South Texas Law Review Vol.61 No.2

SOUTH TEXAS LAW REVIEW

SOUTH TEXAS COLLEGE OF LAW HOUSTON HOUSTON, TEXAS

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SOUTH TEXAS LAW REVIEW SUMMER 2021

VOL. 61 NO. 2

EDITORIAL BOARD 2020–2021 GASPAR GONZALEZ Editor in Chief

YARIN ROMERO STEVEN HIGGINBOTHAM Managing Editors

KYLIE TERRY Executive Editor

ZACHARY MONTY MELISSA ARVIZU Senior Articles Editors

JULIE MCCLINTOCK KYLE VENTO NOLAN WLECZYK Articles Editors

ASST. DEAN ELIZABETH A. DENNIS Faculty Advisor

PROF. VAL D. RICKS Faculty Advisor

PROF. SHELBY A.D. MOORE Faculty Advisor

JACOB HUBBLE Scholarly Publications Coordinator

MEMBER, NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF LAW REVIEWS

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SOUTH TEXAS LAW REVIEW SUMMER 2021

VOL. 61 NO. 2

EDITORIAL BOARD 2021–2022 ERIC WILLIAMS Editor in Chief

MOSES MASON Managing Editor

BAKER HOWRY Executive Editor

VIKESH PATEL Development Editor

BRIGETTE DECHANT SHRUTI MODI PRESSLEY NICHOLSON LORENA VALLE Senior Articles Editors

FARYN FORT HALEY MCCLURE CHANAE WILLIAMS ELIAS YAZBECK Articles Editors

ASST. DEAN ELIZABETH A. DENNIS Faculty Advisor

PROF. VAL D. RICKS Faculty Advisor

PROF. SHELBY A.D. MOORE Faculty Advisor

JACOB HUBBLE Scholarly Publications Coordinator

MEMBER, NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF LAW REVIEWS

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SOUTH TEXAS LAW REVIEW SUMMER 2021

VOL. 61 NO. 2

Members GISELA AGUILAR HALEY BERNAL KIMBERLY BRONSON AMANDA CAPOZZELLI RAYMOND CARILLO SAMANTHA COBB MARTIN COHICK CAITLIN COLEMAN MONTANA CORTEZ KATHLEEN DAY KOBY DELGADO-GUERRA MANDIE DIMARTINO

GRACIELA GARCIA MACDONALD HIGBEE STEPHEN HOLOMBEK MAI KELLEY MIKHAEL KHAN DENA LIPPER EDWARD MICHEL ALEXANDRIA MONROE JOAN MOORES MONIQUE NADKARNI MARGARET ODUNZE

ROSE PAULER-RUSH DEANNA RODGERS JOSE SALAS GRECIA SARDA ADAM SHAW MEREDITH SPILLANE ANUTIDA SRILAMSING ETHAN SZUMANSKI ROBERTO TORRES SETH TOUPS JARED VANN CAMERON WILSON

The opinions expressed in the South Texas Law Review are those of the contributors and are not necessarily representative of the views of the editors of the Review or of South Texas College of Law Houston

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SOUTH TEXAS LAW REVIEW SUMMER 2021

VOL. 61 NO. 2

SOUTH TEXAS COLLEGE OF LAW HOUSTON MICHAEL F. BARRY, President and Dean CATHERINE GREENE BURNETT, Vice President, Associate Dean for Experiential Learning, Professor of Law, and Director of Pro Bono Honors Program TED L. FIELD, Vice President, Associate Dean for Faculty, and Professor of Law. MARK E. STEINER, Vice President, Associate Dean for Students, and Professor of Law. CHERIE O. TAYLOR, Vice President, Associate Dean for Academics, Director of Institute for International Legal Practice and National Security, and Professor of Law.

FACULTY JAMES J. ALFINI, B.A., Columbia University; J.D., Northwestern University School of Law; Dean Emeritus.

MICHAEL F. BARRY, B.A., University of Virginia; M.A., University of San Francisco; J.D., Yale Law School; President and Dean, Professor of Law. JOHN H. BAUMAN, B.A., Pomona College; J.D., Stanford Law School; Professor of Law. DEBRA BERMAN, B.S., Georgetown University; J.D., American University Washington College of Law, Associate Professor of Clinical Studies and Director of the Frank Evans Center for Conflict Resolution.

JOSH BLACKMAN, B.S., The Pennsylvania State University; J.D., George Mason University School of Law; Charles Weigel II Research Professor, and Professor of Law. VANESSA BROWNE-BARBOUR, B.A., Carnegie-Mellon University; J.D., Duquesne University School of Law; Professor of Law. CATHERINE GREENE BURNETT, B.A., University of Texas; J.D., University of Texas School of Law; Vice President, Associate Dean, and Professor of Law. ELAINE A. CARLSON, B.S., Southern Illinois University; M.A., McMaster University; J.D., South Texas College of Law Houston; Stanley J. Krist Distinguished Professor of Texas Law; 2008 Distinguished Alumna and Professor of Law. RICHARD R. CARLSON, B.A., Wake Forest University; J.D., University of Georgia School of Law; Professor of Law. AMANDA HARMON COOLEY, B.A., University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; J.D., University of North Carolina School of Law; Professor of Law. GEOFFREY S. CORN, B.A., Hartwick College; J.D., George Washington University Law School; LL.M., The Judge Advocate General’s School,

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United States Army; Gary A. Kuiper Distinguished Professor of National Security Law, and Professor of Law. DANIEL R. CORREA, B.A., University of California at Los Angeles; J.D., Oklahoma City University School of Law; LL.M. New York University School of Law; Assistant Professor of Law. ELIZABETH A. DENNIS, B.A., Hollins College; J.D., South Texas College of Law Houston; Assistant Dean, Director of Academic Internships, and Associate Professor of Clinical Studies.

W. DAVID EAST, B.A., Baylor University; J.D., Baylor University School of Law; LL.M., George Washington University Law School; Director of Transactional Practice Center and Professor of Law. MATTHEW J. FESTA, B.A. University of Notre Dame; M.P.A., Murray State University; M.A., Vanderbilt University; J.D., Vanderbilt University Law School; Professor of Law. TED L. FIELD, B.A., University of Illinois at Chicago; M.A., Northwestern University; J.D., The John Marshall Law School; Vice President, Associate Dean, and Professor of Law. DEREK FINCHAM, B.A., University of Kansas; J.D., Wake Forest University School of Law; Ph.D., University of Aberdeen School of Law; Professor of Law. SHARON FINEGAN, B.A., University of Virginia; J.D., American University Washington College of Law; LL.M., Columbia Law School; Professor of Law. ROBERT L. GALLOWAY, B.B.A., Southwestern University; J.D., South Texas College of Law Houston; Director of Advocacy and Associate Professor of Clinical Studies.

PAMELA E. GEORGE, B.S., University of Texas; M.L.S., University of Texas; J.D., University of Texas School of Law; Professor of Law. MAXINE D. GOODMAN, B.A., Brandeis University; J.D., University of Texas School of Law; Professor of Law. DONALD J. GUTER, B.A., University of Colorado; J.D., Duquesne University School of Law; President and Dean Emeritus.

HELEN BISHOP JENKINS, B.M.E., Peabody Conservatory of Johns Hopkins Institute; M.M.E., Howard University; J.D., University of Houston Law Center; Executive Vice President Emeritus and Professor of Law. R. RANDALL KELSO, B.A., University of Chicago; J.D., University of Wisconsin Law School; Spurgeon E. Bell Distinguished Professor of Law. GUHA KRISHNAMURTHI, B.S., University of Michigan; M.S., University of Michigan; M.A., University of Texas; J.D., University of Texas School of Law: Assistant Professor of Law. CHRISTOPHER S. KULANDER, B.S., Wright State University; J.D., University of Oklahoma College of Law; Ph.D., Texas A&M University; Director of the Harry L. Reed Oil & Gas Law Institute, and Professor of Law. JOSEPH K. LEAHY, B.A., Swarthmore College; J.D. New York University School of Law; Professor of Law. KATERINA LEWINBUK, B.A., Minnesota State University; J.D., John Marshall Law School; Professor of Law. BETTY J. LUKE, B.S., Lamar University; B.S., University of Texas Medical Branch; J.D., South Texas College of Law Houston; LL.M., University of Houston Law Center; Associate Professor of Clinical Studies.

BRUCE A. MCGOVERN, B.A., Columbia University; J.D., Fordham University School of Law; LL.M., University of Florida College of Law; Professor of Law. SHELBY A.D. MOORE, B.A., Towson State University; J.D., University of Baltimore School of Law; LL.M., Harvard Law School; Vice President for Diversity, Equity and Inclusion, and Professor of Law.

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JAMES L. MUSSELMAN, A.A., Illinois Central College; B.S., Illinois State University; J.D., Brigham Young University; J. Reuben Clark Law School; Professor of Law. FRANCESCA ORTIZ, B.A., University of Texas; J.D., Harvard Law School; Professor of Law. PHILLIP E. PAGE, B.S., University of Tennessee; J.D., Memphis State University College of Law; LL.M., New York University School of Law; Professor of Law. JAMES W. PAULSEN, B.F.A., Texas Christian University; J.D., Baylor University School of Law; LL.M., Harvard Law School; Professor of Law. AMANDA J. PETERS, B.A., Texas Tech University; J.D., Texas Tech University School of Law; Godwin Lewis PC Research Professor, and Professor of Law. JEAN FLEMING POWERS, B.A., University of Texas; J.D., University of Houston Law Center; Professor of Law. SCOTT REMPELL, B.A., University of Michigan; J.D., American University, Washington College of Law; Professor of Law. JEFFREY L. RENSBERGER, B.A., Wabash College; J.D., Indiana University, Bloomington; Professor of Law. CHARLES W. “ROCKY” RHODES, B.B.A., Baylor University; J.D., Baylor University School of Law; Professor of Law. VAL D. RICKS, B.A., Brigham Young University; J.D., Brigham Young University, J. Reuben Clark Law School; Professor of Law. GARY S. ROSIN, B.S., Texas A&M University; J.D., University of Texas School of Law; Professor of Law. NJERI MATHIS RUTLEDGE, B.A., Spelman College; J.D., Harvard Law School; Professor of Law. MARK R. SIEGEL, B.S., B.A., University of Florida; J.D., Florida State University College of Law; LL.M., Emory University School of Law; Professor of Law. ANDREW T. SOLOMON, B.A., University of Michigan; J.D., Boston University School of Law; Professor of Law. MARK E. STEINER, B.A., University of Texas; J.D., University of Houston Law Center; Ph.D., University of Houston; Vice President, Associate Dean and Professor of Law. DRU STEVENSON, B.A., Wheaton College; J.D., University of Connecticut School of Law; LL.M., Yale Law School; Wayne Fisher Research Professor, and Professor of Law. CHERIE O. TAYLOR, A.B., Harvard University—Radcliffe College; J.D., University of Georgia School of Law; LL.M., Georgetown University Law Center; Vice President, Associate Dean and Professor of Law. KATHERINE T. VUKADIN, B.A., University of Houston; J.D., The University of Texas School of Law; Professor of Law. KENNETH WILLIAMS, B.A., University of San Francisco; J.D., University of Virginia School of Law; Professor of Law. JOHN J. WORLEY, A.B., University of Georgia; J.D., University of Georgia School of Law; M.A., Rice University; Director of Transactional Law Practice Certificate Program and Professor of Law. KEVIN M. YAMAMOTO, B.S., University of California at Davis; J.D., University of San Diego School of Law; LL.M., University of Florida College of Law; Professor of Law. LISA YARROW, B.A., Texas A&M University; J.D., South Texas College of Law Houston; Assistant Professor of Clinical Studies, Assistant Dean of Academic Success and Professional Achievement.

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SOUTH TEXAS COLLEGE OF LAW HOUSTON BOARD OF DIRECTORS EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE J. KENNETH JOHNSON ‘86 Chairman GENORA KENDRICK BOYKINS ‘85 Chair-Elect HON. THERESA W. CHANG ‘96 STEWART W. GAGNON ‘74 CHRIS HANSLIK ‘95 MICHAEL W. MILICH ‘97 RANDALL O. SORRELS ‘87 RUTHIE NELSON WHITE ‘96 MICHAEL S. HAYS ’74, EX OFFICIO DON D. JORDAN ’69, EX OFFICIO

MEMBERS DARRYL M. BURMAN ‘83 MICHAEL E. COKINOS APARNA DAVE ‘02 EPHRAIM DEL POZO ‘97 HON. EVA GUZMAN ‘89 RANDY R. HOWRY ‘85 NICHOLAS J. LANZA, JR. ‘89 JOSEPH K. LOPEZ ‘78 MARY-OLGA LOVETT ‘93 HON. DEBRA IBARRA MAYFIELD ‘99 AARON REIMER ‘07 ANDREW SOMMERMAN ‘86 JAMES D. THOMPSON III ‘86

CHAIRMEN EMERITUS MICHAEL S. HAYS ‘74 DON D. JORDAN ‘69

ADVISORY DIRECTORS LARRY BAILLARGEON ‘74 HON. ROBERT A. ECKELS ‘93 IMOGEN S. PAPADOPOULOS ‘84 GORDON QUAN ‘77

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SOUTH TEXAS COLLEGE OF LAW HOUSTON LAW REVIEW ADVISORY COUNCIL MEMBERS N. TERRY ADAMS, JR. HON. JEFF BOHM JAMES D. SEEGERS DRU STEVENSON DULCIE G. WINK JOHN J. WORLEY

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SOUTH TEXAS LAW REVIEW SUMMER 2021

VOL. 61 NO. 2

SOUTH TEXAS COLLEGE OF LAW HOUSTON FACULTY AND MEMBER ISSUE ARTICLE SUBSTANTIVE TOLERATION AND VIEWPOINT DISCRIMINATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. Randall Kelso

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ESSAY SOMEBODY’S GOT TO GO FIRST: AN ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF KENESHA STARLING, THE FIRST AFRICAN-AMERICAN EDITOR IN CHIEF OF THE SOUTH TEXAS LAW REVIEW . . . . . Michael F. Barry

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COMMENTS ETHICAL OBLIGATIONS OF SELF-REGULATING PROFESSIONS: A COMPARISON OF ABA MODEL RULES AND AMA CODE OF MEDICAL ETHICS OPINIONS GOVERNING PROFESSIONAL DISCRETION AND CONFIDENTIALITY OF INFORMATION, AND THE IMPOSITIONS OF HEIGHTENED PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITY . . . . Kenesha Starling

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STICKS AND STONES MAY BREAK YOUR BONES, BUT MEAN TWEETS WILL LAST FOREVER: THE CLASH OF TITLE IX AND THE FIRST AMENDMENT ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES . . . Miranda Granchi

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DEFAMATION, SOCIAL MEDIA, AND THE LIMITED PURPOSE PUBLIC FIGURE DOCTRINE . . . Timothy Boman

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SHOULD WE ACCEPT HARSHER PUNISHMENTS SO LONG AS THEY AREN’T VINDICTIVE? A REVIEW OF NORTH CAROLINA V. PEARCE AND ITS PROGENY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Russell L. Morris

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, ,1752'8&7,21 ,, %$&.*5281' ,,, 7+( )5$0(:25. )25 +$56+(5 381,6+0(176 A. The Double Jeopardy Clause: No Acquittal, No Problem!

B. The Double Jeopardy Clause: Same Risk, No Reward!

C. The Due Process Clause: Harsher Punishments Good, Vindictive Punishments Bad! 1. Captain Obvious: Actual Vindictiveness 2. The Sly Devil: Apparent Vindictiveness a. The Presumption of Judicial Vindictiveness b. The Presumption of Prosecutorial Vindictiveness D. The 3HDUFH Presumption is a Prophylactic Rule That Requires Restraint E. Exceptions to the 3HDUFH Presumption 1. Unsuccessful Plea Agreements Justify Harsher Punishments 2. “New Evidence” Justifies Harsher Punishments a. An Increase in Culpability is” New Evidence”

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b. The Finalization of Pending Charges is “New Evidence” c. An Incorrect Sentence Calculation is not “New Evidence” 3. A “Different Sentencer” Justifies Harsher Punishments a. A Different Court is a “Different Sentencer” b. A New Jury is a “Different Sentencer” ,9 7+( ³,668(6´ :,7+ PEARCE A. Consistency of the Interpretation and Application of the Framework B. Forum-Election Defendants Compared to Non-Forum-Election Defendants 9 7+( 6835(0( &2857 *27 ³,7´ 5,*+7 A. Due Process Clause B. Equal Protection Clause 9, 7+( (;,67,1* 67$78725< 62/87,21 A. The UCMJ Explicitly Limits Harsher Punishments B. Military Judges are Opposed to Harsher Punishments C. Comparison of the UCMJ to the Supreme Court’s Framework 9,, &21&/86,21

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