SPATIA'24

I N N O V A T I O N

SPATIA’ 24 2023-2024

Society of Geo-Informatics Engineers Institute of Remote Sensing Anna University - 600 025

M A P P I N G

S P A T I A

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SPATIA'24, our flagship publication, continues to evolve, incorporating the latest advancements in Remote Sensing and GIS

As the Director and founder president Society of Geoinformatics Engineers (SGE), it gives me immense pleasure to witness the remarkable growth and accomplishments of our society since its inception in 2004. GeoHorizon'24 marks another milestone in our journey of fostering excellence in the field of Geoinformatics.

This year's GeoHorizon promises to be an exceptional platform for aspiring Geomatics Engineers to expand their knowledge, showcase their skills, and network with industry experts. With a blend of insightful workshops, engaging events, and cutting-edge technology showcases, GeoHorizon'24 aims to inspire the next generation of innovators in Geoinformatics.

SPATIA'24, our flagship publication, continues to evolve, incorporating the latest advancements in Remote Sensing and GIS. It serves as a testament to the dedication and ingenuity of our student community, whose contributions shape the future of Geoinformation Technology.

I extend my heartfelt gratitude to the Faculty, Staff, and Students of our esteemed institution for their unwavering commitment and support in organizing GeoHorizon'24. Together, we strive to uphold the legacy of excellence and innovation that defines our society.

Ii A wealth of information about the reliability and applicability over the real world scenario and also to Carter to the need of a common man at the same time ensuring the sustainability of the global eco system.

Being the President of the Society of Geoinformatics Engineering (SGE), a group of bright, creative minds, makes me incredibly happy and proud. I am pleased to be in charge of a diverse team of geomatics engineers who have worked tirelessly to produce another excellent edition of geohorizon'24, our yearly intercollege symposium.Geohorizon'24 is a three-day symposium that combines lectures and workshops with the goal of increasing student interest in and exposure to the field of geoinformatics. A wealth of information about the reliability and applicability over the real world scenario and also to Carter to the need of a common man at the same time ensuring the sustainability of the global ecosystem.The goal of this year's version is to incorporate a variety of content features, such as essays written by students emphasizing the course's importance in solving current public relations issues, advice from graduates, prospects for future employment, and so forth Geohorizon'24 and spatia'24, made possible by the tireless efforts and contributions of the Institute of Remote sensing (IRS) student community, will undoubtedly improve public awareness of geoinformatics and inspire many young people to pursue careers and research in this area while also giving back to the community.

IiI Our annual magazine, SPATIA, continues to explore various dimensions of geomatics.

As the Treasurer of the Society of Geoinformatics Engineers (SGE), I am delighted to welcome you to GEOHORIZON’24, our annual inter-college symposium. This event is the culmination of dedicated teamwork and enthusiasm from both the student community and faculty at the Institute of Remote Sensing. This year’s symposium is aimed to make a significant impact in the field of Geospatial Technology. Additionally, I am pleased to share that SGE recently hosted World Space Week 2023, with the theme "Space and Entrepreneurship." The event featured renowned speakers from both international and national backgrounds, offering students valuable insights into entrepreneurial opportunities within the space industry. Our society actively engages with global experts, inviting esteemed professors and academics to share their knowledge and inspire our students.

Moreover, our annual magazine, SPATIA, continues to explore various dimensions of geomatics, not just at IRS but across the broader geoinformatics landscape. This year's edition maintains its commitment to covering a wide range of topics, delving into the practical applications of remote sensing and GIS. Geoinformatics has become an essential field, with its applications extending into numerous areas of engineering, technology, and science, driven by technological advancements. The Society of Geoinformatics Engineers is dedicated to fostering these opportunities, and I am confident that our students will continue to excel and emerge as skilled geomatics engineers. Thank you for being a part of our community, and I look forward to seeing the impact you will make.

IV

Institute of Remote Sensing (IRS), formerly known as the "Survey School," has a rich history dating back to 1794. Over time, it evolved into an engineering college offering various courses. In 1982, with the support of the Government of Tamil Nadu, the Institute of Remote Sensing was established. It serves not only as an educational institution but also as the State Remote Sensing Application Centre for the Government of Tamil Nadu.

Renowned for its expertise in remote sensing platforms, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and large-scale mapping, IRS is currently an autonomous unit of Anna University, overseen by the Vice Chancellor. The Federal Republic of Germany contributed 7 million DM towards equipment and the establishment of the 4-year Undergraduate Programme in B.E. Geoinformatics. The institute boasts state-of-the-art machinery and laboratory facilities valued at Rs. 150 million. Additionally, IRS is a member of the UN-GGIM network.

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The Society of Geoinformatics Engineers (SGE) is a longstanding student council established in 2004. Dedicated to enhancing the knowledge and skills of geoinformatics students, SGE focuses on areas such as Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS), aiming to cultivate future professionals in these fields. SGE provides valuable hands-on experience through a variety of activities, including workshops and lectures conducted by esteemed professionals from the global GIS community.

Operating annually under the guidance of the Director of the Institute of Remote Sensing (IRS), the society is led by the President and Treasurer, both faculty members of IRS. Additionally, the student body comprises positions such as General Secretary, Secretary, and Joint Secretary, who collaborate with various domain heads.Among its notable events, SGE organizes the Space Week celebration, Celestia—an intra-college symposium—and Geo Horizon—an inter-college symposium.

These initiatives serve to foster knowledge exchange, networking opportunities, and skill development within the geoinformatics community.

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Celestia is the prestigious annual intra-college technical symposium hosted by the Society of Geoinformatics Engineers. Overall, Celestia stands as a beacon for cutting-edge technology and innovation in Geoinformatics, making significant strides in advancing the field and providing a fertile ground for future collaborations and advancements.

It typically runs for a single day with the vision to provide multidimensional domain knowledge to students pursuing Bachelor's and Master's degrees in Geoinformatics.

The celebration ranges from captivating events to enlightening workshops, converging shining minds like stars in a cosmic exchange of knowledge and innovation.

Several events, including paper and poster presentations, cover topics related to the applications of Geoinformatics across different fields.

VII

Geo Horizon '24 is an annual inter-college technical symposium spanning three days, hosted by the Society of Geoinformatics Engineers. The event attracts a large number of students from various colleges, including those from the CEG campus, who engage in both technical and nontechnical activities aimed at celebrating the field of Geoinformatics.

Prominent features of the symposium include paper and poster presentations, where students present their original research on remote sensing and GIS topics. Attendees also participate in workshops, receiving hands-on training from experts in the field.

Key outcomes of the event include enhanced collaboration between academia and industry, the dissemination of cutting-edge research, and heightened awareness of the significance and practical uses of Geoinformatics.

Participants leave equipped with new skills, expanded knowledge, and potentially valuable professional connections. Overall, Geo Horizon strives to inspire and educate, pushing forward the application of geospatial technologies to creatively solve real-world problems

CONTENTS Director’s Note

I

President’s Note

II

Treasurer’s Note

III

About IRS and SGE

IV

About Celestia and Geo Horizon

VI

Articles

1

Fresher’s Viewpoint

3

Articles

5

Project Corner

13

Articles

15

Alumni Talk

20

Articles

22

Placement Opportunities

26

Internship Opportunities

27

Masters - Abroad and India

30

Newsletter

32

Remote Sensing Applications

34

Our Past Events

37

Sponsors

40

Editorial Credit

42

Sensing Life in Distant Realms…

Aditi R 4th year Hidden within the rugged peaks and icy expanses of the world's highest mountains, the elusive snow leopard roams, embodying a mystique that has captivated the imagination for centuries.

Revered as the "ghost of the mountains," this unique animal lives in some of the most inhospitable terrains on Earth. Its remote habitat spans across 12 countries in Central Asia, making direct observation difficult and traditional conservation methods less effective.

However, advancements in remote sensing technology are opening up new frontiers in our understanding of these magnificent cats, providing insights that were once unimaginable.

A Leap Forward: Remote sensing, the science of gathering information about objects or areas from a distance, has emerged as a game-changer in wildlife conservation. By utilizing a variety of tools ranging from satellite imagery to camera traps, researchers can monitor ecosystems and track animal movements with unprecedented precision.

In the realm of snow leopard conservation, remote sensing technologies have proven invaluable. Satellite imagery, for instance, allows scientists to map snow leopard habitat and identify key corridors for their movement. Thermal imaging cameras detect heat signatures, enabling researchers to locate elusive individuals even in the dead of night. Meanwhile, GPS collars equipped with accelerometers record detailed data on the cats' behaviour and habitat use, offering crucial insights into their ecology.

Tales from the Field: Tashi, a male snow leopard fitted with a GPS collar, embarked on a remarkable odyssey across the high-altitude landscapes of the Himalayas. His movements, meticulously tracked through satellite telemetry, revealed a pattern of migration that defied conventional wisdom.

Instead of remaining within a fixed territory, Tashi traversed vast distances, navigating treacherous terrain with unparalleled grace. His journey, documented in real-time through remote sensing data, highlighted the importance of maintaining connectivity between habitat patches and underscored the challenges these animals face in an increasingly fragmented landscape.

The Path Forward: As we delve deeper into the realm of remote sensing, the potential for conservation grows ever greater. Ultimately, the story of the snow leopard is a story of resilience and adaptation, mirrored in the very landscapes it calls home. Through the lens of remote sensing, we glimpse into a world rarely seen—a world where the ghost of the mountains roams free, leaving behind only footprints in the snow. And as we strive to protect this majestic creature, we are reminded that in the wilderness, as in life, every footprint tells a story worth preserving.

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IoT Driven Pest Management for Sustainable Agriculture using Geospatial Technologies Rishi Ganesh L 3rd year

Farmers are facing a lot of challenges in tackling the pests in their agricultural fields.

Due to a lack of knowledge on how to manage them, farmers either overuse the pesticides or else use a smaller quantity of pesticides. This causes the plants to die or the pests are least affected by fertilizer use. Sometimes, there are cases where the pests get adapted to the use of pesticides so overuse too doesn’t help them prevent the pests.

The solution to their problems lies in adopting precision agriculture methodologies.

IoT-driven technologies are very much advanced in the current days and can be deployed in pest detection and monitoring. The basic structure of the IoT system contains energy-supplying devices, a spectral sensor attached to a UAV, a cloud data center, and a mobile application interface where we can visualize the output.

An Unmanned Aerial Vehicle attached with spectral sensors preferably VS-NIR sensors will capture high-resolution images of the farm and send the images to the cloud. In the cloud, data management and data processing will occur. The sensors would be supplied energy by the solar panels. Certain image processing algorithms like Continuous Removal Techniques and Continuous Wavelets transform are applied to the image to detect the presence of pests. Such algorithms worked effectively in identifying the yellow rust and powdery mildew in wheat and tomato leaf miners very accurately. The results can be displayed in a user-friendly interface like a mobile application.

Machine learning algorithms can be applied to identify the name of the pest and the required pesticide and amount of pesticide to be utilized can also be displayed to the farmer. So, the farmers could be taking the required initiative. For a long-term application, a VS-NIR camera can be installed permanently in the field rather than using a UAV.

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FRESHER'S VIEWpoint I chose GI because GIS is not just a tool for mapping geography, but also for addressing global challenges and enhancing human life. I am interested in studying about the earth to make sure the natural resources are not destroyed and saved for the next generation. In my first year,I was able to learn the outer space weather and how the lenses are used in satellites and mainly about the sensors.

-HARISHINI G

The reason I chose geo informatics is, it allows us to use spatial data and technology to solve real-world problems. It's a fascinating field that can be applied in various industries like urban planning, environmental management etc.The experience in a geoinformatics department can be really interesting and diverse! . Collaborating with classmates on group projects and research can foster a sense of community and teamwork. As technology continues to advance, there will be new and exciting applications of geoinformatics in fields like smart cities, climate change mitigation, and sustainable development.It's a field that offers both stability and innovation.

-JANANI S

As a fresh 12th passed out student, I don't have much knowledge on Geo Informatics branch of engineering on that time. However, I came to know about some information about this branch before my choice filling process. Basically it's a fascinating area that combines geography, computer science and data analysis to study and manage geospatial data. And also I have keen interest in remote sensing, surveying and geo spatial analysis. So I chose this course to study.

And also I came to know that this course will give us wide opportunities when we completed masters in this field.

-SANJAYKUMAR E

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FRESHER'S VIEWpoint I chose Geo-Informatics for its blend of technology, data analysis, and environmental focus. Studying it is like embarking on a journey of decoding spatial data to understand the world. I expect to gain skills in geospatial technologies, data analysis, and problemsolving to address real-world challenges like urban planning and environmental conservation.

- M SARAVANA PRASATH

I chose Geoinformatics because I'm fascinated by how spatial data can be used to understand and solve real-world problems, from urban planning to environmental conservation.My expectations from the department include gaining a deeper understanding of geospatial technologies, honing my analytical skills, and collaborating with experts in the field to tackle complex challenges.So far, my experience in the department has been enriching. I've had the opportunity to learn about various geospatial tools and techniques, engage in hands-on projects, and collaborate with peers on research initiatives. My future plans with respect to geoinformatics involve leveraging my skills and knowledge to contribute to innovative projects that address environmental sustainability, urban development, and disaster management. I aim to continue learning and growing in this dynamic field.

-RATHINAM RAMASAMY J

Studying Geo-Informatics at CEG Campus sounds like an exciting and promising field of study! Geo-Informatics combines geospatial technology with information science to analyze and interpret spatial data, making it crucial in various industries like urban planning, environmental management, agriculture, and more.

It offers a blend of theoretical knowledge and practical skills that are highly sought after in today's data-driven world.

-BHARATHI A

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Transformers: A new frontier in Remote Sensing Aravindh Subramanian 4th year

In the vast expanse of space, satellites orbit silently, their watchful eyes scanning Earth's surface.

From the depths of forests to the heart of bustling cities, they capture every detail with precision. But how do we make use of this flood of data available? Enter Transformers, the new heroes in the realm of remote sensing.

In a contemporary setting where machines decipher concealed details from satellite imagery, every pixel encapsulates numerous narratives. This proficiency is derived from Transformers, not the cinematic automatons, but an advanced technological framework. Originally developed for natural language processing, Transformers have significantly advanced machine translation and chatbots such as ChatGPT and Gemini. Now, these algorithms extend their utility to aerial perspectives, uncovering the enigmas of our planet from a distance. Transformers, a category of deep learning models utilizing self-attention mechanisms, represent a pivotal advancement in remote sensing. Differing from conventional convolutional neural networks (CNNs) constrained by fixed-size input sequences, Transformers possess the distinct capacity to analyze sequences of varying lengths, rendering them well-suited for tasks involving sequential data analysis.

Transformers, with their self-attention mechanisms, excel in image analysis, enhancing classification by capturing long-range dependencies. They enable precise identification of land cover types, vegetation health, and urban development. Additionally, they support object detection and tracking in satellite imagery, aiding surveillance and disaster response efforts.

Their hierarchical representation improves semantic segmentation, benefiting tasks like land cover mapping and precision agriculture Furthermore, Transformers enable robust change detection by capturing spatial and temporal dependencies in multi-temporal satellite imagery, crucial for environmental management and disaster mitigation.

While Transformers excel in remote sensing tasks, challenges remain, particularly in processing large-scale satellite imagery datasets. Overcoming this requires investigating streamlined architectures, distributed computing, and hardware optimization. As remote sensing datasets grow in size and complexity, Transformer-based models need ongoing refinement to handle multi-modal data. They are potent tools reshaping remote sensing, offering unmatched capabilities in analysis, detection, and change monitoring. With ongoing exploration by researchers and practitioners, we anticipate further breakthroughs enabling deeper insights into our planet and enhanced precision and efficiency in addressing environmental challenges.

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Flood Risk Assessment using Remote sensing and GIS techniques Nandhini R 3rd year

Floods pose significant threats to communities, infrastructure, and ecosystems, often resulting in loss of lives and widespread damage. To effectively address these risks, the integration of remote sensing technology and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) has become increasingly crucial. High-resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data is essential for delineating watersheds, stream networks, and drainage basins in a given area.

This data allows for the estimation of flow accumulation and direction, crucial for predicting flood pathways. Terrain analysis using DEM data helps identify factors influencing flood risk, such as slope, aspect, elevation, and land cover. Areas with steep slopes, low-lying terrain, and proximity to water bodies are indicators of heightened flood hazard. Hydrological and hydraulic modeling techniques, in conjunction with DEM data, enable the simulation of flood events and the prediction of flood extents.

Hydrologic modeling software, such as Hydrologic Engineering Center Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS) and Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), offer capabilities for modeling hydrologic processes in watershed systems. Depending on the complexity of hydraulic processes, different hydraulic models, including one-dimensional (1D), two-dimensional (2D), or three-dimensional (3D) models, can be selected. For instance, the Hydrologic Engineering Center River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) is widely used for conducting one-dimensional hydraulic calculations across the networks of natural and artificial channels.

Integration of remote sensing data into GIS facilitates the creation of detailed flood hazard maps and spatial models. Incorporating flood inundation maps, vulnerability assessments, and exposure analyses allows for the quantification of flood risk for different areas and assets. Assessing the likely consequences of flooding on infrastructure, communities, and natural surroundings is essential. Pinpointing areas of greater risk and determining priority interventions, such as implementing zoning regulations for floodplains, reinforcing structures, or establishing early warning systems, is crucial for effective flood risk management and mitigation.

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Deformation Analysis using SAR Interferometry Jeevitha B 4th year

In urban environments, the integrity of buildings often faces a barrage of challenges, with subsidence emerging as a prominent concern attributed to various factors including underground tunneling, water infiltration, natural disasters, and subpar foundation conditions. The implementation of structural health monitoring, facilitated by a combination of physical sensors and remote sensing technologies, assumes a pivotal role in addressing these challenges. Remote sensing is found to be more advantageous than physical sensors because of large area coverage and multi-temporal availability. The basic concept behind using synthetic aperture radar images is to create interferograms between images acquired at different dates and analyze the phase shift in the interferogram, which in turn gives the deformation values. The deformation analysis provides Line of Sight (LOS) displacement values, where positive values indicate uplift and negative values indicate subsidence.

Various techniques such as differential Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) techniques like Differential SAR Interferometry (DInSAR), Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI), and Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) Interferometry play pivotal roles in deformation analysis.

DInSAR compares SAR images to measure ground displacement, while PSI identifies stable radar targets for detecting subtle movements, particularly effective in urban areas. SBAS mitigates atmospheric effects for more accurate measurements. Coherent Target Monitoring (CTM) tracks specific targets for localized deformation analysis, and Multi-Temporal SAR (MTSAR) monitors temporal changes over multiple images.

These techniques, used individually or in combination, provide high-resolution, wide-area coverage, and temporal monitoring capabilities essential for assessing structural health and mitigating risks. The accuracy level of SAR interferometry techniques varies but can range from millimeters to centimeters, depending on factors such as methodology, data quality, and environmental conditions.

For instance, they aided in stabilizing the Leaning Tower of Pisa, assessing the sinking Millennium Tower in San Francisco, and ensuring the structural integrity of the Petronas Twin Towers in Kuala Lumpur. Similarly, SAR analysis has been instrumental in monitoring Big Ben in London and the Colosseum in Rome, enabling timely maintenance and preservation efforts for these iconic landmarks.

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Geo-Informatics based Intelligent Decision Support Systems for Efficient Irrigation Water Management Tharun K L 3rd year Large canal irrigation projects in India cover over 35 million hectares of irrigated area, with about 30 million hectares created after 1951. Groundwater was the main source of irrigation before the introduction of canal irrigation and continues to be used in some areas. Integrated management of surface and groundwater resources is now a priority to enhance irrigation supplies, increase agricultural productivity, and control groundwater depletion, water logging, and soil salinity.

Groundwater basin simulation models based on the physics of groundwater flow are essential for assessing groundwater resources and planning water management in irrigation project areas. These models require input data such as recharge, pumping, boundary conditions, and aquifer parameters, which often vary spatially. Geographic information systems (GIS) can assist in organizing and visualizing these inputs and outputs. Recharge and discharge can be estimated through various methods, such as solving the inverse problem of aquifer hydrology or using groundwater level fluctuations as indicators of recharge. Seepage losses from canals and percolation losses from fields are the primary components of recharge in irrigation project areas, which vary based on weather, soils, crops, and water use.

Previous models estimated recharge using empirical norms for seepage and percolation losses.

A more improved approach utilized a distributed soil water balance model and a vertical groundwater flow model for estimation. However, these models were only used for limited locations and their results were extrapolated for the entire area. The integration of GIS can enhance the physical basis of recharge estimation by considering various factors systematically.

The coupling of simulation models and GIS is necessary for effective water resource management. Tight coupling provides a common user interface and transparent information sharing between the GIS and models, while loose coupling involves data transfer from one system to another. Most applications adopt the loose coupling approach as it allows for the use of existing physical models with minimal modifications. The goal of this study is to utilize GIS and simulation models to provide quantitative decision aids for groundwater resource assessment in large irrigation project areas. A scheme for integrating GIS with recharge and groundwater flow models is developed, with the Godavari Delta Central Canal Irrigation Project in India serving as a case study.

In summary, the focus is on utilizing AI technology and simulation models to manage water resources in large canal irrigation projects, with GIS playing a crucial role in data representation and visualization. The ultimate aim is to provide accurate groundwater resource assessments and decision support for irrigation management.

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GIS IN ARCHAEOLOGY Raghuram C 3rd year

Archaeology, the study of ancient human behaviour through material evidence and remains, has greatly benefited from the advancements in Geographical Information Systems (GIS).

Remote sensing has revolutionised the data-collecting process, making it more efficient, secure, and less time-consuming compared to traditional manual methods like field walking, surface surveying, and excavation.Archaeologists and cultural resource managers now rely on these tools to analyse patterns over large areas and long periods, enabling them to gain more comprehensive insights into past human behaviours and landscapes. Archaeologists also utilise LiDAR data in conjunction with GIS to detect subtle features such as ancient roads, structures, and landscape modifications at archaeological sites. GIS is increasingly being combined with Agent-Based modelling techniques to replicate and comprehend intricate socio-ecological systems in ancient societies. This enables scholars to investigate the relationships between human populations, environments, and resources using spatially explicit models. One of the key advantages of GIS is its ability to utilise complex spatial models, which serve as the foundation for constructing archaeological predictive models. By incorporating data such as known site locations and geographical information like slope, aspect, and land cover, these models can be computed, analysed, and displayed within a GIS environment.

The integration of network technology has propelled archaeological GIS into the realm of web GIS. This allows for the recording, storage, and sharing of archaeological data in a virtual format on the Internet. The transition to web GIS has eliminated temporal barriers, enabling seamless and immediate information exchange among researchers and professionals.

Researchers in archaeology are experimenting with the integration of machine learning and artificial intelligence into GIS for identifying features, categorising archaeological materials, and creating predictive models based on spatial patterns.

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Exploring the dynamics of Urban Sprawl using Remote Sensing and GIS Thenmozhi M 4th year

Urban sprawl, the uncontrolled expansion of urban areas into surrounding rural lands, presents a multifaceted challenge with profound implications for the environment, economy, and society.

Defined by the uneven development along highways and in peri-urban regions, this phenomenon involves delving into its myriad dimensions shaped by physical, economic, cultural, and societal factors.Yet, within the sprawl narrative lie both merits and demerits. Remote sensing and GIS have proved to be effective means for extracting and processing varied resolutions of spatial information for monitoring urban growth. Modeling urban sprawl is crucial for facilitating urban development planning and managing sustainable growth effectively. Scientific planning and management must be based on the proper understanding of the dynamic process of urban growth, i.e. from past to present to future. This dynamic process involves various socio economic and physical and ecological components at varied spatial and temporal scales, which result in such a complex and dynamic system.Aided by new spatial data capture technologies such as very high-resolution remote sensing satellites and global positioning systems (GPS), Longley in his research work stated relatively accurate and comprehensive digital data sets of metropolitan areas collected and maintained by public agencies are now becoming widely available.

Remote sensing potentially provides a strong data-source framework within which to monitor change and understand urban growth, e.g. frequently used Landsat TM, SPOT, IRS and even IKONOS imagery.GIS can provide the urban modeler with new platforms for data management, spatial analysis, and visualization. At present, ANN and CA have been integrated into GIS such as the ArcView extension (spatial modeler: ANN, fuzzy logic, and logistic regression) and IDRISI (CA). Open-source software development is becoming popular, such as UrbanSim, which has a free environment for users to develop or modify their own models.

Certain methods remain theoretical or are primarily utilized for artificial city analysis, relying heavily on robust data infrastructure. While some techniques excel at analyzing urban dynamics on a macro scale, they may not be as effective when applied at a micro level. Each method possesses its own set of strengths and weaknesses, along with specific data requirements and areas of application. Choosing the appropriate method should be guided by the analysis requirements, the practicality of the techniques, and the accessibility or constraints of the data framework.

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Drone - Based GIS Deepak 3rd year

As drone startups continue to rise in the upcoming years, drone-based GIS has gained much popularity in India. In a country with a billion people aiming for sustainable development with Smart cities, drone surveying integrated with GIS is used for 2D or 3D mapping and aids in urban planning.Precision agriculture is one field where drone surveying is highly employed. Drones are used to collect geographic data and track people, as well as monitor the environment of crowded places or large public gatherings. This includes monitoring crowd noise, infection probability percentage, and crowd density, thereby enhancing public health and safety.

Drones also play a crucial role in monitoring inaccessible areas on Earth. They are utilized to observe the melting rate of ice in the Arctic and Antarctic regions, and in disaster situations such as volcanic eruptions, floods, nuclear accidents, and landslides.

Drones help monitor parameters like temperature, depth, radiation intensity, and slope, aiding in damage estimation and rescue efforts.Drones are expected to play a major role in outer space missions in the upcoming years. NASA has plans to implement drones in the Mars mission due to their simple structure and economical surveying ability for small-scale areas, enabling the collection of samples from space missions.

However, the implementation of drones faces numerous restrictions. Regional aviation authorities have established rules and regulations governing drone usage, including restrictions on flying over certain territories. Drone-restricted zones include airports, industrial areas, country borders, governmental complexes, and buildings. These laws are expected to evolve in the future to accommodate the commercial use of drones for GIS surveys.Drones integrated with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have found applications in various fields, and with the recent trend of Artificial Intelligence, their applications have expanded even further.

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Unlocking New Horizons: AI's Role in Revolutionizing Remote Sensing Haritha Gowri S N 3rd year

The fusion of remote sensing and artificial intelligence (AI) marks a significant breakthrough, enabling detailed understanding of the world's intricacies. In the past, remote sensing involved gathering vast and complex data from satellites, aircraft, or ground sensors. However, AI emerged as a solution, proficient in processing immense datasets, identifying patterns, and extracting useful insights swiftly.AI-driven remote sensing is transforming agriculture by facilitating precise farming techniques. Through the integration of satellite imagery, drones, and ground-based sensors with AI algorithms, farmers can monitor crop health, forecast yields, and optimize resource allocation with unparalleled precision. AI analyzes multispectral satellite data to detect early signs of crop stress, enabling farmers to take prompt corrective actions like adjusting irrigation or applying fertilizers precisely where needed, maximizing yields while minimizing environmental impact.

Remote sensing, empowered by AI, is indispensable for monitoring and comprehending the ramifications of climate change. By scrutinizing satellite data and climate models using AI algorithms, scientists can monitor shifts in temperature, sea levels, ice cover, and greenhouse gas emissions with unparalleled accuracy. AI algorithms identify anomalies in the Earth's climate system, offering valuable insights into the drivers of climate change and guiding mitigation efforts.Moreover, AI aids in space exploration, revolutionizing our comprehension of celestial bodies. Satellites and probes equipped with AI analyze vast datasets to generate detailed maps of planets, moons, and asteroids, providing invaluable insights into surface features, geological formations, and atmospheric conditions, guiding future exploration endeavors.

Furthermore, remote sensing systems bolstered by AI play a pivotal role in detecting and studying cosmic phenomena such as supernovae, gamma-ray bursts, and gravitational waves. By analyzing data from space-based observatories like Hubble and LIGO, AI algorithms identify transient phenomena and issue real-time alerts to astronomers worldwide, facilitating swift follow-up observations and enriching our understanding of the universe's most energetic phenomena.In summary, AI and remote sensing facilitate profound discoveries. By harnessing AI to analyze remote sensing data, we can address significant challenges and embark on explorations with clarity and precision.

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PROJECT CORNER

"Innovation is the ability to see change as an opportunity, not a threat."

SIGNAL

SAFARI One of the common issues faced by students and faculties inside the college campus is poor signal strength. The placement of towers at large scale by telecom companies and Wifi Huts at small scale by campus administrators requires strategic planning. The usage of geospatial technologies to prepare a real time cellular coverage map and the subsequent analysis of the data obtained is found to be instrumental in gaining insights into network variations.

The Signal Safari project explores the usage of near real time cellular strength data collected from IoT sensors placed across the college campus and prepares an automated and dynamic mapping system. Consisting of 9 members from ECE, IT and Geo Informatics departments under the able guidance of Dr. Srinivasa Raju, Professor of Department of Civil Engineering, our interdisciplinary project has won various accolades. The project was ranked among the top 10 projects on Technovation, an inter-project display competition as a part of Kurukshetra 24, South India's largest techno-management fest organized by CEG Tech Forum. Recently, it also won runner up position in the project display competition of Itrix, inter-departmental IT symposium in College of Engineering Guindy.

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PROJECT CORNER TRAFFIC

FLOW ANALYSIS Srivatsan S, Gopika S R (4th Year)

In contemporary society, traffic congestion stands as a pervasive and widely detested issue in densely populated and bustling nations like India. One of the major solutions in mitigating traffic is proper transportation

planning

by

our

government.

Developed countries like USA and China use intelligent transport systems to manage this i.e. They use large amounts of cameras and high computing resources to achieve this.

Due to our complex and highly dense road networks as well as proper lack of infrastructure, variables such as traffic flow and traffic volume are still measured using mathematical theories and manual measurement using humans. Our aim was to solve either of these problems by building more robust, accurate, modern yet economically effective solution for the data collection. So we self trained a lightweight SSD model (a model based on CNNs), using our own dataset of various indian vehicles and we used image processing & computer vision to perform both object detection and object tracking, to track the vehicle count in each classes (car, bike, auto, van, bus, lorry).

By measuring these variables using a model that is lightweight to run on a smartphone and doesn't need a large number of cameras, it could track complex variables which were only accomplished previously by human minds, and we made it less computer resource intensive and economical. Our project won 3rd prize in state level science research convention “anveshan” conducted by association of indian universities, and we participated in an international research convention representing tamilnadu and we were supposedly under top 5 projects from our category “engineering & technology”.

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Planetary Remote Sensing Gopika N 3rd year

Remote sensing plays a vital role in unraveling the mysteries of planets, including their age. Let's dive into how it helps determine planetary ages using craters:Scientists often estimate the age of rocky planets like Mars or the Moon by tallying up craters on their surfaces. The concept is simple: older surfaces tend to have more craters than younger ones. However, natural processes like water, wind, cosmic rays, and volcanic activity can erase evidence of old craters over time.

Let's take Mars, for instance. In a recent study, researchers examined three unnamed craters on Mars using both time and composition analyses. They employed an advanced machine learning technique, remote sensing strategies, and specialized software known as Craterstats 2.0 to determine the age of the craters. Here's what they discovered: one group of craters was approximately 3.09 billion years old (Amazonian), another was around 3.63 billion years old (Hesperian), and a third was roughly 3.73 billion years old (Noachian).

These ages corresponded to different geological time periods based on the number of craters present.

Furthermore, they utilized a tool called the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) to analyze the surface composition. They found that one crater from the Amazonian period mainly consisted of materials like hematite, boehmite, and akaganeite. Another crater from the Hesperian era exhibited signs of minerals such as monohydrated sulfates, melilite, illite, and kaolinite. Lastly, a crater from the Noachian period contained abundant clay minerals, indicating a prolonged presence of water.

NASA doesn't just monitor Earth; it also observes other planets using remote sensors on satellites and aircraft. These sensors capture and record energy reflected or emitted by distant objects. By analyzing this data, scientists can gain insights into the current state of planets and make predictions about their future.

In summary, by integrating remote sensing with crater counting and surface material analysis, scientists can glean significant information about the history and ages of planets.

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Flood Risk Assessment using Remote sensing and GIS techniques Nandhini R 3rd year

Floods pose significant threats to communities, infrastructure, and ecosystems, often resulting in loss of lives and widespread damage. To effectively address these risks, the integration of remote sensing technology and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) has become increasingly crucial. High-resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data is essential for delineating watersheds, stream networks, and drainage basins in a given area.

This data allows for the estimation of flow accumulation and direction, crucial for predicting flood pathways. Terrain analysis using DEM data helps identify factors influencing flood risk, such as slope, aspect, elevation, and land cover. Areas with steep slopes, low-lying terrain, and proximity to water bodies are indicators of heightened flood hazard. Hydrological and hydraulic modeling techniques, in conjunction with DEM data, enable the simulation of flood events and the prediction of flood extents.

Hydrologic modeling software, such as Hydrologic Engineering Center Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS) and Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), offer capabilities for modeling hydrologic processes in watershed systems. Depending on the complexity of hydraulic processes, different hydraulic models, including one-dimensional (1D), two-dimensional (2D), or three-dimensional (3D) models, can be selected. For instance, the Hydrologic Engineering Center River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) is widely used for conducting one-dimensional hydraulic calculations across the networks of natural and artificial channels.

Integration of remote sensing data into GIS facilitates the creation of detailed flood hazard maps and spatial models. Incorporating flood inundation maps, vulnerability assessments, and exposure analyses allows for the quantification of flood risk for different areas and assets. Assessing the likely consequences of flooding on infrastructure, communities, and natural surroundings is essential. Pinpointing areas of greater risk and determining priority interventions, such as implementing zoning regulations for floodplains, reinforcing structures, or establishing early warning systems, is crucial for effective flood risk management and mitigation.

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Marine plastic pollution detection and identification by using remote sensing Krithika V 2nd year

Persistent plastic litter, transported from rivers to oceans, significantly impacts marine ecosystems globally. Recent advancements in remote sensing technologies have enabled the identification, tracking, and monitoring of marine plastic debris across open and coastal waters.

Researchers employ high-resolution multispectral and hyperspectral remote sensing data to monitor floating marine macro litter (FMML), utilizing various sensors, platforms, spatial and spectral resolutions, ground sampling, detection methodologies, and accuracy assessments.The spectral characterization of marine debris on beaches has been examined, quantifying litter amounts through automatic digital classification of high-resolution aerial imagery. They also explored the potential use of TIR sensor data and demonstrated its effectiveness in distinguishing plastic litter at night from other floating materials.

Multi-source remote sensing sensor data used in VIS, NIR, and SWIR spectral range includes multispectral and hyperspectral cameras, spectral radiometry and satellite imagery, complemented by TIR imaging, Synthetic aperture radar (SAR), Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), video imaging techniques. Optical sensors installed on satellites, aircraft, drones, and handheld devices, along with spatial and temporal data, can aid in the identification of FMML effectively. Satellites with moderate spatial resolution (Sentinel-2 A/B) to high resolution (Worldview 2, 3, and PlanetScope) can easily identify and detect FMML, while SAR and LiDAR can precisely quantify the volume and distribution of the large patches of FMML. With the advent of multispectral and hyperspectral remote sensing data, it is possible to detect the spectral reflectance of moving plastic in the ocean using the VIS, NIR, and SWIR wavelengths. The satellite with a hyperspectral sensor (PRISMA) can detect the FMML using the spectral values of plastic materials; however, the spatial resolution of the satellite sensor shall be high enough to identify the characteristics of FMML. The researchers utilized the spectral signature of plastic for carefully selecting the spectral band to develop different spectral indices for identifying FMML. They have used the results from spectral indices to train different supervised and unsupervised image classification methods.

Recent studies indicate that high-resolution aerial imagery can detect FMML larger than 2.5 cm using advanced models and methodologies. Future research should focus on refining these methodological frameworks to improve FMML detection accuracy and efficiency, thereby enhancing the management of marine plastic pollution and protecting marine ecosystems.

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SMART CITIES AND GEOSPATIAL SOLUTIONS: ENHANCING URBAN DEVELOPMENT Bala Roshini B 1st year In the modern world, geospatial technology, especially GIS (geographical information system) which is an innovative mapping solution that empowers urban experts with enhanced visibility into data, has paved a major path for the evolution of smart cities and enhances urban planning.

Integrating technology into urban planning processes facilitates more informed decision-making, enhances efficiency, and improves the quality of life for urban residents. Geographic information is generally collected, analyzed, and stored using geospatial technologies such as remote sensing, GIS, GPS, and internet mapping technologies. Smart cities are based on the utilization of technology and data to revolutionize urban infrastructure and services, typically in the fields of transport, energy, waste management, and public safety. But how exactly does the use of GIS in smart cities help its development?

Many modern cities have become extremely vulnerable to natural disasters because of their increasing complexity and the impacts of climate change. The incorporation of GIS in smart cities and urban planning induces decision-making during disasters. By mapping critical infrastructure, identifying high-risk areas, and analyzing real-time data during emergencies, authorities can coordinate more effective responses and minimize the impact of disasters on urban areas which creates enhanced disaster management.

By utilizing geospatial data, city planners can accurately assess the current state of infrastructure such as roads, bridges, utilities, and public transportation networks. This information aids in identifying areas in need of maintenance, optimizing transportation routes, and planning for future infrastructure projects. Considering the sustainable growth aspect, it plays a key role in monitoring the air and water quality thus making environmentally conscious decisions.

Some of the India-based satellites such as the Radar Imaging Satellite (RISAT) series, The Geosynchronous Satellite for Atmospheric Studies (GISAT) series, and PSLV-C37 Mission provide valuable data for urban studies such as monitoring urban expansion, atmospheric and weather monitoring, detecting infrastructure changes, and assessing flood risks in urban areas.

Satellite imagery can act as “a time machine” for cities tackling climate change, says Gaetano Volpe of Latitude 40, helping us understand the past and future. By analyzing past satellite images, cities can understand how climate change has impacted their surroundings and identify patterns that give beforehand information regarding mitigation and adaptation strategies.

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Estimation of water quality using Remote Sensing and Machine Learning Techniques Akshith S 2nd year

Water shortage problems have become more common in the past few years. Recent studies show that a lack of water resources could affect nearly 5.5 billion people in 10 years. That’s nearly 75% of the world population! Severe water shortages and large volumes of sewage render river and lake water pollution, causing serious issues in arid areas. The water quality of rivers and lakes is becoming central to the socio-economic development of human beings. Therefore, the evaluation and estimation of water quality levels is essential for the sustainable usage of the available water resources.

Advancement in Space Technologies with the rising number of satellites and popular usage of computer vision in interdisciplinary fields in recent years are few of the many reasons for the development of remote sensing as a better tool for surface parameter monitoring. Remote sensing satellites such as Landsat, Sentinel, and MODIS carrying optical sensor systems use sunlight as a source of light and are equipped with light-emitting components that provide radiation in specific band regions. These sensors generate hyperspectral information on water quality levels in the visible and near-infrared ranges (0.4 - 1.5 µm). The satellites capture images of water bodies which provide valuable information about their condition such as color, turbidity, Chlorophyll-a, lake surface temperature and total suspended matter.

The raw data obtained from satellite imageries and ground based sensors may contain noise and spectral errors due to various factors. Hence, the data is preprocessed to ensure consistency and compatibility for further analysis. Common preprocessing methods are cleaning the data from errors, handling missing values and normalizing the data to a standardized format. The processed data is then fitted in a Machine Learning model. Some of the common models are Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Gradient Boosting Machines (GBM) and deep learning models like Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) are also used. The selected ML model is trained on labeled data, where the input features are paired with known water quality measurements. The performance of the model is validated using statistical measures and the accuracy of the model is determined. Once the model is trained and validated, it can be deployed for real-time monitoring of water quality. Continuous data streams from satellite imagery and ground sensors are fed into the model, which generates predictions or alerts regarding water quality status.

Frequent analysis of large water bodies using conventional methods is a laborious and an expensive task. The usage of Remote Sensing coupled with Machine Learning Techniques is instrumental in providing accurate water quality results in real-time on a temporal scale.

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ALUMNI TALK

SURYA N

(pursuing masters at itc) Greetings readers of Spatia! I am Surya from Chennai. I had completed my Bachelors in Geoinformatics at the Institute of Remote Sensing (IRS) in 2023. Currently, I am pursuing a Master’s at ITC, Netherlands specializing in Geo-informatics.

When I was a student at IRS, I developed a strong foundation on the fundamentals of Remote Sensing and GIS, through the knowledge and guidance provided by the esteemed professors at IRS. During my 3rd Year, I had the opportunity to undertake an Internship in Canada, through the Mitacs Global Research Internship Program. Aspiring to pursue my career in the field of vegetation monitoring, I recognized the need to enhance my technical skillset in developing crop models and automating the processing of Satellite Images. So, I started the preparation for Master’s from the beginning of my 4th year.

After identifying my interests, I began to shortlist courses offered in universities by checking the syllabus and scholarship opportunities for masters. I prepared for IELTS using open access materials and completed the exam.

Each university had certain

requirements, including a Motivation Letter, an IELTS score and recommendation letters from professors. Once the application is complete, it can be submitted after payment of fees.

Among the universities that I applied to, I opted to pursue my Master’s at ITC as the course structure aligned with my career goals. Studying in an international environment enables me to learn different approaches and technologies for addressing geospatial challenges, while also enhancing my soft skills.

Dear juniors who wish to go for higher studies, identify your domain of interest by exploring internships, mini-projects, and electives. Having a good grasp of the fundamentals will make it easier to handle the challenging syllabus of a master's degree.

This whole process of Master’s application takes quite some time, so starting as early as the start of 4th year would be ideal. Best wishes for your future endeavors!

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AJAN SENTHIL

(Working as graduate consultant at woolpert asia-pacific) The potential of Spatial Information lies in its ability to act as a horizontal enabler for different verticals. Space and Time provide the common context that ties together objects and activities anywhere on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. The need for a common context is all the more relevant today, with the current phase in the evolution of AI, where the focus is now on generating unplanned knowledge Spotting patterns that are not obviously visible, but patterns that have the potential to significantly alter real-world decision making. As a first step, this would require generating as much data on real-world objects and phenomena as possible i.e., datafication with increasing granularity. Then comes the second, rather challenging step, of integrating the disparate data, against the backdrop of a common context, so that we may start spotting patterns. The domain of geospatial provides this common context. And for Geospatial to act as a horizontal enabler, it is first to be made accessible across the spectrum, or in other words commoditized.

The first industrial revolution commoditized mechanization, and with this new commodity, which was more efficient when compared to manual labor, several existing real-word use-cases across the different sectors could be advanced, apart from generating new use-cases. The second industrial revolution provisioned electricity as a commodity, proving beneficial across the sectors, and similarly the third and fourth industrial revolutions commoditized electronics and internet respectively. While it is arguable if the commoditization of Geospatial Information and Technology could warrant the use of the term revolution, considering their niche status, the benefits of providing Geospatial as a commodity across the spectrum cannot be overstated.

It is a crucial step in the larger process of digital transformation, and in fostering data-based economies, where data would act as the universal currency in describing and subsequently manipulating real-world objects and activities.

Advancing the scientific and technological paradigms of the Geospatial domain, is essential to arrive at a stage where the commoditization of Geospatial would be both economically and technically viable. A role that is played by Remote Sensing Scientists and Academics, as well as GIS Analysts and Technology Service Providers. But what is also important, and often ignored, is the key role played by advocacy, stakeholder outreach and engagement, thought leadership etc. Because sometimes, what we need is not more concepts, but to connect the dots with existing concepts, reorganize them by clearly defining them in relation to each other, from the point of view of real-world implementation. Enabling easy adoption by real-world stakeholders, who may not necessarily be invested in the technical nitty gritties of the Geospatial Domain.

Innovation alone is not the solution, to realize the full potential of the innovation that we now have access to, it is important to coalesce both technology and people towards real-world implementation and value realization. This is what brought me to the world of Geospatial Consultancy, and I’m currently working as a Consultant with the Advisory and Innovation team at Woolpert Asia-Pacific. This, and the fact that I did not have the brains for the technical nitty gritties of the Geospatial Domain.In today’s highly specialized world, there exist a few domains, where you can contribute to influencing the larger discourse. Geospatial, being an emerging domain, almost like wet clay ready for molding, provides you with this very opportunity.

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Application of planetary Remote sensing in the field of Astrobiology Kaviya S 2nd year

Astrobiology is the science which is used for the understanding of origin, evolution, and future of life in the universe. It attempts to solve the evolution of life in the exoplanets of the universe. It involves the identification of chemical and physical components of planets in the universe. It helps to explore the future of life on earth and its probability in outer space. In the context of remote sensing various satellite data including infrared imagery, hyperspectral data, multispectral data, thermal data and so on. Remote sensing techniques use spectroscopic techniques based on UV-Visible spectroscopy which is based on the absorption of ultraviolet rays by physical compounds which result in the production of spectra.Hyperspectral remote sensing has been evolved around years on the space based image spectroscopy of the planets and moon surface.

For example Moon mineralogy, CRISM on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter(MRO).

Voyager revealed the great red spot , Jupiter’s complex atmosphere, detailed images of Saturn's moon and intricate rings, Europa’s potential subsurface ocean.Europa is one of the largest moons of Jupiter. The observation of the spacecraft Galileo revealed the presence of a subsurface ocean beneath the icy crust. It is also found that Jupiter is hit by the Tidal gravity of Jupiter which generates Tidal heating which maintains the subsurface ocean in a liquid form and could provide energy sources for potential life forms. Mars’s Rover Spirit has found the existence of water once found on Mars. Sample analysis of Mars instrument on Curiosity detected the organic molecules - Carbon containing compounds which are the building blocks of life.

Perchlorates - a type of salt found in the surface soil of Mars which is capable of providing energy source to some of the microbes.

Cassini - Huygens studied the thick atmosphere and lakes of the liquid methane and ethane.

Huygens, a probe identified data on chemistry and geology of the surface of the moon. Kepler’s Webb Telescope, not actually a mission, discovered thousands of exoplanets orbiting stars, many of which are the habitable zones where liquid water could exist.

Advancements in remote sensing have led to the development of specialized instruments in the field of astrobiology which are capable of detecting and analyzing biosignatures in extra terrestrial environments. The instruments may include next generation spectrometers, sample analysis tools designed specially for astrobiological research. Machine learning techniques will be used in the future for analysis of large datasets collected by remote sensing instruments which takes astrobiology research to the next level.

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Detecting crustal deformation using Satellite Gravimetry Bala S H 2nd year

In the realm of earth sciences figuring out the mystery of crustal movement has always been a curious one. Understanding the subsurface shifts not only helps to unravel the secrets of Earth’s dynamic process but also aids to assess the seismic activities along the subsurface.

Satellite gravimetry depends on the measurement of anomalies in Earth's gravity field, enabling scientists to detect small scale changes in mass distribution across the planet's surface. One of the pioneering missions in Satellite Gravimetry is the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE). Launched by NASA and the German Aerospace Center (DLR) in 2002, the GRACE satellite transformed the ways to monitor changes in Earth's gravity field with higher accuracy.

By precisely measuring the distance between two co-orbiting satellites, GRACE detects gravitational anomalies caused by variations in mass distribution. GRACE captures the changes in mass induce detectable alterations in Earth's gravity field caused by tectonic plates shifting or underground water reservoirs circulation.

For instance, in the aftermath of the devastating 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami in Japan, GRACE data played a vital role in assessing the extent of crustal deformation. By analyzing gravity variations before and after the event, researchers were able to map the subsurface movements of tectonic plates and quantify the magnitude of vertical displacement in the affected regions.

Moreover, GRACE Follow-On (GRACE-FO), launched in 2018 as a successor to the original GRACE mission. With enhanced capabilities and refined instrumentation, GRACE-FO promises to further advance our understanding of crustal deformation and geohazard assessment.

In conclusion satellites like GRACE and GRACE-FO exist as a forefront for Earth Observation . Through precise measurements of gravity variations these satellites unravel the dynamics beneath the earth’s crust, which enables the scientists to decipher the secrets of subsurface movements.

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Hypertemporal analysis of remotely sensed sea-ice data for climate change studies Sumitha M 2nd year

Understanding the dynamics of sea ice and how it reacts to changing climatic conditions is significant because of the rapid rate of change in the global climate system. Hyper temporal analysis of sea ice data explains how environmental conditions affect the polar regions.

This analysis requires the satellite data collected from the polar regions, where there is a high concentration of sea ice. Sea ice extent, thickness, and concentration are the various data collected by the satellites equipped with sensors such as synthetic aperture radar (SAR), passive microwave sensors, and other optical instruments. Some of the satellite data include: MODIS, ATLAS, SENTINEL-1, SENTINEL-3, RADARSAT-2, VIIRS, etc. The satellite data collected must be pre-processed to correct for calibration, radiometric, and atmospheric corrections. This process ensures that the sea ice data collected by the sensor is suitable for analysis. To maximize temporal resolution, hyper-temporal analysis creates mixed images by combining several images taken over a period of time. This improves the capacity to monitor temporary changes in sea ice cover. In hyper temporal analysis, feature extraction is an important process that involves identifying and extracting appropriate features from the data to describe the sea ice dynamics and to understand how it reacts to changing environmental conditions. Statistical methods and image processing techniques are used to identify any alterations in sea ice properties over a period of time.

It identifies properties such as the frequency of meltdowns, trends in the amount of ice, and the spatial distribution of ice cover. Hyper temporal data can be correlated with other environmental factors such as atmospheric pressure, ocean currents, and sea surface temperature to understand the changes in sea ice extent due to climatic conditions. Hyper temporally analyzing sea ice data can develop certain predictive models that stimulate future sea conditions and also develop a dynamic approach to reduce the loss of sea ice in polar regions. These models include machine learning algorithms to predict the dynamics of sea ice based on past assessments. The results of hyper temporal analysis are validated against ground-based observations and field measurements to ensure their accuracy, reliability, and meaningful interpretation.

Hence, hyper temporal analysis of remotely sensed sea ice data is an effective approach for examining the effects of climate change in polar regions.

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Cyber GIS Jude Geoson G 2nd year

Cybergis refers to the fusion of cyber infrastructure, GIS, and spatial analysis techniques to enable advanced geospatial research and applications. CyberGIS is crucial in modern society for managing large amounts of spatial data, decision-making, scientific research, and driving economic development. Traditional gis can be referred to as previous generation's Geographic information system. Traditional gis focuses mainly on storing, analysing spatial data and mapping without any characteristics of super computers. Later on the integration of cyber infrastructure with the traditional gis resulted in the invention of Cybergis. The integration of Cyber infrastructure involves combining various digital technologies into an interconnected framework. The emergence of cybergis makes the rise of geospatial technologies integrated with advanced computing technologies like cloud computing, high performance computing, quantum computing etc. and enabling the analysis and visualization of very large scale spatial data for various applications.

Nowadays Cybergis is being majorily applied in the field of Urban Planning and Management Environmental Management and Conservation Disaster Response and Management, Transportation Planning and Traffic Management, Public Health and Epidemiology,Natural Resource Management and Conservation, Agriculture and Precision Farming, Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation, Energy Resource Management and Renewable Energy Planning, Smart Cities Development and Infrastructure Optimization.

However there are challenges being faced by the advanced Cyber Gis. Maintaining and securing large scale of spatial data about its privacy, data breaches can be of a big challenge.

Implementation and management of Cybergis can be costly when compared to the traditional method.

Opportunities provided by cybergis are as follows: Cyber gis also enables in sharing of enormous amount of spatial data among students, researchers, government organisation, private agencies which helps for better decision making.In this modern era, advanced computing technologies like grid computing, parallel computing, neuromorphic computing techniques have been rapidly developing which will also result in the even more powerful and efficient Cybergis. In future, the collaboration of real time data streams from the sensors and IOT devices will be focused primarily for up to date spatial analysis In summary, Cybergis allows for the integration of advanced computing technologies with the traditional gis to perform very complex spatial analysis task. Cybergis also provides the necessary tools and infrastructure for the users to handle the big data effectively.

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PLACEMENT DOORS Geo-Informatics course holds a lot of job opportunities in the industry, some of them are listed here:

ESRI (Environmental Systems Research Institute) Headquarters in California, USA

Hexagon Headquarters in Stockholm, Sweden

Core, GIS mapping and analysis

kCube Trimble

Headquarters in Chennai Application development services, professional training in GIS and remote Sensing

Headquarters in Colorado, USA

Swiss Re HeadQuarters in Zurich,Switzerland Global insurance company insurance ,reinsurance and other risk transfer services

Torrent Gas HeadQuarters in Ahmedabad,India Natural gas company

L&T Mindtree Headquarters at Bangalore Indian multitech information services and technology.

Shell Headquarters in London,UK International oil company in India’s energy sector

Hexamap Solutions Headquarters at Chennai GIS consulting service

BIRDSCALE Headquarters in Chennai Airborne LiDAR mapping, customized drone manufacture and software development.

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PROFESSIONAL PATHWAYS BEYOND GRADUATION Elevate Your Geoinformatics Journey: Venturing Beyond the Standard Syllabus!"

If you're currently studying B.E. Geoinformatics, it's crucial to seek exposure beyond your regular coursework and exams. Keep an eye out for various opportunities you can explore. This column aims to help you discover suitable internships in India and abroad during your undergraduate program. Typically, internships are pursued in the second and pre-final years of your degree, with more significant opportunities often available during the pre-final year.

INTERNSHIPS WITHIN INDIA Hexamap Solutions MS. Swaminathan Research Foundation (MSSRF, Tharamani) National Centre for Coastal Research (NCCR), National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT) Red Networks Telecom Pvt Ltd IIT Bombay-Center of Studies in Resources Engineering (CSRE) Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS), Dehradun minimum project duration: 3 months IIT Kanpur - Students Undergraduate Research Graduate Excellence (SURGE) summer programs IIT Roorkee - SPARK summer internship IISER Kolkata - Summer Student Research Programme (GI Application-oriented research work, particularly earth science) Indian Academy of Sciences - Summer Research Fellowship Programme (SRFP) - for both engineering and theoretical sciences.

National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST) Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru (IISc) Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) CSIR - National Institute of Oceanography Regional Remote Sensing Centre (RRSC) National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL) Space Applications Centre (SAC) National Center for Sustainable Coastal Management (NCSCM) Atomic Energy Regulatory Board, Kalpakkam (AERB)

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PROFESSIONAL PATHWAYS BEYOND GRADUATION Elevate Your Geoinformatics Journey: Venturing Beyond the Standard Syllabus!"

INTERNSHIPS ABROAD Globalink Research Internship-MITACS: 12-week arch internship with Canadian University faculty member guides DAAD, Germany Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, Texas, USA - specifically for Planetary Remote Sensing Nanyang Technological University (NTU) Singapore Summer Internship Program RIPS, University of Califonia Los Angeles (UCLA) Program, Research in Industrial Projects for Students (RIPS) California Institute of Technology SURF (Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship) Charpak Internship Program, France Duration of 1 to 2 months at a French University Institution

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HIGHER STUDIES Exploring distinctive disciplines such as Geoinformatics presents immense potential for research across various domains, offering applications in virtually every academic field. Given the extensive scope for advancement, opting for advanced studies, including a Master's degree and ideally a Ph.D., stands out as a promising pathway to achieve academic excellence and professional growth.

Masters in India: Entrance exams like GATE, TANCET, and specific university entrance tests are typically mandatory for gaining admission to master's programs in India.

Through TANCET M.E. Remote sensing and Geomatics, Anna University Through GATE: IIT Bombay CSRE, M.Tech Remote Sensing and M.Tech Geoinformatics and Natural resources Engineering IIT Delhi - Centre for Atmospheric Sciences IIT Kanpur - M.Tech. Geoinformatics IIT Roorkee - M.Tech Geospatial Engineering IIT ISM Dhanbad M.Tech Geomatics IIT Mandi-M.Tech Geomatics Engineering IIT Varanasi-M.Tech Geoinformatics Engineering IIST Thiruvananthapuram M.Tech in Geoinformatics NIT Surathkal - Dept of Water Resources and Ocean Engineering Remote sensing and GIS Delhi Technological University (DTU) - M.Tech in Geoinformatics (Dept. of Civil Engineering)

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"Charting the Future: Top Global Destinations for Geoinformatics Master's Programs" As advancements in technology continue, the significance of Geomatics, Remote Sensing, and Geospatial Engineering has markedly increased in our understanding and management of the environment. Whether you're nearing the end of your undergraduate studies or just beginning your academic journey, it's worth exploring top-tier institutions globally that offer exceptional Master's programs in Geoinformatics.

University of Twente - Enschede, Netherlands Program: MSc in Geo-information Science and Earth Observation.

Mode: Full-time University of Zurich - Zurich, Switzerland Program: MSc in Geography with a specialization in Remote Sensing.

Mode: Full-time ETH Zurich - Zurich, Switzerland Program: MSc in Environmental Sciences with a specialization in Geomatics, Remote Sensing, and Modelling.

Mode: Full-time.

University College London (UCL) - London, United Kingdom Program: MSc in Geospatial Sciences.

Mode: Full-time, Part-time.

University of California, Berkeley - Berkeley, United States Program: MEng in Civil and Environmental Engineering with a focus on Systems Engineering.

Mode: Full-time.

University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) - Santa Barbara, United States Program: MS in Geography with an emphasis on Spatial Thinking and Technology.

Mode: Full-time.

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign - Urbana, United States Program: MS in Geographic Information Science.

Mode: Full-time, Part-time.

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NEWSLETTER Srivarshini R and Sree Rithigaa S

1. Access to Open Source Moderate/ High-Resolution Earth Observations

In 2024, the increased availability of Open Source Moderate/ High-Resolution Earth Observations datasets is set to transform GIS applications across various sectors, encompassing environmental monitoring, urban planning, disaster management, agriculture, infrastructure development, natural resource management, humanitarian aid, and wildlife conservation. These expanded data access points will empower researchers engaged in diverse research and developmental activities, recognizing the importance of thorough research for effective policy implementation and developmental initiatives. The significance of highresolution imagery cannot be overlooked, as it plays a critical role in studying environmental changes, optimizing urban layouts, improving disaster response, and advancing precision farming. These images support accurate assessments in infrastructure development and contribute to sustainable resource management.

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2.Kashi - 1st in country to develop 3D Urban Spatial Digital Twins

Varanasi is set to pioneer India's first comprehensive initiative to create 3D Urban Spatial Digital Twins for all its wards.

Initially piloted in Jaipur, this project kicks off under the Varanasi Smart City initiative, with notable attendees including municipal commissioner Akshat Verma and representatives from various departments. Verma explained that Varanasi's 3D Urban Spatial Digital Twin will utilize LiDAR technology, aiding accurate property assessment for revenue collection and urban infrastructure planning. This initiative benefits various departments like Jal Kal Vibhag and Varanasi Development Authority, promoting planned urban development.

3.Google turns the world into an AR stage with geospatial creator

Google's new AR platform, Geospatial Creator, revolutionizes content creation by allowing developers to visualize, create, and publish immersive content directly from Unity or Adobe Aero within minutes. Reminiscent of Google Earth or Street View, this tool empowers users to craft their own 3D maps and enhance them with AR features like buildings, landscapes, objects, animations, sounds, and interactive elements. Users can also personalize maps from Google Maps by adding custom content. Content created with Geospatial Creator can be viewed on AR Core-compatible smartphones or tablets, enabling interaction through the device's camera. Although not yet publicly available, Google plans to make these features accessible across all supported Android and iOS devices, ensuring widespread reach. The content remains spatially anchored, maintaining its position in space as viewers move or alter their perspective.

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4. 4D GIS is becoming an important tool in monitoring various changes.

Industries are rapidly embracing 4D GIS (Geographic Information Systems) to merge dimensions of space, time, and animation for improved communication and decisionmaking. This innovative model employs animation tools to vividly illustrate changes over time, facilitating a deeper understanding of evolving scenarios. By leveraging historical data, 4D GIS enables stakeholders to predict and visualize future events, offering valuable insights for present-day actions.

Its predictive capabilities extend across various sectors, from government to healthcare, aerospace & defense, and construction, aiding in strategic planning and risk management.

Through the utilization of statistical probability methods, 4D GIS enhances the accuracy of future event projections, empowering organizations to make informed decisions. Ultimately, the adoption of 4D GIS fosters more efficient communication and more effective decisionmaking processes across diverse industries.

5. Self Driving Cars,the next future innovation

Self-driving cars promise safer travel through advanced geospatial technology, integrating GIS with Lidar, Radar, and Cameras for compliance with traffic laws and collision prevention. GIS navigation guides vehicles securely, optimizing routes with advanced algorithms.

Real-time machine learning and compression techniques drive advancements in autonomy, enabling quick decisions while conserving resources. Dr. Aditya Gopi Dodda underscores their importance for safety and efficiency in both ADAS and full autonomy, enhancing navigation and decision-making for autonomous vehicles on the road.

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REMOTE SENSING APPLICATIONS A. AMIRTHA, Final Year

OPTICAL Visible (0.4 – 0.7 µm) and Near Infrared (0.7 – 1.0 µm)

Agriculture • Crop Health Monitoring • Crop yield Estimation • Plant disease and pest detection and analysis Forestry • Forest health assessment • Biodiversity Monitoring • Deforestation detection and monitoring

Urban Planning Land Use/Land Cover monitoring and analysis with future prediction Monitoring urban sprawl Infrastructure Assessment Energy Consumption Analysis Disaster Management Monitoring natural hazards like Wildfire, flood, Earthquake, Landslide Assessment of post-disaster damage and forecasting early warnings of the disasters

Environmental Modelling • Pollution detection.

• Air Quality Modelling (AQM) • Wetland Degradation monitoring • Desertification Monitoring and modelling

Climate Change Studies Monitoring changes in glaciers, UHI - Urban Heat Island Assessing Drought conditions

MICROWAVE 1 mm – 1 m

Climate Change Studies Glacier Monitoring Sea Ice Monitoring Permafrost Monitoring Monitoring Changes in Soil Moisture Water Resources Management Monitoring Soil Moisture for Irrigation Management Monitoring Snowmelt for Water Availability Wetland Mapping and Monitoring River Basin Monitoring Urban Planning Urban Growth Monitoring & UHI An Building Height Estimation

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Archaeology Detection of Buried Archaeological Features Identification of Ancient Settlements Monitoring Archaeological Sites for Preservation Geology and Mineral Exploration Geological Mapping Detection of Geological Structures Identification of Mineral Deposits Mapping of Surface Deformation Oceanography Monitoring Sea Surface Winds Detection of Oil Spills Monitoring Sea Ice Dynamics Bathymetric Mapping

REMOTE SENSING APPLICATIONS THERMAL 8.0µm-15.0µm

Agriculture Crop Water Stress Assessment Crop Yield Prediction Pest Infestation Detection Soil Moisture Mapping Forestry Forest Fire Detection Forest Health Monitoring ·Wildlife Habitat Mapping Illegal Logging Detection Environmental Monitoring Urban Heat Island (UHI) Analysis Wetland Mapping and Monitoring Pollution Detection Land Surface Temperature Mapping

Archaeology Subsurface Feature Detection Thermal Anomaly Mapping Landscape Thermal Analysis Geology and Mineral Exploration Mineral Deposit Detection Hydrothermal Alteration Mapping Thermal Mapping for Geothermal Resource Exploration ·Fault Detection and Structural Analysis Oceanography Sea Surface Temperature Mapping Thermal Front Detection Thermal Infrared Radiometry for Oceanic Studies Monitoring Thermal Pollution in Coastal Areas

LiDAR Agriculture Crop Height Measurement Crop Canopy Structure Analysis Precision Agriculture for Yield Optimization Monitoring Crop Health and Stress Detection Forestry Forest Canopy Height Measurement Tree Species Classification Forest Biomass Estimation Deforestation Monitoring and Assessment Environmental Modelling Terrain Mapping and Modelling Flood Risk Assessment Land Cover Classification Urban Heat Island (UHI) Analysis

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Climate Change Studies Glacier Volume Monitoring Monitoring Coastal Erosion Sea Level Rise Impact Assessment Vegetation Dynamics Analysis Water Resources Management Watershed Delineation and Analysis River Channel Mapping Floodplain Mapping Monitoring Reservoir Sedimentation Archaeology Detection of Archaeological Features (e.g., Buried Structures) Site Reconstruction and Visualization Cultural Heritage Preservation Landscape Analysis for Site Context

OUR PREVIOUS EVENTS

GEOHORIZON Geohorizon’24, an annual inter-college technical symposium conducted as a three-day event, was hosted by the Society of Geoinformatics Engineers from 9th March to 11th March 2023. Students from other colleges and the CEG campus participated in a huge pool in the technical and non-technical events, intending to celebrate the field of Geoinformatics The most notable technical events were the paper and poster presentations where students presented their original works on remote sensing and GIS topics.

Students attended workshops that featured cuttingedge technologies, where they received hands-on training from experts in GIS software, and remote sensing. The main outcomes include enhanced collaboration between academia and industry, dissemination of cutting-edge research, and increased awareness about the importance and applicability of Geoinformatics. Participants left the events and workshops equipped with new skills, knowledge, and potentially valuable professional connections.

Overall, Geohorizon aims to inspire and educate, driving forward the application of geospatial technologies to solve real-world problems innovatively.

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OUR PREVIOUS EVENTS

CELESTIA Celestia’24, an annual intra-college technical symposium conducted as a one-day event, was hosted by the Society of Geoinformatics Engineers on 12th March 2024. It has been organized with the vision to provide multi-dimensional domain knowledge to the students pursuing bachelor's and master's degrees in Geoinformatics. It ranges from captivating events to enlightening workshops, converging shining minds like stars in a cosmic exchange of knowledge and innovation. Mr. Vijayan.S, Associate Professor, Planetary Sciences Divison, PRL, Ahmedabad was the honored guest for the inauguration ceremony, who briefed about the advancements in planetary remote sensing. 5+ events including paper and poster presentations were conducted with topics based on applications of Geoinformatics in various fields.

Overall, Celestia’24 stood as a beacon for cuttingedge technology and innovation in Geoinformatics, making significant strides in advancing the field and providing a fertile ground for future collaborations and advancements.

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OUR PREVIOUS EVENTS

WORLD SPACE WEEK World Space Week - 4th to 10th October’23, was celebrated at the Institute Of Remote Sensing, Anna University on 10th October’23, following the theme - “Space and Entrepreneurship”. This one-day event was conducted with active participation from the student community. Mrs. Archana Stalin, the founder and growth champion of myHarvest Farms, was the honored guest for the inauguration ceremony.

She engaged with the Geoinformatics students, sharing insights into her work process and inspiring them to work hard and pursue their passions. The inauguration was followed by two special talks on Frontiers of Space Entrepreneurship by Dr. Harini Sridharan, Co-founder and Chief Technology Officer at Sturfee Inc., and Mapping for the visually impaired by Dr. Hari Prasath Palani, Associate Research Scientist at the Roux Institute, Founder & CEO at UNAR Labs. Two fun and mentally stimulating events, exploring the theme of space and entrepreneurship were held after the special talks namely “KNOWLEDGE KNOCKOUT” and “UNDER THE MICROSCOPE”. The final lecture of the day was presented by Mr. Satej Panditrao, Technical Manager at AGI and Geospatial Thought Leader. He explained the pioneering geospatial solutions that address complex challenges in agriculture and the environment. The day ended by giving valuable information and exposure to the student community

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SPONSORS

Sai Sakthi Global Infra Services Pvt. Ltd are a seasoned Geomatics Consulting Services Company with a proven track record of success on a global scale. They provide Integrated Engineering Design, Survey and Data management services to Engineering, Built infrastructure and Environmental sector.

VITYA Consultants Pvt. Ltd is (VCL) an ISO 9001:2015 certified environment consulting firm is, operating in a vision to focus and devote in Environmental Management and Infrastructure. VCL envisioned providing end to end solutions to their clients in a global perspective to make our Client’s Vision into Reality.

Mr. Gopal D. Chiplunkar Gopal D. Chiplunkar is an alumnus of the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IITB) in Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra. He has a degree in Civil Engineering from the University of Mumbai and an M. Tech. in Remote Sensing from IITB, Mumbai, which he earned in 2005.

He is a member of the Practising Engineers Architects and Town Planners Association (PEATA).

HMS stands as a leading GIS Consulting Service Provider, offering solutions both in India and worldwide. As a technology-agnostic firm, HMS assists clients across diverse sectors, including Municipal Corporation, Coastal Research, Disaster Management, Construction, Defence, Utilities (Electric, Gas, Water, Telco), Logistics, and more. Their team comprises expert GIS consultants with deep domain knowledge, serving over 50 satisfied clients globally, harnessing expertise across multiple verticals.

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STC is a consulting firm specializing in large civil and environmental engineering projects and is ranked as one of the top firms in India. STC aims to constantly improve and innovate to have an organization that always provides their clients the best professional services with innovative and futuristic solutions at justifiable costs.

Red Planet Consulting Inc., is a premier provider of GIS software consulting services to Electric, Gas, Water and Telecommunications utilities. At Red Planet, they strive to help our customers optimize and enhance their business processes by implementing enterprise -based solutions used to manage distribution networks and assets.

Indomer is India's only private organisation with multi-disciplinary oceanographic services nestled under one roof, fully backed by an excellent quality scientific knowledge base and with over two decades of industry experience on the Indian coast

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EDITOR IN CHIEF

JEEVITHA B

CONTENT

ADITI R, AMIRTHA A, ARAVINDH SUBRAMANIAN S, GOPIKA S R, JEEVITHA B, THENMOZHI M - (4TH YEARS) DEEPAK T, GOPIKA N, HARITHA GOWRI S N, NANDHINI R, RAGURAM C, RISHI GANESH L, SREE RITHIGAA S, THARUN K.L. - (3RD YEARS) AKSHITH S, BALA SH,JUDE GEOSON G, KAVIYA S, KRITHIKA V, SRIVARSHINI R, SUMITHA M - (2ND YEARS) BALA ROSHINI. B, BHARATHI A, HARISHINI G, JANANI S, PRASATH , RATHINAM RAMASAMY J, SANJAYAKUMAR E, M SARAVANA (1ST YEARS)

DESIGN

AMIRTHA A, CHAMELI R, JEEVITHA B, SHRI DARSHINI S S, SRIVATSAN S (4TH YEAR) RISHI GANESH L , SUBSHIKA S V, SUJATHA M (3RD YEAR) ARSHATH J, KAARUNYA SHREE S, KISHORE N, KRITHIKA V, PREETHI P, RIGINSTA A, SANTHOSH S, (2ND YEAR)