A History of Jewish Life in Mansfield and Surrounding Areas

AHistoryofJewishLifeinMansfieldandSurroundingAreas

AustinReid

ImageofTorahscrollsatEmanuelJacobCongregation.

Photocourtesyofthe Mansfield News-Journal,September8,2007.

DedicatedtothemembersofEmanuelJacobCongregation whocarryonatraditionofJewishlifeintheMansfieldarea. AustinReid,February2023

Introduction:EarlyJewishFamiliesinMansfieldandPlymouth

Mansfield,theseatofRichlandCounty,wasfoundedin1808justfiveyearsafterOhio becameastate.Duringthevillage’searlyyears,mostresidentswereidentifiedwithProtestant denominationsincludingCongregationalism,Methodism,andPresbyterianism.Bythe mid-1800s,thediversityofChristiancongregationsinMansfieldhadgrowntoincludeCatholic, Episcopalian,andLutheranchurches.ItwasalsoduringthisperiodofgrowthforMansfieldthat thefirstJewsarrivedinthearea.MyerMilleristhe firstJewknowntohavelivedinMansfield.Anative ofwhatistodayGermany,Myerimmigratedtothe UnitedStatesin1845andarrivedinMansfieldin 1848afterspendingsometimeinAlabama.1 In 1851,MyermarriedBarbara,whowasalsoan immigrantfromCentralEurope.Myersupportedhis familybyoperatingaclothingstoreandhewas activeinthelocalMasoniclodge.2 Heisalso creditedwithorganizingMansfield’ssecond volunteerfiredepartment,TorrentFireCompanyno. 2,in1852.3

Plymouth,avillagelocated20milesnorthwestof Mansfield,wasalsohometoaJewishpresencebythemid-1850s.HannahandMosesBillstein arethefirstJewishfamilyknowntoliveinPlymouth.LiketheMillers,HannahandMoseswere immigrantsfrommodern-dayGermany.TheyraisedfivechildreninPlymouth.These individualswerenamedJennie,Rachel,Rena,Sarah,andWilliam.Sarah,whosenameisalso givenasStellainsomesources,wastheoldestofthefive.Mosessupportedhisfamilyby operatingabusinessthatboughtandsoldgrains,seeds,andwool.Thisbusinesswasaprecursor totheBachrachCompany,alivestockbusinessthatremainedactiveinPlymouthuntilatleastthe mid-1970s.MyronT.Herrick,whowouldserveasOhio’sgovernorfrom1904to1906,wasan earlyemployeeofMoses’.4 TwoothermembersoftheBillsteinfamily,MosesSr.andhiswife,

4 "Celebrate Golden Wedding," Daily Reflector (Norwalk), November 28, 1906

3 "Primitive Volunteers," Mansfield News, July 01, 1911

2 "Mansfield Has Many Lodge Men," Mansfield News, July 01, 1911

1 "The Pioneer Merchant," Weekly News (Mansfield), January 07, 1892.

TheresaalsolivedinPlymouthby1870.Anotherrelative,knownonlyasA.Billstein,operated theNewYorkClothingStoreonthesouthsideofPlymouth’sPublicSquareby1853. SolomonSpear,animmigrantwhoarrivedinPlymouthin1857attheageof14,was anotherearlyJewishresidentofRichlandCounty.SolomonwaslikelyacloserelativeofHannah BillsteinsinceitisknownthathermaidennamewasSpear 5 Solomonattendedaschoolin Plymouthforatimebeforebeginningtoworkasapeddler.Helatersoldlivestockbeforemoving intotheclothingbusinessby1868.6 Duringhis68yearsasaresidentofPlymouth,Solomonwas activeasamemberofthevillagecouncilandheservedonthelocalschoolboard.Histimein localgovernmentspanned27years.7 Solomonalsohasthe distinctionofbeingthefirstJewknowntohaveheld electedofficeinRichlandCounty.In1867,Solomonwed AugustaBillstein,acousin,andthefamilyraisedsix children.In1868,Solomonenteredabusinesspartnership withMosesShield,hisbrother-in-law,whowasalso Jewish.MoseshadmarriedBettySpearashorttime before.Thecouplehadtwochildren,EdithandLouis.

Duringthe1860s,atleastfouradditionalJewishfamilies settledinMansfieldorPlymouth.InMansfield,Abraham andBerthaHeinemanarrivedfromNewYorkin1866.At first,Abrahamfoundworkoperatingahorsestablealong whatisknownin2023asWestFourthStreet.8 Abraham bothboardedandsoldhorsesatthislocation.By1892,Abraham’sbusinesshadgrown significantlyandhewasconsideredoneofthemostsuccessfulhorsedealersintheUnitedStates, sellingover3,000horsesayear.9 AbrahamwasalsoengagedintheMansfieldcommunityasa memberoftheElks,KnightsofHonor,andMasons.10 TheHeinemanfamily’slegacycanstillbe feltinMansfieldintothetwenty-firstcenturywhenonevisitsMiddlePark,NorthLakePark,or SouthPark.Partofthelandfortheseparks,whichwereunitedasoneareawhencreatedin1887,

5 Obituary of Hannah Billstein, Mansfield News, January 21, 1910

6 "Solomon SpearAchieves a Long Citizenship Record," Mansfield News, May 06, 1923.

7 Ibid

8 Paul Kellam, "Mansfielders Justly Proud of 152Acres of Park, Mansfield News-Journal,August 02, 1950

9 "A J Heineman," The Weekly News (Mansfield), March 03, 1892

10 Ibid

wasdonatedbyAbrahamtotheCityofMansfield.AnotherportionwasgivenbySenatorJohn Sherman.Itwasinhonorofthesetwoindividualsthattheparkwasknownformanyyearsas Sherman-HeinemanPark.11 Inaddition,Abrahamisthe namesakeofHeinemanBoulevard, locatedbetweenWesternAvenueandRowlandAvenue.

InPlymouth,HermanAaron,IsraelBachrach,andAaronKappenbergallarrivedinthe villageby1866.AllthreeofthesemenlikelymovedtoPlymoutharoundthetimetheymarried membersoftheBillsteinfamily.HermanwasmarriedtoBettyandthecoupleraisedatleast threechildren.IsraelwasmarriedtoRosa.Inaddition,anotherrelativeofIsrael’s,Henry BachrachlivedinPlymouthby1866.By1869,HenrywasmarriedtoMollieBirkenruth.Aaron Kappenberg,thefinalindividuallisted,wasmarriedtoYette.Thecouplehadatleastthree children.Oneson,Myer,diedyoung.ItisknownthatIsrael,Henry,andAaronwereall professionallyrelatedtothelocallivestockbusinessasbutchersorproprietorsofmeatmarkets. HermanAaronlikelyalsosupportedhisfamilythroughasimilarlineofwork.Membersofthe BachrachfamilycontinuedtobeinvolvedinPlymouth’scattlebusinessintothe1970s.12 Ashland,locatedabout13milesnortheastofMansfield,wasalsohometoaJewish presencebythemid-1860s.ThefirstJewknowntohavelivedinAshlandwasJacobCahn.Jacob operatedaclothingstoreinAshlandby1864andin1872hewedReginaTillman.Thecouple hadatleastfivechildren.Oneofthesechildren,LouisCahnwouldgoontoleadtheJewish CharitiesofChicagofrom1920to1930.13 Inadditiontomanagingabusiness,Jacobwasactive intheAshlandcommunity.Mostnotably,heservedatleastonetermasthetown’smayoraround 1879.Afewyearsbeforethis,aKentuckynative,NathanStraussarrivedinAshlandandfound workwithJacob.NathanwouldbecomeapartnerintheCahnclothingstorein1878andin1909, whenJacobretiredfrombusiness,hetookfullownershipofthestorerenamingitN.Straussand Son.14 Thesonreferencedinthefirm’snamewasAlbert Strauss.N.StraussandSonwould remainafixtureonWestMainStreetuntil1991.15 Nathanwasalsoactiveinhelpingtocreate

11 Paul Kellam, "Mansfielders Justly Proud of 152Acres of Park, Mansfield News-Journal,August 02, 1950.

12 Ron Simon, "Cattle Raiser Predicts Reduced Food Supplies," News-Journal (Mansfield), July 01, 1973

13 “Managing Director of Jewish Charities of Chicago for 10Years,” Jewish Telegraphic Agency (New York),April 27, 1930,

https://wwwjta org/archive/managing-director-of-jewish-charities-of-chicago-for-10-years-tells-of-ideals-co nsummated-as-he-prep

14 “Decade by Decade,” Ashland Times, January 14, 2016, p 22,

https://issuu com/ashlandtimes-gazette/docs/decade by decade

15 Ibid

Ashland’svolunteerfiredepartment,whichwasorganizedin1883,andforatimeheservedas thetown’sfirechief.16

BeforemovingintothebeginningsoforganizedJewishlifeintheMansfieldarea,itis appropriatetohighlighttwootherearlyJewishfamilies.In1871,HenriettaMillerofMansfield wedAdolphDittenhoefer,anativeofCleveland.Henrietta,whowasalsoknownasEttie,was thedaughterofBarbaraandMyerMiller.In1872,AdolphjoinedMyer’sclothingbusiness locatedatthecornerofNorthMainandThirdStreetinMansfield.Thefirmtookonthename Miller&Dittenhoeferby1886.In1892,MyerretiredfrombusinessandAdolphcarriedonthe store.Atthetimeofhisretirement,MyerwasMansfield’soldestmerchant.17 Adolphcontinued toworkuntilhisdeathin1905.MortimerandSamuel,thetwosonsofAdolphandHenrietta, relocatedtoMinnesotabytheoutbreakofWorldWarI.OverinPlymouth,WilliamandBetty Schoenbergwerelivingandworkingby1870.Betty,whowasthedaughterofMosesSr.and TheresaBillstein,marriedWilliamaround1861andthecoupleraisedfivechildreninPlymouth. William,whoatthetimeofhisdeathin1902wasdescribedasoneofthearea’soldestJewish residents,supportedhisfamilybybuyingandsellinglivestock,grains,seeds,andwool.18 The Schoenbergfamily’spresenceinPlymouthwouldnotendure,however,sinceallofthe SchoenbergchildrenultimatelyrelocatedtoChicagoasadults.19

TheBeginningsofOrganizedJewishLifeinMansfield

Duringthelate1870sand1880s,afewnewJewishfamiliessettledinMansfield. IncludedamongtheseindividualswereLouisFreundlich,SamuelLowenstein,andJosephNew. LouisFreundlich,anativeofWaldsee,Germany,arrivedintheUnitedStatesaround1878atthe ageof18.20 In1888,herelocatedtoMansfieldwithhiswife,Laura,andopenedamen'sclothing storeattheMillerOperaHouse.TragedystruckLouisthissameyear,however,whenLauradied. Laura’smaidennamewasWertheimer.Arelative,DavidWertheimer,wasanearlybusiness partneralongsideLouis.FewreferencesexistmentioningDavid,however,and,inashorttime, Freundlich&WertheimerbecameknownastheFreundlichCompany.TheFreundlichCompany

16 Ibid

17 "The Pioneer Merchant," Weekly News, January 07, 1892

18 Obituary of William Schoenberg, Mansfield News, November 26, 1902

19 Ibid

20 "Louis Freundlich is Dead Veteran Leader inTrade, Civic Life Summoned," Mansfield News, October 19, 1932

movedseveraltimesasitexpandedand,in1928,Louisopenedanewthree-storylocationatthe cornerofWestThirdStreetandWalnutStreet.Thisbuilding,whichin2019,housedaGirl ScoutsofficeandWestfieldBank,stillstandsasof2022.In1893,Louiswedhissecondwife, RettaEppinger,whowasanativeofCincinnati.RettalivedinMansfielduntilherdeathin 1946.21 BothLouisandRettawereactivemembersoftheiradoptedcommunity.Louiswas highlyinvolvedinlocalcivicaffairsandheldmembershipswiththeElks,Kiwanis,Masons, ModernWoodman,andOddFellows.Atthetimeofhisdeathin1932,theeditorsof The Mansfield News remarked:

…ToknowLouisFreundlichwastolovehim,torespecthisintegrityofpurpose,to admirehiscourage,towelcomecontactswithhisremarkablepersonality,topraisehis generosityandphilanthropy.LouisFreundlich'slifeandcharacterstandasanexampleof whatperseverance,honesty,andkindnesscanaccomplish.22

Retta,inadditiontobeinganotedmusician,wasactivewiththelocalWomen'sCluband Woman'sFederation.ShealsoservedontheboardofdirectorsfortheFriendlyHouse,an organizationthatwillbementionedagainlaterinthiswork.23 Additionally,bothLouisandRetta wereactiveinMansfield’sfirstJewishcongregation,TempleEmanuel,whosebeginningswillbe highlightedinthecomingparagraphs.

SamuelLowensteinandJosephNewwere,likeLouis,involvedinMansfield’sclothing business.BothalsooperatedstoresalongNorthMainStreet.SamuelresidedinMansfieldby 1883,whileJosepharrivedby1888.Thissameyear, allsixoftheclothierslistedinthe Herald’s Directory to Mansfield, Ohio wereJewish.24 TheprominenceofJewsinlocalclothingretailwas partofalargernationalpatternthatwasaproductofthetimingofthesector’sdevelopmentand thebeginningoflarge-scaleJewishimmigrationtotheUnitedStates.Clothingretaildeveloped onanationallevelduetotheinventionofsteam-poweredloomsandothermachinerythat allowedfortherapidproductionofclothes.Bythemid-1800s,thesemachineswerebecoming morecommonintheUnitedStates,andboththemanufactureandretailofclothingwererapidly

21 "Civic Worker Dies atAge 78," Mansfield News-Journal, October 19, 1946

22 Obituary of Louis Freundlich, Mansfield News, October 19, 1932

23 "Civic Worker Dies atAge 78," Mansfield News-Journal, October 19, 1946

24 Ritchey andAlbertson, The Herald’s Directory to Mansfield, Ohio 1888-1889 (Mansfield, Ohio:The Herald Company, 1888), p 214

expandingjustasawaveofJewishimmigrationfromCentralEuropewasoccurring.Facedwith limitedjobprospects,manyJewsfoundworkintheburgeoningclothingmanufacturingand retailsectorsandtheirdescendantscontinuedtoplaykeyrolesinthearea.Returningto Mansfield,unliketheFreundlichfamily,bothSamuelandJosephleftRichlandCountyby1900. SamuelrelocatedtoCantonandJosephleftforYoungstown.Itisofnote,however,that TheodoreNew,Joseph’sbrother,andbusinesspartner,remainedinMansfielduntilafter1904. Whilemodestinsize,theJewishcommunityofMansfieldandsurroundingtownswas largeenoughbythe1870sthatmembersbegantoorganizereligiousservicesinprivatehomes. Mansfield’scurrentJewishcongregation,EmanuelJacob,tracesitsrootstotheseintimate gatherings.25 Nocontemporaryrecordofthesegatheringshasbeenlocated,however,andsome sourcesinlateryearsplacedthebeginningofMansfield’sorganizedJewishcommunityin1886 whenagroupofwomengatheredtosewarticlesofclothingforEuropeanrefugees.26 Bertha Heinemanisoneindividualwhoisknowntohavebeenassociatedwiththisearlygroupof Jewishwomen.27 Duringthe1890s,theJewishpopulationofRichlandCountycontinuedtogrow slowlywiththearrivalofMosesGoldberg,JosephGoldberger,BerthaandDavidGoldsmith,and AnnaandIsraelSchoenfield.MosesGoldberg,anativeofPoland,arrivedinMansfieldby1900 andfoundworkasajewelerandpawnbroker.JosephGoldbergerworkedasascrapmetaldealer inShelby,12milesnorthwestofMansfieldby1900. BerthaandDavidGoldsmithlikelylivedinMansfieldby1890andthecouplehadfour children,Aaron,Carrie,Julius,andLouis.Davidsupportedhisfamilythroughhisworkwiththe FreundlichCompany,wherehewasemployedforabout40years.28 Asourcefrom1922, however,statesthattheGoldsmithfamilydidnotarriveinMansfielduntil1894.29 Aaron GoldsmithwastheonlychildofBerthaandDavidtoremaininMansfieldpast1923.Carrie relocatedtoNewark,NewJerseyfollowinghermarriagetoJacobMarderin1907.Juliusspent timeinbothSt.LouisandChicagobeforeultimatelysettlinginAtlantaby1930.Louislivedin Brooklynby1923andworkedinrealestate.AarontoospenttimeoutsideofMansfield.During the1910s,helivedandworkedinIndianapolisbeforereturningtoMansfieldtotakea

25 “History of Emanuel Jacob Congregation,” Emanuel Jacob Congregation, accessed September 30, 2022, https://emanueljacob org/about-us-2/

26 “KnowYour ChurchesTemple Emanuel,” Mansfield News-Journal, November 23, 1957

27 Jayson Schlechty, “Two Jewish Congregations Become One,” Mansfield/Richland County Public Library, December 04, 2021, https://theshermanroom wordpress com/author/theshermanroom/

28 "Merchant Here 46Years Dies," Mansfield News,August 05, 1932

29 “Dean of Salesmen Now 70Years Old,” Mansfield News, January 04, 1922

managementpositionwithFreundlich’s.30 In1924,Aaronopenedanewclothingstore, Goldsmith’sMen’sStoreonNorthMainStreet.31 Hisfather,David,alsoleftFreundlich’sto workinthenewstore.

MovingtotheSchoenfieldfamily,IsraelSchoenfieldwasoneof16childrenraisedby DorettaandMosesSchoenfield.32 WhilemostmembersoftheSchoenfieldfamilyresidedin easternOhio,Israelandhiswife,Anna,livedinMansfieldby1880andmayhaveleftforatime beforereturningtoRichlandCountyaround1891.Thecoupleraisedatleastfivechildrenand Israelsupportedhisfamilybyoperatingaclothingstoreandlaterahotel.Shortlyafter1907,the familyleftMansfield.Sixyearsearlier,AnnaSchoenfielddied.IsraelSchoenfielddiedin1914 whileinPittsburghandisburiedalongsidehiswifeatMansfieldCemetery.Mostofthe24 Jewishhouseholdsprofiledsofarinthisworkshareacommonexperienceasfirstor second-generationAmericanswithrootsinGerman-speakingJewishcommunitiesinCentral Europe.Asthetwentiethcenturybegan,however,anincreasingnumberofJewsintheMansfield areatracedtheirroots,nottocommunitiesinCentralEurope,butrathertolocationsfurthereast includingHungary,Lithuania,Poland,Romania,Russia,andUkraine.Thisshiftlocally coincidedwithanationalchangeinJewishimmigrantpatterns.Between1880and1924,an estimatedtwomillionJewsimmigratedtotheUnitedStatesfromEasternEuropeinresponseto limitedeconomicopportunitiesandviolentpersecution.Thesemorerecentimmigrantsandtheir descendantswouldplayanimportantroleinthedevelopmentofMansfield’sJewishcommunity

InJanuary1904itwasreportedbythe Jewish Review and Observer,anewspaperoutof Cleveland,thataJewishcongregationwasformedinMansfield.33 MyerMillerwaselectedthe congregation’sfirstpresident.TheotherofficersofthecongregationwereLouisFreundlich,first vicepresident,IsraelSchoenfield,vicepresident,WilliamFoust,secretary,andSolomonLoeb, treasurer.34 Inaddition,SamuelDittenhoefer,MosesGoldberg,AbrahamMarks,HenryWeil,and AlexWeissagerwerealsoamongthegroup'sinauguralmembers.Intotal,thenewcongregation hadabout20members.Whileseveralofthenameslistedhavealreadybeenprofiled,fiveofthe surnamesarenewandmeritfurtherdetail.Movinginorderofreference,WilliamFoustand SolomonLeobwerebusinesspartnerswhooperatedaclothingstoreat80NorthMainStreet.

Thisfirm,whichopenedshortlybefore1904,alsoengagedSolomon’sson,Benjamin,and sister-in-law,Friedainitsearlymonths.AbrahamMarks,wholivedinMansfieldby1899, operatedaclothingstorealongNorthMainStreet.HewasmarriedtoIdaandthecouplehadat leastthreechildren.HenryWeil,animmigrantfrom Alsace,openedtheGlobeClothing CompanyinMansfieldin1902.35 By1904,Henry’sson,Manuel,whowasalsoknownas Monnie,workedalongsidehisfatherandtheclothingbusinesstookonthenameHenryWeil& Son.36 Thefinalindividuallistedabove,AlexWeissager, movedtoMansfieldwithhiswife, Mollieshortlybefore1904.HeworkedasmanagerofthePeople’sClothingCompany,which waslocatedinsidethePurdyBuildingonSouthMainStreet.

OneearlyactiontakenbythemembersofMansfield’snascentJewishcongregationwas toorganizeareligiousschoolfortheinstructionofyouths.HenryHaupt,RuthLoeb,Doris Marks,HaroldMarks,MortimerMarks,andLeonSchoenfieldwereamongtheearlieststudents enrolledintheschool.Thecommunityalsohiredtheservicesofarabbiwhocouldvisit Mansfieldwhenneededtoleadreligiousservices.RabbiAlfredGodshawisthefirstordained personknowntohaveministeredtotheMansfieldJewishcommunity.37 RabbiIsadorPhiloof Akronwasanotherearlyvisitingministerforthecongregation,whichhadadoptedthename MansfieldReformedJewishCongregation.38 Thisnamesymbolizedtheidentificationofthe congregationwiththeReformmovementofJudaism.ReformJudaism,whichtracesitsoriginsto earlynineteenth-centuryCentralEurope,emphasizesJudaism’sethicalpreceptsoverreligious lawsand,intheAmericancontextduringthelatenineteenthandearlytwentiethcenturies,its adherentssoughttomakeJewishpracticemorecompatiblewiththerealitiesoflifeintheUnited States.LiturgicalchangesadvocatedbymanyReformJewsduringthelate1800sincludedmixed seatinginsynagogues,theintroductionoforgansandotherinstrumentsintoreligiousservices, andtheabolitionofheadcoveringsduringservices.

35 "Death Claims Henry Weil, 82," Mansfield News-Journal, December 22, 1937

36 "Has Long BeenActive inAffairs of the Retailer," Mansfield News, September 28, 1922

Duringitsearlyyears,themembersoftheMansfieldReformedJewishCongregationmet inavarietyoflocations.ThesesitesincludedtheformerY.M.C.A.buildingat45WestPark Avenue,thebasementoftheMansfieldPublicLibraryat45WestThirdStreet,andaroom locatedabovetheKnightsofColumbusHallatthecornerofFourthandMainstreets.39 By1910, 39 Ibid 38 “Temple, Synagogue Serve Jewish Congregations,” Mansfield News-Journal,August 02, 1950 37 “Circuit Work in Ohio,” Jewish Review and Observer (Cleveland), January 08, 1904

however,thecommunityseemstohavebecomemoresettled.Accordingtothe1910-1911 MansfieldCityDirectory,whichwasthefirstcitydirectorytolistthelocalJewishcongregation amongthevariousmunicipalchurches,the“JewishCongregation”waslocatedintheBowers BlockatthecornerofFourthandMain.By1922,thissamecongregationhadadoptedthename TempleEmanuel.

WomenhaveplayedanimportantroleinMansfield’sJewishcommunitysinceitsearliest beginnings.Asnotedearlier,somesourcestracethebeginningsoforganizedJewishlifein Mansfieldtoagroupofwomenwhofirstgatheredin1886tosewarticlesofclothingfor Europeanrefugees.40 By1890,thisgroupofwomenhadadoptedthenameJewishLadies’Aid Society.Membersofthesocietysupportedlocal,national,andinternationalcharitablecauses. Forexample,in1900membersraised$5tosupportvictimsoftheGalvestonhurricane.41 This sumisequivalenttoapproximately$176in2022.EarlymembersoftheJewishLadies’Aid SocietyincludedBessieBein,MarieHaupt,SelmaLoeb,andBerthaWeil.BessieBein,who livedinNewYorkCityandChicagoforatime,arrivedinMansfieldwithherhusband,Joseph, andtheirsevenchildrenin1911.ThefamilywassupportedthroughJoseph’sworkwithThe Model,awomen’sclothingstoreonNorthMainStreet.42 Thisstoreinitsearlyyearswasowned byJoseph’srelativeAbrahamBein.AbrahamresidedinAkronandlaterPortsmouth,Ohio,while JosephmanagedtheMansfieldshop.By1922,Josephpurchasedthestoreandwasinbusiness forhimself.MarieHaupt,anativeofBrooklyn,arrivedinMansfieldby1902alongwithher husband,JosephHaupt.Josephworkedasasuperintendentatacigarfactoryatthecornerof NorthAdamsandEastFifthStreetownedbytheAmericanCigarCompany Thecouplehad threesonsArthur,Chester,andHenry.AllthreewouldeventuallymoveawayfromMansfield. Marie’stimeasamemberoftheJewishLadies’Aid Societywasparticularlynoteworthy becausesheservedasthegroup'spresidentforovereightyearsbeginningin1925.43 SelmaLoebwasmarriedtoSamuelLoeb,thesonofLenaand Solomon.In1907,Samuel workedwiththeOhioBrassCompany.Around1918,SamuelandSelmarelocatedto Racine, Wisconsin,wheretheylivedfor15years.In1933,thecouplereturnedtoMansfieldafterSamuel acceptedapositionwiththeFreundlichCompany 44 Thesociety’sfinalmemberlistedabove,

BerthaWeil wasthewifeofHenryandthemotherofManuel.In1938,shortlyafterthedeathof Henry,BertharelocatedtoCincinnati.Shepassedawayin1942.45 By1920,theJewishLadies’ AidSocietywasrenamedtheTempleSisterhoodofMansfield.Twoyearslater,thegroupwas knownastheTempleEmanuelSisterhood.Thisnamechangesignifiedtheorganization'sclose tiewithTempleEmanuelanditseffortstosupportthegrowingcongregation.Sisterhood membersalsotookaleadingroleinmaintainingthecongregation’sreligiousschooland organizedoutingssuchaspicnicsforitsmembers.46

DevelopmentsDuringWorldWarIandthe1920s

In1907,itwasestimatedthataround50JewslivedinMansfield.47 Thenext20years wereatimeofsignificantgrowthforthecity’sJewishcommunityandtheperiodwasmarkedby severalmajorcommunaldevelopments.ThesemilestonesincludedthecreationofaB’naiB’rith lodgeandtheformationofasecondJewishcongregation,B’naiJacob.AmongthenewJewish familiestosettleinMansfieldbetween1902and1927wereRobertandShirleyBlock,Henry andStellaCominsky,JacobandGussieCousins,HannahandIsraelFineberg,EffieandSamuel Fox,EdgarandSelmaJoseph,GertrudeandSamuelKrosinsky,EstherandHymanMosberg, AbrahamandRebeccaRappaport,MosesandRebeccaRatner,BessieandPhilipRosenbaum, andCarlandMarySternbaum.RobertandShirleyBlock,thefirstcouplelisted,arrivedin Mansfieldaround1924.Robertworkedasamanageratthe MansfieldDryGoodsCompany.By 1928,however,thefamilyhadleftthearea.Eightyearslater,in1936,theMansfieldDryGoods CompanywassoldtoKobacker's,achainwithstoresbasedinNewYorkandOhio.48 Henryand StellaCominskylivedinMansfieldby1922.Henryworkedasadriveratthe DeLuxeCab Companybeforestartinghisowncabbusiness.49 JacobandGussieCousins,wholivedin Mansfieldby1902andwerewithoutchildren,werebothhighlyengagedintheircommunity. JacobwasactiveinmanycivicandsocialorganizationsincludingtheChamberofCommerce, Elks,KnightsofPythias,Masons,andOddFellows.50 Hewasalsorememberedafterhisdeath

45 "Ex-Mansfield Resident Dies," Mansfield News-Journal, April 13, 1942

46 “Jewish Sunday School HoldsAnnual Picnic,” Mansfield News, July 20, 1922

47 American JewishYearbook Vol 16, Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society ofAmerica, 1914: 373, https://ajcarchives org/AJC DATA/Files/1914 1915 7 Statistics pdf

48 “Plan Building,” Mansfield News-Journal,April 28, 1936

49 "Cab Owner Dies," Mansfield News-Journal, May 13, 1937

50 S B Goodkind, Eminent Jews of America (Toledo: TheAmerican Hebrew Biographical Company, 1918), 54

forthediscreetwaysheaidedthoseinneedlocally.51 Jacobmadealivingasanentrepreneurwho createdtheJ.M.CousinsScrapIronCompany.Thisscrapyard,laterknownasCousins Incorporated,remainedinexistenceuntil2002whenitmergedwithMetalConversionsLimited Company 52 MetalConversionscontinuestooperateinMansfieldasof2022.GussieCousins,a nativeofToledo,wasactiveintheEasternStar,KnightsofPythias,andRedCross.53 HannahandIsraelFineberg,thenextcouplelistedabove,operatedaclothingstoreon NorthMainStreetby1917.Thecouplehadthreechildren Charles,Bertha,andMinnie.Effieand SamuelFoxmovedtoMansfieldin1922afterSamueltookajobwith RodgerJewelryCompany. In1940,Samuelopenedhisownstore,SamFoxJewelryat12WestParkAvenue.54 Edgarand SelmaJosephlivedinMansfieldby1917andEdgaroperatedthe ConardExtractCompany. SelmawasthemotherofatleasttwochildrenandwasactiveintheJewishLadies’AidSociety. GertrudeandSamuelKrosinskylivedinMansfieldby1908andSamuelworkedinavarietyof rolesincludingasaclothier,cobbler,andtailor.EstherandHymanMosbergarrivedinMansfield in1911andHymanatfirstfoundworkasatailor.Laterhewentintotherealestatebusiness.55 AbrahamandRebeccaRappaportarrivedinMansfieldin1911.LikeJacobCousins,Abraham foundworkasascrapmetaldealer.56 MosesandRebeccaRatneroperatedtheRodgerJewelry Companytogetherfrom1923until1945.57 In1945,thestorewassoldtoHarryMorris.Harry wasrelatedtoMosesandRebeccathroughhiswife,Mildred,whowasRebecca’ssister.Mildred andHarrywerewedin1930,andHarryhadworkedwithMosessince1943.Beforethis,he operatedMorris'Ready-to-Wear,ashopat54NorthMainStreet,from1914to1930.58 Between 1930and1943,HarryworkedoutsideofMansfield.BessieandPhilipRosenbaummovedto MansfieldfromCincinnatiin1913.Philipoperatedthe CincinnatiMerchandiseStoreat222 NorthMainStreet.

CarlandMarySternbaum,thefinalcouplelistedabove,arrivedinMansfieldin1917. BothhusbandandwifewereborninWarsawandwedbeforeimmigratingtotheUnitedStates.

51 "Few Knew of His Benefactions," Mansfield News-Journal, May 11, 1950

52 “Four Metals FirmsAnnounce Merger,” Recycling Today (Valley View, Ohio),August 05, 2022, https://wwwrecyclingtodaycom/article/four-metals-firms-announce-merger/

53 S B Goodkind, Eminent Jews of America (Toledo: TheAmerican Hebrew Biographical Company, 1918), 54

54 "Samuel V Fox, 72, Jeweler, Succumbs," News Journal, January 20, 1970

55 "Hyman Mosberg, 73, DiesAfter Brief Illness," Mansfield News-Journal,August 03, 1955

56 "A Rappaport Dies at 72," Mansfield News-Journal, March 08, 1949

57 "Founder of Store Dies," Mansfield News-Journal, January 02, 1950

58 Virginia Lee, "Salesman for 68Years - so Far," News Journal, December 14, 1975

DuringhisearlyyearsinRichlandCounty,Carlsupportedhisfamilybyoperatingameat market.Bytheearly1950s,thissmallbusinesshadgrownintooneofOhio’slargest family-ownedsupermarketchains.59 In1953,SternbaumCompleteFoodMartshadlocationsin Ashland,Fremont,Mansfield,andWillard.Atleast250peoplewereemployedbythe company 60 CarlandMarywerealsonotedphilanthropistsinMansfield.Morewillbewritten abouttheSternbaumfamilyinthesectionofthisworkcoveringthe1950s.

OnApril6,1917,CongressvotedtodeclarewaronGermany,markingtheentryofthe UnitedStatesintoWorldWarI.AlongsidemillionsofAmericans,Jewsandnon-Jewsin RichlandCountydidtheirparttosupportthewareffort.AtleastfivelocalJewsareknownto haveserved.TheirnamesareLouisBachrach,MauriceBachrach,RoyalBein,Jerome Freundlich,andBenjaminLoeb.LouisBachrachopenedadentalpracticeinMansfieldshortly beforetheUnitedStatesenteredWorldWarI.Duringhisenlistment,Louisservedinthedental corps.Afterthewar,hereturnedtoMansfieldandpractiseddentistryforover40years.61 Hewas alsoactiveinthelocalAmericanLegionpostandTempleEmanuel.62 In1917,LouiswedSara Rosenblatt,anativeofMissouri.SarawasanactivememberoftheTempleEmanuelSisterhood.

MauriceBachrach,thesonofHenryandMollieBachrachwhowerementionedearlyin thiswork,returnedtoPlymouthafterthewartocontinueworkinginthelivestockbusiness. RoyalBein,thesonofBessieandJoseph,servedintheArmy.Followingthewar,heresumedhis studiesattheUniversityofPennsylvania.JeromeFreundlich,thesonofLouisandRetta,served intheArmy.Followingthewar,heresumedhisworkwiththeFreundlichCompany.Inthisrole, JeromewasknowntoassistindividualscomingoutoftheOhioStateReformatorybyproviding themwithjobsandothersupport.HealsoledreligiousservicesattheReformatoryforJewish inmates.63 BenjaminLoeb,thesonofLenaandSolomon,servedwiththe29thUnitedStates RegimentalBandduringthewar.AfterreturningtoMansfield,heresumedworkingwithhis fatheratLoeb&Son,aclothingstoreat80NorthMain.ThisstorewasasuccessortoLoeb& Foust.OnthehomefrontJewsalsocontributedtothewareffort.Forexample,themembersof theJewishLadies’AidSocietysupportedtheRedCrossbysewingneededarticlesandraising

59 “Company Head Dies,” Mansfield News-Journal, March 03, 1954

60 “250 Will Get Bonuses,” Mansfield News-Journal, December 14, 1953

61 "Dr Bachrach DiesAfter Long Illness," Mansfield News-Journal, November 17, 1958

62 Ibid

63 "J J Freundlich, Mansfield Merchant, Dies," Mansfield News-Journal, February 14, 1935

fundsforwarbonds.64 Inaddition,LouisFreundlichservedaschairmanofseveralLibertyLoan committees.LibertyLoanswereonewaytheUnitedStatesgovernmentraisedmoneytosupport thewareffort.

In1917anewJewishorganization,B’naiB’rith,wasorganizedinMansfield.65 This group,whichhad33membersinitsinauguralyear,wasaffiliatedwiththenationalB’naiB’rith organizationandwasgiventhelodgenumber797.66 Shortlyafter,in1919,planswereannounced detailingeffortstobuildasynagogueinMansfield.67 Atthetime,itwasestimatedthat approximately75peopleweremembersofthelocalJewishcongregation.68 Inadditiontoserving asaplaceofworship,itwasenvisionedthatthenewbuildingwouldincludemeetingspacesfor thenewB’naiB’rithlodgeandJewishLadies’AidSociety.Inthe Mansfield News piece highlightingtheplansforthenewsynagogue,itwasemphasizedthatthisspacewouldwelcome notonlyJewsfromMansfieldbutalsothoselivinginnearbytownsincludingAshland,Bucyrus, Crestline,Galion,andShelby.SeveralJewishfamiliesarrivedinthesesmallertownsbetween 1895and1919.ThesefamiliesincludedNathanandNettieFliegel,BelleandWilliamGlick, AnneandLouisGoodman,SamuelandSophiaGrundstein,EstellaandLouisKomito,Hattieand SolomonMeyers,MaryandMaxOxman,andIdaandJacobRoth.

NathanandNettieFliegeloperatedtheFashionCompany,awomen'sclothingstorein Ashland,beginningin1914.Thestorewaslocatedat116WestMainStreetuntil1930whenit movedtoEastMain.69 BelleandWilliamGlicklived inWillard,atownlocated25miles northwestofMansfield.BellewasthedaughterofIsraelandRosaBachrachofPlymouth. WilliamoperatedaclothingstorealongsideAbrahamBachrach,whowasBelle’sbrother The partnerswereinbusinesstogetherby1910.AbrahammovedtoWillardfrom MissouriValley, Iowain1901.DuringhistimeinMissouriValley,Abrahamboughtandsoldlivestockandfora timeservedasthetown’smayor.70 AnneandLouisGoodmanarrivedinGalion,atown17miles westofMansfield,in1919.Louiswasassociatedwitha manufacturingplantknownastheOhio OvercoatCompanyandworkedasthefirm’ssecretaryandtreasurer.TwootherJews,Harry

64 “Aid Society Members Sew for Red Cross Society,” Mansfield News, May 14, 1918.

65 “Israeli Official to Speak at B’nai B’rith Celebration,” Mansfield News-Journal, November 04, 1966

66 Nina Liston, “Jews of Mansfield EnjoyTheir Small-Town Life,” Cleveland Jewish News, February 01, 1974

67 “Modern JewishTemple to be Errected [sic] in Mansfield Soon,” Mansfield News, October 05, 1919

68 Ibid

69 “Ashland Main Street,”Ashland on the Margins, accessed October 02, 2022, https://sites google com/site/ashlandonthemargins/ashland-main-street

70 "Plymouth," Mansfield Weekly News, March 10, 1892

FellenbaumandMartinGoodman,werealsoamongthecompany’searlyleaders.Louisretired fromthebusinessin1959andmovedtoShakerHeights,OhiowithAnne.71 SamuelandSophia GrundsteinlivedinAshlandby1918.Samueloperatedascrapmetalbusiness.

EstellaandLouisKomitomovedtoBellville,avillagelocatedabout11milessouthof Mansfield,in1903.Here,LouisoperatedabranchofRichmanBrothers,aclothingchainbased outofCleveland.In1918,LouisandEstellamovedtoMansfieldafterLouisacceptedaposition withtheRichmanBrothersstoreat17NorthParkStreet.In1926,Estelladiedandwasburiedin Cleveland.By1930,LouishadmarriedHannahFineberg.Hannah’sfirsthusbandwasIsrael Fineberg,whohasalreadybeenmentionedinthiswork.By1935,Louisoperatedhisclothing storeonNorthParkStreetunderthenameKomito’sClothes.HattieandSolomonMeyerslived inCrestline,avillageabout13mileswestofMansfield,by1910.Solomonsupportedhisfamily byworkingasascrapdealer.MaryandMaxOxmanlivedinShelbyby1917and,likeSolomon Meyers,Maxworkedasascrapdealer 72 Asoccurredinclothingretail,thenotablepresenceof Jewsinthelocalscrapindustrywasduetotherecentdevelopmentofthetradeandits accessibilitytocontemporaryimmigrantslivingintheUnitedStates.Operatingascrapyardwas alsoparticularlyattainableformanyJewishimmigrantsbecauseofthelowstartupcosts associatedwiththesector.ReligiousJewscouldalsocreatetheirownworkschedulesaround holidaysandotherobservanceswhichwouldnothavebeenpermittedinlargerfactories.By 1930 Fortune magazineestimatedthat90percentof scrapmetalyardsintheUnitedStateswere ownedbyJews.73 IdaandJacobRoth,thelastcouplelistedamongthenewerarrivalsinsmall townssurroundingMansfield,livedinAshlandby1910.Jacobworkedasaclothingsalesman. While$10,000wasraisedtosupportthecreationofanewMansfieldsynagoguein1919, theprojectwouldnotbeaccomplisheduntil1929whenthemembersofTempleEmanuel purchasedthehomeofThomasBarnesat132WestSecondStreetandconverteditintoa synagogue.74 ThomaswasthepresidentandtreasureroftheBarnesManufacturingCompany, whichproducedpumpsandotherplumbingsupplies.Twokeydonorswhosupportedthe communityinpurchasingtheBarnespropertywereJacobCousinsandJeromeFreundlich.75 Five

71 "Retires fromActive Role in Galion Firm," Mansfield News-Journal,August 28, 1959

72 “DeathTakes Max Oxman at Shelby,” Mansfield News-Journal, June 04, 1946

73 Joe Eskenazi, “Junkyard Jews,” Jewish News of Northern California (San Francisco),August 20, 2004

74 Jayson Schlechty, “Two Jewish Congregations Become One,” Mansfield/Richland County Public Library, December 04, 2021, https://theshermanroom wordpress com/author/theshermanroom/

75 “News in Brief,” Jewish Telegraphic Agency (New York), December 08, 1929, https://wwwjta org/archive/news-in-brief-9

yearsearlier,in1924,TempleEmanuelreceiveditsofficialcharterasareligiousorganization fromtheStateofOhio.76 AfterthepurchaseoftheBarnesproperty,TempleEmanuelwas sometimesreferredtoinMansfieldastheSecondStreetTemple.In1927,aseparateJewish congregationformedinMansfieldthatpracticedOrthodoxJudaism.Thisnewcommunity adoptedthename,B’naiJacob.ThirteenfamilieswereaffiliatedwithB’naiJacobwithinitsfirst year 77 Itislikely,however,thatOrthodoxreligiousserviceswerebeingorganizedinMansfield atleastfiveyearsearlier.The1922MansfieldCityDirectoryrecordsa“JewishCongregation” meetinginthePurdyBlockat24SouthMainStreetthatwasdistinctfromTempleEmanuelin theBowersBuilding.DuringtheearlyyearsofB’naiJacob,serviceswerealsoheldatthe AmericanLegion,BowersBuilding,Eagleslodge,andMooselodge.78 In1930,B’naiJacob’s membersmovedtheirservicestotheDixonbuildinglocatedatthecornerofFourthandMain streets.

AkeyfigureintheestablishmentofB’naiJacobwasJacobCousins.Jacobservedasthe congregation’sfirstpresidentandthecommunityadoptedthename,B’naiJacobtohonorboth thebiblicalpatriarchandJacobCousins.79 From1934to 1942,B’naiJacobheldmanyofitsreligiousservicesand othercongregationalactivitiesat132WestSecondStreet, sharingthespacewithTempleEmanuel.80 Inadditionto sharingphysicalspace,B’naiJacobandTempleEmanuel alsosharedreligiousleadershipatvarioustimes.DavidRub, anativeofHungary,wasthefirstrabbitoministeratB’nai Jacob.HewashiredbythemembersofMansfield’s OrthodoxJewishcommunityin1925.81 By1932,Davidwas alsoministeringtothemembersofTempleEmanuelon ferentoccasions.Healsoservedasachaplainatthe Ohio StateReformatoryduringhis24yearsasaresidentof

APeriodofChallengesandGrowth,EventsFrom1930

to1945

Theyearsbetween1930and1965wereatimeofgrowthfortheMansfieldJewish community.Nationalandinternationalevents,includingtheGreatDepression,WorldWarII,and thepost-warbabyboomallimpactedMansfield.Tokeepthisworkbetterorganized,thisperiod ofgrowthwillbeexaminedintwodistinctparts.Thefirstportionwillconsidercommunal developmentsduringtheGreatDepressionandWorldWarII.Thesecondsectionwillprofilethe yearsfollowingWorldWarIIupuntiltheJewishcommunityofMansfieldbegantoexperience demographiccontraction.In1937,itwasestimatedbytheUnitedJewishAppeal,anational philanthropicorganization,that270JewslivedinMansfield.82 Thisrepresentsaremarkable increaseof260percentfromtheJewishpopulationestimategivenin1919.Forcomparison, between1920and1940,theCityofMansfieldasawholegrewby9,330people,or33percent accordingtocensusrecords.WhileitshouldbenotedthatobtainingexactstatisticsforJewish populationsintheUnitedStatesisdifficult,andthatthe1919estimatebythe Mansfield News includedonlyJewswhowereaffiliatedwithTempleEmanuel,itisstillindisputablethatthe localJewishcommunitygrewsignificantlyduringthe1920sand1930s.

IncludedamongthenewfamilieswhoarrivedinMansfieldandsurroundingareas betweentheyears1925and1935arethesurnamesBerick,Booksbaum,Chernoff,Ellison, Frankel,Goldman,Goldstein,Goler,Hayfer,Klein,Levant,Marcus,Meisel,Mintz,Munster, Post,Preis,Selfman,Silverman,andStern.BeatriceandMeyerBerick,whowereboth immigrants,livedinMansfieldby1932.Meyersupportedhisfamilybyoperatingthe Mansfield FishCompany.BenjaminandRoseBooksbaumarrivedinMansfieldby1928andoperatedthe MansfieldPantsStore,whichwaslocatedalongNorthMainStreet.In1958,theMansfieldPants Storeclosed,andBenjaminandRoseopenedanewstore,MainSurplusSalesat144NorthMain Street.83 HowardChernoff,whodoesnotseemtohavehadawifewhilelivinginMansfield, workedastheadvertisingmanagerofthe Mansfield News-Journal duringthe1930s.84 Davidand SadieEllisonlivedinMansfieldby1927andoperatedtheOhioBrokerageCompany,aclothing storeonNorthMainStreet.AfterDavid’sdeathin1957,SadieremarriedFrankSchuster.85 Frank

82 American JewishYearbook Vol 50, Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society ofAmerica, 1949: 681, https://ajcarchives org/AJC DATA/Files/1948 1949 18 Statistics pdf

83 "Mrs Booksbaum Stricken atAge 72," News Journal, July 27, 1970

84 "Howard ChernoffAddresses Group," Mansfield News-Journal, February 13, 1936

85 Karen Eagleston, interview by Nancy Shimer, 2022

andSadiecontinuedtooperatetheOhioBrokerageCompanyuntil1961.In1925,Adaand SamuelFrankelmovedtoMansfieldfromBridgeport,Connecticut,whereSamuelhadworkedin theglassindustry.Onceestablished,SamuelopenedtheMansfieldPlateandWindowGlass Company Adaassistedherhusbandinrunningthebusiness.86 Originallytheshopwasbasedout ofamodeststorefrontat213NorthMainStreet.By1963,however,thebusinesshadgrownto employ12peopleandoccupyanapproximately15,000-square-footpropertyat301North MulberryStreet.87 Thefamily’sbusinessinterestsalsoexpandedintorealestate.88

HarryandMyraGoldmanlivedinMansfieldby1931.Duringthissameyear,Harry foundedtheMansfieldBag&PaperCompanywhichcontinuestooperateasof2023.Bernice andLouisGoldsteinarrivedinMansfieldby1932.Louisworkedinadvertising.Leonardand MiriamGolerresidedinMansfieldby1933.Louiswaspresidentofthe IndependentBarberand BeautySupplyCompany,whichopenedabranchinMansfieldin1935.Thiscompanysold equipmentforbarbershopsandbeautysalons.89 BettyandDavidHayferlivedinMansfieldby 1929andwereoperatingamen’sclothingstoreat159NorthMainStreet.90 AndrewKlein,a nativeofUngvár,Hungary,arrivedinMansfieldin1934.91 Onceestablishedintown,Andrew operatedtwostoresthatsoldfursandprovidedclothingrepairattheOhioTheateronPark AvenueWest.92 Around1941,Andrew,alongwithhis relativeandnewbusinesspartner,Elmer Klein,openedtheKleinFurShop.Thisbusiness,whichwasalsoknownasKleinFurs,was locatedat39NorthMulberryStreet.In1946,AndrewwedEsther,whowouldbecomehighly activeinMansfield’sJewishcommunityasamemberofB’naiB’rithWomenandtheB’nai JacobSisterhood.Laterinhislife,Andrewwasknownforfrequentlyvisitingthesickat hospitalsinAshlandandMansfield.93

DenaandMaxLevantmovedtoGalionshortlyafter1934.Beforethis,theyresidedin Crestline.OncesettledinGalion,Maxbeganacompanyknownas GalionAutoWrecking.94 HelenandWilliam MarcusmovedtoMansfieldfromClevelandin1931.Thefamilyrelocatedto MansfieldduetoWilliam’sworkwiththe CityProduceandCommissionCompany.Whilein

RichlandCounty,WilliamwasactiveinsupportingtheCommunityChestcampaign,whichlater becameknownasUnitedWay.95 MaxMeisel,likeWilliam Marcus,alsomovedtoMansfield around1932toworkwiththeCityProduceandCommissionCompany.Hewouldgoonto establishanaccountingserviceunderthenameMeiselandAssociates.Maxwasmarriedto Blanche,whowasactivewithboththeB'naiJacobandTempleEmanuelsisterhood organizations.JackMintz,wholivedinMansfieldby1927,wasassociatedwiththeBarnes HoldingCompanyandtheBarnesManufacturingCompany.96 TheBarnesManufacturing Companywasfoundedin1895byThomasBarnesandthefirmspecializedinthemanufactureof handpumps.DonnaandIrvinMunsterarrivedinMansfieldby1932.IrvinoperatedtheBig ThreeMaltCompanyonNorthMainStreet.

AnnaandMorrisPostlivedinMansfieldby1926.Morrismadealiving sellingfruit.By 1946,hisbusinesswasknownastheCutRateFruitMarket.Thisstorewaslocatedat205East FourthStreet.BessieandDavidPreismovedtoAshland in1931andopenedaclothingstoreat thecornerofCenterandMain.AfterDavid’sdeathin1943,Bessiecontinuedtorunthestore alongsideherson,Morton.97 In1963,PreisApparel wasdestroyedinafireonlyafewmonths beforeBessiedied.98 ThebusinesswasrebuiltbyMorton,however,andcontinuedon.Idaand SolomonSelfmanarrivedinMansfieldin1934andoperatedastore,PublicDryGoods,along NorthMain.Thebusinessoperatedfor18yearsbeforeclosingin1952.99 BenjaminandLillian SilvermanmovedtoMansfieldin1931andopenedBen’sUsedAutoPartsat180WestSixth Street.BernardandMildredStern,thefinalfamilylistedabove,livedinMansfieldby1934. BernardwasadentistwhopracticedinMansfieldforover40years.Mildredwasactiveinboth B’naiJacobandTempleEmanuel.Thisexampleofoneindividual’sinvolvementintheactivities ofbothcongregationsagaindemonstratesthecloserelationshipB’naiJacobandTemple EmanuelenjoyedduringtheiryearsasseparatereligiousbodieswithdifferencesinJewish practice.

OtherJewishorganizationswerehighlyactiveinMansfieldduringthe1930sand1940s. By1939,threeJewishwomen’sorganizationsexistedwithinthecity WhiletheB’naiJacob Sisterhood,whichlikelyformedaroundthesametimeastheB'naiJacobcongregationin1927,

95 "Retired Businessman Dies of HeartAilment," Mansfield News-Journal,August 28, 1954

96 "Pryor Gives Barnes Rule to Hout, Mintz," Mansfield News-Journal, October 03, 1957

97 "David Preis, 70, PassesAway atAshland," Norwalk Reflector-Herald, November 24, 1943

98 "Work Begins on Store," Mansfield News-Journal, May 04, 1963

99 "Solomon Selfman, 75, DiesAfter Long Illness," Mansfield News-Journal, January 02, 1954

andtheTempleEmanuelSisterhood havealreadybeenreferenced,the thirdorganization,theB'naiB'rith Women’sAuxiliary,isnewtothis work.ThelocalB’naiB’rith Auxiliarywasfoundedin1938,and by1957thegroupwasknownas B’naiB’rithWomen.100 Itsmembers collaboratedwiththemen’sB’nai B’rithlodgetosupportavarietyof civicandphilanthropiccauses.The organization’sannualdonorluncheon wasanespeciallynotablesocialeventontheJewishcommunity’scalendar Themen’slodge, whichby1934wasknownastheLouisFreundlichlodge,wasalsoactive101 Louis,whowas highlyengagedinB’naiB’rith,diedin1932.ItshouldalsobenotedthattheMansfieldlodge supportedayouthgroup,knownasAlephZadikAleph,by1934.102

InGalion,17milestothewestofMansfield,anewB’naiB’rithlodgewascreatedin 1938with32members.103 Around200peoplewerereportedtohaveattendedthegroup’s installationservices.104 Theneworganizationwasrecognizedaslodgenumber1276bythe nationalbodyofB’naiB’rith.LouisGoodmanservedasthelodge’sfirstpresidentandIrving Meckler,alongwithMiltonZucker,weretheorganization’sinauguralvicepresidents.

105 Other membersoftheGalionlodgeincludedHarryCohen,LouisGarfinkel,IrvingHorwitz,Myron Morganstern,andHarrySilverman.B’naiB’rithmembersmeetinginGalionutilizedaspace abovetheWistermanclothingstoreat109-111HardingWayEastandworkedtosupportlocal organizations,includingtheGirlScoutsandRedCross.Membersalsocontributedtonational

100 “B’nai B’rith Chapter Honors Several at Donor Luncheon,” Mansfield News-Journal, November 12, 1953

101 “Officers Named,” Mansfield News-Journal, December 11, 1934

102 Nina Liston, “Jews of Mansfield EnjoyTheir Small-Town Life,” Cleveland Jewish News, February 01, 1974

103 “200Attend Installation of Galion B’Nai B’Rith Lodge No 1276 Sunday,” Galion Inquirer, March 28, 1938

104 Ibid

105 Ibid

Jewishphilanthropicefforts.106 TheGalionB’naiB’rithlodgeexisteduntilatleast1944before mergingwiththeMansfieldlodge.B’naiB’rithdoesnot,however,havethedistinctionofbeing thefirstJewishorganizationinGalion.ThistitlelikelybelongstotheJewishSundaySchool, whichwasformedby1923.107 Insomesources,theschoolisknownastheMenorahSunday School.108 StudentsfrequentlytraveledtoMansfieldfortheirconfirmationservices.Forexample, in1932eightchildrenfromGalionwereincludedintheconfirmationclassatTemple Emanuel.109 In1937,sevenGalionchildrenwereconfirmedatTempleEmanuel.110 Inadditionto theSundayschool,aJewishsocialclubexistedinGalionby1936.111 Thisorganizationwas likelyaforerunneroftheB’naiB’rithlodge.

ReturningtoMansfield,in1941themembersofB’naiJacobpurchasedtheirfirstpiece ofproperty,ahomeat50SturgesAvenue,andconverteditintoaparsonageandsynagogue. Previously,thehomewasownedbyClemieFrance.ClemiewasthewidowofIraFrance,anoted businessmaninMansfieldwithinterestsinconstruction,dredging,andquarries.112 Iradiedin 1910,29yearsbeforehiswife.Thefirstreligiousservicesheldat50SturgesAvenuetookplace inMay1942.Approximately200peoplecouldbeseatedinthenewsynagogue.113 In1944,the membersofTempleEmanuelsoldtheirsynagogueonWestSecondStreetandbegantosharethe spaceat50SturgesAvenue.114 JewswhoarrivedintheMansfieldareabetween1935and1945 includedtheBloom,Cogen,Doppelt,Glattke,Goettinger,Hurwitz,Lapine,Lewis,Lifson, Lockshin,Mandel,Mittman,Negin,Shaffer,Shapiro,Shuster,Tuber,andZavelsonfamilies. AbrahamandZeldaBloommovedtoMansfieldfromClevelandin1935afterAbrahamtooka positionwiththeDominionElectricCompany 115 Thissamecompany,whichwasfoundedin Winnipeg,Canada,alsobroughtLeonardandRiviaHurwitz,LeoandSaraKirschner,Nathan andSarahLifson,FlorenceandSamuelLockshin,AlanMandel,BenjaminandMarthaShaffer, andRuthandSamuelShapirotoMansfield.DominionrelocatedtoMansfieldin1935aftera

periodinMinneapolis.116 NathanLifsonandBenjaminShafferfoundedthecompany16years earlierin1919.117 Dominionproducedelectrichomeappliances,andin1959anestimated400 peoplewereemployedbythecompany.In1971,however,theMansfieldDominionplantwas closed.

BerthaandJackCogenarrivedinMansfieldin1941fromCleveland,andJackworkedas abuildingcontractor 118 BerthawashighlyactiveinB’naiB’rithWomen.119 RuthandSaul DoppeltmovedtoMansfieldin1938.SaulwasthefounderofPennAutoandSportingGoods Store,whichwasoriginallylocatedonNorthWalnutStreet.By1954,thebusinessmovedto SouthMainStreet.120 RuthDoppeltassistedwiththebusinessandwasactiveinthelocal Hadassahchapter.HadassahisaJewishphilanthropicorganizationforwomenthatfocuseson medicalneedsinIsrael.Mansfield’sformerHadassahchapterwasfoundedin1948.121 Fannie andJuliusGlattkelivedinMansfieldby1943.JuliusworkedwiththeJ.M.CousinsScrapIron Companyuntilhisretirement.122 BothFannieandJuliuswerehighlyactiveinlocalJewish organizations.CarlandDorisGoettingerresidedinMansfieldby1940.Duringhistimein RichlandCounty,CarloperatedtheRoyalCrownColaCompanyatthecornerofWestThirdand Bowmanstreets.123 BothCarlandDoriswereactivewithB’naiB’rith.

DavidandLillianLapinelivedinMansfieldby1940andwereassociatedwiththe MansfieldHardwareandSupplyCompany.In1955,however,thecompany,whichhadbeen renamedMansfieldHousewaresIncorporated,wasdeclaredbankrupt.Notably,Davidand Lillian’sson,James,enjoyedsuccessonBroadwaybeginningin1984.Hisfirstwork Sunday in the Park with George wasacollaborationwithStephenSondheim.124 Laterworksincluded Falsettos, Into the Woods,and Passion.Jameswasnot,however,thefirstJewfromMansfieldto findsuccessontheGreatWhiteWay.Twenty-twoyearsbefore Sunday in the Park with George wasfirstperformed,LeeAdams,thesonofFlorenceandLeopoldAdams,receivedaTony Awardforhismusical Bye Bye Birdie.OthernotableworksbyAdamsinclude Golden Boy and Applause.Lee’sfather,LeopoldwasadoctorinMansfieldby1924.

116 "Benjamin Shaffer, Dominion Head, Dies," Mansfield News-Journal, November 13, 1957.

117 "Dominion Founder Dies at 87," News Journal, June 28, 1975

118 "J R Cogen Dies at 51," Mansfield News-Journal, June 12, 1952

119 "B'nai B'rith Installs," Mansfield News-Journal, May 26, 1948

120 "Local Store Sends Birthday Cards toYoung Customers," Mansfield News-Journal,April 25, 1954

121 “First Hadassah Meeting Oct 6,” Mansfield News-Journal, October 03, 1948

122 "Jules Glattke Dies at 77," News Journal,August 26, 1968

123 Obituary of Carl Goettinger, News Journal, January 24, 1967

124 "Sunday in the Park with George Mansfield was His First Stage," News Journal, September 02, 1984

ElsieandMartinLewisarrivedinMansfieldin1938.Martinwastheownerof Fashion LaneClothiers,whichbeganat84NorthMainStreet.By1957,asecondlocationopenedatthe JohnnyAppleseedShoppingCenter.125 BelleandSamuelMittman,whowerebothimmigrants fromPoland,livedinMansfieldby1937.Thefamilyoperatedthe MittmanGrocery,alsoknown asMittman'sMarket,at362BowmanStreet.Mittman’sMarketspecializedinsellingfruits.126 ArthurandSylviaNeginarrivedinMansfieldby1940.Arthur,whoworkedasanattorneyinthe city,washighlyactiveinRichlandCounty.WithintheJewishcommunity, heservedaschairman oftheexecutivecommitteeoftheOhio-KentuckyregionoftheAnti-DefamationLeagueand waspresidentofbothB’naiJacobandthelocalB’naiB’rithlodgeforatime.Hewasalsoactive withtheElks,MalabarHighSchoolMusicParentsClub,Masons,andtheYMCA.Sylviaserved aspresidentofB’naiB’rithWomenandwasactiveintheB'naiJacobSisterhood. FrankShuster, whohasbeenmentionedpreviously,livedinMansfieldby1936andoperatedFrank'sBargain SpotonNorthMain.127 JeromeTubermovedtoMansfield in1939andoperatedtheMansfield

Wrecking&MaterialsCompany

128 LesterandMaxineZavelsonresidedinMansfieldby1940, andLestersupportedhisfamilybyworkingattheIndependentTowelSupplyCompany.

OnDecember7,1941,theUnitedStateswasattackedbytheEmpireofJapanatPearl Harbor.SoonmillionsofAmericanswouldenlistinthearmedforcesandonceagainresidentsof RichlandCountyfromallbackgroundsdidtheirparttosupportthenationalwareffort.Atleast 29localJewsareknowntohaveserved.TheirnamesareAlvinBachrach,RobertBachrach, PhilmourBein,GertrudeBooksbaum,RalphCobey,JosephEdelstein,JosephEllison,Jerome Fellenbaum,GordonFliegel,JulesFrankel,JeromeGans,LeonGoettinger,JeromeGoldman, MyronKalish,LionelLevant,AlanMandel,RobertMittman,MorrisMosberg,SarahMosberg Owings,SamuelRosenbaum,SheldonShaffer,AlfredSilverman,JacobSternbaum,Morton Stern,NathanStrauss,HaroldZucker,JosephZucker,MiltonZucker,andWillardZucker.Oneof theseindividuals,JacobSternbaumdiedoverseasandanother,JeromeFellenbaumdiedfrom Hodgkin’slymphomawhilestationedinHawaii.129 Jacobwasservingasafirstlieutenantinthe AirCorpswhenhisairplanecrashedwhilecrossingtheHimalayasinnorthernIndia.Inmemory

125 "Selling Clothes His Way of Life," Mansfield News-Journal, September 04, 1957

126 Obituary of Samuel Mittman, News Journal, May 31, 1966

127 "Frank Shuster, 73, Fatally Stricken," Mansfield News-Journal, October 09, 1969

128 Obituary of Jerome G Tuber, Snyder Funeral Homes, January 23, 2001, https://snyderfuneralhomes secure tributecenteronline com/obituaries/Jerome-G-Tuber?obId=22968970

129 “Pfc Jerry Fellenbaum Dies in Hawaiian Is Relatives Here Learn,” Galion Inquirer, December 04, 1942

ofhisson,CarlandMarySternbaumdonatedthelandforMansfield'sFriendlyHouse.130 This communitycentrecontinuestoexistinMansfieldasof2023andislocatedat380North MulberryStreet.Itisalsoofnotethatoneindividual,StanleyCowanrelocatedtoMansfieldin 1942andservedduringthewar AfterWorldWarII,severalotherJewishveteransarrivedin Mansfield.ThelistpresentedaboveprofilesservicemenwholivedintheMansfieldareabefore thewar’send.

Aroundtheyear1942,themembersofB’naiJacoborganizedthefirstJewishcemeteryin RichlandCounty.Thiscemetery,knownastheB’naiJacobCemeteryorB’naiB’rithCemetery, islocatedonthenorthsideofParkAvenueWesttotheeastoftheOntarioCommunityCemetery. Thecemeterycontinuestobeactivewellintothetwenty-firstcentury.Includedinthecemetery isamonumenterectedtohonorfourservicemenwhoservedinWorldWarII.Inadditionto JacobSternbaum,thememorialalsoliststhenamesAlvinBachrach,MorrisChasin,andHoward Weinberg.Alvin,thesonofLouisandSarahBachrach,diedofanillnesswhilewaitingtobe deployedoverseas.HeisburiedattheUnitedStatesMilitaryAcademyCemeteryatWestPoint, wherehewasagraduate.MorrisChasin,whoisburiedattheLuxembourgAmericanCemetery andMemorial,livedinToledobeforeenteringtheservice.ItislikelythatrelativesinMansfield includedhisnameonthememorial.Howard,thesonofAlexandEstherWeinberg,livedinNew London,Ohio,beforeenteringtheservice.HisparentsmovedtoWilliard,26milesnorthwestof Mansfield,afterWorldWarII.TheinclusionofMorrisChasinandHowardWeinbergonthe memorialcreatedattheB’naiJacobCemeterydemonstratesthetiesMansfield’sJewishfamilies hadwithfamiliesinotherpartsofOhio.

ItshouldalsoberememberedthatsomemembersoftheMansfieldJewishcommunity lostrelativesduringtheHolocaust.OneoftheseindividualswasEugeneKlein.Anativeof Hungary,EugenemovedtoMansfieldby1935andopenedaclothingstore,Gene'sMen'sShop, at105NorthMainStreet.131 In1948,EugenevisitedrelativeswhoremainedinHungary. Followinghisvisit,thelocal Mansfield News-Journal highlightedtheHolocaust’simpactonthe KleinfamilyandHungary’sJewishcommunitymorebroadly 132 Eugeneandhiswife,Jolanleft Mansfieldby1957.Theirtwosons,OscarandRobert,bothremainedinMansfield,however,and eachopenedamedicalpracticeafterservingintheUnitedStatesArmedForces.Oscarwasa

130 “Company Head Dies,” Mansfield News-Journal, March 03, 1954

131 "E J Klein Dies in Budapest," News Journal, June 05, 1974

132 Dwyer Clay, "Mansfielder Visits Family in Europe," Mansfield News-Journal,August 06, 1948

physicianspecializingininternalmedicine.133 Robertwasadentistwhoopenedhispracticein 1959.134

ThePost-WarYears,1945to1960

JewishlifeinMansfieldflourishedintheyearsfollowingWorldWarII,alongwiththe CityofMansfieldasawhole.In1947,itwasestimatedthat308Jewsresidedinthecity 135 This numberequalledaround0.70percentofthetotalpopulationofMansfield.Additionally,families fromoutsidethecitycontinuedtoparticipateinMansfield’sJewishorganizations.Asan example,in1948tenchildrenwereconfirmedatB’naiJacob.AlongwithMansfield, confirmandsalsolivedinAshland,Greenwich,Mt.Vernon,andWestSalem.136 WestSalem, located29milesnortheastofMansfield,wasthefarthestcommunityrepresentedamongthe membersofthereligiousschoolclass.Ahandful ofJewishfamilieslivedinWestSalemduringthe mid-twentiethcentury 137 Ofthesefamilies,the LillianandMyerSwackhousehold,withten children,wasthelargest.Beforehermarriageto Myer,LillianlivedinAshlandandwasthewifeof ArthurGrundstein,ascrapdealer.138 Arthurdied in1933afteranexplosionoccurredwhilehewas workingathisscrapyard.Myer,animmigrant fromPoland,livedinClevelandbeforerelocating WestSalemforwork.139 Intime,Myerbuiltup hisownbusinessesincludingtheMyerSwack ruckCompanyandtheM.SwackIronandSteel Company.140 MyerandLillianraisedtheirfamily

133 "Dr. Oscar Klein Dies in California," News Journal, January 22, 1969.

134 "Dr Robert Klein to Open Dentistry Office," News-Journal, September 01, 1959

135 American JewishYearbook Vol 50, Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society ofAmerica, 1949: 681, https://ajcarchives org/AJC DATA/Files/1948 1949 18 Statistics pdf

136 Nita Branson, “Confirmation Rites Mark Pentecost,” Mansfield News-Journal, June 12, 1948

137 Bernard Swack, interview by Nancy Shimer, 2022

138 Ibid

139 Ibid

140 Nancy Pratt, “Of People and theTimes,” Times Recorder (Zanesville), May 14, 1967

onafarmthatproducedbothdairyproductsandavarietyofcrops,includingcorn.Thisfarm remainedinthefamilyuntil1988.141 Asadults,theSwackchildrenrelocatedtoavarietyof placesincludingCalifornia,Georgia,Mansfield,NewJersey,NewYork,andZanesville.

ReturningtoMansfield,twonewJewishorganizations,Hadassah,mentionedearlierin thiswork,andtheB’naiJacobMen’sClub,wereformedbefore1950.TheMen’sClubaffiliated itselfwiththeNationalFederationofJewishMen’sClubs.142 OlderJewishorganizationsalso flourishedintheyearsfollowingWorldWarII.Anestimated116peopleweremembersofB’nai B’rithandB’naiB’rithWomenin1951.Onephilanthropiceffortundertakenbythetwoallied groupsduringthistimewastofurnisharoomattheMansfieldhospital.143 TheB’naiB’rith organizationsalsosupportedHiddenHollowCampsoutheastofMansfieldbydedicatingacabin onthegrounds.144 In1949,anestimated75peopleweremembersoftheB’naiJacob Sisterhood.145 TheTempleEmanuelSisterhoodalsocontinued toexistasaseparateorganization. Bothorganizationscontinuedtosupportavarietyofcharitablecausesbothwithinandoutsideof theJewishcommunity

BothB’naiJacobandTempleEmanuelexperiencedsignificantdevelopmentsin1946.At B’naiJacob,thecongregationelected,after19yearsasanOrthodoxJewishsynagogue,to formallyadoptaConservativeJewishpractice.ConservativeJudaism,whichbeganasa movementinthemid-nineteenthcentury,maintainsthatJewishpracticeandtheologyevolve overtime.Yet,Conservativereligiousleadersemphasizethatchangesinreligiouspracticeought tobedonewithcareandwithdueconsiderationforhistoricalprecedent.B’naiJacob’sformal changefromOrthodoxtoConservativeJudaismsignifiedshiftingreligiouspracticesamongits membersandagrowingconvergencewiththepracticesofmanyTempleEmanuelmembers. DavidRub,thefirstrabbiatB’naiJacob,leftMansfieldin1946forChicago.Hewas succeededin1947byRabbiMosheGoldblum,whoarrivedinMansfieldfrom Minneapolis alongsidehiswife,Evelyn.Moshewasthecongregation’sfirstConservativerabbi.DuringWorld WarII,heservedasachaplainintheUnitedStatesArmy.146 MoshedidnotremaininMansfield forlong,however,and,in1949,heleftthecongregation.HewassucceededbyRabbiZelig

141 Elmer Swack, “Fond Memories ofAFarm No Longer Ours,” Cleveland Jewish News, September 06, 1991

142 “ClubAffiliates with U S Unit,” Mansfield News-Journal, February 23, 1949

143 “Installation Dinner, Dance Held at Leland,” Mansfield News-Journal, June 08, 1951

144 Yolanda Kirschner, email to Nancy Shimer, November 16, 2022

145 “B’Nai Jacob Sisterhood Honored with Luncheon,” Mansfield News-Journal, June 24, 1949

146 “To Speak Here,” Mansfield News-Journal, December 20, 1946

Chinitz,agraduateofYeshivaUniversityinNewYorkCity.Aboutoneyearlater,however, ZeligleftMansfieldtoserveasamilitarychaplainattheScottAirForceBasenearBelleville, Illinois.147 In1951,RabbiIsraelBotwinickarrivedatB’naiJacob.LikeMoshe,Israelservedasa chaplainduringWorldWarII.Duringthistime,hewasawardedaBronzeStarforhisworkto supportHolocaustsurvivorsinGermanyfollowingthewar 148 Israel,whoremainedinMansfield until1952,livedinLebanon,PennsylvaniabeforemovingtoOhio.

Movingbacktodevelopmentsin1946,themembersofTempleEmanuel,aftersharing spacewithB’naiJacobfortwoyears,votedtopurchaseaplotoflandatthecorner ofCookRoad andLexingtonAvenuetobuildanewsynagogue.Thisstructure,whichin2022isoccupiedby theCovenantOrthodoxPresbyterianChurch,wasthefirstbuildingbuiltinRichlandCountyto beusedasasynagogue.149 OnJuly28,1947,thecornerstonewaslaidforthesynagogue.Nearly 14monthslater,onSeptember26,1948,thenewsynagoguewasdedicatedbyRabbiBertram KornandRabbiEugeneLipman.Anestimated200peopleattendedtheceremonies.150 Bertram servedasastudentrabbiatTempleEmanuelfrom1946to1947.Eugenebeganministeringat TempleEmanuelasastudentrabbiin1948.HedidnotliveinMansfield, butrathercommutedto towntoleadservicesandteachatthecongregation’sSundaySchool.In1949,Eugenetooka positionwithHillel,aJewishcampusorganization.Thefirst,andonly,full-timerabbiatTemple EmanuelwasMiltonGreenwald.MiltonarrivedinMansfieldfromBrunswick,Georgia,withhis wife,Ruthin1957.151 BythetimeMiltonarrivedinMansfield,hehadalreadyservedasarabbi for29years.By1962,MiltonandRuthlivedinIndiana.

In1950,itwasestimatedthatB’naiJacobhad80memberfamilies. TempleEmanuelhad anestimated52families.152 BothcongregationssponsoredactiveSundayschoolsanda community-wideJewishyouthgroup,AlephZadikAleph,restarteditsactivities.153 AtTemple Emanuel,startingaround1959,studentsfromKenyonCollegewerehiredbythecongregationas teachers.154 Someoftheseteachers,includingMurrayHorwitz,aplaywright,andRichardBaehr,

147 "Rabbi Chinitz to Report for Duty as Chaplain," Mansfield News-Journal, November 25, 1950.

148 "Guest Rabbi Speaks Friday," Mansfield News-Journal, March 08, 1951

149 Jayson Schlechty, “Two Jewish Congregations Become One,” Mansfield/Richland County Public Library, December 04, 2021, https://theshermanroom wordpress com/author/theshermanroom/

150 Ibid

151 "Dr Greenwald will ServeTemple Emanuel," Mansfield News-Journal,August 10, 1957

152 “Temple, Synagogue Serve Jewish Congregations,” Mansfield News-Journal,August 02, 1950

153 Al Budin, interview by author, phone, 2023

154 Howard Edelstein, interview by Nancy Shimer, 2022

aconservativecommentator,havegoneontohavenotablecareers.155 SomeMansfieldfamilies, includingBlancheandMaxMeiselandBeatriceandHaroldOxman,weremembersofboth B’naiJacobandTempleEmanuel.BeatriceandHarold,whohavenotbeenmentioned previously,werewedin1941.Atthetime,HaroldoperatedtheMaxieTire&SupplyCompany inNorwalk,Ohioalongsidehisbrother,Philip.By1953,Haroldwasassociatedwithboth MansfieldSteelandSupplyCompanyandtheShelbyIronandMetalCompany,whichwas foundedbyhisfather,Maxin1918.Philip,whomovedtoRichlandCountyby1946,also workedwiththetwocompanies.156 In1951,themembersofB’naiJacobpurchasedahomeat 237WoodStreetforuseasaparsonage.157 Thishomewasaboutaten-minutewalkfromthe synagogue.Foratimebeforethecongregationpurchasedthehome,rabbisatB’naiJacobstayed atanapartmentlocatedat160WestSecondStreetthatwasrentedbythecongregation.158

InAugust1955,RabbiAvramHartsteinbeganhistimeatB’naiJacob.159 Avramwould beoneofthelongest-servingrabbisinMansfield,remaininginhisrolefor20years.Anativeof Hungary,Avram,whowasalsoknownasAndre,marriedDeborahFeuerwerker,anativeof Geneva,in1936.160 In1939,thecouplearrivedintheUnitedStatesandAvramfoundworkasa rabbiinAkron.Heremainedinthisroleuntil1952,whenheacceptedajobwithBethJacob SynagogueinRegina,Canada.161 HearrivedinMansfieldfromCanada.Duringhistimein RichlandCounty,AvramalsoservedasachaplainattheOhioStateReformatory.OnMarch3, 1957,thegroundwasbrokenbytherepresentativesofB’naiJacobforanewsynagogueatthe cornerofCookandLarchwoodroads.162 Alittleover sixmonthslater,onSeptember25,1957, theholidayofRoshHashanah,thenewsanctuarywasopened.163 Thestructureincludedspacefor aB’naiB’rithmeetinglounge,akitchen,nineclassrooms,whichwereutilizedbythe congregation’sreligiousschool,arabbi’sstudy,andasocialhall.Lateradditionsandrenovations includedalibrarywing,whichalsoservedastheheadquartersforthelocalB’naiB’rithYouth

155 Ibid.

156 "Philip W Oxman, 74; Headed Mansfield Steel Co," Cleveland Jewish News, July 05, 1985

157 “Buys House to Use as Parsonage,” Mansfield News-Journal, July 20, 1951.

158 Ibid

159 "New RabbiArrives," Mansfield News-Journal,August 20, 1955

160 Obituary of Deborah Hartstein, Cleveland Jewish News, November 11, 1983

161 "RabbiAndre Hartstein, 83, Led Congregations in Ohio, Canada," Cleveland Jewish News, May 28, 1993

162 Jayson Schlechty, “Two Jewish Congregations Become One,” Mansfield/Richland County Public Library, December 04, 2021, https://theshermanroom wordpress com/author/theshermanroom/

163 Ibid

Organization,andmodernstainedglasswindows,whichwerefundedthroughabequestinthe willofMarthaShaffer.164 TheB’naiB’rithYouthOrganization wasasuccessortoAlephZadik Aleph.

In1954,aneworganization,theMansfieldJewishFederation,wascreatedtoserveasa centralphilanthropicagencyfortheJewishcommunityofRichlandCountyandsurrounding areas.ThelargesteffortsponsoredbytheFederationwasanannualcampaigntosupportthe UnitedJewishAppeal.165 Thisorganization,whichexistedinMansfielduntil2004,supported charitableeffortsbothintheUnitedStatesandIsrael.Individualswhowereleadersinthe FederationovertheyearsincludedMorrisBerer,AlbertCousins,Myron Kalish,ArthurNegin, andAbrahamSenser.AsidefromArthur,noneoftheindividualslistedhasbeenreferenced previouslyandsoeachwillbehighlightedbriefly.MorrisBerer,thefounderofthePepsiCola BottlingCompanyofMansfield,arrivedinRichlandCountyaround1934.Hisbottlingbusiness didnot,however,begintooperatelocallyuntilaround1965.166 MorriswasmarriedtoDorothy, whowasactivewithbothB’naiB’rithWomenandtheB’naiJacobSisterhood.Morris’former company,nowknownasthePepsiBottlingGroup,continuestoexistinRichlandCountyasof 2023.AlbertCousins,thebrotherofJacobCousins,livedinMansfieldby1937.Heworkedwith JacobattheJMCousinsScrapIronCompany.Inadditiontohisinvolvementwiththe Federation,AlbertwasalsoactivewithB’naiB’rithandB’naiJacob,servingeachaspresident foratime.HewasmarriedtoEvelyn,whoservedaspresidentofB’naiB’rithWomenfora period.MyronKalish,whomovedtoMansfieldwithhisparentsaround1942,operatedarepair shopalongsideAlMecurio.MyronwasknowntohisfriendsasMike.167 AbrahamSenser,like AlbertCousins,workedwiththeJMCousinsCompany.AbeandhiswifeLillianlivedin Mansfieldby1961.Theirsons,BrianandSteven,werealsoactiveintheJewishcommunity. AmidtheseexamplesoftheJewishcommunity’sgrowth,itisimportanttonoteone tragedythatvisitedtheCityofMansfieldandtheJewishcommunityin1952.InDecember1952, LeahSternbaum,thewifeofMaxSternbaum,wasmurdered attheSternbaumCompleteFood Martsofficeat169ValeAvenue.168 Leah,whowasthemotherofthreeandamemberofthe

164 “SynagogueAdds Sacred Panes,” Mansfield News-Journal, September 05, 1964

165 “Jewish Federation Calls Meeting to Raise Israel Funds,” News Journal, June 11, 1967

166 "Morris J Berer Dies at 86," News Journal,April 22, 1971

167 Obituary of Myron ‘Mike’Kalish, News Journal, reprinted by Legacycom, accessed October 4, 2022, https://wwwlegacycom/us/obituaries/mansfieldnewsjournal/name/myron-kalish-obituary?id=11557479

168 "Mrs Max Sternbaum Slain," Mansfield News-Journal, December 04, 1952

B'naiJacobSisterhoodandHadassah,workedatthegroceryalongwithherhusband.Maxwas lateraccusedofmurderinghiswifeandwasputontrialin1953.Thistrial,whichwouldat becomethelongestmurdertrialinOhiohistoryatthetime,wascoveredextensivelybythe Mansfield News-Journal andreceivedattentionfromaroundthestate.OnMarch5,1954,shortly afterthedeathofhisfather,Carl,Maxwasdeclarednotguiltybythejury 169 In1955,Sternbaum MarketswassoldtotheTracy&AveryCompany,whichwasalsobasedinMansfield.170 After thesale,theSternbaumfamilyleftMansfield.Bytheearly1970s,manyothersfollowedthe SternbaumsindepartingRichlandCounty.

TheMergerofB’naiJacobandTempleEmanuel

In1967,theAmericanJewishYearbook,anannualpublicationprintedinPhiladelphia, reportedthat480JewslivedinMansfield.171 Inthe1962through1966editionsoftheyearbook, however,ahigherestimateof615Jewsisgiven.Yet,thisestimatewaslikelyanovercount.In the1961editionoftheAmericanJewishYearbook,only525Jewsarereportedtohavelivedin Mansfield.172 Intheopinionofthiswriter,the1961estimateisthemostaccurateassessmentof howlargeMansfield’sJewishpopulationgrewbeforeenteringintoasustainedperiodof contraction.ManyoftheJewslivinginMansfieldduringthe1950sand1960swerebaby boomerswholaterwentawaytouniversity.Findingjobsinothercities,manyyoungpeopledid notreturntoMansfieldaftercompletingtheirstudies.In1974,the Cleveland Jewish News ranan articleprofilingtheMansfieldJewishcommunitythathighlightedthistrend.173 Thissamearticle statedthatin1974About65familieswereaffiliatedwithB’naiJacobandaround30families weremembersofTempleEmanuel.Mansfield’sentireJewishpopulationwasestimatedby RabbiAvramHartsteintonumber90families.174 Asoccurredin1950,somefamiliesheld membershipsinbothB’naiJacobandTempleEmanuel.

169 Jim Bruss and Frank Howard, "Jury Frees Sternbaum," Mansfield News-Journal, March 05, 1954

170 "Tracy-Avery Makes Purchase Sternbaum Markets Sold," Mansfield News-Journal, November 04, 1955

171 American JewishYearbook Vol 68, Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society ofAmerica, 1967: 240, https://ajcarchives org/AJC DATA/Files/1967 6 USDemographic pdf

172 American JewishYearbook Vol 62, Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society ofAmerica, 1961: 60, https://ajcarchives org/AJC DATA/Files/1961 4 USDemographic pdf

173 Nina Liston, “Jews of Mansfield EnjoyTheir Small-Town Life,” Cleveland Jewish News, February 01, 1974

174 Ibid

JewswhodidarriveinMansfieldafter1940weremorelikelytobewhite-collar professionals.ExamplesincludeAlvinBales,BernardBarton,StanleyCowan,HaroldCohen, RobertFagin,RobertGarber,FlorenceandLeoLevin,PhilMarcus,SeymourSchlossman,Bettie andErwinSherman,andEugeneSherman.AlvinBales,anativeofPittsburgh,firstarrivedin Mansfieldin1948toworkasageneralpractitioner.Hesoonleft,however,in1950toobtain postgraduatetraininginsurgerybeforereturningtoMansfieldin1956.175 Alvincontinuedto practicesurgeryuntil1979andservedaschiefofsurgeryattheMansfieldGeneralHospital.176 BernardBarton,whoarrivedinMansfieldaround1958,workedwiththe StateofOhioas directorofprisonsandlaterservedastheexecutivedirectoroftheRichlandCountyMental HealthBoard.StanleyCowan,whoasmentionedpreviouslyarrivedinMansfieldduring1942, workedasvicepresidentofMansfieldPlateandWindow GlassCompany.Hebecameinvolved withthecompanyafterhismarriagetoSylviaFrankel,whowasthedaughterofthecompany’s founderSamuel.StanleyandSylvialaterrelocatedtoOberlinandthenCleveland.177 Harold Cohenopenedanophthalmologypracticeat49WestSecondStreetin1960.In1966,Harold performedthefirst-evercornealtransplantinMansfield.178 RobertFagin,anativeofYoungstown wholivedinMansfieldby1963,operatedapharmacyonGlessnerAvenue.179 RobertGarber, wholivedinMansfieldby1948,wasaradiologistattheMansfieldGeneralHospital.Hewas marriedtoEstherandwasalongtimememberoftheTempleEmanuelBoardofTrustees. LeoLevin,anattorney,movedtoMansfieldfromMinneapoliswithhiswife,Florencein 1954.FlorencewasanativeofCorning,Ohio,andagraduateofWesternReserveUniversity ShetaughtbiologyatMansfieldSeniorHighSchoolaftermovingtoRichlandCounty Thirteen yearslater,shebeganworkingasaprofessorattheMansfieldbranchcampusofTheOhioState University.180 In1975,shebegantoteachatAshland College,whichwasrenamedAshland Universityin1989.181 In1993,FlorenceretiredandleftMansfieldalongwithherhusband.Phil Marcus,anativeofCincinnati,movedtoMansfieldin1956totakeajobwiththeCityof Mansfieldengineer'soffice.In1957,hewasappointedassistantcityengineer.182 Later,inthe

175 Obituary of Dr Alvin Bales, News Journal, October 04, 1980

176 Ibid

177 Obituary of Stanley M. Cowan, Cleveland Jewish News, January 24, 1997.

178 Virginia Lee, "Hospital's First CornealTransplant Returns Sight," News Journal, February 10, 1966

179 "New Gray Drug Store Set to Open," News Journal, November 08, 1964.

180 "Four Mansfielders Join Faculty," News Journal, October 02, 1967

181 Obituary of Florence Sarah Levin, Tribute Archive, December 13, 2021, https://www tributearchive com/obituaries/23387124/florence-sarah-levin

182 "Mansfield Personalities in the News," Mansfield News-Journal, September 15, 1957

1960s,PhilservedontheMansfieldCityCouncilforthe7thWard.SeymourSchlossman,a physicaltherapistandhealthadministrator,arrivedinMansfieldduringthemid-1950sfromNew York.HeplayedasignificantroleinraisingfundstocreateTheRehabCenterat270Sterkel Boulevard,andservedasthecentre’sdirectorfor18years.ErwinSherman,anativeof Cleveland,openedadentalpracticeinMansfieldin1950.Hiswife,Bettie,taughtmathematicsat MadisonJr.Highforover30yearsuntilretiringin2009attheageof79.183 EugeneSherman,a nativeofElizabeth,NewJersey,arrivedinMansfieldin1958andworkedwithRobertEllison, thesonofDavidandSadie,asagynecologist.184 Theirmedicalpracticeremainedinbusiness until1976,whenRobertrelocatedtoCalifornia.ItisalsoofnotethatRobert’sbrother,Joseph, wasaprominentattorneyinMansfieldwhoopenedhislawpracticein1939.185 Josephwasalso activeinlocalpoliticsasamemberoftheDemocraticParty.186 WhilemanyJewsinMansfieldfoundworkoutsideofretailafterWorldWarII,itshould benotedthatseverallocalbusinesseswerefoundedbyJewishfamiliesafter1945.Thesestores includedDunkinJewelers,FiveCousinsDiscountStore,Sid’sCameraShop,Sid'sFurniture Store,andTodd’sJewelryStore.DunkinJewelerswasco-foundedbyOscarandShirleyDinkin in1948.187 Asof2023,DunkinJewelerscontinuestooperateat2291W4thStreet.FiveCousins wasfoundedin1959bysixhouseholds,fiveofwhomwererelated.188 Someofthebusiness partners,includingIreneandJerryFriedman,relocatedtoMansfieldfromChicagowhileothers, includingLeonardandSylviaFriedman,movedfromCleveland.189 FiveCousinsremainedin businessuntilthemid-1980s.190 Sid’sCameraShop,locatedat73NorthMainStreet,wasopened in1954bySidYellen.191 Sid'sFurnitureStore,locatedat118NorthMainStreet,wasin operationby1957.Thestore’sowners,EdithandSydneyLiebermanmovedtoMansfieldfrom Brooklyn.192 Todd’sJewelryStorewasopenedatthecornerofThirdStreetandMainin1948by

183 Obituary of Bettie S Sherman, News Journal, reprinted by Legacycom, accessed October 04, 2022, https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/mansfieldnewsjournal/name/bettie-sherman-obituary?id=11556817.

184 Obituary of Dr Erwin E Sherman, News-Journal, July 08, 1990

185 "Atty. Ellison's Services Set," News Journal, January 28, 1976.

186 Ibid

187 Obituary of Oscar B Dinkin, News Journal, October 27, 1995

188 Notes from Karen Stallsmith, email from Nancy Shimer, January 2023

189 Ibid

190 Ibid

191 "Sid's Camera Shop Now on Main St , " Mansfield News-Journal, April 11, 1954

192 Notes from Karen Stallsmith, email from Nancy Shimer, January 2023

NormanLakin.AnothermemberofthelocalJewishcommunity,DanielMarkowitz,ownedthe MansfieldRangers,asemi-profootballteaminMansfield,duringthelate1940sand1950s.193

In1979,aftersupportingtheirownsynagoguebuildingfor31years,themembersof TempleEmanuelelectedtosellthebuildingat473CookRoadtotheSouthwoodBaptistChurch andmovetheirservicestotheB’naiJacobsynagogueat973LarchwoodRoad.194 Eightyears later,afterexistingasautonomouscongregationssharingthesamespace,B’naiJacoband TempleEmanuelmergedintoonecongregation.Thisnewcongregationtookonthename EmanuelJacobCongregation.AsoccurredformanyJewishcommunitiesinOhiothatwere locatedinsmallertownsandcities,however,Mansfield’sJewishpopulationcontinuedtodecline duringthelatetwentiethcentury.By1990,anestimated250JewsresidedinMansfield.195 This representedanapproximately52percentdeclinesince1961.By1999,theAmericanJewish Yearbookestimatedjust150JewslivedinMansfield.196

Conclusion,IntotheTwenty-firstCentury

Since1970,Mansfieldhasbeenexperiencingapopulationdeclineaccordingtofederal censusrecords.In1970,thecity’spopulationwasestimatedat55,047.By2020,however,an estimated47,534peopleresidedinMansfield.TheJewishcommunity’sdemographicdecrease hasbeenlargerthantheapproximately14percentdecreaseforthecityasawhole.Factors contributingtothisgreatercontractionincludetherelocationofalargerpercentageofyoung peopletolargercitiesandtheclosureofmanybusinessesthatoncesupportedlocalJewish families.ThemodestnumberofJewswhoarrivedinMansfieldafter1970wereevenmorelikely thanthoseinthe1950sand1960stobewhite-collarprofessionals.Twomedicalprofessionals whomovedtoMansfieldbetween1970and1980wereRonaldGoldbus,asurgeon,andRobert Mohl,agastroenterologist.Inaddition,severalJewsrelocatedtoMansfieldafterfindingwork withTheOhioStateUniversityatMansfieldcampus.Examplesinclude,CassFoster,whotaught

193 "BoardAgrees to Rent Field to Rangers if Bill is Paid," Mansfield News-Journal, July 20, 1950

194 Jayson Schlechty, “Two Jewish Congregations Become One,” Mansfield/Richland County Public Library, December 04, 2021, https://theshermanroom wordpress com/author/theshermanroom/

195 American JewishYearbook Vol 90, Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society ofAmerica, 1990: 289, https://ajcarchives org/AJC DATA/Files/1990 6 USDemographic pdf

196 American JewishYearbook Vol 99, Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society ofAmerica, 1999: 223, https://ajcarchives org/AJC DATA/Files/1999 6 USDemographic pdf

theater,EvelynFreeman,whoresearchedearlyandmiddlechildhoodteachingandlearning,and MarkNadler,whowasaprofessorofeconomics.

ItshouldalsobenotedthatJewscontinuedtobeengagedwithvariousbusinessesinthe Mansfieldareaafter1970.Forexample,in1969AlBudintookovermanagementofarestaurant knownastheGourmetRoom.Thiseaterywaslocatedat1313SouthMainStreet.Alwastheson ofLeoandMildredBudin,whowerebothactivemembersofMansfield’sJewishcommunity.In Galion,RalphCoby,thesonofHarryandMinnieCohen,continuedtoplayaprominentrolein localmanufacturingaspresidentoftheEagleCrusherCompany.197 Duringthemid-twentieth century,theCohenfamily,whicheventuallychangedtheirsurnametoCoby,wasassociatedwith thePerfectionSteelBodyCompanyinGalion.198

RalphCobywasalsoamemberofEmanuel Jacob.Thisdemonstrateshowthecongregation continuedtodrawmembersfromareasoutsideof Mansfield.Additionalmembersincluded includingFredandThelmaGersonandAlvinand SelmaKastenwhowereresidentsofAshland.

EmanuelJacobattimessupportedafull-time rabbiuntil2000.BernardBloomstone,the congregation’slastfull-timerabbi,beganhistime inMansfieldin1991.Beforehearrivedin RichlandCounty,BernardlivedinSpringfield,Massachusettswhereheworkedasan adjunct professoratSpringfieldCollegeandservedasarabbiatSinaiTemple.199 AnativeofMontreal, BernardwasalsoactiveininterfaithworkduringhistimeinMansfield.Foratimeheservedas presidentoftheMansfieldMinisterialAssociationandheoftenvisitedChristianchurchesand schoolstotalkaboutJudaism.200 RabbiBloomstonewasalsoachaplainattheMansfield CorrectionalInstitutionandtheMarionCorrectionalInstitution.

Bernard’sdeathin2000occurredsuddenlywhilehewasvisitingfamilyin Massachusetts.WhileburiedinMassachusetts,around300peopleattendedamemorialservice

200 Ibid

199 Lou Whitmire, "Mansfield Loses Rabbi," News Journal, August 02, 2000

198 "Galion IndustrialistTells of Search for Happiness," Mansfield News-Journal,August 30, 1951

197 Obituary of Ralph Coby, Columbus Dispatch, January 19, 2009

organisedatEmanuelJacobforBernard,includingmanynon-Jews. ReverandGregoryKirkof St.Joseph'sCatholicChurchinGalionremarkedinalettertotheeditorofthe News-Journal:

IwillalwaysbeextremelygratefulforRabbi[Bloomstone]'spresenceintheMansfield area,forhisworkwithpeopleincarceratedinprison,forhisloveofchildren,forhis tirelessworkonbehalfoftolerance,peaceandjustice,andforhisloveforChristian clergydespitethemanysinsofanti-Semitismourchurcheshavesadlybeenresponsible for.ManywordscometomindformeasIreflectonRabbiBloomstone'slife,among themintegrity,holiness,compassion,mercy,andlove...Rabbi[Bloomstone]madea tremendousdifferencetoallofuswhoknewhimandlovedhim.

RabbiBloomstone’seffortstopromoteHolocausteducationarestillrememberedinMansfield, andvisitorstothecity’sHolocaustmemorialalongParkAvenueWestwillfindthatitis dedicatedinmemoryofRabbiBloomstone.In2001,SheilaCase,anordainedcantorandnative ofKansas,succeededRabbiBloomstoneasEmanuelJacob’sreligiousleader 201 Sheila’stimein Mansfieldwasnotlong,however,and,afteraboutayear,shedepartedRichlandCounty

EmanuelJacobagainsearchedforareligiousleader WhileMansfield’sJewishpopulationwas notgrowingintheearlytwenty-firstcentury,EmanuelJacob,astheonlysynagogueinRichland County,attractedcongregantsfromvariousbackgrounds.Forexample,atleastonecontemporary member,BettyHarsh,wasaconverttoJudaism.Thisconversiontookplacein1998afterBetty studiedJudaismalongwithotherfaiths.202

In2002,EmanuelJacobretainedtheservicesofavisitingrabbi,MichaelOppenheimer. Michael,whowouldprovidethecongregationwithreligiousleadershipuntil2017,workedat Emanuel Jacobeightmonthsoutoftheyear.203 Reflectingin2017,Michaelestimatedthatwhen hebeganhistimeinMansfield,75familiesweremembersofEmanuelJacoband40to50 childrenwereenrolledinthecongregation’sreligiousschool.204 AsourcefromAugust2001, however,estimatedjust66familiesweremembersofthecongregation.205 BythetimeMichael retiredfromthecongregationin2017around30familiesweremembersofthesynagogueandan

201 Karen Palmer, “New Job SuitsYoung Cantor,” News Journal,August 04, 2001

202 Karen Palmer, “ANew Focus on Faith,” News Journal, March 09, 2002

203 Jane Kaufman, "Rabbi Michael Oppenheimer, Former Rabbi of MansfieldTemple, Dies at 77," Columbus Jewish News, September 04, 2019

204 Ed Wittenberg, “Rabbi Retires -Again,” Cleveland Jewish News, July 07, 2017

205 Karen Palmer, “New Job SuitsYoung Cantor,” News Journal,August 04, 2001

estimatedtenpeoplewereattendingatypicalShabbatservice.206 Despitethedeclineinthe Jewishcommunity’ssize,EmanuelJacobcontinuedtohostimportantlifecycleeventssuchas weddings.Oneofthemorerecentweddingstooccuratthecongregationwasthemarriageof DavidOppenheimer,thesonofCarolynandMichael,andMichelleMeyersin2006.207 Michelle, anativeofRichlandCounty,isthedaughterofSamuelandSandraMeyers.AnannualHolocaust commemorationatthesynagoguealsocontinuedtobeanimportanteventengagingtheJewish andnon-Jewishcommunities.

AfterMichaelretiredin2017,NancyShimertookoverhisresponsibilitiesatthe congregation.NancyhadalreadybeenactivewithEmanuelJacobbeforeMichael’sdeparture.In 2017,itwasestimatedthatEmanuelJacobhadunder100members.208 Nancycontinuestoserve asEmanuelJacob’sreligiousleader,ormorahasof2023.Inthespringof2022,themembersof EmanuelJacobrecognizedthattheirbuildingat 973LarchwoodRoadnolongerfittheneedsof thecongregation.ThesynagoguewasputupforsaleandsoldbeforeOctober.Somereligious articlesfromthecongregationweredonatedtoJewishcommunitiesaroundtheworld. DestinationsincludedCôteD’Ivoire,Ghana,the Philippines,andElPaso,Texas.Inaddition, recordsfromB’naiJacob,TempleEmanuel,andEmanuelJacobCongregationweredonatedto theColumbusJewishHistoricalSociety,wheretheywillbepreserved.TheColumbusJewish HistoricalSocietywasalsoentrustedwithdocumentsfromotherhistoricJewishorganizationsin MansfieldandJudaicaitemsfromthethreecongregations.PaulHyman,aprofessorofbiologyat AshlandUniversitysince2010,servesasthepresidentofEmanuelJacobasof2023.While Mansfieldisnolongerhometoasynagogue,aJewishcommunityremainsinRichlandCounty

ThecurrentmembersofEmanuelJacobcarryona174yeartraditionofcontinuousJewishlifein RichlandCountythatbeganwiththearrivalofMyerMillerin1848.Whilenevernumbering morethanonepercentofthecounty’soverallpopulation,Jewshavemadeameasurableimpact onthecivic,economic,andsocialfabricofRichlandCounty.Thisimpactmeritspreservation andremembrance.

208 Bob Jacob, “MansfieldYom Hashoah Service to Feature Kol Israel Speaker,” Cleveland Jewish News, April 21, 2017

207 "Oppenheimer-Meyers," Cleveland Jewish News, February 24, 2006

206 Karen Palmer, “New Job SuitsYoung Cantor,” News Journal,August 04, 2001

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