SACC2020 Proceeding

Abstract Competition

The 12

th

Samaggi Academic Conference and Careers Fair

Diversity Drives the Future th

15 February 2020 Holiday Inn London - Kensington Forum th

16 February 2020 Imperial College London London, United Kingdom

Contents Remarks................................................................................................................................4-8 Objectives and Themes......................................................................................................9 Guest Speakers...............................................................................................................10-13 Maps...................................................................................................................................14-17 Agenda...............................................................................................................................18-19 Thank You Message...........................................................................................................20 Guidelines for Competition.......................................................................................21-22 Oral Presentations.......................................................................................................23-49 E-Poster Presentations..............................................................................................50-76 Organising Committee...............................................................................................77-78 Acknowledgements...........................................................................................................79 Notes..................................................................................................................................81-83

Message from Samaggi Samagom President Bheera Asawachinda (Pete) President of Samaggi Samagom On behalf of the Samaggi Samagom’s 119th Executive Committee, its members, as well as the organising committee, I would like to extend a very warm welcome to all of the participants of the Samaggi Academic Conference and Careers (SACC) 2020. Academic dynamism, thoughtprovoking conversations, and networking opportunities have always been at the crux of Samaggi Samagom’s rich history. King Vajiravudh, Rama VI (then the Crown Prince of Siam) and his contemporaries nurtured this organisation’s commitment to support Siam’s brightest minds, so that we, as a nation, can stand proud amongst the top intellectuals from all over the world. 119 years have lapsed, and this commitment remains unwavering.

This year, we cannot think of a theme more important and noteworthy than “diversity”. The more we are driven into the modern age, the more differences we see in our society, whether it be political, economic, or social. Admittedly, they can be the causes of tension, conflicts, and potential obstructions to progress. I would argue that they would remain as such, so long as we regarded them in their raw form: an antithesis to uniformity and order.

But, once we understand their potential, they can prove to be much more than that. They can be the seed of tolerance, creativity, new perspectives, exchanges of idea, and acceptance, assets which I believe are much needed today. Over, I believe, is the age of uniformity and homogeneity, and it is diversity that will drive the future.

With the four components of the SACC 2020 spanning across our packed two-day programmes, I am most certain that there will be competitions, presentations, discourses, and opportunities awaiting to satisfy your intellectual thirst. The team hopes that this year’s event will be of great interest to all of the participants. We hope you will have something to take away from our event. Finally, I hope you will continue to support us in the years to come.

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Message from Academic Affairs Vice President Narit Nuanduang (Kao-oat) Vice President for Academic Affairs, Samaggi Samagom As Vice President for Academic Affairs of Samaggi Samagom, I am directly responsible for organising the 12th Samaggi Academic Conference and Careers Fair (SACC 2020). Following the success of SACC-TSAC 2019, I admit that it was a real challenge to maintain the quality yet go beyond what has been before. This would not have been possible without the hard work, dedication and determination of the entire Academic Team.

Our journey towards the event this year began in June 2019, when we had to select the theme for this year’s academic conference. Many global and local issues were addressed and discussed amongst us, as were the feedback and suggestions from the previous year. We finally settled on ‘diversity’. Why does such a topic matter?

Thailand is unique in terms of diversity. It is a home for people from different racial, cultural, religious and even political backgrounds. Diversity, on one hand, seems to easily cause disagreements and dispute in society, which may further interrupt and retard the progress of the nation. On the other hand, diversity creates people with different skills, ideas and abilities, who uniquely contribute to society, hence the development of the country in many ways. Unfortunately, these people are sometimes regarded as a minority and somewhat have been neglected. This prevents them from having the opportunity to reveal their genuine potentials and possibly averts them from society. This year’s theme, ‘Diversity Drives the Future’, thus aims to encourage everyone to listen to one another more, learn and respect, as well as promote those who are different from you. We ultimately believe that understanding and embracing the diversity in our society are what is required for our generation to drive the future of Thailand forward in this disruptive era.

Through many months of preparation, brainstorming and a countless number of meetings, today we are absolutely honoured to present you with the 12th Samaggi Academic Conference and Careers Fair or SACC2020. The event comprises four elements: Abstract Competition, Start-up Competition, Academic Conference, and Careers Fair, all serving as a platform for Thai students in the UK to unleash their fullest potential no matter which academic backgrounds and levels they have. We also hope that SACC2020 will provide the students the opportunity to meet and network with academic experts, policymakers, and employers to exchange ideas and form invaluable connections. With the last element – Careers Fair, we also aim to ease the pathway for the students to reach their career goals by bringing leading companies from Thailand to recruit new graduates who are passionate to develop their home country.

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Message from the Ambassador H.E. Pisanu Suvanajata Ambassador of Thailand to the United Kingdom

It is always my pleasure to work with Samaggi Samagom, an umbrella Thai student association in the UK, on various activities for youth, initiated and run by youth. The Samaggi Academic Conference and Careers Fair (SACC) is one of their activities I am most proud of.

Over the past two years, I and the Royal Thai Embassy team have been working constructively with Thai students. We are pleased to see these young minds with bright ideas and great potentials wanting to make changes for the better. Under Samaggi Samagom, as the name suggests, these Thai students share common vision and values, working productively together. Their works for student community in the UK will definitely form solid foundation for their successful future. With their diverse outstanding backgrounds, they can mobilize their potentials into strengths. With utmost trust and confidence, I am prepared to render all possible support for this young generation in order that they will manage to move along their favorable path towards achievement.

This year, the 12th SACC, to be organised under the theme “Diversity Drives the Future�, fits in well with the current trends of technological disruption. Those who can adapt and stand out will survive and thrive. I am confident that the 12th SACC will be a forum for our students to further develop their academic excellence, learn from prominent speakers, make new friends, and network with their peers.

I encourage Thai students in the UK, both undergraduates and postgraduates, to grasp every opportunity from this 12th SACC for their future. Abstract contest with participating judges from the private sector, for instance, would be an effective platform for career opportunities for any researchers who can illustrate their unparalleled research calibre and presentation skills. The outstanding research works can also seize opportunity for being added on its values, should it is proven practical and potentially translated for commercial purpose. The Careers Fair, likewise, will provide career advice and numerous job opportunities in Thailand at times that this country genuinely needs qualified brains and manpower for her future progress, development, and prosperous future.

I look forward to the 12th SACC and to meeting you, bright young minds, who are the future of Thailand.

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Message from the Minister (For Education) Vatcharaporn Ratanayanont Minister (for Education) Office of the Educational Affairs, Royal Thai Embassy, London Samaggi Samagom under Royal patronage, established in 1901 by King Rama VI, in present times are considered being among the most active Thai associations in the UK. Most accomplished activities and events organised by Samaggi Samagom adhere to its original purpose providing a central network for Thai students studying the UK to connect with one another, to share ideas, experiences and knowledge, as well as to collaborate and build a long-lasting network of friendship and partnership.

For over a century, multi-faceted alumni of Samaggi Samagom progress to be key contributors to the improvement of our nation. I would like to praise committees and participants of Samaggi Samagom, through their creativity, hard working and dedication, have come together and worked tirelessly and closely with the Royal Thai Embassy and Office of Educational Affairs, to organise this year’s academic event namely “The 12th Samaggi Academic Conference and Careers Fair (SACC) 2020” between the 15th and 16th February 2020 in London.

For its 12th year now, a major goal and feature is to bring Thai academic scholars in all disciplines, sciences and social sciences to showcase their research at the Abstract Competition. The Start-up Competition also recognises the significance of business innovation. I am also excited that the theme this year ‘Diversity Drives the Future’, bringing some of the most inspiring speakers with diverse experiences to Thai students in the UK, would provide information and ongoing dialogue that would help nurture our next generation to play a major role in propelling our nation to achieve its Thailand 4.0 mission. It is one of the most united and exciting events attended by high calibre Thai students ranging from undergraduates and postgraduate level from many prestigious universities across the UK. I am tremendously honored to work with Samaggi Samagom, the future generation of our country and to experience first hand how talented and able these young individuals are. On behalf of Office of Educational Affairs, and Office of Civil Service Commission, Thailand, I congratulate all the winners and the contenders, who showcase their research and ideas both in the Abstract Competition as well as the Start-up Competition and all participants including representatives from Thai governments and private sectors to participate in this exciting event in London.

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Welcome to SACC 2020 Samaggi Samagom is a non-profit Thai student Association in the United Kingdom under the patronage of His Majesty the King of Thailand. Founded in 1901 by King Rama VI of Thailand, Samaggi Samagom is the oldest, most prestigious Thai Association and the largest in Europe with 6,600 members consisting of undergraduate and postgraduate Thai students living and studying in the United Kingdom. We have links with over 63 universitylevel Thai societies around the country and exist as a locus to connect and hold events for Thai students to collaborate together. Starting from 2018, Samaggi Samagom has been arranging the Samaggi Academic Conference and Careers Fair (SACC) annually to recognise the academic achievements of Thai students in the United Kingdom and to nurture careers opportunities.

This year, Samaggi Academic Conference and Careers Fair (SACC) will be held under the name of ‘The 12th Samaggi Academic Conference and Careers Fair (SACC) 2020’ between the 15th and 16th February 2020 in London.

This is the first event of its kind to involve students in all levels of study (undergraduates, postgraduates, and doctoral studies) and representatives from various companies to exchange and discuss their research, knowledge, and ideas, building a long-lasting academic network. The event comprises 4 main elements: (1) Academic Conference, (2) Abstract Competition, (3) Startup Competition, and (4) Careers Fair.

In this proceeding, you will find a summary of SACC 2020 events, including honoured guests and speakers, as well as a complete schedule and venue information of all events. It is also based on oral and poster presentations from SACC 2020 Abstract Competition, as well as a brief explanation of the importance of this year’s conference theme and what outcome is expected.

The organising committee of SACC 2020 further hopes to set forth an exemplary conference model for other Thai associations across the globe.

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Objectives and Theme of the Conference •

To help raise awareness amongst Thai students in the United Kingdom on how we, as students, can contribute towards Thailand’s social and economic growth to prepare ourselves for the global stage.

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To recognise and support the academic achievements of Thai students in the United Kingdom.

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To nurture academic networks and partnerships between students of different academic and social backgrounds for the benefit of Thai communities and society at large.

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To encourage students to integrate their academic research to current issues and possible opportunities for Thailand and its potential pathway.

‘Diversity Drives the Future’ The academic conference involves a keynote speaker along with other speakers from various disciplines to share their ideas under this year’s theme of ‘Diversity Drives the Future’. Along with experts from various fields, students will be able to establish links and come up with a consensus solution to current issues in Thailand. Thailand has always been a diverse place where people of different skills, beliefs, and ideas are. Those differences are largely undermined in various backgrounds and perspectives. People who were born different see things differently and sometimes end up to not be wholly supported and promoted enough from their majority. Moreover, those differences are suppressed by the society and rarely received the opportunities to shine and express their ideas into works. This results in huge loss in chances to develop our society further up to world-class standards.

Therefore, it is of importance that through the discussion on this year’s theme, we together will fully understand the differences among people and promote them in the most appropriate way to create a bright future for the development of the nation.

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Keynote Speaker

Dr. Somkiat Tungkitvanich (Diversity of Society) Dr. Somkiat Tungkitvanich is the Research Director (Information Economy), Science and Technology Development Program, Thailand Development Research Institute (TDRI).

He obtained his Ph.D. in Computer Science from Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan. He has been recognized as a leading Thai expert in the areas of trade and investment policies, innovation policy, education policy and ICT policy. He was a main architect of Thai PBS, the first public television in Southeast Asia, and many media laws in Thailand. Under his leadership, TDRI is nominated “Person of the Year” in 2012 by the Bangkok Post. His research fields are Economic analysis of law, Trade policy, Public procurement, Intellectual property, ICT and media policy.

Last year, Dr. Somkiat was one of the speakers at SACC-TSAC2019, where he spoke on the topic of “Digital Disruption and Jobs for the Future”. His lecture received an overwhelmingly positive response from the audience, sparking great interest amongst the attending students. The Organising Committee of SACC 2020 was delighted to hear that Dr. Somkiat kindly accepted our invitation to come speak at our annual academic conference for the second time, this time as the event’s keynote speaker, and we are honoured to be welcoming him in London once again.

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Guest Speaker

Assoc. Prof. Yodchanan Wongsawat (Diversity of Innovation) Dr. Yodchanan Wongsawat received the B.Eng. degree from Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology (SIIT), Thailand, in 2001, the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Texas at Arlington, USA, in 2003 and 2007. In May 2008, he joined the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Thailand, where he is currently a vice dean for research and international relations, and the director of Brain- Computer Interface Laboratory. With his contribution in brain-computer interface technology, he has received the 2013 Mahidol University distinguished academic career award. In 2014, he has received the Mahidol University Award on Innovation. In 2016, he has received the Inventor Award from the National Research Council of Thailand and has been selected as the 2016 TEDxBangkok speaker.

His current research interests include brain-computer interface (BCI), intra-operative monitoring, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and medical instrumentations.

“It is my great pleasure to participate in this upcoming Thai Academic Conference and Sammagi Samagom Academic Conference and Career Fair 2020. Regarding the rapid change in technology, anyone who stops moving forward will be automatically disrupted. The key strategy to survive is “collaboration” which means that everyone need more focus on their own work as well as being efficiently employ the diversities of the collaborators. In other words, people who could employ the diversities in technology through the open innovation platform will survive. I believe that the Samaggi Samagom Academic Conference will be one of the great starting points for anyone who believes in moving forward. Therefore, I hope that participating in this conference will be one of the key moments to prepare your life through the disruptive era.”

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Guest Speaker

Mrs. Prisa Jakobsen (Diversity of Individuals) Prisa Jakobsen is an Influencer, the First Female Youtuber in Thailand and, a Content Creator to create contents that support the viewer’s possitivity in life and help make known of the quality of products for the clients (brands). She is also Public Speaking expert for Miss Thailand Universe 2019, Columnist for Johjai TV show​, APEC youtubers representative to meet President Obama in Singapore and​, Keynote Speaker for youth forum 2019.

“Diversity has been the word frequently mentioned in many conversations of the world today. It is almost “new world VS the world that’s always been”. The wave of the new generations, new ideas, new pop values combined with the most current technology is demanding recognition and respect to all equally. Being “not diversed enough” has put a once the biggest fashion brand out of the their business last year, therefore, moving forward either as a business or as a person, this is a conversation that everybody will be having all over the world.

I’m honored to be one of the speakers discussing, defying, clarifying on this subject matter at the Thai Academic Conference and Samaggi Samagom Academic Conference and Career Fair 2020.”

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Guest Speaker

Mr. Rawit Hanutsaha (Diversity of Business) He is a CEO of Srichand United Dispensary Co.,Ltd. & Mission to the Moon Media Co., Ltd., who graduated from MBA at Vanderbilt university in the United States of America. “It’s is my great honor to be a part of the Thai Academic Conference and Sammagi Samagom Academic Conference and Careers Fair 2020. Events like these are crucial to set the stage and prepare people of this generation for an increasingly volatile world.

I believe that we are in a very challenging time. On one hand, we are dealing with technology that not everyone really comprehended like Automation and Machine learning which will definitely affect people in both positive and negative ways. The magnitude of the impact is still unknown but we do know that we need to prepare for a massive shift in every scale from Global down to the individual.

On the other hand, we do have a clear and present danger of the environmental catastrophe on our hands. Make no mistake the environmental crisis is very real and we do not have any concrete solutions yet. If we want to solve this problem in time, we must work together with both the government and private sectors. This is no longer about political beliefs or even geopolitics conflicts. This is about the survival of our planet.

Therefore, I hope this event will prepare the next generations of young and enthusiastic people to ride through the challenges of this and the following decades.�

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Academic Conference, Abstract & Startup Competitions Saturday, 15th February 2020 at Holiday Inn London - Kensington Forum, London SW7 4DN

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Glouscester Road Area

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Academic Conference, Abstract & Startup Competitions Saturday, 15th February 2020 at Holiday Inn London - Kensington Forum, London SW7 4DN

Time

Activity

08:00

Registration (Foyer)

08:45

Opening ceremony for Abstract and Startup Competition by H.E. Mr. Pisanu Suvanajata, the Thai Ambassador to the UK

‘Bridging the gap between research and real-world applications to drive Thailand forward’ (15-minute talk) An opening talk by Mr. Patiparn Sukorndhaman, President, PTT Global Chemical PCL A speech by Dr. Pao Sriprasertsuk, Vice President Innovation Department Manager, Bangkok Bank 09:30

Special talks by represented judges in each competition room • Medical and Pure Sciences (Room 2) • Engineering and Technilogy (Room3) • Social Sciences and Humanities (Room 4) • Finance and Business (Room 5)

09:50 11:30 11:50 12:10 18

Oral Presentation by 5 finalists in each room 1-minute pitching by selected candidates

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A special talk by Mr. Rawit Hanutsaha.

Final pitch from the 6 final teams followed by a Q&A session

E-Poster Presentation Lunch Break

Time

Activity

13:00

Opening ceremony for SACC2020 by Dr. Wisanu Krua-ngam, Deputy Prime Minister (VDO record), the President of Samaggi Samagom, and H.E. Mr. Pisanu Suvanajata, Ambassador of Thailand to the UK.

13:30

‘The Power of Diversity: What Can We Do to Unlock Our Potential’ (Diversity of Society) Keynote Speaker Talk by Dr. Somkiat Tungkitvanich, President of TDRI

13:55

‘Technology for Everyone: How Scientific Approaches Promote Inclusivity’ (Diversity of Innovation) Guest Speaker Talk 1 by Assoc. Prof. Yodchanan Wongsawat, Ph.D. Director of Brain-Computer Interface Lab Mahidol University, Thailand.

14:20

Break

14:30

‘Everyone is Diverse: Embrace the Uniqueness in Our Society’ (Diversity of Individuals) Guest Speaker Talk 2 by Mrs. Prisa Jakobsen, Content Creator, Influencer and the First Female Youtuber in Thailand

14:55

‘Business Model in 2020s: A Key Guide to Being Outstanding in the Crowd of Businesses’ (Diversity of Business) Guest Speaker Talk 3 by Mr. Rawit Hanutsaha, CEO of Srichand United Dispensary Co.,Ltd

15:20

Break

15:30

Panel Discussion by the speakers on the theme “Diversity Drives the Future”

16:30

An award ceremony for Abstract and Startup Competition and Closing Ceremony, along with a group photo. (Awards and souvenirs handing out by H.E. Mr. Pisanu Suvanajata, Mr.Patiparn Sukorndhaman (PTTGC), Bangkok Bank representative, and Ms. Kantima Lerlertyuttitham (AIS)

17:00 18:00

Networking session, sponsored by PTTGC, Monsoon Valley Wine, and Chang

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Thank You Message The organising committee of SACC 2020 would like to extend our gratitude to the following people who have generously shared their time and expertise in helping to make this academic conference a successful one. Without them, it would have been impossible for SACC 2020 to maintain such high standards of reviewing the submitted abstracts. To our judges on the day and volunteered abstract reviewers, we are confident your feedback and comments will be treasured and help the students improve their research and writing.

Judges on the Day Ms. Anchalee Worrachate Dr. Nuch Tantisantiwong Dr. Somkiat Tangkitwanich Assoc. Prof. Chinnapat Panwisawas Dr. Pracha Yambangyang Dr. Keittisal Suwan Dr. Sirilaksana Kunjara

Assoc. Prof. Yodchanan Wongsawat Ms. Udomluck Hoontrakul Ms. Phacharaphorn Phanomvan Dr. Charika Channantapipat Dr. Wiyada Wongwiwat Dr. Chanjira Satukijchai

Reviewers Engineering and Technology Dr. Adthasit Sinna Dr. Chaiyong Ragkhitwetsagul Dr. Jiramate Changklom Dr. O-Phart Phrathep Dr. Pisak Chermprayong Dr. Sitthichok Chaichulee Dr. Thanyanan Phuphachong Dr. Watcharaporn Tanchotsrinon Dr. Panote Siriaraya Humanities and Law Dr. Mark Charoenwong Dr. Nilubol Lertnuwat Dr. Rawin Leelapatana Dr. Piyanat Soikham Dr. Trin Aiyara Assit. Prof. Dr. Weera Wongsatjachock Ms. Nattanee Amornpradubkul Dr. Tawirat Songmuang Ms. Jiratorn Sakulwattana Dr. Sutida Wimuttikosol 20

Pure and Medical Sciences Dr. Arporn Wangwiwatsin Asst. Prof. Dr. Sira Nanthapisal Dr. Chaipat Lapinee Dr. Chavit Tunvirachaisakul Dr. Nattika Nimmano Ms. Nichamon Chaianant Dr. Picha Suwannahitatorn Dr. Pinpinut Wanichsaithong Dr. Piyaphong Panpisut Dr. Supathep Tansirichaiya Dr. Suttha Supanya Dr. Thanet Sornda Finance and Business Dr. Victoria Paulsson Dr. Pakpoom Saengkanokkul Mr. Shinawat Horayangkura Dr. Thorn Pitidol Dr. Wisarut Suwanprasert Dr. Napaphat Satchanawakul

Guidelines for Oral and E−Poster Presenters Instructions for All Presenters 1. All presenters must arrive and register before 08:30 AM in order to have time to double-check that your presentation slides have been uploaded correctly.

2. The presentation must be given in English.

3. The dress codes are smart casual or formal.

Guidelines for Oral Presenters •

There are five finalists in each academic field and the award will go to the winner and two runners-up

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Each oral presentation session will be held in four different rooms based on each academic field and will last for 75 minutes. Each finalist from each field will be given 15 minutes in total (10 minutes for presentation and 5 minutes for Q&A). It is critical to limit your presentation to 15 minutes to keep the program on time.

Session chairs will indicate when your time is up. (An overlength presentation will be penalised)

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Practice your presentation before you come to the meeting. Make sure you stay in your allotted timeframe of the presentation.

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Prepare for any questions that may come from the audience.

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All of the Academic session rooms will be equipped with a data projector, screen, and a laptop computer. There will also be a technician in each session room to help with any technical issues.

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The judges will assess on your content, presentation skills, visual media, and the ability to answer the questions.

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Guidelines for E-Poster Presenters •

The one-minute pitching aims to allow the presenters to present their work to a panel of judges and other audiences for exactly one minute. This will be followed by the e-poster presentation at your own station with your own laptop in the same room.

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The e-poster presentation will be a great opportunity for you to present your interest and findings to the audience, as well as to defend your work.

There are five e-poster presenters in each field, which make up 20 presenters in total. The award will go to the top five popular votes made by the audience.

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All E-Poster presenters must bring their own laptop and a charger (if needed).

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A slide to be used for one-minute pitching must be submitted in .pdf, .jpeg, .ppt, or .pptx format only. There are no restrictions on the size and designs, but it must be fitted in one page only.

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The slide for one-minute pitching does not have to be the same as the e-poster at your station. You may use another material to present at your station.

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The one-minute pitching slide must be submitted to abstract@ samaggisamagom.com by 10th February 2020.

Oral Presentations 23

Session 1: Pure and Medical Science

Pure and Medical Sciences

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USER-FRIENDLY COPPER-CATALYSED REDUCTION OF AZIDES TO AMINES

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Chaleena Pimpasri,[a] Andrew J. P. White,[a] and Silvia Díez-González*[a] Imperial College London, Department of Chemistry, MSRH, 80 Wood Lane, White City, W12 0BZ London, UK Abstract

Background: The popularity of organic azides as synthons has raised exponentially in the last two decades, mainly fuelled by the success of the copper-mediated dipolar cycloaddition of azides and alkynes and hence their interest as intermediates in the synthesis of nitrogen-containing compounds is long standing. In particular, the reduction of azides to primary amines is a powerful and widespread methodology for accessing this essential family of compounds. One well-known and practical methodology is the Staudinger reduction; however, the reaction provides waste and oxidised by-products that are not always easy to separate. Thus, an alternative procedure providing more useful and convenient method has to be developed.

Objectives: This study aims to prepare copper(I) complexes with bi- and tri-dentate N-based ligands and testes the catalytic activity in the reduction of azides into amines without the addition of any external hydride source.

Methodology: Three pyridine-containing ligands, 1-(pyridine-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole (PyPz), and two bis(imino)pyridines (HPDIPh and HPDIDMA) were selected. The chosen ligands were reacted with [Cu(NCMe)4]BF4 to prepare three homoleptic complexes. Then their activity in the reductions of aryl azides was investigated.

Main finding: Three homoleptic copper(I) complexes 1–3 were isolated in excellent yields, they were indefinitely stable towards oxygen and moisture and could be handled with no particular precautions. Under optimised conditions; azide (0.5 mmol), [Cu] in DMSO/water (4:1, 1 mL) at 100 °C for 20 h, complex [Cu(HPDIDMA)2]BF4 3 could reduce a range of electron-poor azides without the need of an additional H source.

Conclusion: Three complexes of general formulae [CuL2]BF4 have been prepared and fully characterised. Under optimised conditions, complex 3 could promote the reduction of a range of electron-poor organic azides. The reaction is a promising step towards the development of a sustainable alternative to the Staudinger reaction since it is active in all tested solvents, and therefore is it less sensitive to the nature of the H-donor.

Keywords: Amines; Azides; Reduction; Copper; Pyridyldi(imine) Ligands Corresponding author Email address: chaleena62@gmail.com

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Session 1: Pure and Medical Science 3D CULTURE AND CO-ADMINISTRATION OF HEPARIN ENHANCES THE HOMING AND THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY OF MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS IN MURINE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. Kobkaew Bumroongthai1, Dean PJ. Kavanagh1, Paul Genever2, Neena Kalia1 Microcirculation Research Group, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK, 2 Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD. 1

Abstract Myocardial infarction (MI) is the result of ischemia and reperfusion (IR) injury and is the significant causes of death worldwide. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) transplantation is an up-and-coming candidate to treat MI. However, clinical success is limited due to poor homing and survival of MSCs in the injured heart. To enhance MSCs clinical utilization, strategies to promote their therapeutic capability is very critical. We investigated whether 2D vs 3D culture influenced myocardial homing of MSCs and their ability to ameliorate the inflammatory response to injury.

Moreover, we determined whether co-transplantation of MSCs with an anticoagulant heparin enhances MSCs homing and immunomodulatory properties.

Methods: MSCs were cultured using 2D conventional or a 3D hanging drop method.

C57Bl/6 mice were divided into five groups: sham, IR, IR + MSCS, IR + Heparin, IR + heparin + MSCs. IR was induced by 45 minutes ligation of left anterior descending coronary artery and the following 2 hours of reperfusion by removing ligation. The animals of MSCs and MSCs + heparin group were infused with MSCs intra-arterially. Homing of MSCs to mouse beating hearts was imaged using confocal intravital microscopy, in vivo. The neutrophil and platelet recruitment to injured heart was imaged by multiphoton and intravital microscopy. Results: The number of 3D cultured MSCs was significantly (P<0.05) higher than 2D cultured MSCs in the IR heart. Heparin promotes 3D cultured MSCs homing capacity to injured hearts. The number of neutrophil infiltration was significantly reduced (P<0.05) in MSCs + heparin treated animals when compared to animals treated with only MSCs. Surprisingly, animals administered with 3D MSCs + heparin had the lowest number of neutrophil in the injured heart. Conclusion: This novel study demonstrates that 3D culture improved myocardial MSCs retention and their therapeutic effect. More importantly, co-administration of MSCs with heparin improves the beneficial effect of MSCs cytotherapy.

Corresponding author Email Address: Kxx586@student.bham.ac.uk

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UNUSUAL AMMONIA RESPONSIVE BEHAVIORS OF ZIRCONIUM-BASED METAL-ORGANIC FRAMEWORKS WITH ADAPTABLE PORE ENVIRONMENT

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Tatchamapan Yoskamtorn1, Pu Zhao1, Xin-Ping Wu2, Kirsty Purchase1, Fabio Orlandi3, Pascal Manuel3, James Taylor3, Lin Ye1, Yiyang Li1, S.C. Edman Tsang1,* 1 Wolfson Catalysis Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K. 2ISIS Neutron and Muon Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, U.K. 3 Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN 55455, United States Abstract Background: Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are an emerging class of porous crystalline materials, constructed by metal nodes and functional organic linkers. In-depth study on structural responses and sorption mechanisms of MOFs upon the inclusion of industrially important molecules is highly desirable, especially for gas storage, drug delivery, and molecular sensing applications.

Objectives: To elucidate the responsive behaviors of Zirconium-based MOFs for ammonia (NH3) uptake at a molecular level by using a high resolution neutron powder diffraction along with Rietveld refinement.

Methodology: Robust Zirconium-based MOFs: UiO-67 and UiO-bpydc containing biphenyl dicarboxylate and bipyridine dicarboxylate linkers, respectively, were selected to study their NH3 sorption. This ligand functionality difference provides a unique platform to understand the role of bipyridine group in host-guest interactions.

Main finding: The results establish the influence of functional linkers of the MOFs on their NH3 affinity and flexibility. Despite of their structural similarities, the alteration of stepped NH3 adsorption profiles takes place when the biphenyl groups are replaced by the bipyridine ones (Figure 1). This unusual adsorption transition has proved to result from hydrogen-bond networks between the bipyridine linkers and the adsorbed NH3. The concept of adaptable pore environment leads to the stepped NH3 adsorption at different relative pressures. Temperature-dependent neutron diffraction also reveals the NH3-induced structural transformation of the organic linkers.

Conclusion: We demonstrate, for the first time, that the switchable pore chemistry of the Zrbased MOFs can play a significant role in type of gas uptake, which otherwise are believed to be rigid and non-interactive. Understanding the host-guest interactions of this MOF- NH3 system will enable the rational design of potential materials with controllable properties for gas storage, drug delivery and molecular sensing. Ongoing efforts are focused on using neutron scattering and computational modelling to establish the dynamic behaviors of this system and support the hydrogen-bond network model.

Figure 1. NH3 sorption isotherms of the MOF samples at 1 bar and 298 K. Keywords: ammonia, Zr-based MOFs, neutron diffraction, adaptable pore environment Corresponding author Email address: tatchamapan.yoskamtorn@chem.ox.ac.uk

27

Session 1: Pure and Medical Science WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF RAINFALL ON ROAD ACCIDENTS I N NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN THAILAND?

a

Sangkharat K.a*, Pope F a., Thornes J.b School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. bEnvironmental Change Group, Public Health England, Oxfordshire, UK. Abstract

Background: The World Health Organization has highlighted that the number of deaths worldwide due to road accidents increases every year and recommended countries should set a plan to reduce the number of road accidents by 50% in 2020 especially Low Middle-Income Countries (LMICS). No studies in Thailand have investigated the impact of rainfall on road accidents. Hence, this study investigates the effect of rainfall on road accidents.

Methods: Thai emergency data with number 1699 were collected from the National Institute for Emergency Medicine (NIEM) from 2012 to 2018. A time-series design with generalized linear model (GLM) was applied to analyse the associations between road accidents and rainfall. The result was reported using relative risk (RR) at 95% confidence intervals compared with dry days. The effects of long-term trends, seasonality, day of the weeks, public holidays and meteorological factors were controlled in the GLM. A meta-analysis was applied to summarise the estimate effect of rain groups stratified by the Northern and Southern provinces.

Results: Findings reported a significant increase in road accidents due to high rainfall levels both in the Southern and the Northern. The pooled estimate risks in the Southern have higher estimated risks than Northern. Surprisingly, both Northern and Southern showed the rain group with 10-20 mm/day having the highest pooled estimated risk with RR=1.052, (95% CI: 1.026-1.079) and RR= 1.062, (95% CI: 1.043-1.082) respectively, while the heavy rain with more than 20 mm/day reported a reduction of risks.

Conclusions: Road accidents can be associated with rainfall. It is recommended that rainfall are factored into ambulance forecast models and warning systems, allowing for improvements in ambulance service efficiency. The policymarkers need to think about road safety policies to reduce a road accidents.

Keywords: Ambulance service, Emergency service, rainfall, road accidents, Corresponding author. Pope F. E-mail address: f.pope@bham.ac.uk

28

GENERATION OF ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTIVE SCAFFOLDS COMPOSED OF SILK FIBROIN AND PEDOT:PSS FOR PERIPHERAL NERVE REGENERATION

a

1

Phamornnak C.a , Hardy JG.b , Blaker JJ.a , Cartmell SH.a Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, M1 3BB, United Kingdom. b Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Institute, Lancaster University, LA1 4YB, United Kingdom.

Abstract

Background: Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is a severe problem with over 1 million patients worldwide. Fully functional regeneration of nerves is highly challenging due to limitations of axonal growth. Aside from commercial nerve conduits, electrical stimulation (ES) is an alternative and promising method for peripheral nerve treatment. It is commonly used in therapeutic purposes for the relief of nerve pain and can also activate neurite outgrowth from neuronal cells in vitro [1-3]. Here, we present the results of our studies combining a nerve conduit and ES. If we can provide an electrically conductive nerve conduit, it can possibly accelerate the neuronal growth and increase neurite length when applying ES to the conduit resulting in effective regeneration of the nerve.

Objectives: This study aims to develop the novel peripheral nerve tissue scaffolds based on aligned electrospun silk fibroin (SF)/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) fibres.

Methodology: SF was extracted from Bombyx mori silk cocoons and then dissolved in formic acid (FA) and calcium chloride (CaCl2). The SF solution was electrospun onto the high-speed rotating collector for 12 hours. After that, the non-woven mats of sub-micron aligned electrospun SF fibres were removed from the collector and treated with 80% ethanol (EtOH) to induce β-sheet formation. The EtOH-treated fibres were soaked in a solution of the monomer 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT), PSS, and initiators for 3 days to form interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs).

Results and discussion: The electrospun mats were very weak in the dry state but flexible when hydrated due to plasticization of the SF by water. The IPN mats turned dark blue, indicating that the SF fibre matrices were successfully penetrated with PEDOT:PSS, and the IPNs were non cytotoxic in vitro.

Conclusion: The electroactive SF:PEDOT:PSS IPNs are biocompatible (non cytotoxic in vitro).

They can support neural cell proliferation and also neurite extension when coated with laminin.

The electrical conductivity of the fibres and its relation to external ES regimes will be studied in depth in the future.

Acknowledgement: For financial support we thank the Royal Thai Government Scholarship scheme, and the Henry Royce Institute for Advanced Materials (funded through EPSRC grants EP/R00661X/1, EP/P025021/1 and EP/P025498/1).

References: [1] Haastert-Talini et al. International Review of Neurobiology. 2013.

[2] Sun et al. Journal of Materials Chemistry B. 2016.

[3] Wu et al. Biomaterials. 2016.

Keywords: Silk fibroin, electrospun fibre, interpenetrating polymer network, peripheral nerve injury Corresponding autho Email address: chinnawich.p@gmail.com

29

Session 1: Pure and Medical Science GENERATION OF ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTIVE SCAFFOLDS COMPOSED OF SILK FIBROIN AND PEDOT:PSS FOR PERIPHERAL NERVE REGENERATION

a

Phamornnak C.a , Hardy JG.b , Blaker JJ.a , Cartmell SH.a Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, M1 3BB, United Kingdom. b Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Institute, Lancaster University, LA1 4YB, United Kingdom.

Abstract

Background: Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is a severe problem with over 1 million patients worldwide. Fully functional regeneration of nerves is highly challenging due to limitations of axonal growth. Aside from commercial nerve conduits, electrical stimulation (ES) is an alternative and promising method for peripheral nerve treatment. It is commonly used in therapeutic purposes for the relief of nerve pain and can also activate neurite outgrowth from neuronal cells in vitro [1-3]. Here, we present the results of our studies combining a nerve conduit and ES. If we can provide an electrically conductive nerve conduit, it can possibly accelerate the neuronal growth and increase neurite length when applying ES to the conduit resulting in effective regeneration of the nerve.

Objectives: This study aims to develop the novel peripheral nerve tissue scaffolds based on aligned electrospun silk fibroin (SF)/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) fibres.

Methodology: SF was extracted from Bombyx mori silk cocoons and then dissolved in formic acid (FA) and calcium chloride (CaCl2). The SF solution was electrospun onto the high-speed rotating collector for 12 hours. After that, the non-woven mats of sub-micron aligned electrospun SF fibres were removed from the collector and treated with 80% ethanol (EtOH) to induce β-sheet formation. The EtOH-treated fibres were soaked in a solution of the monomer 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT), PSS, and initiators for 3 days to form interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs).

Results and discussion: The electrospun mats were very weak in the dry state but flexible when hydrated due to plasticization of the SF by water. The IPN mats turned dark blue, indicating that the SF fibre matrices were successfully penetrated with PEDOT:PSS, and the IPNs were non cytotoxic in vitro.

Conclusion: The electroactive SF:PEDOT:PSS IPNs are biocompatible (non cytotoxic in vitro).

They can support neural cell proliferation and also neurite extension when coated with laminin.

The electrical conductivity of the fibres and its relation to external ES regimes will be studied in depth in the future.

Acknowledgement: For financial support we thank the Royal Thai Government Scholarship scheme, and the Henry Royce Institute for Advanced Materials (funded through EPSRC grants EP/R00661X/1, EP/P025021/1 and EP/P025498/1).

References: [1] Haastert-Talini et al. International Review of Neurobiology. 2013.

[2] Sun et al. Journal of Materials Chemistry B. 2016.

[3] Wu et al. Biomaterials. 2016.

Keywords: Silk fibroin, electrospun fibre, interpenetrating polymer network, peripheral nerve injury Corresponding author Email address: chinnawich.p@gmail.com

30

2

Engineering and Technology

31

Session 2: Engineering and Technology FOUNDATION OF REINFORCEMENT LEARNING UNDER UNCERTAINTY AVERSION Tanut Treetanthiploet Mathematics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX26GG United Kingdom Abstract As exemplified by the Ellsberg paradox, when making decisions people often display a preference for options which carry less uncertainty. This may be viewed as `pessimistic’ behaviour, and encourages decision makers to exploit their limited knowledge early, rather than exploring unknown alternatives. In contrast, in reinforcement learning one often takes the opposite approach, and makes decisions which are optimistic towards uncertainty, in order to preference learning. This can be seen in the UCB or Exp3 algorithms, and in the classical Gittins’ theory approach to multi-armed bandit problems. This means that the designed algorithms do not display uncertainty aversion and so may not be well aligned with users’ preferences.

My research discusses an approach to allow for uncertainty aversion through the study of a novel non-stationary (`adversarial’) multi-armed bandit problem. This approach can be seen as a new theoretical foundation of reinforcement learning problems where sensitivity and stability of statistical estimator is taken into account based on the agent preference.

We study this foundation by relaxing the notion of optimality to extend the classical Gittins index theorem to a robust version defined under nonlinear expectations. This generic formulation has the ability to capture complex structures in a single bandit, and does not depend on any Markov or IID assumptions which is generally assumed.

We can show that our robust Gittins index for an (adversarial) normal bandit can be asymptotically approximately decomposed into the sum of three terms: the estimated cost, a learning premium and an uncertainty aversion premium.

A numerical example of a simple bandit is also considered to illustrate the interaction between an agent’s willingness to explore and uncertainty aversion. The example shows that the preference to learn or to exploit can also be affected by the current estimate of the cost and by the precision of available estimates. This can be seen as a probability distortion which is considered in the field of behavioural finance in terms of prospect theory. We also use Monte-Carlo simulations to compare our methods with other algorithms used for the multi-armed bandit problem. We see that when introducing a reasonable level of uncertainty aversion, our algorithm typically results in less (value) regret than the classical approaches within a horizon of size 10,000. In particular, we can obtain a reduction in regret due to exploration within a reasonable horizon. This proves particularly useful in the scenario where a large number of choices are available in the decision making.

Corresponding author Email address: tanut.treetanthiploet@maths.ox.ac.uk

32

GRAPHENE-BASED IMMUNOASSAY USING QUARZT CRYSTAL MICROBALANCE TECHNIQUE FOR A LOW-COST DISEASE SCREENING TOOL

2

Hampitak P1*, Melendrez D1, Jowitt T2, Vijayaraghavan A1,3, ยง Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK 2 Biomolecular Analysis Core Facility, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK 3National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK 1

Abstract Background: The presence and concentration of biological molecules in bodily fluids such as serum or urine is typically measured for disease and drug screening.

Enzyme-Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay (ELISA) commonly used to measure immunochemical markers for disease diagnosis, includes multiple steps and requires specialised laboratories with skilled technicians, leading to high costs of operation.

Graphene in both pristine state and derivatives perform excellently in sensing applications due to the ability to enhance sensitivity of the sensor.

Objectives: This study aims to develop a disease screening tool based on quartz-crystal microbalance (QCM) technique, coupled with a low-cost graphene-based conductive coating as an alternative to ELISA. Methodology: QCM sensing system mainly consists of a portable temperature-controlled box and a QCM sensor with a fluidic cell inside the box. The core materials for constructing the immunoassay include: reduced graphene oxide (rGO) coated on QCM chips, proteins receptors and bovine serum albumin (BSA). The model proteins for this study include N-terminus fragment of PLA2R (N-C3) ligand as a receptor protein and anti-PLA2R IgG antibody as an analyte. N-C3 is a smallest domain of phospholipase A2 receptor 1 (PLA2R) which is a target autoantigen in 70% of patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy. By detecting its antibody in serum, therefore, the diagnosis for patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy can be enabled.

Data sources: Electronic literature cited in this research were searched using Google Scholar.

Main finding: It has been found that highly hydrophobic rGO modified with BSA can be used as an immunoassay platform by functionalising with a protein receptor to detect disease markers with the detection limit of 100 ng/ml. This detection limit shows a order of magnitude lower than cut-off concentration of antibody in patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy.

Conclusion: The findings from this study enable the development of low-cost and field serviceable immunosensor.

Keywords: Graphene, Biosensors, Immunoassay, QCM-D, Antibody, PLA2R, Nephropathy Corresoponding author Email address: pi.ham1109@gmail.com

33

Session 2: Engineering and Technology EVALUATING EXPLANATION METHODS FOR TEXT CLASSIFICATION* Lertvittayakumjorn P.a and Toni F.b Department of Computing, Imperial College London, 180 Queenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Gate, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom

a,b

Abstract Background: Many deep learning models cannot provide explanations to support their predictions due to the considerable model complexity. Recently, several posthoc explanation methods were proposed to explain the predictions of such learning models. The explanation methods, however, were mostly evaluated using proxy tasks without humans. As AI-generated explanations will be used to enable human-AI collaborations, it is important to evaluate explanation methods with humans involved.

Objectives: In this work, we propose three human tasks to evaluate explanation methods that aim to explain predictions of a CNN-based text classification model.

The three tasks target different purposes of explanations for text classification â&#x20AC;&#x201C; (1) revealing model behaviour to humans, (2) justifying the predictions, and (3) helping humans investigate uncertain predictions.

Methodology: We trained CNN models to classify two datasets, Amazon sentiment analysis and ArXiv topic classification. Then we applied nine explanation methods to generate explanations for each input text. Next, we asked human users to perform some tasks using the generated explanations such as identifying document classes and selecting better CNN models.

Findings: (i) LIME is the best explanation method for justifying predictions with relevant evidence; (ii) LRP works fairly well in helping humans investigate uncertain predictions; and (iii) none of the nine methods effectively reveal the model behaviour.

Conclusion: Our work has shed light on the qualities of explanation methods for text classification and helps humans select the right method for their use. We consider evaluating on other datasets and other advanced architectures beneficial future work as it may reveal further interesting characteristics of the explanation methods.

Keywords: explainable AI; explanation methods; text classification; human-computer interaction * The full paper can be found at https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D19-1523.pdf Corresponding author Email address: pl1515@imperial.ac.uk

34

ADVANCED NON-DESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION FOR REMOTE CONDITION MONITORING OF URBAN RAILWAY TURNOUT IN THAILAND

a

2

Kongpuang M. a*, § , Papaelias M. a , Keawunruen S. b School of Metallurgy and Materials, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK b School of Engineering, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK Abstract

Background: In the near future, the railway network in Thailand will expand rapidly to meet people’s needs, especially in urban area where the high population density and infrastructure of built environment. Railway turnouts serve as rail track junctions allowing rolling stock to change tracks. As critical railway infrastructure components, railway turnouts are generally subjected to wheel impact loading. As a result, structural damage of turnout components has been frequently observed and as such, result in higher railway maintenance costs and the downtime.

Objectives: This study presents lab trails from an acoustic emission technique (AE) used for quantifying damage evolution occurring of conventional rail steel and cast manganese steel. Both materials are the standard steel used for railway turnout.

Cast manganese steel railway crossings are considered as a golden rail track asset which difficult to detect using conventional non-destructive techniques.

Methodology: The customized AE techniques developed as part of this study make possible the use of this technique for the detection of crack growth or impact damage on crossings and rails alike to be able to predict failure of the asset before it occurs. The samples were cut to dimensions of 120x10x20mm. The notch depth was eroded into the samples using spark wire erosion and pre-cracked using a vibraphone machine, then exposed to cyclic three-point flexural loads until final failure.

During fatigue testing crack growth was monitored using Direct Current Potential Drop.

Main finding: The results from tests under laboratory conditions are summarized herewith. The AE technique has the potential of being used in real time monitoring of the growth of fatigue cracks in crossings and rail track components.

Future directions: Further tests should then be carried out using the AE monitoring techniques used in this study on the live network in Thailand to test its applicability to in service testing.

Keywords: Thailand; railway turnouts; advanced NDT; remote condition monitoring; acoustic emission; rolling contact fatigue *These authors have contributed equally to this work. § Corresponding author.

E-mail address: mxk763@student.bham.ac.uk

35

Session 2: Engineering and Technology A VALUE-DRIVEN APPROACH TO OPTIMISING MAINTENANCE PLANS FOR A REDUNDANT SYSTEM WITH COMPLEX DEPENDENCE

a

Petchrompo S. a, ยง, Parlikad A. a Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK Abstract

Large infrastructure assets commonly require high intervention costs, but the absence of an effective maintenance plan can bring about a massive production loss for a company. Hence, managing these assets is considered a daunting task and is even more complicated if these assets operate collectively to produce an output.

Current approaches that optimise each asset in isolation or consider a simple performance relationship insufficiently address this issue. This is because the negligence of performance interactions among assets results in an inaccurate cost estimation. To address this issue, we formulate a mathematical model that systematically captures dynamic risk of production loss according to the aggregate output of multiple assets. Further, we propose a solution method that integrates a finite loop search with a Genetic Algorithm. Application of our model to an effluent treatment system in an oil refinery has proved to strike a proper balance between cost and risk. Validated by a Monte Carlo simulation, the proposed model has shown to outperform existing maintenance approaches. By scheduling maintenance actions over the planning horizon, the resultant strategy allows the user to benefit greatly from the time value of money and the prolonged system life. Sensitivity analyses also evince the robustness of the proposed model under the volatility in two key parameters: discount rate and system state penalty cost.

Keywords: reliability engineering, asset management, maintenance, redundant system, optimisation ยง Corresponding author.

E-mail address: sp869@cam.ac.uk

36

3

Humanities and Law

37

Session 3: Humanities and Law CIRCUMVENTING THE COLD WAR DIVISIONS: THAILAND AND INDIA IN THE SOUTH-TO-SOUTH DIPLOMATIC SPACE Charoenpacharaporn P. History Department, University College London 24 Gordon Square, London, WC1H 0AG Abstract As the Cold War intensified, tensions between the Western camp led by the US and Britain, and the Eastern camp led by the Soviet Union increasingly dominated international relations. Countries in Asia began to be pressured to identify their positions in the Cold War. India, Burma, and Indonesia decided to be non-aligned. Nevertheless, Thailand chose alignment with the US and other Western powers. These ideological divisions inevitably put constraints on the normal channel of diplomatic communications as different countries found themselves part of exclusive blocs. This paper considers the question of how non-aligned India and US-leaning Thailand used the Colombo Plan and the Bandung Conference to circumvent the divisions of the Cold War This paper is inspired by the revival of academic interests in the Third World and its moment of postcolonial future during the 1950s. The Colombo Plan and the Bandung Conference enabled unprecedented ‘South-to-South’ communications on the international platform, and this is the framework of this paper. This paper aims to place Thailand into the historiography of the Third World in the Cold War; this will be the first to narrate the relationship between Thailand and the postcolonial non-aligned moment. Furthermore, this paper makes an original contribution to the historiography of Indo-Thai relations by examining Thai participation in these two forums in which India played a prominent role during the early years of the Cold War. This paper commences by looking at India and Thailand’s involvement and interactions in the Colombo Plan, showing India’s effort in drawing Thailand into the Plan. Then, a section on the Bandung Conference with a focus on India and Thailand and its aftermath follows, arguing that the Bandung Conference marked a watershed in the Thai foreign policy leading to a rapprochement with the PRC in the framework of Panchsheel pioneered by Jawaharlal Nehru.

Keywords: Cold War, Global South, Bandung Conference, the Colombo Plan, Indo-Thai Relations Corresponding author Email address: patcharaviral@gmail.com 38

EXPLORING THE PRE-MODERN SIAMESE APPROACHES TO ASYMMETRIC WARFARE AND COUNTERINSURGENCIES

3

Tassapa Umavijani Ph.D. Candidate in History, SOAS University of London Abstract In the early/pre-modern Southeast Asia, saw many asymmetric armed conflicts in the form of local uprisings against the polities and the guerrilla operations conducted by armies waging conventional warfare. The pre-modern Siam in the sixteenth up until the nineteenth century was among those that engaged in this form of armed conflicts. From the Siamese ambushes and harassments operated against the massive Burmese Armies’ supply train in Ayutthaya, Thonburi, and Rattanakosin period, the Thai polities used guerilla tactics to achieve strategic goals.

Nonetheless, the early/pre-modern Siamese kingdoms also suffered the threats from asymmetric guerilla “Small Wars” against them from the various populace, whether the discontented rural communities to the Chinese migrants that set up their banditry. These challenged the local even the central Siamese authorities in rural uprisings and urban warfare. Unfortunately, the Thai military historiography is overly preoccupied with the dominant nationalist emphasis on traditional conventional warfare; these elements are thus worth exploring further.

This study explores the pre-modern Siam and the Tai-Thai World’s guerilla warfare and asymmetric uprisings by the non-state actors, and how the Siamese engaged with the belligerents in counterinsurgency suppression in the traditional period. It covers the guerilla operations in conventional warfare. More importantly, it focuses on how the Buddhist Siamese states conducted its counterinsurgency policies against various belligerents it faced, whether they utilized the “Swamp Draining” or annihilation approaches or the “Hearts and Minds” method to palliate the grievances and quell the uprisings. And how the Siamese cultural variables came into play in these operations. The study also offers comparative views to other counterinsurgency contexts in other military cultures that provide a wider comprehension of small wars and counterinsurgency in the traditional/pre-national context.

Corresponding author Email Address: 657693@soas.ac.uk

39

Session 3: Humanities and Law UNDERSTANDING NETWORKED AFFECTS IN ONLINE APPEALS FOR GIVING: EXPLORING THAI INDIVIDUAL FUNDRAISING PAGES Pattamanan Poonseripipat Sociology, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NZ, United Kingdom Abstract Digital technology has changed every aspect of human life, whether it be communication, relationships, commerce, politics, education or health. Individuals and organizations in every sector, including charities, readily make use of this interactive technology to enhance their effectiveness and/or create a new way of playing or working. Many Thais have enthusiastically embraced the rise of online appeals for giving, partly from their cultural predisposition to charity which is firmly based on Buddhist teaching. In the Thai context, emotion, affect and feeling have a significant role in encouraging charitable giving, especially on digital platforms where emotions accumulate their force as the text and pictures pass from Internet user to user. This research aims to investigate the nature and significance of networked affect in online appeals for giving using Bhin Bunluerit’s Facebook fan page as a case study. In September 2019, Bunluerit hit the headlines for being able to fundraise more than 280 million baht within three days to help flood victims in Ubon Ratchathani province. To date, his fan page has more than 8,200,000 followers; each of his posts has attracted over 10,000 likes and 1,000 comments and shares. The methodology of digital ethnography, which includes on-screen data collection and semi-structure interviews, was employed to collect data for the period of six month. Initial results show that networked affect has four defining characteristics – multiplicity, virtual collectivity, accessibility and indexicality – that can be useful to online fundraising. The live feed part of Bunluerit’s appeal, where he would live broadcast his visit with sufferers, can enhance the feeling of ‘authenticity’ in audiences and encourage impulsive giving. While Thais have been familiar with impulsive giving through the act of danā in Buddhism, digital technology predominantly accentuates this impulse to give and makes it convenient to do so.

Corresponding author Email address: pattamanan12@gmail.com

40

SUCCESSFUL AGEING AND WOMEN IN THAILAND

3

Nitiwarangkul K., School of Arts and Social Sciences, City University of London, London, EC1V 0HB, UK Abstract Thailand is currently ranked the third most rapidly aging population in the world with 13 million people aged 60 and over in 2019, who account for 20% of the population and the majority of this population is female (Department of Older Persons, 2019). This research aims to investigate perceptions of 30-40 middle age (45 -59 years old) and early old age (60-69 years old) women in Thailand on the concept of ‘successful ageing’ through qualitative interviews in relations to the different aspects of their lives, including health, social participation and socioeconomic security.

This research also analyses the images of ‘successful ageing’ represented through images of ageing Thai female celebrities in online media and explore how participants may interpret and respond to them through focus group interviews. This research focuses on representations of female celebrities that circulate and reproduce discourses of aspirations and expectations that may particularly concern women, such as being healthy, having an attractive body, and living an active life (Marshall and Rahman, 2015).

This research will contribute to the development of policies and programmes to improve the social and psychological welfare of ageing women in Thailand, who are facing several major life transitions in socioeconomic statuses, health, and personal relationships (Ratke and Van Mens-Verhulst, 2016). It will pioneer in examining the relationship between media representations and identity construction of the older female demographic, which have not been explored in previous scholastic works in gender and media studies. Its findings can also be applied for market research and commercial purposes e.g. by shedding light upon how online media can be used to engage middle and early old age women.

Keywords: Successful Ageing, Women, Celebrity, Thailand Corresponding author Email address: k.nitiwarangkul@gmail.com

41

Session 3: Humanities and Law TEACHING ENGLISH AS A MISSIONARY ENGLISH TEACHER: PRACTICES AND PERSPECTIVE AT A CHURCH IN THAILAND Luqman Mayi TESOL, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom Abstract Introduction Over the last two decades, the confluence of Christian missionary work and English language teaching has been a subject of debate in the TESOL field after Edge (1996, 2003) and Pennycook and Coutand-Marin (2003) raised ethical questions to evangelicals about Christian missionaries’ insidious activities. They argued that Christian missionaries used English language teaching (ELT) as a means for religious ends. This argument has received a lot of research attention for TESOL scholars, most of whom question whether their covert activities aim to promote Christianity under cover of English teaching. However, little empirical evidence exists to capture what these Christians are doing with ELT in practice and how their actions are viewed by those who experience them.

Considering Thailand as an ideal setting where there is an influx of missionary organizations offering ‘free English classes’ across the country, this project attempts to investigate missionary work in a church where missionaries offer English to Thai individuals on a regular basis. Employing linguistic ethnography as a methodological approach, I plan to undertake 12-week ethnographic fieldwork at a church to investigate the ELT practices of five missionary English teachers and gain insight into the views and experiences of the missionaries and 12 Thai English learners. The data for this study will come from my observational field notes, audio-recorded in-class and outof-class interactions with the targeted participants and audio-recorded semi-structured interviews.

Findings of the study aim to provide a clear picture of what missionary English teaching is like inside a church in Thailand and what it means to those working in the TESOL field. The study can shed light on understanding the interrelation between Christian missionary work and ELT by considering this project conducted in Thailand as the first empirical case. To better understand missionary English teaching, it is crucial, therefore, to conduct this data-based study in the TESOL field.

Keywords: Christian missionary work, ELT, linguistic ethnography Corresponding author Email address: luqman.mayi@stir.ac.uk 42

4

Finance and Business

43

Session 4: Finance and Business WHAT DO WE UNDERSTAND ABOUT INNOVATION CAPABILITY IN UNIVERSITY-INDUSTRY COLLABORATION? : AN INSIGHT FROM THAILAND INNOVATION SURVEY Takron Opassuwan Department of Strategy, Innovation and Entrepreneurship, University of Southampton, UK Abstract University-industry collaboration (UIC) is perceived as an economic driver in a way that universities provide technological know-how and expertise to firms which finally contribute to the economic development of countries. One of the success factors of UIC is the firm’s innovation capability. However, existing literature on UIC has mainly focused on the technological aspect of IC, and often overlooked the influence of collaboration channels. This study aims to be the first attempt to understand the effect of IC from both technological and non-technological aspects by introducing four types of IC: product IC (PIC), process IC (PIC), organisational IC (OIC), and marketing IC (MIC). In addition, this study investigates the influence of IC in five UIC channels: research partnership, research service, technology transfer, testing and using university’s facilities, and human resource (HR) transfer, on innovation performance measured as firm’s sales of new products. For the analysis, this research uses the Tobit model for a sample of 2,818 Thai innovative firms in the Thailand Business R&D and Innovation Survey in 2015 and 2017.

The results reveal that, regardless of UIC, IC enhances firm’s innovation performance. Therefore, according to the resource-based view theory, this finding confirms that IC brings competitive advantages to firms resulting in better innovation performance. Shifting to the effect of UIC channels, only HR transfer brings firms better innovation performance. Unlike developed countries, Thailand has weak university-industry links, and poor intellectual property regime which make collaboration with universities, specifically through research partnership, research service and technology transfer, less attractive to the industry. Therefore, firms tend to collaborate through HR transfer which is less formal and complicated.

This study also finds that innovation capability has a different effect on innovation performance depending on type of collaboration channels. The results present that MIC diminishes innovation performance when adopting research partnership which research is highly exploratory. In this channel, firms with MIC might have a different view on technological development and terminate the collaborative projects too early if perceiving lack of potential to commercialisation. In contrast, for research service which goal specificity is high, firms with MIC can better realise the market trend, and define more precisely what are needed from research service so that collaboration output is better commercialised. In addition, firms with OIC might perform a test or use university’s facilities for the new product development, enhancing innovation performance, while firms without OIC might adopt this channel for solving minor issues, or non-R&D purpose. Lastly, although firms benefit most from HR transfer, PIC and MIC tend to lower innovation performance due to Not Invented Syndrome, i.e, firms reject production or marketing solutions proposed by university researchers or students.

In conclusion, this study highlights that the choice of collaboration channels and innovation capability is crucial for enhancing firm’s innovation performance. This study should also be regarded as providing new and relevant insights on UIC practice in developing countries, and direction for future research in this field.

Keywords: university-industry collaboration, innovation capability, innovation performance, Thailand Corresponding author Email: t.opassuwan@soton.ac.uk

44

SCIENCE PARKS ACTING AS INNOVATION INTERMEDIARIES FOR UNIVERSITY-INDUSTRY R&D COLLABORATION: EVIDENCE FROM THAILAND

4

Phongthiya T.a, Malik K.b, Niesten E.c Manchester Institute of Innovation Research (MIoIR), Alliance Manchester Business School (AMBS), University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom a,b,c

Abstract

Background: Although university-Industry (U-I) R&D collaboration generates numerous benefits for universities, firms as well as the regional and national economy, there are still the growing complexities and barriers that can obstruct the collaboration. Some science parks (SPs), particularly in developing countries, have been established to act as innovation intermediaries (IIs) to facilitate U-I collaboration. However, limited studies have looked at the roles of SPs acting as IIs for U-I R&D collaboration.

Objectives: To address the question of how do SPs acting as IIs impact U-I R&D collaboration?

Methodology: This study employed a qualitative case study approach. Four SPs in northern Thailand were purposively selected as they have been helping to facilitate U-I R&D collaboration since 2013, which has led to the completion of a number of U-I R&D collaboration projects that benefits the firms and the regional economy.

Data sources: Data was collected from the interviews of 51 participants from 19 U-I R&D collaboration projects which included university researchers, firmsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; owners/managers and SPsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; project managers, and secondary documents such as operational handbooks and project reports.

Synthesis methods: All collected data was analysed using a cross-case and thematic analysis.

Main finding: Four SPs performed several II roles in U-I R&D collaboration covering consulting, brokering, mediating, and providing resource roles. Each of these II roles was found to positively impact the attributes of U-I interaction including attributes of researchers, firms, R&D collaboration projects, and relationship (see Figure 1).

Conclusion: SPs in northern Thailand acting as IIs enhanced the attributes of U-I interaction.

The better attributes of U-I interaction consequently led to effective U-I R&D collaboration.

Apart from the contributions to the gaps in existing studies, these results can potentially be suggested to SPs in other Thai regions and developing countries to enhance their roles in facilitating effective U-I R&D collaboration.

Figure 1. Summary of main findings: the impact of SPs acting as IIs on the attributes of U-I interaction Keywords: University-industry R&D collaboration, Innovation intermediaries, Science Parks Corresponding author Email address: tinnakorn.phongthiya@ postgrad.manchester.ac.uk

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Session 4: Finance and Business TAX SPARING AND FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT NEXUS : A CASE STUDY OF THAILAND Saowalak Boonaiem Adam Smith Business School, University of Glasgow Abstract Background: Thai tax negotiators take an effort to convince foreign countries agree to provide â&#x20AC;&#x153;Tax Sparingâ&#x20AC;? provisions (TS) in bilateral tax treaty.

If there is no TS in the treaty, tax incentives that multinational companies (MNCs) received from Thai government are cancelled by income taxation in their country. With TS, MNCs could enjoy zero tax paid from tax incentives in Thailand and claim the amount of tax that would have been paid to Thailand in their country. However, there is no evidence that TS is one of the determinants in attracting Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Thailand.

Objectives: To analyse the effect of TS on the inward of FDI stocks in Thailand and investigate whether it differs depending on the level of development and the type of tax systems of the investor countries.

Design/methodology/approach: Use a panel dataset on inward stocks of FDI from 208 jurisdictions to Thailand over the period 2001-2017, code TS in all 61 bilateral tax treaties between Thailand and signatory countries, address these econometric issues by using a Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood with fixed effects estimator.

Data source: Secondary data from various sources (i.e. IMF-CDIS, IBFD, WorldBank) Main finding: TS leads to an increase of 43% in FDI from the signatory country. Interestingly, developed countries are less sensitive to the existence of TS than developing countries. However, the estimation between TS and FDI, is not statistically significant different from worldwide and territorial tax systems.

Conclusion: Thai tax negotiators and policymakers should concern to include TS in bilateral tax treaty only with a developing country, to encourage FDI in Thailand.

Keywords: International taxation, tax sparing agreement, foreign direct investment, tax policy Corresponding author Email address: Saowalak.Boonaiem@glasgow.ac.uk

46

APPROPRIATE RESIDENTIAL SITES ENVIRONMENT FOR THE OLDER ADULTS IN BAAN PONG NUEA SUB-DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY OF THE HANG DONG DISTRICT IN CHIANG MAI PROVINCE

4

Hongthong A. a, * §, Noxolo P. a, Jenkins L. a, Zhang Y. b School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK b School of Environment, Education and Development, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK a

Abstract This study examines the appropriate environment of residential sites for older people from their perceptions and evaluations towards the residential site environment through a person-environment perspective. Unlike most of earlier works on environments for elders, the focus in this study is exclusively on residential sites in a rural Asian context from a case study of a village in Chiang Mai province of Thailand, with a mixed-methodology based on the extent of Person-Environment (P–E) fit as it is critical to older people’s quality of life. This study set out with the aims of assessing which residential sites characteristics are important from dwelling and site levels in a selected rural area, and examine and indicate whether the specific features of the residential site environment are appropriate and affect outdoor usage and environmental satisfaction that meet elders’ need. Through questionnaires and interviews from 90 older participants of the early stage (60–74 years old), later stage (75 years old and above) and fieldwork on the residential sites in the case study area. The results revealed high appreciation of safety and functionality of residential sites’ environment at site and dwelling levels respectively. The findings also indicate the strong associations between residential sites typology at both levels and perceived residential sites typology, motivators, functionality and safety from the mixed-methodology data. The characteristics of safety, green and pleasant spaces, and functional areas for activities were some key elements elders seemed particularly to appreciate. These are evidenced by older people’s strong willingness to use the environment, as well as their perceptions that nature and physical settings in residential sites environment have advantages influencing behaviour. These older people’s affective links with their residential site environment across time and their unique life-course experiences may help to explain their preferences or perceptions of their environment in the rural context.

Keywords: Person-Environment (P–E) fit, residential sites environment, mixed methods, preferences, perceptions *These authors have contributed equally to this work. § Corresponding author.

E-mail address: axh798@student.bham.ac.uk, alisa.hthong@gmail.com

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Session 4: Finance and Business

Figure 1: Town plan with contour of Baan Pong Nuea sub-district municipality of the Hang Dong district in Chiang Mai province with the locations of older adultsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; residential sites (Hongthong, 2019).

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QUATERNION WIDELY LINEAR MODELS FOR FINANCIAL TIME SERIES

4

Thiernithi Varidhisai Electrical & Electronic Enginerring Imperial College London London, SW7 2AZ Unite Kingdom Abstract A quaternion, as an extension of complex number, can be used as a compact representation of 3D/4D-dimensional data. Usually, the autocorrelation of multidimensional data constitutes intra-correlation (correlation across each dimension at given time) and inter-correlation (correlation across time at given dimension). Traditional univariate models, while simple and easy to use, would involve complicated mathematical expressions to cater to all relations across dimension and time. Multivariate models, aka vector-variate models, can unwind those complicated expressions into a more organized formula; however, it suffers a rather difficult analysis on how to control its stability and numerical robustness. To most of real-world applications, the quaternion widely linear model stands a robust candidate to bridge this gap, in that it can fuse up to 4-dimensional data in an elegant formula of univariate time series.

We also proposed an extended algorithm of how to use this widely linear model as a moving average (MA) predictor which paves ways to improvements on all financial indicators based on financial time series. Thoughts on how it could be put into practice of some financial instruments are also suggested.

Corresponding authoer Email address: thiernithi@myself.com

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Eâ&#x2C6;&#x2019;Poster Presentations 50

1

Pure and Medical Sciences

51

Session 1: Pure and Medical Science SOURCE APPORTIONMENT AND LONG-RANGE TRANSPORT OF PM2.5 DURING LOCAL SUMMER 2019 IN CHIANG MAI, THAILAND. Saksakulkrai S.a* , Shi Z.b School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom a,b

Abstract Background: Every local summer in Thailand, Chiang Mai has been annually reported as the 1st rank city of air pollution in the world. Fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) has became the most important environmental problems across many provinces especially Chiang Mai due to its adverse impacts on human health. Knowing PM2.5 sources and its chemical properties are advantageous for implementation in order to establish local policies and to mitigate its impacts.

Objectives: This study aim to apportion the potential sources of PM2.5 occurred in Chiang Mai, Thailand, during local summer (February â&#x20AC;&#x201C; April 2019) and identify its original pathways before arrival in Chiang Mai. Methodology: PM2.5 was daily collected on quartz fibre filter by High Volume sampler during 17 February to 11 June 2019 at Mae Hia site, Chiang Mai, Thailand. The collected PM2.5 was then chemically analysed for organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC), water soluble ions (cations and anions), and will be further analysed for other chemical elements. Combining with backward trajectory analysis to explore how PM2.5 was originally transported from by HYSPLIT model.

Data sources:.

Study eligibility criteria:.

Synthesis methods.

Main finding: Unlike PM2.5 occurred in urban cities such as Bangkok, PM2.5 collected in Chiang Mai obviously shows containing high percentage OC (~80%) and low EC (>20%) which is the key element of biomass burning together with relatively high proportional ratio of Ammonia, the key element of agricultural fertilizers.

Conclusion: These preliminary results emphasize that PM2.5 during local summer 2019 in Chiang Mai was mainly originated from open agricultural waste burning and was mostly transported from west to northwest directions of study site through neighbouring countries.

Keywords: PM 2.5; source apportionment; long range transport; Chiang Mai *Corresponding author E-mail address: khunshy.ss@gmail.com

52

DESIGN, SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF A MODEL LIGHT HAVESTING COMPLEX

1

Pruchyathamkorn J. a, b, * , Kendrick W. b , Anderson H. b a

Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK b Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK Abstract

In photosynthesis, solar energy is absorbed by light harvesting complexes (LH1 and LH2) and transferred to reaction centres (RCs) extremely efficiently.1 The traditional Förster model can be used to explain the energy transfer between LH2 and LH1 to some extent, yet how energy is transferred from LH1 to RCs is still unclear.2 To understand the energy transfer mechanism within the LH1-RC complexes, a simpler molecular system (Cy7Ìc-P6·T6*) containing the LH1-like porphyrin nanoring (c-P6) and the central RC-like heptamethine cyanine dye (Cy7) has been designed (Figure 1).

Pyridine-functionalised α-cyclodextrin (T6*) has previously been used as a template to direct the synthesis of a c-P6 nanoring consisting of six porphyrin units linked via butadiynylene groups.3 α-Cyclodextrin has also been used to encapsulate Cy7 via rotaxane formation.4 To synthesise the target compound Cy7Ìc-P6·T6*, these two strategies were combined. The key synthetic steps include the synthesis of functionalised α-cyclodextrin encapsulated Cy7, which can be formed by reacting glutaconaldehyde acetate with a tetramethyl indolium salt in the presence of functionalised α-cyclodextrin. The resulting compound was further functionalised with a 4-pyridyl moiety to form a rotaxane template (Cy7ÌT6*) for binding with c-P6.

The photophysical properties of Cy7Ìc-P6·T6* were studied. The similarity between the absorption spectrum of Cy7Ìc-P6·T6* and the combination of the absorption spectra of its components, the central dye (Cy7ÌT6*) and the ring (c-P6·T6*), demonstrates that the two chromophores absorb light independently. Although the light is absorbed by both components, the emission spectrum of Cy7Ìc-P6·T6* shows no emission from the central dye component, and matches well with that of c-P6·T6*. In addition, the fluorescence quantum yield (QY) of Cy7Ìc-P6·T6* is small (0.6%) and close to the QY of c-P6·T6* (0.7%), while the QY of Cy7ÌT6* is much larger (35.8%). These results suggest that energy transfer in Cy7Ìc-P6·T6* from the central dye to the ring is very efficient.

Overall, this work has confirmed that a special arrangement of dyes similar to LH1-RC complexes in nature provides highly efficient energy transfer between the chromophores. Cy7Ìc-P6·T6* is a much simpler molecular system that can be used as a model to study the underlying mechanism behind the powerful energy transfer in more complex systems found in nature.

References: 1. R. J. Cogdell, A. T. Gardiner and L. Cronin, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A, 2012, 370, 3819– 3826.

2. A. Damjanovi, T. Ritz and K. Schulten, Int. J. Quantum Chem., 2002, 77, 139–151.

3. P. Liu, P. Neuhaus, D. V. Kondratuk, T. S. Balaban and H. L. Anderson, Angew. Chem.

Int. Ed., 2014, 53, 7770–7773.

4. C. M. S. Yau, S. I. Pascu, S. A. Odom, J. E. Warren, E. J. F. Klotz, M. J. Frampton, C. C. Williams, V. Coropceanu, M. K. Kuimova, D. Phillips, S. Barlow, J.-L. Brédas, S. R.

53

Session 1: Pure and Medical Science Marder, V. Millar and H. L. Anderson, Chem. Commun., 2008, 2897–2899.

Keywords: Photosynthesis, Supramolecular Chemistry, Light Harvesting, Porphyrin Nanorings, Energy Transfer

*Corresponding author E-mail address: jiratheep.pruch@gmail.com Figure 1 Structure of Cy7Ìc-P6·T6* and its models (orthogonal views) calculated from molecular mechanics simulation, MM+ force field, meso-aryl groups and hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity.

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DETECTION OF CHROMOSOME PREMATURE SEPARATION IN THE AGEING MICE OOCYTES

a

1

Moolnangdeaw Aa, Adams Ia, § MRC Human Genetics Unit, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, United Kingdom Abstract

The incidences of Down’s Syndrome and genetic diseases in infants due to the wrong number of chromosomes, or aneuploidy are maternally agerelated. They are well recognised in both aged human and mouse egg cells or oocytes. It has been identified that loss of chromosome cohesion is one of the main contributors of oocyte aneuploidy. However, due to technical challenges, most of the studies have focused on the oocyte at later stages, such as just before ovulation. At what age and which stage of the oocyte that chromosome cohesion is significantly lost, and influence aneuploidy is still unknown. This study aims to investigate loss chromosome cohesion in aged oocytes at early stages. In this study, Fluorescence In-Situ Hybridisation (FISH) technique, was used. First, FISH probes were made using bacterial fosmid library, and localisation of probes was confirmed by FISH with chromosome paint on mouse embryonic stem cells. After that, the FISH technique was applied on formalin-fixed mice ovarian tissue to highlight regions on oocyte chromosome. Then, oocytes at different stages were captured using 3D stacked imaging and categorised into three subpre-ovulated stages; primordial, primary, and secondary oocytes. The result has shown that increases of homologous chromosome separation in primary and secondary oocytes at 6-months old are detected. Moreover, 6-month old oocytes at those two stages have a higher proportion of separated FISH signal of sister chromatid than 3-month old oocytes. The result in this study gives an initial insight into physical changes of the chromosomes during oocyte ageing. Moreover, this study proposes that FISH, combined with 3D stacked imaging, are potential techniques to study chromosome cohesion in the mammalian oocyte at early stages of ovulation. Understanding what happens in mammalian oocyte would support medical prevention of congenital genetic diseases. However, further study is still needed in older mice and human oocytes.

Keywords: Chromosome missegregation, chromosome cohesion, primordial oocyte, dictyate arrest *These authors have contributed equally to this work. § Corresponding author.

E-mail address: Ian.Adams@igmm.ed.ac.uk 55

Session 1: Pure and Medical Science EFFECTS OF NEURAL STIMULATION DURATION ON CEREBRAL AND SYSTEMIC HAEMODYNAMIC PARAMETERS Kannakorn Intharakham1, ยง, Ronney B Panerai1,2 and Thompson G Robinson1,2 1 Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Cerebral Haemodynamics in Ageing and Stroke Medicine (CHIASM) Research Group, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom 2 National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom Abstract Cognitive paradigms are used for inducing increases in cerebral blood flow (CBF) related to increased metabolic demand, namely neurovascular coupling (NVC).

However, there is a lack of literature to explain the effect of stimulation duration on the NVC response in humans. We tested the hypothesis that different paradigm durations will lead to changes in parameters that characterise the cerebral and systemic circulations.

In 16 healthy participants (aged 21-71 yr), bilateral CBF velocity (CBFV) was recorded in the middle cerebral arteries (MCAs) via transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD), together with blood pressure (BP), the electrocardiogram (ECG) and end-tidal CO2 (EtCO2) at rest and during a randomised duration paradigm (5s, 30s and 60s) with serial 100-7 subtractions. Derived variables included heart rate (HR), critical closing pressure (CrCP) and resistance area product (RAP). All parameters were extracted at baseline (T1 at 40-50s), and during paradigm (T2 [60-70s], T3 [110-120s] and T4 [120-130s], respectively).

At baseline (T1), one-way ANOVA showed highly significant changes in bilateral CBFV, BP, and HR at all paradigm durations, but not CrCP and RAP (Figure).

Compared to T1, bilateral CBFV and HR were increased at T2 for all paradigm durations, and EtCO2 showed a significantly lower decrease for the 30s paradigm duration only. Compared to T3, BP response was higher at T2 for the 30s paradigm duration paradigm, but no significant differences were seen for the other paradigm durations. With respect to hemisphere, significant increases in CrCP were seen in the non-dominant hemisphere at T3 (05s, p=0.0137), T4 (30s, p=0.0350), and in CBFV at T4 (60s, p=0.0425).

These results show a complex pattern for the effects of paradigm duration on CBFV, BP, EtCO2, and other cerebral and systemic parameters. Further work is needed to identify the optimal paradigm duration for clinical applications.[IK1] [IK1] ANOVA of BP in 5s duration showed p=0.0455 is not less than 0.05. ยง Corresponding author E-mail address: ki44@leicester.ac.uk

56

1

Figure. Population averages of non-dominant (continuous line) and dominant hemisphere (dashed line) for CBFV (A, B, C), CrCP (D, E, F) and RAP (G, H, I) are represented BP (J, K, L) for 100-7 paradigm over durations of 5s (A, D, G, J), 30s (B, E, H, K) and 60s (C, F, I, L). Averages showed before (T1), during (T2, horizontal bar), and after stimulation (T3, T4).

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Session 1: Pure and Medical Science CHARACTERISATION OF RO7246360 BINDING TO CB1 AND 2 RECEPTORS USING HTRF TECHNOLOGY Pattarin Hompluem School of Life Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD United Kingdom Abstract BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The cannabinoid 1 receptor is thought to be important for multiple pharmacological indications including psychosis and diabetes. The cannabinoid 2 receptor is a potential target for pain and inflammatory diseases. The study of the binding interaction between ligands and these receptors can contribute to successful drug development, provided details of the mechanism of receptor interaction and the residence time (1/koff) profile of ligands. The homogenous time-resolved fluorescence (HTRF) assay format is a combination of the fluorescent resonance energy transfer (FRET) technique with added time-resolution. FRET comprises a fluorescent donor and acceptor which have to be sufficiently close together (nm distance) for efficient energy transfer.

EXPERIMENT APPROACH Lumi4-Tb labelled SNAP-tagged CB1 and CB2 receptors were used in the assay. Fluorescent ligand Dy480XL - RO7246360 was characterised to find its kinetics parameters, including Kd, kon and koff from association binding and dissociation binding. The CB1 receptor competition-association binding assay was formulated with unlabelled compounds, the CB1 specific antagonist rimonabant and SR144528. CB2 receptor binding used HU308 and SR144528 to determine both kinetic (kon and koff ) and equilibrium parameters (Ki) to validate the assay.

KEY RESULTS The fluorescent ligand RO7246360 and unlabelled compounds: HU308, SR144528 and rimonabant can be successfully characterised by HTRF. Both the reference antagonists, rimonabant and SR144528 displayed nM affinity for the CB2 and CB2 respectively. All unlabelled compound kinetics parameters were matched to the data from the literature, and reflect the precision of the binding assays developed.

CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATION HTRF-based assays were suitable for characterising kinetic and affinity profiles of labelled and unlabelled compounds. Thus, HTRF can be considered as an alternative assay to explore the interaction between ligand and cannabinoid receptors. Moreover, it is safer to handle and does not create radioactive waste. *Corresponding author E-mail address: p_h169@hotmail.com 58

2

Engineering and Technology

59

Session 2: Engineering and Technology SINGLET FISSION: MOLECULAR APPROACH TO EFFICIENT SOLAR ENERGY CONVERSION C. Phansaa,*, M.J.Y. Tayebjee a,b, A.B. Punc, S.N. Sandersc, E. Kumarasamyc, M.Y. Sfeird, L.M. Camposc, A. Asadpoordarvishe, D. McCameye, A. Raoa a Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK bSchool of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia cDepartment of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, USA dCenter for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, USA eARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia Abstract

Photovoltaic technology has improved significantly in the past decade.

However, this field of research is still growing to further enhance the utilization of solar energy. In this study, a novel photophysical process, called singlet fission (SF), is investigated. It can help increase the efficiency of photovoltaic devices beyond the Shockley-Queisser theoretical limit. The process allows the generation of two spin-triplet excitons from an initial photoexcited spin-singlet exciton. The triplets could potentially double the amount of electric carriers per one photon absorbed. This is a promising and effective process. However, it is a challenge to study the underlying mechanism of SF because of its rapid timescale and transient nature.

Moreover, in aggregated systems, film morphology has profound effects on the overall process. This complicates the system and is a problem for large scale fabrications. We focus on intramolecular singlet fission (iSF) in TIPS-tetracene-TIPS-anthracene oligomers, which provides an alternative approach to fundamental study and practical applications. We use timeresolved photoluminescence and ultrafast transient absorption techniques to probe associated spectroscopic features. Then, they are assigned to their spin counterparts using transient electron paramagnetic resonance techniques. The results demonstrate the role of triplet pairs, with an overall spin-singlet character, in mediating between singlet and triplet manifolds.

The correlated triplet pairs then dephase and give spin-uncoupled triplet pairs within a molecule. They have a relatively long lifetime of 100 ns offering more opportunities for triplet energy transfer. We also observe individual triplets in concentrated systems resulting from intermolecular interactions.

The triplet spectra match those of TIPS-tetracene subunit indicating the endothermic triplet energy. Our iSF systems can be combined with acceptors or lower band gap materials in order to utilize the triplet energy in dispersed systems. Ultimately, they provide a controlled platform and reveal spectroscopic and spin species involving in SF process. *Corresponding Author 60 E-mail: cp613@cam.ac.uk

ARE YOU LIVING IN A HEALTHY WORKPLACE? ENHANCING A WORKING ENVIRONMENT VIA BIOMEDICAL-ENGINEERING-ORIENTED IMPLEMENTATION

a

2

Jetsada A.a Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1QE, UK Abstract

Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are hidden killers that several current officers or routine workers are encountering nowadays. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports an increased incidence of people suffering from these diseases, which is particularly in young adults. Tracking daily physical activities from body movement can help in monitoring whether there is sufficient activity in everyday life. Many commercial trackers use a well-known accelerometer or gyroscope sensor to trace those activities; however, in some cases, there might be a lack of detection when the sensor is placed in a different position of the movement. Not only for the health, tracking human well-being is still a huge and active research field.

Objectives: This study proposed an integrated healthcare tracking system for observing the health and well-being of people using human biosignals. The system offers a real-time analysis that can be applied to a modern workplace with cuttingedge 5G technology, cloud computing, and big data.

Methodology: Biosignals including brainwaves, heart rates and body movements were mainly used in the system. A fashionable and adjustable headset was specifically designed for recording and streaming directly to a cloud computer via 5G networks.

The cloud system was employed to analyse and translate the incoming signals into a human-readable chart using a deep learning model. Each device can be accessed instantaneously using a mobile application. Additionally, a highly secured personal profile will be reported at the end of the day.

Result & Discussion: The proposed system showed promising results that can be used for long-term monitoring, even for medical purposes. Nevertheless, further essential investigations such as reliability testing and environmental safety testing are required for a commercial use.

Conclusion: Living in inappropriate and unhealthy workspaces leads to invisible harmfulness. By using the tracking system, it can help in avoiding such risky incidents in order to promote employee health and wellbeing.

Keywords: Well-being, healthy workplace, monitoring system, biosignals, physical activity, non-communicable disease, cloud computing, 5G technology, big data *Corresponding author E-mail address: jetsada.arnin@strath.ac.uk

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Session 2: Engineering and Technology WHY WON’T HIGH-SPEED RAIL SUCCESS IN THAILAND? THE COMPARISON STUDY OF THE SUCCESS HSR COMPANIES IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES USING BIG DATA METHOD Rungskunroch P.a*, Kaewunruen S.b, Shen Zuo-Jun c Birmingham Centre of Railway Research and Excellence, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT c Institute of Transportation Study, University of California, Berkeley CA 94720 a,b

Abstract Background: The High-Speed rail (HSR) has become new transportation for many developing countries. Many experts claimed that the HSR came with high technologies over other transportations that could change the country’s economic and the population’s life quality caused by the HSR projects has been highly invested.

However, the HSR projects offered different outcomes.

Objectives: To reveal actual benefits of the HSR projects from developed countries that can be adopted to make the success and prevented the failures of the new HSR projects. This research provides the guideline framework for the success HSR project in Thailand.

Methodology: The research conducts long-term data from internationally reliable sources and analyses through using advanced machine learning for making more accurately results. And, different imputation methods were used to fill the missing data, which the lowest-error method was used for further investigation stage.

Data sources: Electronic bibliographic databases were searched through reliable sources i.e., Science direct, Transportation research, World Bank, High-Speed rail companies’ annual report.

Study eligibility criteria: The HSR companies that are taken into this study must be serviced in developed country, contained at least 70% of total HSR distance in their country and operated more than 10 years. Six criteria frameworks regarding the sustainable development is provided in the research.

Main finding: By aiming at making the successful HSR project for Thailand, the authors suggest to follow the operating system from Japan Railway (JR) company to reduce the failure probability. In terms of economics and environment.

Conclusion: The research found that the level of success on HSR project was based on the conditions of each country and the excellent project management plan. The HSR project can get the return on investment within 20 years, which is faster than the average of HSR projects, reducing accidents on train and economic friendly.

Keywords: High-Speed rail (HSR), Big data, Transportation, Thailand *Corresponding author E-mail address: praw.panrawee@gmail.com

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HIGHLY ALIGNED DISCONTINUOUS FIBRE THERMOPLASTIC FILAMENTS AS FEEDSTOCK FOR ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING

2

Marco L. Longana1, Narongkorn Krajangsawasdi*1, Lourens G. Blok1, Ben K.S. Woods1, Ian Hamerton1, Dmitry Ivanov1 1 Bristol Composites Institute (ACCIS), Department of Aerospace Engineering,Queenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Building, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TR, UK Abstract Fused deposition modelling (FDM), a widely used additive manufacturing (AM) method, allows for production of complex geometries in an efficient way. Adding fibrous reinforcement to the low mechanical properties of general FDM materials as thermoplastic polymers to generate a composite filament leads to performance improvement and that may extend the FDM products applications from concept prototypes to more structural and functional applications such as highly tailored secondary structures, tooling or biomedical devices. Highly aligned discontinuous carbon fibre with a length above critical is an optimal reinforcement as it combines the high mechanical performance of continuous fibre and the high processability/formability of short fibre. This project focuses on manufacturing FDM filaments reinforced with aligned discontinuous fibres produced with the High Performance Discontinuous Fibre (HiPerDiF) technology and investigating their printing capabilities. The novel filament is characterised in term of chemical, TGA and DSC, and mechanical properties, tensile testing, microscopy and SEM. After a satisfactory filament was achieved, the printing parameters including nozzle temperature, printing speed, nozzle height from the bed, nozzle shape, and raster gap were investigated in order to obtain the best parameter set for the HiPerDiF-PLA filament printing. The 1.2-mm filament, reinforced with approximately 15% of fibre in weight, should be printed with low speed and temperature at the defined nozzle height and raster gap using filleted edge nozzle to achieve the lowest geometry variation along the printing line with highest mechanical properties. HiPerDiF-PLA printed parts exhibit tensile strength about 3 times (~121MPa) and elastic modulus about 6 times (~13.4 GPa) of neat PLA and the numbers are higher than the tensile properties of the discontinuous fibre reinforced thermoplastics manufactured by FDM process from literatures. Furthermore, the mechanical properties may be increased by minimizing void during the filament forming process.

Keywords: Fused deposition modelling, additive manufacture, composite, thermoplastic, discontinuous fibres, alignment *Corresponding author.

E-mail address: ih18506@bristol.ac.uk 63

Session 3: Humanities and Law

Humanities and Law

64

EXPLORING THE IMPACTS OF WESTERN MUSIC ON THAI OPERA: FOUNDATIONS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN COMPOSITION AND PERFORMANCE THROUGH THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

3

Fueanglada Prawang Music, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2DU Abstract This paper explores how aspects in the Western idiom have influenced Thai Opera in Western style. The first Thai Opera was written (but not performed) as early as 1911 by King Rama VI. However, since the turn of the Twenty-first Century, there has been an increase in the scholarly study of opera composition in Thailand (Amatyakul, 2007; Inkhong, 2011). This presentation raises important dialogue on the significance of King Rama VI, specifically regarding the foundation(s) and development(s) of Thai Opera.

Discussions also focus on how his work has influenced later composers, e.g.

Somtow Sulcharitkul (b.1952), who’s work Madana was the first-ever performed Thai Opera (2001), Krisada Reyes (b. 1960), who’s work “The story of the long gone animal” was the first Thai opera that sing in Thai (2008) and Bruce Gaston, an American composer who claim himself as Thai person, composed “A boy and A tiger” (2011).

Analysis rests on interviews with Thai composers and important Thai musicians: Somtow Sulcharitkul, Krisada Reyes and Ammatyakul (Mahidol University) who previously worked and grew up with the Thai Royal Family; and the other with Sulcharitkul. Formal interviews were translated from Thai to English. Transcriptions reveal the extent to which culture and politics have impacted (positively and negatively) on Thai Opera composition and performance: themes include the socio-political revolution(s) and prejudices.

Although the discussions presented in this paper stem from the author’s doctoral research, analytical perspectives include the viewpoint of the author’s professional experience(s) as an opera singer born and educated in Thailand. Findings suggest that although socio-culturally- and politicallysignificant, very little is known about Thai Opera. As an incredibly underresearched subject, this paper offers new insights on the topic. A working anthology is proposed in order to historically archive Thai Opera.

Keywords: Thai Opera; Thailand; interview; culture; composition § Corresponding author.

E-mail address: mup812@bangor.ac.uk

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Session 3: Humanities and Law THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE ROMAN EMPIRE AND SOUTHEAST ASIA BETWEEN THE FIRST AND FOURTH CENTURY AD Siwaree Attamana Classics and Ancient History, University of Exeter Abstract India and the areas located further East were once perceived as mystical lands, known to the ancient world as a place inhabited by the fantastic beasts [1] whose soil was abundant with gold [2] and whose rivers filled with milk and honey. [3] While intercontinental travel in Roman times may sound like a tall tale to modern audiences, the evidence in fact indicates that a vibrant global connection gradually developed from the Augustan period onwards. My research examines the connectivity between the Roman Empire and Southeast Asia from the first to fourth century AD, and investigates how each region was aware of the existence of the other from two thousand years ago.

By using an interdisciplinary approach in order to construct a wider global perspective of ancient connectivity, beyond the traditional scope of ‘Indo-Roman trade’, which has always remained the main focus for historians when studying connections with the East, my research prioritises understanding the contribution of Southeast Asia in the wider orbit of ancient Eurasian maritime connectivity. In particular, it explores the various factors underlying local, regional and inter-regional connectivity, in addition to the cultural and economic impacts of such interaction. In order to trace such connections, the methodology employed in my research includes not only textual sources from various provenances, but also material evidence from less frequentlymentioned regions, including Southeast Asia and India. My research will contribute fresh perspectives on ancient Eurasian maritime connectivity by incorporating an in-depth study on Southeast Asia in global maritime connectivity, and also aims to highlight diversity and the contribution from each region in sustaining the global connection. Essentially, this research will enable us to understand our history more thoroughly by using evidence from various sources to examine whether there is any chance that the Roman Empire and Southeast Asia could have coalesced at a certain period in our history prior to the attested connection in the fifteenth century.

[1] Arrian, Indika XV. 5-7.

[2] Strabo XV. 1.41.

[3] Dio Chrysostom, Discourses the Thirty-fifth Discourse, delivered in Celaenae in Phrygia 18. § Corresponding author.

E-mail address: Sa459@exeter.ac.uk

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COMMUNITY-BASED TOURISM IN THAILAND: TRANSLATION PROCESS AND PROCEDURE

3

Laphatrada Oâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Donnell PhD in Translation Studies, Goldsmiths, University of London Abstract The translation of tourism in Thailand has been overlooked by translation study researchers. The translation of tourism discourse means working between two languages and two cultures. The differences between languages cause cultural and linguistic gaps between the source language and the target language. The challenge of cross-cultural translation is to reproduce a sense of otherness and an experience of exoticism. My study focuses on translation process and procedure applied to community-based tourism brochures (CBT) published by the Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT). These community-based tourism brochures were originally written in Thai, then translated into English, and then English into French.

Firstly, the CBT brochure source texts and target texts will be analysed and compared by using systemic functional linguistics and descriptive translation approach. Then the investigation of institutional and individual translation strategies will be carried out by: a.

Conducting face-to-face interviews with TAT staff in Thailand and local office staff in France who were involved in the organising and project management of the CBT brochures; b.

Conducting face-to-face interviews with one freelance Thai nativespeaker translator in Thailand who was commissioned by the TAT to translate the brochures; c.

Conducting face-to-face interviews with one freelance French nativespeaker translator in France who was commissioned by the TAT to translate the brochures.

My study will shed light on the translation process and procedure related to CBT tourism. With regards to the TAT, the primary aim is to inform quality tourism translation practices in Thailand. The TAT will benefit from my research which will pinpoint development opportunities and areas of best practice. The research outcomes will be beneficial to future translation processes and procedures pertaining to other relevant projects. The results of the study may improve the quality of future projects in order to attract more potential customers of CBT to Thailand. § Corresponding author.

E-mail address: lodon002@gold.ac.uk

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Session 3: Humanities and Law FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION REGARDING PERSONALITY RIGHTS UNDER THAI LAW COMPARING WITH GERMAN LAW Mallikamarl C. Law School, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XQ, United Kingdom Abstract Freedom of expression is an important constitutional principle. These are main justifications for protecting this freedom: (i) it is important for discovering truth; (ii) it is an aspect of self-fulfilment; and (iii) it is an argument for people to participate in the democratic regime. Thailand recognises this principle in its Constitution, but the principle has limitations. Protecting personality rights is one of them. There are comments claiming that Thai defamation law which protects personality right violates the free expression principle and recommending that Thai law should amend the law of defamation. In particular, the offence of defamation should be decriminalised to provide more protection to freedom of expression.

This research will study whether the Thai defamation law practically violates freedom of expression principle. First, it will apply the comparative legal research method to investigate how Germany as a developed country deals with this issue. German law is chosen because it has a clear method to guarantee that constitutional rights are not proportionally violated. It is the method of ad hoc balancing. Furthermore, German law was a model for drafting the Thai Code law. The Thai constitutional framework is also similar to the German framework. Secondly, it will apply the doctrinal legal research method to discuss how Thai law practically protects freedom of expression in matters regarding personality rights. This research will investigate the Supreme Court Decisions relating to Thai defamation law and identify how Thai court protects freedom of expression.

This research aims to show how German law protects the freedom of expression in this area and compare with the current legal principle in Thailand. This research will suggest how to amend the current Thai defamation law to provide sufficient protection to freedom of expression in this area.

Keywords: Defamation, Freedom of Expression, Constitution, Thai Law, German Law ยง Corresponding author

E-mail address: cheewin.mallikamarl@strath.ac.uk

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MORALITY, FANTASY AND TRAUMA IN ROALD DAHL’S LIFE AND WRITING FOR CHILDREN

3

Pojana Maneeyingsakul English, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom HU6 9BJ Abstract This thesis investigates Roald Dahl’s children’s fiction, in relation to morality, trauma, gender and comic fantasy. His works have been frequently attacked by critics on grounds of violence, racism, and sexism. Dahl’s narrative treatment of his characters and his moral outlook are seen as problematic since his texts often feature amoral adult enemies of the child characters, and an unsentimental and subversive view of families. They have equally been subject to debate over their ‘suitability,’ and some have been challenged and banned. The author denies preaching morality, yet his child characters become moral crusaders and there are moral undertones and overt moral messages in his books.

Dahl criticism drives my investigation of the relationship between morality, reading, and interpretation in his fiction. Throughout the thesis, I apply close reading techniques to examine the way in which Dahl engages with moral issues in his works. Chapter One examines Dahl’s exceptional life through his autobiographies, family memoirs, and children’s and adult biographies to uncover Dahl’s contradictory personality. Several of his tragic experiences inform the issue of psychological trauma which is discussed in Chapter Two where Dahl appears briefly to acknowledge trauma but minimises the impact on his protagonists who subsequently become more resilient and optimistic.

Chapter Three interrogates gender bias and negative representation of men and women, while Chapter Four focuses in detail on how humour, wordplay, and neologism play crucial roles in his comic fantasy. Chapter Five explores the case of his continuing posthumous popularity as evidenced by his endorsement by marketing campaigns, culminating in his 2016 centenary celebration, while the phenomenal success of the Harry Potter series poses a new challenge to his dominance of the market. The thesis as a whole, therefore, reappraises Dahl’s works, the significance of his moral position, and his ongoing impact in the twenty-first century. § Corresponding author.

E-mail address: mpojana@hotmail.com

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Session 4: Finance and Business

Finance and Business

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BIN IT OR BITE IT? AN INVESTIGATION INTO BRITISH AND THAI CONSUMER FOOD WASTE BEHAVIOUR

4

Ponjan Pinpart Agricultural and Food Economics, University of Reading, Reading, RG1 3DG, United Kingdom Abstract Every year, one-third of the food produced for human consumption is wasted. To tackle the problem, a better understanding of consumer food waste (CFW) behaviour is essential. There has been a lack of insight about CFW in Thailand whereas a body of literature about CFW in the UK has been growing over the past decade with more successful CFW reduction campaigns launched. Despite the lack of quantitative data on CFW in Thailand, the amount of municipal waste shows an increase every year.

This research aims to investigate CFW behaviour in meal settings by comparing British and Thai consumers with the focus on their decision to save leftover food. This research highlights five key factors; the presence of others during dining, place of dining, food price, the amount of leftover food, and future meal plans. This research is based on three projects. Firstly, in-depth interviews with 20 Thai food service providers were conducted to gain knowledge of the CFW situation in Thailand. Secondly, an online survey provided quantitative data from 208 British participants and 209 Thai participants. Vignette method was used to portray hypothetical dining scenarios for participants to report their CFW behaviour. Thirdly, four focus group discussions were carried out to gain in-depth opinions and experience from consumers from both countries. This research concludes that food cost has a significant effect on all consumers whereas the place of dining only affects British consumers. The presence of others is significant when being considered with the amount of food remaining for British and with the place of dining for Thai consumers. Knowing which factors are more important in each country helps policymakers and stakeholders target CFW more precisely in efforts to reduce it. As a result of these investigations, suggestions were identified for future research in relation to CFW. ยง Corresponding author.

E-mail address: ponjan.pinpart@gmail.com

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Session 4: Finance and Business PREPARATIONS FOR THE ASEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY (AEC) AND IMPLICATIONS FOR DENTAL SERVICES AND THE DENTAL WORKFORCE IN THAILANDâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S NORTHEASTERN BORDER PROVINCES Soraya Chaleoijit College of Human and Health Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP United Kingdom Abstract The coming of the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) in 2015 opened the way for greater mobility of skilled professionals, and also pushed governments to improve social protection for unskilled migrant workers. The study described here investigated how far the delivery of dental services was affected as new regulations introduced as AEC were implemented.

This research was conducted in 2016-17 in five northeastern Thai provinces that border Laos PDR and Cambodia. Eleven focus group discussions were conducted with a total of thirty-seven Laotian and Cambodian workers.

Sixty-three interviews were completed with stakeholders in the Ministry of Public Health system, the National Health Security Office, dental staff in the public and private sectors, and Thai employers. Qualitative content analysis was used to draw out key themes.

Professional mobility within the ASEAN countries is facilitated by mutual recognitions agreements (MRAs), which established equivalence of qualifications. However, significant barriers to movement of dental staff remained because of different curricula and educational standards, and problems of language competency. The study found a near total absence of Lao and Cambodian dentists in the study areas, with the exception of a handful of private clinics.

The growing flow of unskilled migrant workers placed extra demands on Thai medical and dental services. Attempts to get a higher proportion of workers to register at government and join a public health insurance scheme for migrants were largely ineffective. Changing regulations, unclear policy messages, and a complicated and costly registration process at one-stop service centres meant that many workers opted to remain undocumented.

A high proportion of those seeking dental treatment paid out-of-pocket or sought free care. Barriers to access for migrants included long waiting times in public dental clinics, clinic hours that clashed with the working day, discrimination on the basis of ethnicity, poor Thai language proficiency and transport problems. § Corresponding author.

E-mail address: soraya_mam@hotmail.com

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TRANSITION TO ELECTRIC VEHICLES: TECHNOLOGICAL LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT OF SMES IN THE THAI AUTOMOTIVE SECTOR

4

Charumilin P. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Strathclyde Glasgow, G1 1XQ, United Kingdom Abstract Car producers are under the pressure for a shift towards automotive technologies that are environmentally sustainable, from the use of internal combustion engine to technologies associated with electric vehicles.

However, the question remains how firms along the automotive supply chain react to such challenges posed by environmental trends. The issue raised by this research is crucial to the automotive industry in Thailand which is the main industry with a major contribution to the country’s economy. Where SMEs constitute the lion’s share in the supply chain of the Thai automotive industries, the ability of SMEs to catch up with changing technology and the factors that promote or inhibit the development of such capabilities in SMEs have yet to be addressed. Therefore, this study aims to explore technological learning processes of SMEs and identify how SMEs learn in the context of environmentally changes in policy, and technology regimes. It will also explore the interactions of SMEs with different partners on networks (i.e. supplier-customer and industry-university-government relationships) and how these relationships influence technological learning processes in SMEs. The study also interests in the effect of government policies on network formation to facilitate triple helix interactions and expedite the processes of technological learning. This study uses Multi Level Perspective (MLP) as theoretical framework to explore process of transition involving multiple actors and institutions for transition to EVs production to occur. The research results would be expected to show how, and which type of SMEs in the Thai automotive industry are responsive to policy pressures and incentives for technological change; and how they would learn using knowledge networks.

The results would help guide policy makers in formulating specific policies to support technology transition of SMEs in automotive sector.

Keywords: Knowledge networks, Multi-Level Perspective, Electric vehicles, Transition theory, Automotive industry § Corresponding author.

E-mail address: pattarawan.charumilin@strath.ac.uk

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Session 4: Finance and Business AFFECTING FACTORS OF SUCCESS FOR FEMALE-OWNED SMEs IN FIVE PROVINCES IN THE SOUTH OF THAILAND Siriphan T. a, *, Kok S. b, *, O’Brien S. c, *, Di Cristo N. d, * Liverpool Business School , Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 5UG, UK b Liverpool Business School , Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 5UG, UK c Liverpool Business School , Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 5UG, UK d Liverpool Business School , Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 5UG, UK a

Abstract Objective: This study investigates keys factors of barriers and characteristics relating to succeed for female owner Small and Medium sized Enterprises (SMEs) in five provinces (Songkhla, Pattani, Narathiwat, Yala and Satun) of Southern Thailand.

These areas have problems with respect to social and political issues and some provinces are in the group of highest poverty rates in Thailand. Thus, understanding in obstacles, characteristics and perception of success of women entrepreneurs are a vital role in development of economic growth and poverty reduction the longterm, since female-owned SMEs can create a new employment and increase revenue to a local economy. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate factors, that impact on business’ success.

Methods: This study used a mixed methods approach. Quantitative data were gathered via survey questionnaires and the collected data was analysed using the structural equation modelling (SEM). While, qualitative data conducted with semistructured interviews of women owner-founders and NVivo was used to analysis the data.

Results: Characteristics factor consisting of risk-taking behaviour, desire to overcome hurdles and solve problems, set clear goals and innovative behaviour have an impact on a success of female entrepreneurs. Other significant finding reveals that perception of success for SMEs women-owned in south of Thailand include both of a financial criteria (profit, growth and expansion business) and non-financial criteria (self-fulfilment, helping other and social contribution).

Conclusion: Characteristics factor is a key success for SMEs women-owned in south of Thailand.

Therefore, preparing and developing herself characteristic are important for surviving, growth and success of business. Women owned business could have a part of a reconstructive socioeconomic development and lead to a peace of Southern Thailand. Finally, findings would also be beneficial to policymakers thereby facilitating the development of suitable training course for improvement that would be advantageous to women owner-businesses.

Keywords: Characteristics, Women entrepreneurs, SMEs, Thailand, Mixed methods *These authors have contributed equally to this work. § Corresponding author.

E-mail address: T.siriphan@2014.ljmu.ac.uk

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THE PRODUCTION AND REPRODUCTION OF WATER INSECURITY IN A NORTHERN THAI VILLAGE

4

Lim, Ala Department of Geography and Environment, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, WC2A 2AE, United Kingdom a

Abstract The villagers of Mai Nong Hoi in northern Thailand face acute water issues in their everyday lives. The unreliably intermittent piped water supply has become their “water problem.” Cleanliness, comfort, and convenience are compromised in their daily routines, worsened especially during acute periods of water shortage during Thailand’s dry season. Since the village’s inception forty years ago, the state has tried to address the water problem in numerous ways—they built a reservoir, deployed water tanks during a drought, and rationalized the water problem through a rain shadow explanation—but all these interventions have failed to fix it. Why does the water problem persist and why has its interventions continued to fail in the water-scarce Mai Nong Hoi village? To address this research question, I adopted a qualitative empirical research methodology that was primarily ethnographic; it comprised participant observation, 26 semi-structured interviews, and over 30 informal interviews in 2018. My paper’s main findings are that the water problem’s perpetuation and the failure to fix it are functions of its conceptual construction. The problem was first produced due to the application of high-modernist planning and was reproduced through the state’s intervening strategies that facilitated a declining moral economy of water. Moreover, the rain shadow explanation’s enmeshment with local syncretic beliefs misattributed the main factors driving the water problem. In other words, remediative interventions produced socio-spatial inequity that, in turn, reproduced the problem they were meant to solve. The implications of my research include how ideology produced socio-spatial inequity, thus pointing toward the unintended consequences of solving resource insecurity through technical rationality.

Keywords: Water insecurity, intermittent water, northern Thailand, peasants, high-modernist ideology, moral economy of water, local beliefs Corresponding author Email address: z.lim6@lse.ac.uk

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Session 2: Engineering and Technology HIGH EMISSIVITY COATINGS FOR CEMENT ROTARY KILN Jindaporn Juthapakdeeprasert Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom Abstract The world faces probable catastrophe due a significant increase in energy consumption and CO2 gas emission in coming decades. The cement industry is in the top 5 contributors to this crisis. Unfortunately, in the cement rotary kiln, 40% of the input energy is lost as heat. Nearly half of that is lost through the shell of the kiln. Reducing this lost energy is a challenging topic for a PhD research project. My PhD focuses on developing a high emissivity coating for the inside surface of the cement rotary kiln.

The function of the coating is to absorb heat then re-emit it back inside instead of being lost to the environment through the refractory brick and kiln shell (see figure below). The closer the emissivity value is to a value of 1 the more energy is saved. The coating being studied is composed of cerium oxide, a most abundant rare earth element with high melting point (2477oC) and high emissivity (0.9 at 1000-2000oC). The coating contains a phosphate-based binder to give adhesive force between the cerium oxide and the substrate. The substrate and coating emissivities were measured with an in-house emissivity apparatus at Center National De La Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), OrlĂŠans, France. They reveal that a substrate coated with high emissivity designed coating gave an emissivity value of 0.8 double the emissivity of an uncoated substrate which was 0.4. In conclusion, this research reveals a promising high emissivity coating that can improve the cement rotary kiln efficiency and reduce damage to the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s atmosphere.

Figure: A schematic image comparing heat transfer; a) without high emissivity coating, b) with high emissivity coating. *Corresponding author E-mail address: jj1916@ic.ac.uk

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Organising Committee Advisory Board

H.E. Mr. Pisanu Suvanajata

Ambassador of Thailand to the United Kingdom

Mrs. Thipayasuda Suvanajata

Spouse of the Ambassador of Thailand to the United Kingdom

Miss Vatcharaporn Ratanayonont

Minister (of Education)

Advisory Committee

Dr. Srijittra Ratanayanont

RF Design and Optimisation Engineer, Network Rail

Dr. Nat Na-Ek

Pharm D MSc PhD Lecturer at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, Thailand

Ms. Sirada Khemanitthathai

PhD (candidate) at SOAS, University of London

Mr. Possapon Charoenporn

PhD (candidate) at London School of Economics

Mr. Sorawat Sangkaew

PhD (candidate) at Imperial College London

Ms. Ponpavi Sangsuradej

PhD (candidate) at SOAS, University of London

Mr. Shen Treratanakulchai

PhD (candidate) at Imperial College London

Ms. Piyada Gaewkhiew

PhD (candidate) at Kingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s College London

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Committee

78

Mr. Bheera Asawachinda

Undergraduate student at London School of Economics

Mr. Narit Nuanduang

Undergraduate student at University College London

Mr. Inchanok Prasittiphontavee

Undergraduate student at University of Exeter

Mr. Siri Tengtrirat

Postgraduate student at Loughborough University London

Ms. Pawida Arpawasin

Undergraduate student at Swansea University

Mr. Siddha Kumwongwan

Undergraduate student at University College London

Mr. Narun Tantichirasakul

Undergraduate student at Kingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s College London

Mr. Narawut Thepwanitcha

Undergraduate student at University College London

Mr. Rapee Wanaset

Undergraduate student at University of Southhamton

Ms. Sirada Techakitpaisarn

Undergraduate student at University College London

Mr. Sorawit Onsaard

Undergraduate student at London School of Economics

Ms. Wanwarang Sapmool

Undergraduate student at University of Reading

Ms. Nontanasorn Budninpech

Undergraduate student at Imperial College London

Ms. Atchara Viseshasindhu

Undergraduate student at Queen Mary University of London

Mr. Posatorn Ongvarasopon

Undergraduate student at Queen Mary University of London

Mr.Panawat Wong-Klaew

Undergraduate student at University of Cambridge

Mr. Saharattaphom Preekran

Postrgraduate student at Queen Mary University of London

Ms. Vanessa Chirayus

Undergraduate student at University of the Arts, London

Mr. Thantham Nawathamthanon

Undergraduate student at University of the Arts, London

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Acknowledgements The organising committee of SACC 2020 would like to take this opportunity to extend our gratitude to H.E. Mr. Pisanu Suvanajata, Ambassador of Thailand to the United Kingdom, and Miss Vatcharaporn Ratanayanont, Minister (for Education), the Office of Educational Affairs, Royal Thai Embassy for their administrative support.

Additionally, we would like to thank PTTGC and Tesco Lotus for sponsoring the prizes, travel grant and networking event, Abstract Competition prizes.

Last but not least, we wish to thank our advisors, colleagues and students for their enormous contributions towards organising this event from the beginning until completion.

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2020 Diversity Drives the Future