SP's Land Forces Issue 05 - 2014

October-November 2014

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In This Issue Page 5 India and China – Future Trajectory As long as China does not indulge in more incursions especially with signing of the Border Defence Cooperation Agreement, ample scope exists for the bilateral relationship to be taken to new heights concurrent to peaceful resolution of the border Lt General P.C. Katoch (Retd)

>> regional / south east asia photographs: US Army

Page 8 Border & Perimeter Security Beyond the immediate, we are facing a future where security challenges will be less predictable; situations will evolve and change swiftly; and, technological changes will make responses more difficult to keep pace with. The threats may be known, but the enemy may be invisible.

Lt General P.C. Katoch (Retd) Page 10

The Indo-Pakistan Ceasefire Scenario India would have to remain alert on the border/LoC without closing its window(s) for purposeful negotiations or allowing the dilution of its revised policy. It would have to remain prepared for increased contingencies along the LoC and cross border terrorism.

General V.P. Malik (Retd) Page 11 Night into Day with Night Vision Devices Instant situational awareness of the area of operations is a do or die necessity for a soldier Lt General Naresh Chand (Retd) Plus Prime Minister Modi in the United Nations General V.P. Malik (Retd)

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Prime Minister Modi in USA General V.P. Malik (Retd)

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Prime Minister keen on developing ‘Digital Armed Force’ R. Chandrakanth International Seminar on “Digitisation of Battlefield”, October 27, 2014, New Delhi SP’s Exclusives News in Brief

An Indonesian armed forces private provides security for his fellow soldiers while they identify a potential threat as part of C-IED training, the focus of the field training exercise during Exercise Garuda Shield

Modernisation of Indonesian Defence Forces Military modernisation occurs in geo-strategic, political and economic contexts and is driven not only by technological factors and indigenous defence industry’s capabilities but also by a social and cultural context

13  Brigadier Vinod Anand (Retd)

13 14 15

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modern military is an important tool for a nation to pursue its foreign and security policies which get impacted by a number of contextual factors. Not only the militaries have to guard against the ever changing combination of internal and external security threats and challenges, the politico-military establishment of the countries have to also prepare

in advance for likely wars and conflicts of the future which are always in a state of flux. Military modernisation occurs in geostrategic, political and economic contexts and is not only driven by technological factors and indigenous defence industry’s capabilities but also there is a social and cultural context.

Indonesia’s Geostrategic Situation Indonesia’s geostrategic situation is unique in that it comprises 17,500 islands with an

area of nearly 2 million square kilometres.

It has coastline of over 54,000 kilometres to protect against a wide variety of security threats. In addition, it has land borders with Malaysia, Papua New Guinea and Timor-Leste. Indonesia also sits astride the sea lines of communications that link the Indian and Pacific Oceans. While Malacca Strait’s significance as an international waterway cannot be over emphasised; Lombok, Macassar and Sundae Straits in the Indonesian archipelago are also signifi-

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>> Messages

Messages on 50 Years of SP Guide Publications

Message

Prime Minister’s Office India

The Hon’ble Prime Minister is happy to learn that SP Guide Publications is celebrating Golden Jubilee of its publication.

In a country like India with limited support from the industry and market, initiating 50 years ago publishing magazines relating to Army, Navy and Aviation sectors without any interruption is a commendable job on the part of SP Guide Publications. By this, SP Guide Publications has established the fact that continuing quality work in any field would result in success.

On this occasion, the Prime Minister conveys best wishes to publishers, associates and the readers.

Message

Chief Minister Gujarat State

Armed forces are the integral part of our National Security. It is about the collective strength of the entire country working to create and sustain a homeland that is safe and secure, in which national interest, aspirations and way of life can thrive.

It is a matter of pride that “SP Guide Publications” is working since 50 years in the field of aerospace and defence sectors, serving and highlighting the people of the same sector.

E D I T O R I A L

I extend my best wishes to the associates and readers of the publications and hope that publication house will keep up the good work and will encourage more and more youth to join our defence forces and serve our mother country India.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s Outreach to USA The PM’s visit to US can be considered one of the most important visits which will re-shape the IndoUS future relations. Details and analysis of the visit are brought to you by the former Army Chief, Gen V.P. Malik (Retd).

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Modernisation Military modernisation occurs in geo-strategic, political and economic contexts. A modern military is an important tool for a nation to pursue its foreign and security policies. Not only the militaries have to guard against the ever changing combination of internal and external security threats and challenges, the politico-military establishment of the countries have to also prepare in advance for likely wars and conflicts of the future which are always in a state of flux.

Indonesia’s Armed Forces are undergoing one such modernisation which promises to transform the military capabilities of the largest

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nation in South East Asia.

The worst period as far capability building and modernisation of the Indian armed forces is concerned has been the past decade of UPA rule which has resulted in neutred combat capability.

The situation is very critical due to existing voids in ammunitation apart from obsolescence of some major hardware. Prime Minister Narendra Modi while addressing the Combined Commanders’ Conference 2014 in the Defence Ministry War Room on October 17 , highlighted that “beyond the immediate, we are facing a future where security challenges will be less predictable; situations will evolve and change swiftly; and, technological changes will make responses more difficult to keep pace with. The threats may be known, but the enemy may be invisible. It is hoped that the NDA Goverment will take forward the Modernisation of the armed forces at top priority.

Border Incident at Chumar in Eastern Ladakh While a large number of Army personnel were still busy tackling the floods and rescuing the citizens,another scene was being played out by China on the line of actual control (LAC). On September 18, while the Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Chinese President Xi Jinping were meeting in New Delhi over

a thousand troops from the two countries remained locked in a face-off along the Pare-Chu stream in Ladakh’s Chumar region. Army sources described the face-off as the largest buildup of troops on LAC since the crisis at Daulat Beg Oldi last year, but added that violence was unlikely. The Defence Ministry declined to comment officially, but sources said the strength of troops on the Chinese side were build up to about 1,000 troops

by September 17 evening. The number on the Indian side was about 1,500. The meetings between the military commanders of Leh-based 14 Corps and the Chinese delegation was unsuccessful and that is about the time that the government refused to budge and the Indian military decided to act tough. This paid off and the Chinese moved back to the pre-September 1 positions.

Firing on the International Border and on the LoC in J&K As the Chinese incident on the LAC eased off, the intensity of firing as well as the number of incidents on the international border and line of control (LoC) with Pakistan started increasing. By October 6, 40 posts of the BSF in Jammu region came under heavy fire resulting in a number of civilians causalities, damaging houses and cattle destroyed. This led the government to lift restrictions

on the Army and the BSF to retaliate with telling effect.

Islamabad it seems was shocked by the ferocity and intensity of the Indian response. Indian forces were asked not to seek any flag meeting with the other side, thus sending the signal that the government was in no mood to ease situation on the border with Pakistan until the ceasefire violations were halted. It is obvious that the firing on the International Border was a result of Pakistan’s frustration over New Delhi blocking all of its attempts to internationalise the Kashmir issue. Media reports also suggest that India’s massive retaliation to the ceasefire violations has resulted in at least 35 deaths across the border. Pakistan has to understand the new realities and act accordingly if they want peace on the borders.

Toughening of India’s Stand on Border Incidents The latest incidents in J&K on the International Border and LoC opposite Pakistan and on the LAC opposite China shows a toughening of India’s stand on border incidents and stand-offs. The lesson learnt from these incidents stands out loud and clear. Countries respect you only if you are militarily strong and have the political will to exercise your rights. Even diplomatic parleys without a strong and well trained military and a firm political will are ineffective.

Floods in J&K a National Calamity In the first week of September 2014, Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir was hit by torrential rain and unprecedented floods. The destruction was so devastating that the Prime Minister declared it a national calamity.

The Indian Army, the Indian Air Force, the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF), and the paramilitary forces rose to the occasion to carry out one of the largest rescue and relief operations in the history of independent India. The Army was involved in rescue and relief of people in Jammu and in Kashmir, building damaged arterial roads, building damaged bridges, providing medical assistance, establishing relief camps, establishing field hospitals and distributing food, water and medicines. The Army deployed more than 30,000 troops for the rescue and relief operations in Jammu and Kashmir and brought in 224 boats for rescue operations. The Army Aviation with its helicopters also functioned in close concert with the Indian Air Force.

The Army Operation was called off after two weeks of non-stop rescue and relief operations in the state.

Lt General V.K. Kapoor (Retd)

regional / south east asia cant choke points in the maritime domain.

Safeguarding littoral approaches, defending territorial integrity and sovereignty for the Indonesian armed forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia or TNI), indeed is a Herculean task. TNI also has to meet the internal challenges of insurgency, religious extremism and provide aid to civil power in certain contingencies though some of these challenges are also being met by the paramilitary and police forces. Meeting non-traditional maritime security challenges like piracy, protecting the maritime exclusive zone and providing humanitarian assistance and disaster relief are some of the areas where TNI is looking to further build their capabilities.

While for long Indonesia had been focusing on internal threats, of late it has been siezed with military modernisation trends in South East Asia. It has been particularly cognizant of Malaysia’s acquisitions of Scorpene submarines and Singapore’s development of a modern air force.

It is a different matter that it has been cooperating with them on joint patrolling of the Malacca Strait. Jakarta also remains concerned with China’s ‘nine dash line’ in the South China Sea in addition to Beijing’s recent assertive actions even though it has no direct disputes with China on the question of maritime boundaries yet, there is the question of overlapping exclusive economic zone (EEZ) between Indonesia’s Natuna Island and Beijing’s claims.

However, the problems of modernisation of TNI can be said to be more acute as compared to some of the other militaries in the region. The military suffers from obsolescence of platforms and systems and a wide variety of imported systems create their own complications in maintenance and serviceability. Indonesia also has lim-

The goals of the MEF are to develop a GreenWater Navy, carry out major upgrades of air combat capability, build up a more mobile and agile land force, and the development of a viable domestic defence industrial capability. ited indigenous defence industrial capability. Indeed, it will take a long time before some of the modern elements like, for instance, command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (C4ISR) systems can be introduced into TNI. But that aside, based on a Presidential Directive of 2008 a policy of developing ‘Minimum Essential Force’ (MEF) over a period of next 15 years was adopted. To achieve this aim, MEF had been restructured into a series of three strategic programmes with timeframes from 2010 to 2014, 2015 to 2019 and 2020 to 2024 as well as spending of up to 1.5 - 2 per cent of the GDP. The goals of the MEF are to develop a Green Water Navy, carry out major upgrades of air combat capability, build up a more mobile and agile land force, and the development of a viable domestic defence industrial capability. Though the concept of MEF does not

include the numbers of military platforms or systems it has been defined as “a force level that can guarantee the attainment of immediate strategic defence interests, where the procurement priority is given to the improvement of minimum defence strength and/or the replacement of outdated main weapon systems/equipment.”

The current reforms in the military domain were initiated in 1999 when the military’s dominant control over political and business affairs was largely eliminated and the defence forces moved towards becoming a more professional organisation. The intervening years have seen a gradual transformation of TNI into a force which has acquired some additional capabilities but still has a greater distance to travel before it can be called a modern military. The current modernisation plans are expected to achieve the capabilities to deal with the security risks such as internal conflicts, border disputes, terrorism and transnational security issues by end of this year within the limited defence budget. The next ten years would be dedicated to closing the gaps between the current and envisaged strength and capabilities in terms of removing obsolete technologies, defence transformation and induction of modern equipment and military platforms.

Notwithstanding the strategic goals of MEF 2024 there is also a projection of capabilities for a future force in 2050.

Doctrine and Force Structuring Of the total of around 4,76,000 personnel in the TNI, the Army comprises of 75 per cent of the strength. There appears to be no change in the antiquated doctrine of ‘total people’s defence’ which consists of a three-stage war: a short initial period in

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which invader would defeat a conventional Indonesian military, a long period of territorial guerrilla war followed by a final stage of expulsion that involves the entire population of the nation. This is something like the doctrine of ‘people war’ of the Chinese military. There appear to be no plans to cut down the size possibly because of the continued threats and challenges of internal security. Neither there are plans to increase the numbers of personnel in a significant manner. The overall stress is on increasing operational readiness, combat effectiveness, and improvement in agility and mobility and enhancing the logistics capabilities. These goals are to be achieved in respect of all the three services. It has also been said that Indonesian armed forces are “underfunded, undertrained, and under-equipped”. The current efforts to modernise the forces are to overcome shortages of equipment as also to improve the quality of personnel.

Modernising the Indonesian Army The army is looking at establishing new territorial command units, both at provincial and district levels. It is also developing mobile ground units that could deploy rapidly in the desired areas. The Indonesian Army (TNI-AD) plans also include improvements in its airborne and air mobile capabilities, mechanised capabilities besides ability to undertake special operations.

In terms of platforms the Army is to get 100 used Leopard 2A6 Main Battle Tanks and 50 Marder 1A3 Infantry Fighting vehicles (IFV) from Germany.

Earlier there was an option of buying them from the Netherlands. Russia had also offered its T-90 tanks to Indonesia. Delivery of the tanks is expected by end of this year.

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>> regional / south east asia much smaller and obsolete British Scorpion and French AMX13 tanks.

Towards attaining its goals in improving its air mobility capabilities the Army acquired 18 MI-17 medium-lift transport helicopters which would enable it to carry out heli-borne operations in a variety of contingencies. Acquisition of six MI-35 attack helicopters from Russia would increase Army’s capabilities in anti-tank and related operations, though it is a very limited number for a large Army.

The Army has also received Russian 37 BMP-3F armoured fighting vehicles this year that will join 17 already in service. In fact, Indonesia has been receiving Russian defence equipment as part of a billion-dollar loan to Jakarta given during Russian President Vladimir Putin visit to the Indonesian capital in September 2007. Russia has also been training Indonesian Army crews for BMP-3F in its training centre in Russia. Contracts for additional BMPs are expected to be signed.

Further, as part of its artillery modernisation plans Indonesia has also contracted to buy from Avibras of Brazil multiple launch rocket systems Astros–II Mk6. Indonesia also signed last year a five-year, EUR 108 million financing deal for 34 Caesar 155/52mm self-propelled artillery systems.

However, as a growing sign of closeness between Indonesia and the US, the Americans agreed to sell eight AH-64D Apache attack helicopters. The $500-million deal includes pilot training and radars. It is not known as to what would be the weapon configuration but nevertheless it will be a state-of-the-art addition to Indonesian Army’s arsenal and would strengthen its deterrence capabilities.

Indonesian Army also has plans to create a standing peacekeeping force of about 10,000 troops which is approximately twice the size of its present force earmarked for such tasks.

equipped with stealth features, active electronically scanned array radar, and internal weapons carriage. Earlier this year Korea completed the delivery of 16 T-50 aircraft to Indonesian Air Force which would provide much needed replacements for its fleets of BAE Hawk Mk.53 trainer jets, and OV-10F Bronco forward air control/ counterinsurgency aircraft, as part of an ongoing modernisation efforts.

The above mix of a variety of aircrafts would create its own difficulties in operations, maintenance and supply of spares and would also complicate the training process. Obviously, this would lead to additional costs. Even though there are plans to enhance its fighter fleet the Air Force lacks airborne early warning and control systems that could exploit the increasing combat

being phased out as a large number of them are either aged or in advanced stage of obsolescence. Here again the TNI-AL inventory’s is less than 50 per cent seaworthy.

Further, according to some assessments the quality of personnel and their training as well as their skill sets also needs to be improved. In addition, it does not have adequate logistics support that might be needed to become a Green Water Navy which would be more than Brown water or coastal Navy. Given the mandate of controlling a number of islands and vast stretch of waters, strengthening and enhancement of logistics and communication capabilities is an imperative for TNI-AL. Similarly, the navy has to work on its anti-access strategy in a number of contingencies based on visualised maritime threats both traditional

Indonesian soldiers conduct an area search as part of their counter improvised explosive devices training

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Enhancing Indonesia’s Air Power Though the numbers of squadrons to be planned for Indonesian air force have not been articulated in the MEF there have been indications that at least 10 squadrons should be operative by 2024. In 2010, the Defence Minister Purnomo Yusgiantoro announced that Indonesia would acquire 180 Russian Sukhoi fighter jets over the next 15 years. Recently, there has been a talk of inducting Russian twin-engine Sukhoi Su-35 multi-role fighters to replace its F-5 Tigers.

The Air Force (TNI-AU) is also aiming at inducting a number of UAVs for surveillance and tactical support duties. Serviceability of its air fleet is less than 50 per cent and its present inventory has obsolete aircraft like F-5E/F Tiger II aircraft and some old F-16A/B fighters. The condition of these US origin aircrafts had been languishing because of the erstwhile embargo by the US on military equipment to Indonesia due to human rights violations in Timor. In November 2011 the US agreed to provide Indonesia with 24 refurbished F-16 jet fighters from the Pentagon’s used aircraft inventory. It also has six Sukhoi Su-30MK2s were obtained from Russia in 2011. It also has some Su-27SKM and Su-30 MK1. For training purposes it has hawk jet trainer aircrafts.

In October this year Indonesia and South Korea signed a joint engineering and development agreement for the Korean Fighter Experimental (KFX) 4.5-generation fighter.

The agreement is as a sequel to a memorandum of understanding signed in July 2010 and an April 2011 agreement that covered the initial two-year technical development phase of the programme. South Korea will pay 80 per cent of the costs associated with the joint engineering and development phase of the KFX, with Indonesia paying the remaining 20 per cent. KFX will be a single-seat, twin-engine, multi-role aircraft

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time patrol aircraft. Its maritime helicopter fleet is also old and is expected to be replaced by new types of helicopters. It has limited amphibious capabilities which need to be enhanced and thus are an essential part of its Green Water Navy concept.

Defence Budgeting and Defence Industry Indonesian Defence Minister Purnomo Yusgiantoro has stated that under its current military modernisation plan, defence spending in his country has risen to 1.3 per cent of GDP, up from a low of 0.6 per cent in 2001 after the Asian financial crisis. The 1.3 per cent level will be maintained or even increased. Expanding on the logic and rationale for ongoing military modernisation he also observed that it is linked to military reform, based on principles of democracy and human rights. Military modernisation is also motivated by Indonesia’s desire to play an increasing role in UN peacekeeping operations. While speaking at the Shangri La Dialogue in May this year he went on to say that “one should be mindful of how inaccurate perceptions can create miscalculation, misjudgement and mistrust. Strategic transparency is thus needed in order to avoid a destabilising arms race. Transparency begins at home with an open and democratic system of government”. This observation was made by the Defence Minister in the background of rising tensions in the South China Sea due to China’s assertiveness.

Indonesia allocated Rupiah 83.4 trillion ($7.3 billion), less than 1 per cent of GDP, for defence spending in 2014. Outgoing Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono has announced a 2015 defence budget of Rupiah 95 trillion ($8.1 billion), a year-on-year increase of 14 per cent which is about 0.8 per cent of the GDP. The defence budget is supported by continued growth of the Indonesian economy which was estimated to be growing at 5.7 per cent in 2014. Though defence budgets have dramatically risen over the years from $2.5 billion in 2005 to the current levels of over $8 billion yet, these are still very low as compared to the requirements to raise the envisaged levels of MEF by 2024.

So far as the indigenous defence industrial capacity is concerned it is very limited and the government has taken some measures to strengthen the capacities. Like in India a framework for defence industry has been approved which enables the government to provide financial assistance to private defence companies, gives priority to indigenous systems and has offset guidelines. However, largely the cuttingedge defence systems would continue to be imported that creates its own vulnerabilities.

Conclusion An Indonesian Army paratrooper with the 17th Airborne Brigade takes aim behind a machine gun during a field training exercise with US Army paratroopers

power. Airborne refuelling is another area where the Indonesian Air Force needs to have some capabilities.

Green Water Navy According to Global Security Organization and many other analytical reports there are very ambitious plans in the shape of building Navy to a strength of 274 ships of various classes and at least 12 submarines by 2024 compared to its current fleet of 118 ships, 2 submarines (plus 3 under construction) and 55 aircraft. Plans include creating a naval force of 110 surface combatants, 66 patrol vessels and 98 support ships. This has been termed as the largest modernisation plan of the Indonesian Navy in last four decades. These are very ambitious plans which would require resources that may not be available. Many of the existing old surface combatants, patrol boats, vessels for anti-submarine warfare, mine warfare and mine countermeasures are in the process of

and non-traditional. Thus it has to upgrade its amphibious capabilities and strengthen its aviation arm for reconnaissance, surveillance and air support duties. Largely, the Green Water Navy’s reach could be said to be up to Indonesia’s EEZ and a little beyond so that maritime resources are protected and exploited with a degree of security.

In addition to submarines, TNI-AL has plans to build and induct a new, modular 2,300-tonne Sigma class guided-missile destroyer by 2017-18. There are plans afoot to acquire additional and more modern antiship cruise missiles. The navy at present is armed with Russian Yahont supersonic antiship cruise missiles, Chinese C-802 anti-ship missiles and French Exocet that are fitted on navy’s four new 1,700-tonne Dutch Sigma class 9113 corvettes, commissioned between 2007 and 2009. Its maritime patrol squadron operates 20 twin-turboprop Nomad Searchmaster aircraft of 1970 vintage and three medium-range CN-235 mari-

While Indonesian defence forces have embarked upon an all-round military modernisation given the earmarking of defence budgets it does not appear likely that the goals of MEF 2024 can be achieved in the given timeframe. Nevertheless strengthening of Indonesian defence forces would be a stabilising factor for the regional security.

India and Indonesia have ongoing defence and security cooperation to meet the common security challenges. The maritime security cooperation is the most significant, as both countries share a common boundary as littorals of the Indian Ocean.

Cooperation includes coordinated patrols, joint bilateral or multilateral exercises and India’s support and training for the Indonesian Air Force’s Sukhoi fighter jets and pilots. A capable Indonesian military would be a net security contributor not only in the South China Sea but also on the eastern rim of the Indian Ocean. SP Brig Vinod Anand is a Senior Fellow at the Vivekanand International Foundation, New Delhi

south asia / neighbourhood

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India and China – Future Trajectory As long as China does not indulge in more incursions especially with signing of the Border Defence Cooperation Agreement, ample scope exists for the bilateral relationship to be taken to new heights concurrent to peaceful resolution of the border  Lt General P.C. Katoch (Retd)

photograph: PIB

W

ith the Chinese disengagement from Chumar, some sense seems to have returned in taking the India-China relationship to the next level. The decision was apparently taken by China after the flag meeting requested by China for the first time and discussion between Foreign Minister Sushma Swaraj with her Chinese counterpart in the US. But more perhaps what S. Gurumurthy wrote on September 26, 2014 in his article ‘Narendra Modi’s Strategy: To Right The Wrong Image’, wherein he wrote, “Modi looked into Xi’s eyes and raised the border incursions of Chinese Army in Ladakh.

Forbes magazine reported, - Modi asked Xi to get his troops away - Xi acquiesced. In contrast, for the last 10 years, India had only bent and crawled before China. On reaching China, Xi took action against those who attempted to sabotage the SinoIndian relations and also to promote his loyalists to top positions in the Army. Like with Sharif, with Xi also Modi had had his

way.” The observation by Forbes appears strange with tight Communist Party of China (CPC) control over everything Chinese especially the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) directly under whom the border divisions function, unless someone / some people within the CPC wanted to derail the India-China relationship in contrast to what President Xi wanted. Unfortunately, the old guard of CPC buoyed by the PLA continues to base its stratagem on Mao Zhedong’s one-time statement (endorsed by Deng Xiaoping) that “Tibet is the palm of China and Ladakh, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan and NEFA are its fingers”, little realising strong-arm tactics won’t work anymore and more importantly going back in history, India too can lay claims to entire of region up to Hindukush Mountains, parts Tibet, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Bangladesh, parts of Burma (now Myanmar), Malaysia and Indonesia – which would be a most foolish proposition. It is also strange that Wei Wei the Chinese Ambassador at New Delhi has been removed prematurely though much before President Xi’s visit to India he had written in the Economic Times

Prime Minister Narendra Modi meeting the Chinese President Xi Jinping at Fortaliza in Brazil on July 14, 2014

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>> south asia / neighbourhood photograph: PIB

the vast potential that India-China relationship has.

Time to Review Friendships and Alignments Nevertheless, as long as China does not indulge in more incursions especially with signing of the Border Defence Cooperation Agreement (BDCA), ample scope exists for the bilateral relationship to be taken to new heights concurrent to peaceful resolution of the border. India’s External Affairs Minister had stated, “When they [China] raised with us the issue of Tibet and Taiwan, we shared their sensibilities. So, we want they should understand and appreciate our sensibilities regarding Arunachal Pradesh.” Additionally, our National Security Advisor has conveyed to Beijing Chinese activities in Pakistan occupied Kashmir that will affect the resolution of the Kashmir issue. China and more importantly President Xi has to think about this.

China needs to recognise the Great Game unfolding in South Asia, the objective of which is geopolitical influencing between the West and China-Russia much the same way it has been played and is still being played in Middle East and elsewhere. Premature pullout of US-NATO forces from Afghanistan, refocusing of Al Qaeda to South Asia and mass induction of weapons for Xinjiang rebels (irrespective whether the conduit is via Indonesia or elsewhere) are all part of this strategy. More important for China is to understand that in checkmating China on land in South Asia from reaching out to the Indian Ocean region (IOR), the West will use Pakistan and her proxies, as is currently happening in Middle East. Notwithstanding China-Pakistan relations, Pakistan retains the strategic potential to assist the West in containment of Russia and China through her proxies, in tandem with her global terrorist links. The dark shadow of ISIS and Al Qaeda supported by Pakistan Taliban, its factions and other terrorist organisations, all coordinated and supported by Pakistan with financial support from Saudi Arabia and allies is looming large over Xinjiang and South Asia. It is for China to review its friendships and alignments. Still more importantly, China needs to acknowledge that India has emerged as ‘the’ Swing State in this new Great Game and very much part of China’s Silk Route diplomacy, that too free of choke points, no matter how distorted Admiral Zheng’s 15th century narrative has become over the decades. It is for China to analyse whether it wants to continue showing muscle to push India firmly into the US strategy to ‘Rebalance Asia’ or have better relations with India so that the latter (together with China) can play a constructive role for betterment of the region and the world.

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Settlement of Border Issues Logically, if China wants India to sign on the dotted line of ‘One China’ policy, it should do likewise accepting ‘One India’ including ‘recognising the accession of the State of J&K to India on October 26, 1947’.

Sure that would make Chinese occupation of the Shaksgam Valley and Aksai Chin illegal but that can be negotiated between the special representatives of both countries charged with negotiating the border.

No one better than President Xi would understand the strategic payoffs for claiming more and more territory vis-à-vis early settlement of the border issue in mutually acceptable terms. This would not only give the India-China partnership a quantum jump, the strategic payoff would lead to establishment of multiple north-south economic, energy and transportation corridors (road and rail) linking RussiaChina and India that could come through the avenues of Chumbi Valley-Nathu La (already agreed to as alternate route for Kailash Mansarover yatra), through Nepal and other mutually agreed avenues, linking right down to Indian ports.

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The President of India Pranab Mukherjee and Prime Minister Narendra Modi with the Chinese President Xi Jinping and the First Lady Peng Liyuan at the Ceremonial Reception at Rashtrapati Bhavan in New Delhi on September 18, 2014

China’s Intrusions On taking over the mantle of Prime Minister, Narendra Modi had referred to memoirs of the 7th century Chinese Scholar Hiuen Tsang in his conversation with Chinese Premier Li Keqiang to underline the importance of ties between the two countries.

Subsequently, in his meeting with Prime Minister Modi in Brazil, President Xi Jinping had said that as the two biggest developing countries and emerging markets, both China and India are in a great historical process of realising national rejuvenation; thus, what the two count ries value most is peace and development, and the ideals and goals of the two countries are linked closely.

Later Xi went on record to say, “When India and China speak in one voice, the world will pay attention --The combination of the world’s factory and the world’s back office will produce the most competitive production base.” But then came a sudden damper to Xi Jinping’s visit – the incursions in Depsang and Chumar. This was apparently part of the archaic CPC’s standing operating procedure during / close to high-level visits is well known: Chinese troops intruded six km into India in February 1997 follow-

Prime Minister Modi was explicit in saying that a “climate of mutual trust and confidence; respect for each other’s sensitivities and concerns; and, peace and stability in our [India and China] relations and along our borders are essential for us to realise the enormous potential in our relations”

ing President Jiang Zemin’s visit to India in preceding December; Chinese intrusion in Arunachal in June 2003 during Vajpayee’s visit to PRC; Chinese intrusion in Arunachal in May 2005 in aftermath of Prime Minister Wen Jibao’s visit to India; just prior to President Hu Jintao’s visit in November 2006, Sun Yuxi announced entire Arunachal is part of Chinese fiefdom; and prolonged Chinese intrusion in Depsang Plains prior to and during Prime Minister Li Keqiang’s visit to India in May 2013.

China’s Investments But then Chinese companies have already invested $396 million in India, while Chinese companies had executed infrastructure contracts in India worth $24.7 billion till 2011, cumulative contractual value of these projects being $53.46 billion as per the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) estimates.

Chinese companies have also been investing in the power sector. Indian markets are flooded with Chinese goods, imports of Chinese toys, gaming and sports alone amounting to $36.7 million during 2013-14. It is no secret that China has been eyeing India markets in major way. Just before President Xi Jinping’s visit, media talked of a $100 billion investment package being brought by him, overshadowing Japan’s $35 billion investment. However, in this particular instance, two-timing the Depsang-Chumar intrusions with Xi’s visit was unwise not only because of the BDCA but also because of China contradicting her own reiteration that border population should not be disturbed. Prime Minister Modi was explicit in saying that a “climate of mutual trust and confidence; respect for each other’s sensitivities and concerns; and, peace and stability in our [India and China] relations and along our borders are essential for us to realise the enormous potential in our relations”. Xi’s planned $100 billion investment in India over five years already appeared doomed from the beginning with Beijing’s refusal to accept the ‘one-India’ policy while wanting continued Indian commitment to ‘one-China’, besides other forms of obduracy like stapled visas for residents of Arunachal Pradesh.

So, in the bargain, what Xi achieved was

just a $20 billion investment in India over five years, far below contemporary Japan.

Sure Xi’s visit upgraded India-China relations that resulted in the following specifics: Chinese commitment to invest $20 billion in infrastructure over next five years; invitation to China to invest in manufacturing sector; two Chinese industrial parks will be built in India; new road to Kailash Mansarovar via Nathu La; Mumbai and Shanghai to be twin cities, as also Ahmedabad and Guangzhou; commitment by China to address bilateral trade deficit; facilitation of visit of 10,000 pupils from both countries; Chinese agreement to hold friendly discussions to resolve border issues, and invitation to Prime Minister Modi to visit China next year. Modi had raised the issue of the Chinese incursions in Ladakh and said, “There should be peace in Indo-China relations at the borders. If this happens the two nations can realise true potential”. Xi did say that “China and India are two key nations in the multi-polar world. The two nations share similar developing goals”.

It will be prudent for China to shelve the policy of muscle flexing and go for politically resolving the border issue in peaceful manner ‘without disturbing status quo of the LAC’ until a mutual solution is found.

What China fails to realise is that instead of muscle flexing, resolution of border will not only facilitate Chinese investment in India much beyond the $100 billion that Xi had planned but more importantly it would give China immense strategic advantage through transportation, economic and energy corridors linking Indian ports along the Indian Ocean. Year 2014 is being observed by both countries as the ’Year of Friendly Exchanges’ to step up engagement on various fronts. India launched its biggest year-long cultural festival in China called ‘Glimpses of India’ this year. The prospects in industrialisation in both countries are gigantic, as is the scope of Chinese investments in infrastructure in India. Time has arrived to resolve outstanding issues and kick-start a new phase of strategic cooperation, which would mutually benefit both countries immensely, ushering a new chapter in Asian history. SP

india / foreign relations >>

photograph: PIB

Prime Minister Modi in the United Nations

 General V.P. Malik (Retd)

I

t is not easy to knit together India’s cultural heritage, domestic and regional challenges with those of the globe in a 32-minute address to nearly 200 heads of nations who had congregated to visualise the “post2015 development priorities to determine the nature of internal cooperation and allocation of resources.”

That is what India’s Prime Minister Narendra Modi did in his maiden address in the United Nations General Assembly on September 28, 2014. This was done with a candid exposition of where the world has gone wrong and how it needs to move forward on key global issues. With that address, he made it clear that he had arrived as a global statesman and was keen to make a difference!

Right in the beginning, Modi made his status and position clear to the global gathering as a political leader responsible for one-sixth of global humanity living in India, and with India’s ancient philosophy of ‘Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam’ (the world is one family!). Only two of his 32 minutes speech was spent in responding to Nawaz Sharif ’s lament on India, particularly on Kashmir, made a day earlier. It was not just a snub or a rebuff.

It was also a non-acrimonious advice on the right approach to resolving bilateral issues, without missing out the humanitarian aspect. He made it clear that “Raising Kashmir at UN will not resolve bilateral issues….A nation’s destiny is linked to its

neighbourhood. I am prepared to engage in a serious bilateral dialogue with Pakistan in a peaceful atmosphere, without the shadow of terrorism. Pakistan must also take its responsibility seriously to create an appropriate environment.”

As expected, the longest part of his speech was on countering terrorism. Having suffered terrorism since long, India has been an active participant in all UN discussions. It played an important role in framing of UN Security Council Resolution 1373 (2001), 1456 (2003), as a member of the Counter Terrorism Implementation Task Force and on the UN Global Counter Terrorism Strategy and Comprehensive Anti-Terrorism Convention thereafter. India had recommended giving more teeth to the Counter Terrorism Committee to enforce implementation and to deal with non-compliance. Prime Minister Modi pointed out the faults in the implementation of counter terrorism strategy. He demolished attempts by interested parties in dividing terrorism into ‘good terrorism’ and ‘bad terrorism’, nations such as Pakistan allowing sanctuaries on their territory and using terrorism as an instrument of state policy, and non-appreciation of terror linkages within and across regions. He exhorted global cooperation, pointing out that compartmentalised national approaches cannot deal with the seamless web of international linkages which terrorism has developed.

His second major thrust was on ‘global partnership and cooperation’ in facing challenges. “One country and or group of countries cannot determine the course of the planet”, he said. He mocked at unilateralism, G-4, G-7, and G-21 as outdated and ineffective groupings. “Institutions that reflect the imperatives of 20th century will not be effective in the 21st century”, he said, and as a global statesman, he pronounced that “G-All” was the right approach.

With that he also wove the urgent requirement of the long-awaited UN reforms ‘to make it (the UN) more dem-

ocratic and participative’. He asked global powers not to indulge in a zero-sum game preventing genuine reforms in the UN. He strengthened demand for India’s permanent membership in its decision-making body by lauding peacekeeping role of nations who have participated and sacrificed soldiers (India till date has contributed nearly 2,00,000 soldiers of which nearly 175 have made supreme sacrifice) and not just contributed dollars.

Modi’s speech was forthright and forward looking, which also reflected India’s national interests. He did not shy away from the contentious issues in which India is known to have difference of opinion with China and the United States. Hinting towards China, he said that “Even without any major wars, there is an absence of real peace. An integrating AsiaPacific region is still concerned about maritime security that is fundamental to its future.” Despite differences on ‘Climate Change’ with the US, he included this issue amongst the global challenges. He reminded the gathering of the Kyoto Protocol and said, “The world had agreed on a beautiful balance of collective action—common but differentiated responsibilities. That should form the basis of continued action. This also means that the developed nations must fulfill their commitments for funding and technology transfer. He also stated that cyber and space were new instruments of prosperity, which could also turn into new theatres of conflict.

With his address in the United Nations General Assembly on September 28, Prime Minister Narendra Modi has been able to convey that he is a pragmatic visionary; not only for India and the South Asia region but also at the global level. The international community will have to take greater notice of him hereafter, and more importantly with that of India. SP The writer is a former Chief of the Army Staff

5/2014 SP’s Land Forces

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>> border security

Border & Perimeter Security During his address at the Combined Commanders’ Conference in New Delhi on October 17, 2014, Prime Minister Narendra Modi had stated: “Beyond the immediate, we are facing a future where security challenges will be less predictable; situations will evolve and change swiftly; and, technological changes will make responses more difficult to keep pace with. The threats may be known, but the enemy may be invisible. Dominance of cyberspace will become increasingly important.” photographs: Indian Army, Telephonics, USaf

 Lt General P.C. Katoch (Retd)

www.spslandforces.com

B

y mentioning the invisible enemy in addition to conventional threats, the Prime Minister was obviously referring to the growing threat of terrorism and insurgency that India is facing, which includes refocusing of Al Qaeda to South Asia, entry of ISIS in Af-Pak region-Maldives and the enhanced terror threat from our neighbourhood; Bangladeshi links to Burdwan blasts, Sri Lankan radicals undertaking surveillance spying in South India and the like. Therefore, the passage of information becomes increasingly important. The relationship between information and conflict is well known and the challenge all along is how to maximise information. In today’s context information is increasingly of strategic value. We are in a state of perpetual conflict and the battlefield is borderless.

Our difficult and porous borders are repeatedly being subjected to infiltration, terror, cross border attacks and illegal democratic invasion. Then we have the Chinese surreptitiously nibbling at our territory in persistent fashion. Within the country, terrorist strikes cannot be ruled out in any state.

Therefore, logically we cannot be caught unawares because wherein matters of security, there cannot be scope of any break in downtime. The first thing is to have the capability to ‘see’ the enemy or terrorist at the earliest but that is just a small part of the requirement. Perimeter defence is relatively easy because you can have a 24x7 warningcum-surveillance system through a network of a variety of sensors (surface, sub-surface and in the air), cameras, etc, that are digitally connected to give a live picture.

But here again the game is to get as much advance warning and have the capability to respond in adequate fashion. In the wake of speedy technological advancements, command, control, communications, computers, information and intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (C4I2SR) systems provide sterling opportunities for the defence and security establishment acting as important force multiplier for commanders at all levels. This is what the Prime Minister meant when saying he would like to see digitized armed forces. Net-centric warfare helps sharing of common operational picture enabling sharing of high value information over well informed geographically dispersed forces resulting in information advantage.

Technology provides numerous options to build automated C4I2 systems for effective response in modern conflict situations. All this is even more relevant to border security.

We have a diverse terrain. Part of the line of control (LoC), not all has a border fence as also some of the border with Bangladesh is fenced. There is no fence along the line of actual control (LAC) with China.

What we actually need for security of our borders is two tiers, one tier beyond the border. In the prevailing environment of global conflict, the first tier of security must be beyond the border itself. This should not only consist of the eyes in the space and air (satellites, drones and stealth aircraft) but also through application of asymmetric approaches in the enemy’s backyard.

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Indian Army patroling on border

Telephonics’ Mobile Surveillance Capability (MSC)

MQ-9 Reaper unmanned aerial attack vehicle

Our first tier of security must include measures to negate the adversary’s moves in the asymmetric field through advanced sub-conventional capabilities. Here it is important to understand that basing a policy against sub-conventional threats on idealism as standalone factor only provides an inward looking policy which is more expensive in the long run and adversely affects our national security and development. This would be through intelligence and special operations. Why we have not been effective in this field is because unlike other countries including China and Pakistan, we have not gone for intelligence and special operations employing our Special Forces in synch with intelligence agencies. This is because intelligence agencies consider this as loss of turf and insist this is their exclusive domain. The failed experiment with the LTTE is just one example of following such policy.

The second tier of security required is at the border itself with full optimisation of technology through a robust C4I2SR setup. Obviously, we should not present a weak front anywhere along our borders. If China has round the clock satellite cover at the borders, we should have the same. We must have continuous transborder surveillance in place. This must be comprised of satellite cover, aerostats, UAVs, MAVs and unattended ground sensors (UGS). Comprehensive battlefield transparency must

be in place integrating space, aerial and ground equipment (LOROS, BFSR, HHTIs, UGS, Surveillance cameras, NVDs etc).

Modern electronic surveillance involves detection of movement, and is largely based on seismic, acoustic, inductive sensors, and infrared sensors, all of which should be optimised. Considering the unsettled border, construction of a border fence everywhere is not feasible. However, it would be prudent to cater for laying of obstacles, mines, improvised explosive devices (IEDs) on imminence of hostilities, even fire or aerially lay mines on axes of enemy advance, as and required.

The forces deployed along the LAC (as also subsequent tiers and offensive reserves) need to be provisioned with the wherewithal for information dominance and information assurance, ability to paralyze enemy C4I2 infrastructure, stand-off weapons to pre-empt enemy attack, adequate mix of DEW, PGMs, ASATs etc, ability to disrupt enemy logistics / sustenance and mix of hard kill and soft kill options. Fielding of the battlefield surveillance system (BSS) and battlefield management system (BMS) must be expedited. Development of border infrastructure needs to be fine tuned to cater for all types of movement by day and night.

In the prevailing and future environment, threats to our national security will keep multiplying. We need information dominance under these circumstances at all levels of conflict. We must have the abil-

ity to not only see the enemy well before he sees us but take him out earliest. In looking for optimising technology, we should be looking at building capacities like identifying infiltration through dense foliage by air and ability to take out that threat through armed drones. Similar ability is needed for counterterrorism which also threatens the backyard of our border security. Success in combat depends greatly upon fused, tailored intelligence which is communicated securely and rapidly. Speed is a critical component.

The critical elements of sensor grids and engagement grids are hosted by a highquality information backplane. These are supported by value-adding command and control processes many of which need to be automated to achieve speed. This in essence personifies the essential characteristics of a C4I2 system. Therefore, there is a need for a tremendously flexible and robust C4I2 architecture which functions as a process of organisations, doctrines and technologies.

We need to progressively develop foolproof security at our borders and comprehensive security of all vulnerable points and vulnerable areas against threats of all types. The challenge is to harness the power of sensors, information processing and communication technologies to develop concepts of operation and command and control approaches that will ensure comprehensive all-round security in any given situation or circumstance. SP

india / foreign relations >>

photograph: PIB

Prime Minister Modi in USA

 General V.P. Malik (Retd)

N

ever before have there been such media hype, and millions’ expectations and hopes, when an Indian Prime Minister has visited the United States. Let me note the major takeaways from Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s roller-coaster visit before going into the substantive issues that were discussed in Washington DC. The first and foremost is the Modi persona. To the global leaders watching him, he came across as a confident, self-assured political statesman, steeped in the Indian values, who had a vision of India, its region, and the world at large: someone who would need to be watched in future. To the young, he was a rock-star; friendly, energetic and down to earth, who showed no signs of a generation gap. To most Americans, he came across as a charismatic leader and to some as an enigma. How could he speak to and connect so well with his audience? Can he deliver what he promised so emphatically?

Modi’s most captivating image was on the rotating platform in the middle of the Madison Square Garden. His extempore

speech in Hindi, in which he is incomparable, was lapped up by the Indian diaspora, which is amongst the wealthiest, best educated and influential in the United States. His audience wore ‘I love my India’ on the sleeve and cheered every sentence that he spoke.

Modi, deprived of a US visa for 10 years, told the rapturous crowd that ‘Persons of Indian Origin’ Card Holders would get lifelong visas. Non-resident Indians, staying for long in India, would not have to visit the police station for reporting/registration. By the time the Madison Square Garden spectacle ended, he had become an icon; someone who would enable them to remember and talk about their ethnic roots with pride.

The second is of a new image of India.

Modi’s most consistent message was that he was leading a different India—young and vibrant; full of promise and opportunities.

As he said in good humour, India was no longer a snake charmers’ country but one that makes the world go round with a (computer) ‘mouse’. India under his government looked forward to working in step with the rest of the progressive world.

And third, perhaps the most important, is of being able to organise and mobilise a strong pro-India lobby in the United States.

The strength and feelings of the IndianAmerican community—for a change it was less provincial or linguistic but more national—was evident. The Indian-American lobby along with more than 40 US lawmakers present in the Madison Square Garden can be expected to evolve into something like the Jewish lobby to influence India related policies in the US. As Modi Govern-

ment in India has been in existence only for four months, most analysts did not expect any breakthroughs in the tangled issues of IndiaUS relations. While a large number of specific issues such as the impasse at the WTO, civil nuclear cooperation, climate change, high technology and space cooperation, energy security, health and so on were touched upon during official discussions, and papered over, the major takeaways were on counter terrorism and business.

Both the US and India agreed to collaborate on dismantling the safe havens and disrupting the financial networks of Pakistani terror outfits. They also agreed to prevent counterfeit currency, limit the use of cyberspace by terrorists and identify modalities to exchange terrorist watch lists. India was not to join any coalition or air strikes against ISIS terrorists in West Asia but would take all steps to prevent radicalised people from joining terror activities in that region.

China found mention in the joint statement for its ambitions in South China Sea and rising maritime tensions. The US-India Framework for Defence Relationship of 2005, which had vast scope but has not been exploited adequately till date, was extended by another 10 years. Further commitments were made to enhance exchanges of civilian and military intelligence, and consultation and cooperation in maritime security.

As expected, Modi’s major pitch, besides breaking ice with US leadership, its administration and its people, was to roll out a red carpet to the American corporate leaders for doing business in India. He told them, “I am business minded. No businessman is a

donor. A businessman has to make profits.

He must get a return for his investment and I am in favour of that. You will earn and my people get employment…..Make haste before the queue to invest in India gets too long.”

He promised to simplify Indian laws, rules and regulations that impacted businesses adversely. His emphasis was on the defence manufacturing sector. By the time he ended his engagement with the US-India Business Council, 20 per cent of Council had identified upwards of $41 billion for investment from members over the next two to three years.

The Prime Minister made it clear that while he was serious about removing roadblocks in the civil nuclear energy cooperation, the US should address India’s concerns over food security at the WTO and that access of the Indian service companies into the US economy should be made easier.

He also sought, and was promised; help to develop Allahabad, Ajmer and Visakhapatnam as smart cities.

Modi’s visit, so soon after taking over as Prime Minister, has re-opened the India-US relations door that was tending to frustrate and close in the UPA-II tenure. However, its success will depend upon (a) bureaucracies in both countries not remaining prisoners of the past (b) greater Indo-US consultation in working on the right strategies in both capitals (c) India’s domestic transformation agenda which the Prime Minister has promised, and (d) forging a domestic consensus over important strategic issues which is a big problem in the existing political polarisation. SP The writer is a former Chief of the Army Staff

Multi-Mission Night Vision

White light tolerant Environment cooperative Extended sensitivity spectrum to operate in all field conditions (desert to forest, mountain to sea) l Unrivalled image by night level 5 (overcast starlight) l Black & White Image ONYX Night Vision l Auto-Gating for Operations in highly dynamic light conditions l Smallest Halo for improved Identification l

www. p h o to n i s .co m

5/2014 SP’s Land Forces

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>> south asia / neighbourhood

The Indo-Pakistan Ceasefire Scenario India would have to remain alert on the border/LoC without closing its window(s) for purposeful negotiations or allowing the dilution of its revised policy. It would have to remain prepared for increased contingencies along the LoC and cross border terrorism. photograph: JTO

 General V.P. Malik (Retd)

www.spslandforces.com

T

he India-Pakistan ceasefire along the 1,050-km international border, line of control (LoC), and the Siachen Glacier area, came about on November 26, 2003. Then Pakistani Prime Minister Mir Zafarullah Khan Jamali had announced it as a commemoration of Eid al-Fitr, marking the end of prayer and fasting during the holy month of Ramadan that year. This year’s Eid al-Zuha saw its worst violation by Pakistan since 2003. During the heavy firefight, the annual tradition of exchanging Eidi sweets was done away.

And so was the practice of holding flag meetings between the commanders of the Border Security Force (BSF) and Pakistan Rangers deployed along the international border.

A historical analysis of the ceasefire violations since November 2003 shows that the escalation in the number of violations has no correlation with the Narendra Modi Government under coming into power in India. The escalation picked up gradually in January 2013 and then very steeply after Nawaz Sharif for the third time took over as Prime Minister of Pakistan in June 2013. As per reports, 347 violations were recorded in 2013, compared to 114 incidents in 2012. This year, 334 incidents have already occurred till date. Despite much improved vigilance on the LoC, the number of cross border infiltration attempts has also gone up in last one year.

Many Indian journalists and political leaders who have been feted by Nawaz Sharif believe him to be the messiah of peace. But Nawaz Sharif ’s rhetoric on improving relations with India fails to match up with the developments on the ground. Apart from the Kargil misadventure in 1999 and other major cross border terrorist acts when he was in power, his tacit approval—willingly or unwillingly—to keep the LoC alive and maintain terrorist pressure in Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) cannot be missed. He and the Pakistan Army have always been together on this page.

According to intelligence reports, soon after taking over as Prime Minister in 2013, the Nawaz Sharif Government cleared a new ‘Kashmir strategy’ and set up a ‘Kashmir Cell’ in his office. The purpose of the cell was to keep track of developments in Jammu and Kashmir (J&K). The other related fact in his current tenure is that as his political position weakens, he comes more and more under pressure from the Pakistan Army, the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) and the terror outfits of Punjab and Pakistan-occupied Kashmir.

After Modi Government came into power, last week of August 2014 saw the first major ceasefire violation in which Pakistani troops resorted to small arms fire and 82mm mortar shelling (such mortars have never been used on this stretch since the India-Pakistan war in 1971) of nearly 35 BSF posts; from Samba to Akhnoor along the international border. This was responded to in the usual manner. After four days of firefight, paramilitary commanders of both sides met and agreed to maintain the ceasefire.

This incident was followed by the Paki-

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Beating retreat border ceremony at the Wagah border

stani High Commissioner meeting J&K secessionists despite being warned by the Indian Government not to do so. The Indian Government reacted sharply. It cancelled the Foreign Secretaries’ meeting. Soon after, Pakistan Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif raised the Jammu and Kashmir issue in the United Nations General Assembly on September 26, 2014. He earned a sharp rebuke from Indian Prime Minister Modi in the same forum next day. Modi made it clear that “raising it at the UN won’t resolve bilateral issues.”

This is where Pakistan and its army went wrong. Without taking into consideration the Indian Government’s revised Jammu and Kashmir policy and resolve, it continued with its attempt to increase pressure on the new Indian regime. In a major skirmish this time, Pakistan Army and Rangers targeted the entire LoC south of Pir Panjal Range and the civilian population and towns along the international border. It must be noted that in all Indo-Pakistan wars, military forces on both sides have consciously avoided targeting civilian population in towns and cities.

This engagement of soft Indian targets after October 2, 2014, left no choice with India except to retaliate with force. The Modi Government could neither afford dilution of its policy nor be seen giving in to pressure of violence. After analysing earlier incidents of ceasefire violations, it had already given greater autonomy and escalation dominance/control to local military commanders. The forceful response was evident on the ground as well as in the political rhetoric. Pakistan was shocked by the massive retaliation. It had failed to appreciate the new Indian Government’s strength in public and Parliament, and that of its armed forces. Even more importantly, the change in its leadership! Such failures can be a fatal

flaw in any armed conflict. The important lesson from Kargil had been forgotten.

It is not only the installation of Modi Government in India and revision of its policy on cross border terrorism which rankles Pakistan. The Pakistan establishment has always believed that India’s future is hyphenated to that of Pakistan. A few days ago, Munir Akram, Pakistan’s veteran diplomat in the United Nations, wrote in a US newspaper, “India cannot feel free to play a great global power role so long as it is strategically tied down in South Asia by Pakistan.” The Pakistan establishment is unable to digest India’s progress on the domestic and international fronts despite Pakistan. Being left increasingly behind India is bad enough for Pakistan’s national security decision makers, the Indian posture of indifference adds insult to injury. Apparently, they have not yet realised that Pakistan’s efforts to ‘tie down’ India has done more harm to Pakistan itself. Its standing and economic prospects have deteriorated primarily on account of raising and supporting its terrorist groups and trying to keep Kashmir on the boil.

What do I foresee in the coming days?

Will the Pakistan army give up needling India on the LoC or in J&K? I do not think so. As long as it is in the driving seat without being accountable to public and political leadership, it will continue with its anti-India programmes without pushing it to the level of a war-like situation. With further weakening of Nawaz Sharif domestically, the Pakistan Army will enjoy greater autonomy.

The attempts in cross border infiltration and tensions on the border can be expected to go up further. Pakistan Army would also be looking to the strategic advantage when the US troops leave Afghanistan, which would

enable it to use its ‘strategic asset’ (militant groups) in larger numbers. It would push the Pakistan Government to raise the J&K issue in all global forums: a resurgent challenge that would need to be met by Indian diplomacy.

Will the November 2003 ceasefire come to an end? Unlikely! The governments in India and Pakistan do realise that the ceasefire, which remains ‘on sometimes and off sometimes’, is better than not having one at all. There is much pressure from the civilian population on both sides. That notwithstanding, the Indian Government needs to consider safer habitat for people living close to the international border and LoC. India would have to remain alert on the border/LoC without closing its window(s) for purposeful negotiations or allowing the dilution of its revised policy. It would have to remain prepared for increased contingencies along the LoC and cross border terrorism.

Keeping that in view, it is recommended that: l There is need to a re-look at the security management of disputed international border. Dual responsibility (and accountability) for external threats along a volatile border/LoC/ Line of Actual Control (LAC) between Home and Defence Ministries should be avoided. l Synergy is important in any crisis situation. Synergy among all relevant stakeholding institutions for this purpose; the joint services, concerned ministries, intelligence agencies, the NSAB, the NSCS and within the CCS must remain high. l Existing political polarisation on the sensitive issue of conflict over J&K needs to be bridged by periodically keeping informed about serious security related incidents on the border/LoC/LAC. SP The writer is a former Chief of the Army Staff.

Technology >>

Night into Day with Night Vision Devices Instant situational awareness of the area of operations is a do or die necessity for a soldier photograph: Photonis

 Lt General Naresh Chand (Retd)

17-Micron Light Weapon Thermal Sight (LWTS). LWTS employs 17 μm detector pitch,

soldier has to operate by day or night in highly challenging and dangerous situations. Thus instant situational awareness of the area of operations is a do or die necessity for a soldier. Night vision is the ability to see in the dark which is possible by biological or technological means with a combination of adequate spectral and intensity range. Technology based on thermal imaging, infrared and laser is making rapid strides to enable the soldier to dominate the darkness by quickly detecting, identifying and then destroying the target. Such systems are called night vision devices (NVDs) and are now commonly used by all armed forces and security agencies. NVDs were first used in World War II and since then the technology has evolved manifold, providing improved and better capability. They have many applications like ranging, observation, pointing and aiming. There are clip on NVDs which can be employed with weapons and helmets. NVDs are of two types: image intensifiers (II) and thermal imagers (TI).

Image intensifiers are more common as they use small amount of ambient light.

TIs can be near IR, mid IR and thermal IR. The difference between thermal imager and the other two is that thermal imager IR is reflected by an object instead reflected from it. Company-wise products are given in succeeding paragraphs:

uncooled thermal imaging technology. The 17-micron LWTS provides a clear thermal image of target information through dust, smoke, light fog, and complete darkness. Furnished with a 640 x 480 focal plane array, the LWTS offers long wave infrared detection in a low weight package with an operating time of up to 10 hours at 77°F. It has 2X digital zoom and RS-170 real time video in/out remote viewing capabilities and clip on and stand alone thermal capability.

A

DRS DRS’ Thermal Weapon Sights allow soldiers to see deep into the battlefield enhancing surveillance and target acquisition – even when visibility is virtually zero.

MX-2A Multi-use Miniature Thermal Imager. Utilizing DRS’ 320 x 240, 25 micron

vanadium oxide (VOx) technology, this highperformance thermal imaging handheld camera is ideal for general reconnaissance, surveillance, and security patrol in the field.

It allows users to see long ranges and provides a clear thermal image through dust, smoke, light fog and complete darkness.

MX-3A Rugged Thermal Imager. The MX-3A Rugged Thermal Imager is the ultimate in handheld thermal imaging systems.

It uses highly sensitive DRS 640 x 480, 25 micron uncooled VOx detector technology to deliver crystal-clear imaging through dust, smoke, light fog and complete darkness. The result is a thermal imager offering unparalleld performance in a flexible, compact package.

FLIR Systems They offer many products for border security and coastal surveillance like HRC series TI cameras, Thermo Vision 2000/3000 and so on. HRC series uses a detector indium antimonide (InSb) or mercury cadmium Telluride (MCT): 640 x 480 pixels, spectral range of 3 to 5 μm with a field of view of 12.5 x continuous zoom and four preset positions and video presentation in PAL/NTSC. HRC series include E, S, U and X. HRC series also has multi-sensor systems with accuracy of 1 mrad and resolution of 0.1 mrad. Available options are laser range finder, geo-positioning digital magnetic compass and automatic video tracker including e-stab.

Vectronix Sterna. Vectronix is a global leader in state-

The Photonis Group is a global business serving the photo-sensor technology needs of world leading customers in the areas of night vision, industry and science and medical imaging

of-the-art optronic equipment, systems and sensors for military and civil applications including handheld laser rangefinders and night vision devices, tripod mounted orientation and positioning systems and sensor modules. Sterna is a non-magnetic, precision target location/target acquisition system which is typically a CAT-1 system at 1.5 km.

Troops are less exposed due to Sterna’s first round, fire for effect capability. Soldiers can now effectively use dumb bombs as easily as laser guided bombs to reduce the amount of exposure, while saving lives, rounds, and time in battle. It provides true north capabilities virtually in any environment and all-weather conditions. It is an ultralight, man-portable system which is <4 kg (<9 lbs). It is manportable thus enables the soldier to move at the same pace as his dismounted team. It is modular in construction and the system can be configured as per the mission like: l Sterna-M. This is most lightweight and suitable for close air support. l Sterna-V. This is a performance upgrade for all missions with the well-proven Vector. Brilliant optics and far range join a non-magnetic high precision azimuth photograph: exelis

Exelis AN/PVS-14 night vision goggle Untitled-3 1

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>> Technology and is suitable for forward observer/forward, air controller and joint tactical air controller. l Sterna-J. This is an extreme lightweight all-rounder. The compact multi-functional thermal imager JIM LR makes a effective partner to the Sterna TNF and provides 24 hours precise target location under the worst weather and environmental conditions. It can be employed for forward observer/forward air controller and joint tactical air controller.

Trijicon Trijicon makes sights which will outlast the enemy’s. Systems are designed to withstand shock from ground soldier portable weapons platforms, they are also designed to outperform the enemy. Trijicon designs to provide intelligent computed aiming solution from visual sighting. Their products are Trijicon ACOG® Trijicon® Reflex, Trijicon TARS™ , Trijicon RMR® Trijicon® Night Sights, Trijicon SRS®, Trijicon VCOG™ and Trijicon CCAS™.

HD™ Night Sights. With the challenges of law enforcement and military in mind, these sights have a yellow or orange photo-luminescent paint outline and tall blade on the front sight to increase visibility and quicken sight acquisition. Additionally, the front surface is steeply hooked to assist in emergency one-handed slide operation. It features a metal body, tritium-phosphor lamp, sapphire window, silicone rubber cushion, protective aluminium cylinders, protective clear coat and high, visibility colored front sight post, “U” notch rear sight and subdued rear sight.

Indispensable

Reference

L-3 Communications

SP’s 2014Military 2015

Yearbook

In April, 2010 L-3 Communications acquired insight technology and formed the Warrior Systems division. Together, L-3 Warrior Systems stands as a leading manufacturer of night vision and I2 systems and continues to invest in product development to enhance warfighter capability. L-3 Warrior Systems provides the most extensive portfolio of products supporting the warfighters offering all essential systems to enable them to accurately manoeuvre, see, locate, target and fire during the day, at night or in adverse weather.

Yearbook

2015

M U 42n d s i n c e 1 9 6 5 TH ST E BU M Y This O ST FO is available in stanSO R T dard, high or ultra high power. It U HE is rugged, small, lightG weight, easy-to-use aiming H IN From 50 Years Old Media House system with integrated infrared T D and visible aim lasers as well as an A U IR illuminator. It is co-aligned visible and FT S IR lasers and hardened for use on small arms ER TR and crew-served weapons.

Image Intensified Systems like AN/ PVS-31 Binocular Night Vision Device D YFinmeccanica and India: Kspirit of partnership.

ESin the (BNVD). BNVD is a compact, lightweight, E Generation III dual tube goggle. It has an TI EN ergonomic low-profile design and offers N T superior situational awareness compared A O to a single tube goggle. Working directly TI W with input from SOF operators, the BNVD O A was designed to increase system resolution, N R significantly reduce head borne weight, S D Reserve Your improve system centre of gravity, provide SU S additional operational utility, and improve Own Copies, Now! overall situational awareness as compared CHBU to currently fielded dual tube goggles. order@spsmilitaryyearbook.com Apart from the above it also offers therA SIN mal imaging and fused systems, precision S E targeting systems, holographic weapon IN SS sights, image intensifier tubes and so on.

D I IA N 12 SP’s Land Forces 5/2014

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42nd i s sue

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Aiming and Illumination Devices like the Advanced Target Pointer Illuminator Aiming Laser (ATPIAL) AN/PEQ15 (LA-5/PEQ and LA-5A/ PEQ).

2014 Military SP’s

SP

SP's MYB 1415 ADVERT_LF_NF.indd 1

editor-in-chief

10/06/14 10:39 AM

jayant baranwal

modernisation

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Prime Minister keen on developing ‘Digital Armed Force’ photograph: PIB

 R. Chandrakanth

T

he Prime Minister Narendra Modi addressed the Combined Commanders’ Conference 2014 in the Defence Ministry War Room on October 17, even while tension continues along the borders of China and Pakistan. The conference is the first meeting of the Prime Minister with all top commanders, including the three Service chiefs.

The Prime Minister said that India’s armed forces, which represent the world’s largest democracy, were second to none in professionalism, valour, commitment, service and duty. The armed forces have always vindicated the faith and confidence that people of India placed in them, whether it is for our nation’s security or for relief in times of natural calamities. The Prime Minister noted that the world was looking at India with renewed interest, confidence and excitement and there was a universal current of expectation from India to emerge not only as one of the poles of the global economy, but also as one of the anchors of regional and global security. He emphasised that an atmosphere of peace and security was essential to enable India to achieve its goals of economic development.

He noted that “beyond the immediate,

Prime Minister Narendra Modi addressing the top commanders of the Indian armed forces, during Combined Commanders’ Conference in New Delhi

we are facing a future where security challenges will be less predictable; situations will evolve and change swiftly; and, technological changes will make responses more difficult to keep pace with. The threats may be known, but the enemy may be invisible.

Domination of cyber space will become increasingly important. Control of space may become as critical as that of land, air and sea. Full-scale wars may become rare,

but force will remain an instrument of deterrence and influencing behaviour, and the duration of conflicts will be shorter.”

He assured the armed forces of his commitment to provide adequate resources to ensure full defence preparedness, overcome shortages and meet modernisation needs.

He also asked the defence establishment to reform procurement processes as also suggest corrective measures to avoid delays in

domestic development and production of defence equipment.

“We should remember that what matters is capability of the force. When we speak of Digital India, we would also like to see a ‘Digital Armed Force,’ ” and asked the Services to give serious thought to upgrade technological skills for effective projection of power by men.

He called for increased jointness and urged the three wings of the Services to work as a team. He suggested that the Commanders’ Conferences should be organised alternately on sea, in forward Army camps and at airbases, while assuring the Commanders that he would continue the practice that he had started of meeting the three Chiefs at least once a month.

The Indian Air Force chief, Air Chief Marshal Arup Raha, as the Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee, made a presentation, followed by the Indian Navy chief Admiral R.K. Dhowan and the Indian Army chief, General Dalbir Singh.

Besides the Prime Minister, Defence Minister Arun Jaitley addressed the conference. External Affairs Minister Sushma Swaraj, Home Minister Rajnath Singh, the National Security Adviser Ajit Doval and Defence Secretary R.K. Mathur were part of the conference. SP

photographs: SP Guide Pubns

International Seminar by SP’s and FICCI on “Digitisation of Battlefield”, October 27, 2014, New Delhi 1

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1. Mr Jayant Baranwal, Editor-in-Chief, SP Guide Publications welcomes to Lt Gen Philip Campose, Vice Chief of Army Staff 2. From left- Vivek Pandit, Didar Singh, Lt Gen Philip Campose, Jayant Baranwal, Lt Gen J.S. Matharu, Dr Sundeep Oberoi 3. Lt Gen Philip Campose, Vice Chief of Army Staff 4. Lt Gen J.S. Matharu, DGIS 5. Maj Gen R.P. Bhadran, ADGIS 6. Lt Gen Anil Chait (Retd), Former CISC 7. Lt Gen P.C. Katoch (Retd), Former DGIS, 8. Lt Gen Nitin Kumar Kohli, Signal Officer-in-Chief 9. From left- Vivek Pandit, Ashok Kanodia, Jayant Patil, Lt Gen Davinder Kumar (Retd), Rahul Chaudhry, Yatish Mohan and Jayant Baranwal For complete seminar report please see SP’s Land Forces 06/2014. Event videos and more details available on http://events.spguidepublications.com

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>> Sp’s Exclusives India to sign $525 million deal for Israeli SPIKE System

and reconnaissance, detection of enemy movement, target detection, recognition, identification and acquisition and post-strike damage assessment, as earlier reported by SP’s, though it has so far only acquired the indigenous Nishant UAV.

Nirbhay success catches world attention

Ending a procurement effort that has meandered for years, India will shortly sign a $525 million deal with Israel’s Rafael Advanced Defense Systems Ltd. to procure 8,300 Spike MR missiles and over 300 launchers. The Spike MR is a light-weight third-generation, man-portable missile system, specially designed for medium-range anti-tank operations, urban warfare, traditional warfare, ground support and special missions. The weapon system operates in fire and forget mode for autonomous and medium range target engagement of up to 2.5 km. According to Rafael, “Its Fire and Forget operational mode guarantees maximum gunner survivability and high hit probability. The Spike MR has an optional Fire, Observe and Update mode of operation for the modern, multi-faceted battle.”

According to official NATO literature on the Spike, “The missiles in this family have sophisticated electro-optic CCD or IR sensors for operation day and night and in adverse weather conditions coupled with a tandem warhead. Their lofted trajectories enable the warhead to hit the target at its most vulnerable part with pinpoint precision. Sporting a shelf life of 20 years, the missile in its cannister weighs 13 kg, the firing post weighs 9 kg, the battery 1 kg and the tripod 3 kg, making the overall system weigh 25 kg.

Rafael says the Spike system also boasts of high survivability, pinpoint accuracy, operational flexibility, and importantly for the Indian Army, low ownership cost.

For the infantry and special forces units, the green signal for the deal is a massive relief. However, the purchase of the Spike does not cover India’s total requirement, which will run into many thousands of more missiles and launchers, including possibly the extended range variants of the Spike. It is also not clear if the Spike deal means that the next lot of missiles will be another competitive bid— similarly protracted to the one that has just ended in a decision.

www.spslandforces.com

NAL mini-UAVs demonstrated to CRPF & NSG The CRPF and National Security Guard have expressed interest in NAL’s SlyBird and Pushpak micro air vehicles for overthe-hill surveillance and intelligence gathering. Starting November 2013, Bengaluru-based National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL) has conducted flight demonstrations in simulated operational settings in Manesar to show the two agencies what the MAVs can do. NAL has received feedback on both the MAVs and will be engineering improvements, including to the autopilot guidance control laws. The NSG, CRPF, ITBP and state police forces have long expressed interest in acquiring a limited aerial surveillance capability with MAVs. The ITBP and Punjab Police have received demonstrations of NAL’s Black Kite and SlyBird in Ladakh and Chandigarh respectively over the last few years.

The Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012-17) will see greater strides in the MAV space, including the entry into service of several of the systems under development.

The Indian Army is still in the market to procure at least 200 mini-UAVs for its infantry units, for real-time surveillance

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SP’s Land Forces 5/2014

The remarkable success of the Nirbhay long-range ground-launched cruise missile from the Integrated Test Range (ITR) on October 17 has been watched keenly around the world, but especially in the region. The largely indigenous missile, sporting a fully Indian inertial navigation system (INS) based guidance system and first stage, performed better than expected, striking within 10 metres of its intended end game site in the Indian Ocean a little after 11 a.m. The 1,000+ km range cruise missile, with a cruise velocity of 0.7 Mach, is capable of delivering both conventional and nuclear warheads, and is capable of being configured for cruise anywhere from 100 metres to 5 km. Over the next three years, the missile will be tested several more times before it is cleared for operational service both with conventional missile units as well as the Strategic Forces Command (SFC). DRDO Chief Dr Avinash Chander has also emphasised that scientists will be looking to spin-off air-launched (from the Su-30 platform) and ship-launched land attack versions too. Extensive redundancies and health monitoring capabilities were integrated with the second missile system for the test, resulting in a fully predictable performance. Unlike the BrahMos, the Nirbhay will be hailed as a truly Indian cruise missile, since range parameters will exclude the possibility of a Russian propulsion system on productionised variants of the weapon system.

New Indo-US Defence Trade Task Force Soon On the back of Prime Minister Modi’s visit to the United States where a joint decision was taken renew for ten more years the 2005 Framework for the U.S.-India Defence Relationship, a Task Force will shortly be established to “expeditiously evaluate and decide on unique projects and technologies which would have a transformative impact on bilateral defence relations and enhance India’s defence industry and military capabilities.” Systems that could be the first projects under the new trade initiative include anti-tank systems, electronics and sensors. The new understanding also includes wider cooperation in the area of military education and training, including plans for the United States to cooperate with India’s planned National Defence University. As was recently demonstrated by the Yudh Abhyas 2014 joint exercise, the two countries have also decided to expand military-to-military partnerships including expert exchanges, dialogues, and joint training and exercises. They also specifically agreed to upgrade their existing bilateral exercise Malabar.

Breakthrough in indigenous E/O sensor tech A heartening new indigenous development could take care of India’s overdependence on foreign suppliers for

critical electro-optical sensors for surface payloads. The DRDO’s Instruments Research and Development Establishment (IRDE) in Dehradun has developed a Stabilised electro-optical Sight (SEOS) with two-axis stabilisation and an integrated automatic video tracker facility. The indigenous SEOS has three electro-optical sensors, 3rd generation 3-5 µm (640 x 512 FPA) thermal imager (TI) with optical zoom, colour day TV with optical zoom camera and eye-safe laser range finder (ELRF). The day TV camera and TI sport a narrow field of view (NFOV) of 0.8° x 0.6° and wide field of view (WFOV) of 5° x 4° with additional 2 X electronic zoom in TI. These sensors provide a recognition range of 7 km for a NATO type of target. ELRF provides range of the target from 200 m to 9,995 m with an accuracy of ± 5 m.

Indian Army orders 118 Arjun Mk.II tanks An air of cautious relief will pervade the Combat Vehicles R&D Establishment (CVRDE), the DRDO’s tank development laboratory on Chennai’s outskirts. The Indian Army has been cleared to place an order for 118 Arjun Mk.II main battle tanks. With the already inducted fleet of 124 Arjun Mk.I tanks in two regiments in Rajasthan, the Army will be set to operate a total of four Arjun regiments.

At Defexpo this year, the Arjun Mk.II was on public display for the first time, following its participation in the Republic Day Parade. It underwent two more critical trial phases supervised by the Indian Army, pertaining to mobility in water (medium fording), mobility across obstacles, missile firing and fresh regular ammunition firing routines. These rounds were undertaken with during the summer months, with a handful of test points remaining. The Army has committed its resources to purchasing more T-90S Bhishma tanks from Russia for licence production at Avadi.

What the DRDO has managed in the meanwhile is to meet the Army’s requirements with the Arjun Mk.II. The tank now incorporates enhanced firepower with automated target tracking and greater variety of ammunition including gun-fired antitank missile, thermobaric ammunition; enhanced protection that include explosive reactive armour, laser warning and countermeasure system, a mine plough, a remotely operable anti-aircraft weapon, a roof-mounted driving seat; advanced land navigation system and enhanced night vision capabilities.

DRDO’s new target: No missile imports from 2022

The success of the Nirbhay has instilled fresh confidence in the DRDO to set an ambitious new target. DRDO chief, and therefore the country’s seniormost missile scientist, Dr Avinash Chander said: “We have set a target not to import any missiles and other technologies from abroad beyond 2022 and instead focus on creating our own indigenous products.” While India is per force fully independent in the strategic missile sphere, with a full family of ballistic missiles, it is the tactical missile sphere that offers far greater challenges.

The only indigenous tactical system (other than the Indo-Russian BrahMos)

currently in service is the Akash surface-to-air missile. In every other service requirement, the armed forces continue to use—and express the need to import—foreign systems. The journey is an extremely difficult one, but an imperative one. For the DRDO chief ’s vision to fire, the entire gamut of weapon systems currently in development, will need to be fully proven and inducted into operational service by 2020. That includes the Astra BVRAAM, the Nag anti-tank guided missile, the PAD/ AAD ballistic missile defence system, the Prahaar/Pragati hybrid surfafe-to-surface system, the B-05 submarine launched hybrid land attack missile and others currently in the stage of project definition, including a stand-off air-launched strike missile (a Nirbhay-A could fill that requirement), a QR-SAM and point defence system (to fill the void left by the Trishul system) and several others.

India identifying requirement for small arms fire detection system The last 18 months along the line of control and specifically the last few weeks on the International Border has forced the Army and BSF to begin an exercise to construct a requirement for small arms fire detection systems for forward posts and bunkers. Systems developed by Israel, the US and Sweden have been identified as potential contenders in a sizeable competition for an unspecific (but large) number of systems. Top sources tell SP’s the Army and BSF will be looking for an electro-optical system designed and built to guide its user to the precise location of small arms fire. The system needs to be able to detect multiple small arms and/ or sniper fire sources simultaneously, during day or night, at long ranges and with high precision and detection probabilities.

The system needs to be capable of investigating all fire sources detected, verifying that they are genuinely hostile fire, transferring verified targets to friendly snipers and closing the sensor-to-shooter loop quickly and efficiently. The main features of such a system need to be high accuracy, high detection probability, simultaneous multi-target detection, identification and location day and night capability, and fire management capability.

40 Arjun Catapult systems for Indian Army Starved of artillery for nearly three decades, the Indian Army’s howitzer jinx is all set for an irony that no foreign vendor may have anticipated -- the first artillery pieces to enter service after decades of drought, are to be Indian designed and Indian built. The Indian Army has been approved to procure 40 Arjun Catapult tracked self-propelled artillery systems, sporting the proven Arjun tank chassis and an M-46 130mm field gun turret. The gun has a maximum indirect firing range of 27.4 km and direct fire on targets upto 1.4 km. Ammunition on the gun is a high explosive shell with variable fuze settings.

Two prototypes of the gun have been demonstrated to the Army at the Mahajan Field Firing Range. While the Army requires far more capable systems with 155mm/52 calibre gun barrels, it has decided to induct the Arjun Catapult as a robust system that is, in effect, a under-gunned version of the earlier proposed Bhim, that would have sported a 155mm Denel gun turret. The Arjun Catapult sports STANAG Level II protection and an integrated fire detection and suppression system. SP —SP’s Special Correspondent For complete versions log on to: www.spslandforces.com

news in brief >> Pakistan requests MRAP vehicles sale from US

The US Defense Security Cooperation Agency (DSCA) has notified Congress of a potential foreign military sale (FMS) of mine-resistant ambush-protected (MRAP) vehicles and related equipment to Pakistan. Under the estimated $198 million sale, Pakistan has requested 160 Navistar MRAP vehicles, including 110 MaxxPro Dash DXM, 30 MaxxPro Base DXM and 10 MaxxPro Dash DXM ambulances, as well as 10 MaxxPro recovery vehicles with protection kits. A lighter and more mobile variant of the MaxxPro MRAP family, the MaxxPro Dash is designed to withstand ballistic arms fire, mine blasts and improvised explosive devices (IEDs), as well as other emerging threats on the battlefield. The package includes spare and repair parts, support and test equipment, publications and technical documentation, personnel and equipment training, technical and logistics support services, as well as other related elements of logistical and programme support.

Approved by the US State Department, the sale is expected to ensure that Pakistan can effectively operate in hazardous areas in a safe, enhanced survivability vehicle, while improving the country’s interoperability with US forces. Specifically, the sale will enable Pakistan to provide the same level of protection for its own forces as provided by the US to its forces. The Pakistani military already possesses MRAP vehicles and has successfully demonstrated the ability to operate and maintain the vehicles in counter-insurgency and counter-terrorism operations. The sale also contributes to the foreign policy and national security of the US by helping to enhance the security of a country vital to US foreign policy and national security goals in South Asia. Navistar Defense has been named as prime contractor for the FMS programme.

Canada deploys 60 military advisers to Iraq Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper has confirmed the deployment of Canadian soldiers to advise Iraqi security forces fighting Islamic State (IS) militants in the country. Responding to a call for clarification of government statements, which claim that ‘several dozen’ Special Forces personnel had been deployed this month, Harper said

>> Show Calendar 5–8 November Indo Defence 2014 JIEXPO Kemayoran, Jakarta, Indonesia www.indodefence.com 18–20 November International Fighter Pestana Chelsea Bridge Hotel, London, UK www.international-fighter.com 25–27 November Qatar Defence Logistics and Support Forum 2014 Intercontinental Doha, Doha, Qatar www.qatardefencelogistics.com 15–18 December Special Operations Summit Hilton Tampa Downtown, Tampa, Florida, USA www.specialoperationssummit.com

69 soldiers have been sent. The deployment follows a US call for a broad international coalition ‘to degrade, and ultimately to destroy the threat posed by ISIL’, as reported

by Agence France Presse. The Canadian Government had earlier made a commitment to deliver small-arms ammunition, donated by the Czech Republic, to Iraq.

Canadian Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird said: “Canada’s facilitation of crucial airlifts is another demonstration of our support for Iraq at this critical time. The threat posed by ISIL requires a firm response from the international community and Canada is committed to playing its part.”

As part of Operation Impact, the Canadian Armed Forces has already delivered approximately 2,28,000 kg of military supplies to Iraq. In addition, Canada is also providing humanitarian assistance to civilians in Iraq. Meanwhile, an Iraqi Defence Ministry representative has claimed that the US military has identified between 300 and 350 ISIS targets in the country.

US House of Representatives clears bill to arm Syrian Rebels The US House of Representatives has approved a bill put forward by President Barack Obama to train and equip Syrian rebels to combat Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) militants. Passed by 273 to 156 votes, the bill was included as an amendment to a stop-gap federal spending measure that also easily passed the House. The measure does not include any money to pay for the arms and training of the moderate Syrian rebels, and also failed to provide details about the training plan. House Speaker John Boehner said: “By authorising the Department of Defense to help train and equip the Syrian opposition, this measure represents an important, initial step forward in taking on the ISIL.

Raytheon starts full-rate production of Talon rockets for UAE military

Talon is fully compatible with existing airborne and ground laser designators, and bridges the critical operational capability gap between unguided rockets and guided, heavy anti-tank missiles. In addition, the weapon’s architecture and ease of employment increases its suitability for missions in urban environments, as well as counter insurgency and swarming boat defence missions. The rocket achieved an air worthiness certification on the AH-64D/E Apache attack helicopter earlier this year.

UK to send Machine guns and Munitions to Iraq The UK Ministry of Defence has agreed to supply heavy machine guns and half a million rounds of ammunition to Kurdish forces battling the Islamic State (IS) insurgents in northern Iraq. The urgent military support was requested by the Iraqi Government to provide the Kurdish Peshmerga forces with additional firepower to defend the frontline, protect civilians and push back IS advances.

UK Defence Secretary Michael Fallon said: “We have already provided body armour and other protective equipment, as well as ammunition from our partners; these weapons will help the Kurdish forces in taking the fight to these barbaric terrorists. These weapons will help the Kurdish forces in taking the fight to these barbaric terrorists.”

In a written statement to the Parliament, Fallon said the equipment was worth approximately £1.6 million and the MoD would bear an estimated £4,75,000 in transport costs. UK aircraft are already transporting military equipment and ammunition to Erbil on behalf of allies, while also delivering UK non-lethal military equipment such as body armour, helmets and ration packs. In addition, the Royal Air Force C-130 Hercules aircraft made several airdrops of UK aid comprising water containers, solar lamps and shelter kits, to refugees fleeing IS militants over Mount Sinjar in Northern Iraq. Meanwhile, Prime Minister David Cameron reportedly told that MPs will have a vote on whether the country is to join the US in further military action against the terrorists, who have captured a number of cities in Northern Iraq since June 2014.

President Barack Obama lays out Counterterror Strategy to fight ISIL Raytheon Missile Systems has started fullrate production of the Talon laser-guided rockets (LGR) for the UAE armed forces. The production is being carried out as part of a $117 million contract awarded by Tawazun.

Under the contract, the company will maintain full integration of the Talon system into the UAE military, including logistics, training and warranty support. Raytheon Talon Program Director Darryl Kreitman said: “Full-rate production of the Talon LGR is a significant milestone for Raytheon and the programme. UAE defence manufacturing industry participated in [the] development of this revolutionary system and the enduser can now benefit from this laser-guided precision capability.”

The company is also exploring options to integrate Talon onto NIMR 4x4 light tactical armoured vehicles, which are currently operated by different units of the UAE armed forces. Tawazun received a contract from the Armed Forces General Headquarters of the UAE in 2013 to acquire the Talon rockets for the military. A joint development effort between Raytheon and Emirates Advanced Investments (EAI), Talon LGR is a low-cost, digital, semi-active laser guidance and control kit designed to convert ‘dumb’ 2.75in/70mm helicopter-borne rockets into guided weapons. The weapon can launch from any aircraft that fires 2.75in unguided rockets, using the standard M260/261 launchers, and does not require hardware or software modifications to the launcher or aircraft platform.

The US President Barack Obama has laid out a comprehensive and sustained counterterrorism strategy to fight the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and vowed to “degrade and ultimately destroy” ISIL. Speaking during a nationally televised address at the White House on September 10, the President said: “Moreover, I have made it clear that we will hunt down terrorists who threaten our country, wherever they are. That means I will not hesitate to take action against ISIL in Syria, as well as Iraq. This is a core principle of my presidency: if you threaten America, you will find no safe haven.”

The new campaign comes after Obama authorised limited airstrikes against the ISIL militants in Iraq in August while the plan further deepens the role of the US military in the Middle East. Urging cooperation from Iraqis and other Arab partners to confront the threat in the region, Obama said that the US will lead a broad coalition of nations, but “this is not our fight alone.” As part of the counterterrorism strategy, the US will send an additional 475 service members to provide Iraqi and Kurdish forces with training, intelligence and equipment. Separately, the US will continue to increase its efforts to train and supply the moderate Syrian opposition and provide humanitarian assistance to innocent civilians displaced by ISIL attacks. The campaign will also see the US working alongside allies and partner nations to improve intelligence and strengthen defences against the ISIL, while deploying measures to cut funding to the group. SP

Publisher and Editor-in-Chief Jayant Baranwal Editor Lt General V.K. Kapoor (Retd) Senior Editorial Contributor Lt General P.C. Katoch (Retd) Senior Technical Group Editor Lt General Naresh Chand (Retd) Air Marshal B.K. Pandey (Retd) Assistant Group Editor R. Chandrakanth Contributors India General V.P. Malik (Retd), Lt General Vijay Oberoi (Retd), Lt General R.S. Nagra (Retd), Lt General S.R.R. Aiyengar (Retd), Major General Ashok Mehta (Retd), Major General G.K. Nischol (Retd), Brigadier Gurmeet Kanwal (Retd), Brigadier S. Mishra (Retd), Rohit Sharma Chairman & Managing Director Jayant Baranwal Executive Vice President (Planning & Business Development) Rohit Goel Administration Bharti Sharma Creative Director Anoop Kamath Design Vimlesh Kumar Yadav, Sonu Singh Bisht Research Assistant: Graphics Survi Massey Sales & Marketing Director Sales & Marketing: Neetu Dhulia General Manager Sales: Rajeev Chugh SP’s Website Sr. Web Developer: Shailendra P. Ashish Web Developer: Ugrashen Vishwakarma Published bimonthly by Jayant Baranwal on behalf of SP Guide Publications Pvt Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, photocopying, recording, electronic, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publishers.

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Founded by Shri S P Baranwal in 1964, Guide Publications began its humble journey.

Today SP Guide Publications (SP’s) is the Asia’s Largest Publishing House for Aerospace & Defence Sectors.

We at SP’s look forward to coming years and decades with even stronger conviction.