. “In 2023, as part of its exhibit, Rosoboronexport has allocated a separate location for displaying such weapons. We’ll be showing our partners aircraft, air defence and electronic warfare systems, armoured vehicles and tanks, artillery, unmanned aerial vehicles and counter-UAV systems, small arms and combat gear and telling them in detail
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about the experience of their use in combat within information provided by the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. The presented products have undergone necessary upgrades and have been retrofitted taking into account feedback from the zone of the special military operation.” Rosoboronexport’s exhibit was located in an outdoor display area and in a presentation pavilion. At the same time, weapons and military equipment were demonstrated as elements of a single system. So, zones for showcasing artillery systems and reconnaissance assets, counter-UAV equipment, as well as armoured combat vehicles have been allocated in the outdoor display area. In the first zone there were the Orlan-10 and Orlan-30 reconnaissance UAV systems, the 155mm Msta-S self-propelled howitzer, 120mm 2S31 Vena self-propelled artillery gun, artillery ammunition. Reconnaissance, electronic warfare and air defence systems were on display as part of a layered counter-UAV system capable of engaging drones of various classes. For example, UAVs are destroyed by the Vikingand Tor-type SAM systems, the Pantsir-type SPAAGM system and the Verba and Igla-S MANPADS. UAV navigation and control systems are jammed by electronic warfare systems, including the RB-504P-E, Argu-
ment-2 and Argument-3 EW systems presented at Army 2023. In the segment of electronic warfare systems for countering precision guided munitions, the Pole-21E common jamming modules and the R-330Zh automated jammer against satellite communications and the satellite radio navigation systems were demonstrated at Army 2023. In the armoured vehicles zone, armoured combat vehicles were presented as part of one lineup: front-line combat vehicles, armoured fire support vehicle and armoured personnel carriers. Among the vehicles on display were the T-14 Armata MBT, the K-17 Boomerang wheeled IFV, armored personnel carriers and Tigr- and Spartak-family multipurpose MRAP vehicles. At the Forum, Russian defence manufacturers showcased new products: the Z-STS Akhmat armoured vehicle, Su-57 and Su-35 fighters with the latest guided weapons, artillery ammunition and the Raptor sniper system. Rosoboronexport’s exhibit in presentation pavilion was also divided into thematic zones: battle-tested systems, smallarms systems, close combat weapons and combat gear, communication and security equipment. In total, more than 200 items were on display in the pavilion. This part
of the exhibit was linked to the items and systems showcased in Rosoboronexport’s outdoor area. Unmanned aircraft systems for various purposes, of which the Orion reconnaissance and strike UAV equipped with air weapons is particularly noteworthy, were located in the outdoor display area of the Patriot Park and the aircraft parking lot of the Kubinka Airfield. The Ka-52M and Ka-52E scout/attack helicopters were demonstrated in the same outdoor display areas. They were showcased with new guided weapons, including the Item 305 light multipurpose guided missile. The Patriot Park’s multifunctional firing center hosted demonstration firing from military, special and civilian weapons presented by the High-Precision Weapons and Kalashnikov Concern, the Rostec’s subsidiaries, as well as the ORSIS Company. Here, it was possible to practically evaluate the characteristics of such small arms as Kalashnikov AK-200 series, AK-12, AK-15, AK-19 assault rifles, ADS special amphibious assault rifle, SHAK-12 heavy assault rifle system, VKS, Bespoke Gun Raptor, T-5000 sniper rifles, modernized 6V10 rifle, PLK pistol, PPK-20 submachine gun, AGS-30 grenade launcher system among the many! SP
>> CO N T I N U E D STO R I ES... A Sneak Peek of Future Warfare... Continued from page 6 Precision-Guided Firearms (PGFs)
Precision-Guided Firearms (PGFs) are longrange rifle systems utilising advanced technology to significantly improve accuracy. They incorporate features like target tracking, heads-up display for real-time information, and advanced fire control for automatic firing solutions calculation. Key Features of PGFs l Utilises sensors for precise target tracking. l Provides real-time information like distance, wind speed, and elevation. l Automatically calculates firing solutions based on various parameters.
Smart Firearms
Smart firearms integrate technology for enhanced safety and performance, utilising biometrics, RFID, and GPS for authentication and tracking. They offer increased safety by preventing unauthorised use, improved performance through enhanced accuracy and lethality, and potential crime reduction by making tracking of weapons easier. Advantages of Smart Firearms l Prevents unauthorised use, reducing accidental shootings and suicides. l Enhanced accuracy and lethality through advanced technology. l Potential to reduce gun violence and make tracking of stolen weapons easier.
Intelligent Bullets
Intelligent bullets are projectiles equipped with sensors and guidance systems to accurately track and hit targets. They offer increased accuracy, reduced risk of collateral damage, and reduced risk of friendly fire. However, they may be more expensive than conventional bullets and may have reliability variations due to being a newer technology. Advantages of Intelligent Bullets l Enhanced accuracy, especially at extended ranges. l Precise targeting minimises unintended damage.
Can distinguish between friendly and enemy forces. Challenges l Likely to be more expensive than conventional bullets. l More intricate, potentially requiring higher maintenance and operational expertise. l Being a newer technology, reliability may vary. l
Exoskeletons
Exoskeletons are wearable robotic devices designed to assist or enhance human movement, with applications in rehabilitation, military, construction, manufacturing, logistics, and personal use. In military applications, exoskeletons provide increased strength and endurance, support in carrying heavy loads, enhanced protection, and improved mobility in combat scenarios. They also offer improved situational awareness through integrated sensors and displays. Military Applications of Exoskeletons l Increased Strength and Endurance and supports soldiers in carrying heavy loads and navigating difficult terrain. l Provides additional armour and weapons, enhancing soldier safety. l Enables faster and more agile movement in combat scenarios. l Improved Situational Awareness since it is equipped with sensors and displays for real-time information about the surroundings.
Stealth and Camouflage
Stealth and camouflage are pivotal for landbased weapon systems to evade detection by adversaries. Stealth involves reducing a weapon system’s visibility to radar, infrared, and other sensors, while camouflage enables it to blend seamlessly with its surroundings. Methods for Achieving Stealth and Camouflage Include l Shape Optimisation: Stealthy systems are
meticulously designed to minimise their radar cross-section (RCS), which measures how much radar energy is reflected. Camouflaged systems are shaped to seamlessly blend into their environment. l Radar-Absorbent Materials (RAM): These specialised materials absorb radar energy, thereby reducing the RCS of a weapon system. l Infrared Signature Reduction: Stealthy systems are engineered to diminish their infrared signature, i.e., the heat they emit. Camouflaged systems aim to match their infrared signature with the surrounding environment. l Netting and Other Materials: Various materials, including netting, can be deployed to obscure weapon systems, making them less conspicuous. l Natural Materials: Elements like branches and leaves are employed to conceal weapon systems, ensuring they harmonise with their environment. Stealth and camouflage fortify landbased weapon systems, enhancing their effectiveness in combat scenarios. As stealth and camouflage technology continues to advance, it is anticipated that it will have even more effective applications for landbased weapon systems in the future.
Conclusion
The landscape of advanced weapon systems for land forces is rapidly evolving, promising unparalleled advantages in speed, accuracy, and lethality. From directed energy weapons to precisionguided missiles and intelligent bullets, these technologies are set to redefine the capabilities of ground-based forces. Coupled with innovations in exoskeletons, stealth, and camouflage, the future of warfare holds immense promise for land forces worldwide. As these technologies continue to advance, we can anticipate a paradigm shift in military strategy and tactics. SP
Lessons from the Israel-Hamas War... Continued from page 7 wiped out as all other terrorist organisations have continued to survive, mutate and expand. Moreover, the Catch 22 is can a twostate solution end the violence? Remember Pakistan’s terrorist-President Pervez Musharraf saying: “Even if the Kashmir issue is resolved, jihad against India will continue.” The lessons we can learn from the IsraelHamas War, which is already running into the fourth week, are as under: l Preparedness: October 7 was a Jewish holiday but it was also the 50th Anniversary of the 1973 Yom Kippur war. The latter demanded utmost vigilance – there was no room for laxity. l Enemy Appreciation: Asymmetric attacks by Hamas, which is not a conventional force, needed constant appreciation, including worst case scenarios. These attacks would have been viewed globally and the possibility of such attacks against India needs examination. Terrorists for the 26/11 Mumbai attacks came by sea from Karachi and we not only have contested borders with China-Pakistan but also lightly held borders with other neighbours. As such, it would be naïve to expect such attacks through our border with Pakistan alone. l Dependence on Technology: The man behind the machine will always remain far more important than the machine no matter what high-end technology is introduced. Fences and barriers must be manned or frequently patrolled in addition to electronic and surveillance means whose performance is subject to vagaries of weather, electronic suppression and other enemy actions.
Intelligence Cooperation: It is difficult to understand why Israeli border units were not alerted on October 7, even if the information of the impending attacks was gathered by the Israeli intelligence a day earlier. Was it upmanship between intelligence agencies as is the bane in India? Take the IPKF operations in Sri Lanka where the national intelligence agencies were working at cross purposes to our military. l Intel Warnings: In India, the States treat intel warnings most casually. There were intel alerts before the 26/11 Mumbai terror attacks, as well as before terrorist attacks in Uri, Pathankot Pulwama suicide attack and others, but were always ignored. In case of 26/11, locals who saw the terrorists getting off the boat even informed the nearby police but there was little action. We need to drastically change such attitudes. l HUMINT: Operations in the two world wars and beyond have shown the importance of HUMINT and the role played by moles inside the enemy camp. Infiltrating terrorist organisations, though difficult, can give handsome dividends, this is very relevant to the Indian security establishment as well. l Tunnel Warfare: Fighting through tunnels is complex. The US was unable to fight through the Sochi Tunnels where the Vietnamese fought from despite using defoliants and chemicals. POK has extensive tunnels developed by both China-Pakistan and recent reports indicate PLA digging tunnels east of Depsang in Ladakh. We need to l
develop our own tunnel networks with the preponderance of drones in the battlefield, and devise ways to tackle enemy tunnels. l Soldiers and National Security: Ironically, we still don’t have a national security strategy. Defending the nation is too serious a business to be left to bureaucrats/diplomats who are not accountable and will not be there when a crisis happens. Considering soldiers a drain on the economy should be anathema. We discuss expenses on soldiers without comparing them with other government services, not even civilian-defence employees who are four-times more expensive than their uniformed counterparts. And, concurrently boasting a $5 trillion economy by 2025 and $30 trillion economy by 2047. l Geopolitical/Political Expediency: America has been historically igniting hotspots globally with scant regard even for its allies, one example being deteriorating economies of European nations because of the Ukraine war. The US doesn’t want a ceasefire in Ukraine or Gaza. Politicians, world over, don’t hesitate sacrificing their nationals for retaining or gaining power – call it criminalisation of politics or political expediency. India is no exception and we must live with this reality. Finally, the question is what our national priorities are, will we continue to put our soldiers and military manpower on the backburner in the din about technology and weapon systems, and what do we want to learn from the Israel-Hamas War. SP
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