Cultural anthropology the human challenge 14th edition haviland test bank

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Chapter 8 – Economic Systems MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. What do we call a system in which goods are produced, distributed, and consumed? a. Economic b. Political c. Religious d. Kinship e. Industrial ANS: A OBJ: 1

DIF: Factual MSC: Pickup

REF: Production and Its Resources

2. When a man works hard in his garden in the Trobriand Islands to produce yams, he does this

to satisfy which of the following demands? a. To have food for his household to eat b. To gain prestige by giving yams away to his sister’s husbands c. To prove to his wife that he can work as hard as she can d. To give the yams to his wife so that she can trade them for goods that they don’t produce themselves e. To trade for fish ANS: B OBJ: 1

DIF: Conceptual MSC: Pickup

REF: Production and Its Resources

3. Which of the following statements is correct? a. Yams are eaten at every meal once harvest season occurs. b. A family gets all of its yams from the husband’s sister’s family. c. Once harvested, yams are not usually eaten as daily food. d. All men sponsor a yam competition as a puberty ritual. e. Women are never allowed to handle or distribute yams.

ANS: C OBJ: 1

DIF: Applied MSC: New

REF: Production and Its Resources

4. Which of the following items is exchanged in the Trobriands during death rituals? a. Cotton skirts b. Banana leaf bundles c. Wheat sheaves d. Money e. Sweet potatoes mounds ANS: B OBJ: 1

DIF: Applied MSC: New

REF: Production and Its Resources

112

5. A typical Ju/’hoansi band requires about how many square miles of land? a. 750 b. 500 c. 250 d. 100 e. 50 ANS: C OBJ: 2

DIF: Factual MSC: Pickup

REF: Production and Its Resources

6. Among food foragers such as the Ju/’hoansi, a. land is defined as a territory with usable resources and flexible boundaries that

belongs to a band that has occupied it for a long time. b. land is thought of as belonging to those who have bought it. c. land is considered private property, however the owner wants to share in order to

be part of the band. d. land is owned by the ancestors, and the living only use it. e. land is leased by a corporation of strangers who support the survival of the

foraging lifestyle.

ANS: A OBJ: 2

DIF: Conceptual MSC: Pickup

REF: Production and Its Resources

7. Tools tend to be fewer and simpler among a. mobile food foragers and pastoralists. b. semi-permanent horticulturalists. c. sedentary agriculturalists. d. wealthy industrialists. e. rice farmers.

ANS: A OBJ: 2

DIF: Applied MSC: Pickup

REF: Production and Its Resources

113

8. The following statements about land are made by people who belong to food-foraging,

horticultural, pastoralist, intensive agriculturalist, and industrial societies. Which statement is most likely to be made by horticulturalists from a tributary system of land ownership in West Africa? a. “The land of my people is the land around Spirit Lake, where my ancestors emerged and where we hold annual ceremonies.” b. “I gave the land to my brother’s son, who distributed it among his sons, for which they pay me ten days’ work a year. When the eldest son died, I gave his land to my cousin, who needs more land for his growing family.” c. “I paid ten grand for that parcel of land in the desert, and expect it to double in value in the next five years.” d. “In the summer, we go to our land in the mountains, and in the winter, we pass through the land corridor to the east, using the water holes and meadows for grass until we reach the summer pastures.” e. “I inherited five acres of land from my mother, as well as the rights to use the water from the river three days a week.”

ANS: B OBJ: 2

DIF: Applied MSC: Pickup

REF: Production and Its Resources

9. When a tool is complex and difficult to make, it is usually considered to be owned by a. the whole village in which it is used. b. a single individual. c. the state. d. all those who touch it. e. all relatives.

ANS: B OBJ: 2

DIF: Applied MSC: Pickup

REF: Production and Its Resources

10. Which tool would you not expect to find among horticulturalists? a. Digging stick b. Carrying containers c. Axe d. Plow e. Hoe ANS: D OBJ: 2

DIF: Applied MSC: New

REF: Production and Its Resources

114

11. Which of the following situations represents a flexible/integrated pattern of gender division of

labor? a. A pastoral nomadic camp in which the men spend most of the time with the herds, and women remain in camp and make butter and clothing b. An intensive agricultural society in which the men are out plowing the fields from dawn until dusk while the women are making bread, gathering eggs, making baskets, and other household work c. A foraging society where both men and women contribute to daily food consumption, share in responsibilities, and sometimes exchange duties d. An industrial society in which a factory worker leaves for work at 7 a.m. and returns home at 5:30 p.m., while his wife takes care of the children at home e. A factory where both men and women work, although women are the managers and men the line workers ANS: C OBJ: 2

DIF: Applied MSC: Pickup

REF: Production and Its Resources

12. Among the Ju/’hoansi, a. children are expected to contribute to subsistence from the time they reach puberty

(around 14 or 15). b. elderly people past the age of 60 are expected to contribute hunted or gathered

food to the group, as they are being taken care of by others now. c. elderly people are a valuable source of knowledge and wisdom about hunting and gathering and are consulted regularly. d. elderly people are taken care of grudgingly because after the age of 60 they contribute nothing to the group. e. children are expected to set up their own separate households by the time they are 16.

ANS: C OBJ: 2

DIF: Applied MSC: Pickup

REF: Production and Its Resources

13. In which society are we most likely to find exploitative child labor conditions? a. Foraging b. Horticultural c. Agricultural d. Pastoral e. Industrial ANS: E OBJ: 2

DIF: Applied MSC: New

REF: Production and Its Resources

115

14. Cooperative work groups are found a. in all societies worldwide. b. only in illiterate, nonindustrial societies. c. only in extended households with married parents, children, and grandparents. d. only in horticultural societies. e. in agricultural societies, although there are special times where it occurs in

industrial societies.

ANS: A OBJ: 2

DIF: Applied MSC: Pickup

REF: Production and Its Resources

15. In most societies, the basic unit of the cooperation is the a. village. b. household. c. state. d. religious group. e. division of labor by gender.

ANS: B OBJ: 2

DIF: Applied MSC: Pickup

REF: Production and Its Resources

16. There is a degree of task specialization in all societies. In the Danakil region of Eritrea, the

Afar men occasionally mine what mineral as a trade good? a. Iron b. Salt c. Silver d. Tin e. Mercury ANS: B OBJ: 2

DIF: Applied MSC: New

REF: Distribution and Exchange

17. Anthropologist Amanda Stronza studied ecotourism in northern Bolivia. The local indigenous

leaders saw all of the following benefits in local ecotourism except: a. creation of local employment opportunities. b. development of new markets for local handicrafts. c. desire to leave behind local cultural traditions and become more “Western.” d. resources to construct new schools and health clinics. e. development of a community identity.

ANS: C OBJ: 2

DIF: Applied MSC: New

REF: Distribution and Exchange

116

18. What do we call the division of labor pattern in which men and women carry out their work

separately, while maintaining a socially and economically complementary balance? a. Symmetrical pattern b. Segregated patterns c. Flexible/integrated pattern d. Dual-sex configuration e. Male-female oppositional labor ANS: D OBJ: 2

DIF: Factual MSC: New

REF: Production and Its Resources

19. The mode of distribution called reciprocity refers to the exchange of goods and services a. between people in hierarchical relationships. b. for the purpose of maintaining social relationships and gaining prestige. c. to make a profit. d. to embarrass the person who gave the least. e. of unequal value.

ANS: B OBJ: 3

DIF: Factual MSC: Pickup

REF: Distribution and Exchange

20. When an Australian hunter gives away most of his meat to relatives without specifying what

is expected in return, he is exemplifying a. generalized reciprocity. b. negative reciprocity. c. balanced reciprocity. d. redistribution. e. market exchange.

ANS: A OBJ: 3

DIF: Applied MSC: Pickup

REF: Distribution and Exchange

21. Balanced reciprocity a. is part of a long-term process in which nothing is specified about what is expected

in return or when it is expected. b. involves the expectation of a specific and immediate exchange. c. usually occurs between members of different communities who may have a

hostile, distrustful relationship. d. is exemplified by your stopping to give a stranger a lift, and replying, when he

thanks you, “Pass it on to the next stranger you meet who needs your help.” e. does not occur in industrial societies.

ANS: B OBJ: 3

DIF: Applied MSC: Pickup

REF: Distribution and Exchange

117

22. “Buyer beware!” is the philosophy many North American business people use. What type of

reciprocal exchange does this philosophy imply? a. Balanced b. Negative c. Generalized d. Ambiguous e. Deceptive ANS: B OBJ: 3

DIF: Applied MSC: Pickup

REF: Distribution and Exchange

23. The Kula ring is a form of _____ that reinforces trade relations among a group of seafaring

Melanesians inhabiting a ring of islands off the eastern coast of Papua New Guinea. a. negative reciprocity b. balanced reciprocity c. market exchange d. silent trade e. generalized reciprocity ANS: B OBJ: 3

DIF: Applied MSC: Pickup

REF: Distribution and Exchange

24. The Kula ring functions to do all of the following except: a. distribute scarce resources over a broad ecological zone. b. establish allies among potential enemies. c. gain power through the ability to give and receive highly valued prestige items. d. accumulate wealth in the hands of an upper-class elite. e. foster a ritual of ceremonial exchange.

ANS: D OBJ: 3

DIF: Applied MSC: New

REF: Distribution and Exchange

25. What is silent trade? a. Exchange of goods only through various intermediaries so that the final consumer

does not know the producer b. Exchange of goods and services between distant groups who are unable to have

direct contact c. Exchange of goods between mutually distrusting ethnic groups that do not want

personal contact d. A type of redistribution in which there is a display of wealth for social prestige e. A mode of exchange in which goods flow into a central location and are then

redistributed without acknowledging ownership ANS: C OBJ: 3

DIF: Factual MSC: New

REF: Distribution and Exchange

118

26. The U.S. system of paying income taxes every April is an example of a. generalized reciprocity. b. balanced reciprocity. c. negative reciprocity. d. redistribution. e. market exchange.

ANS: D OBJ: 3

DIF: Applied MSC: Pickup

REF: Distribution and Exchange

27. For redistribution to be possible, a society must have a. a cultural emphasis on generosity. b. an egalitarian social order. c. a centralized system of political organization. d. an informal economy. e. industrialization and urbanization.

ANS: C OBJ: 3

DIF: Conceptual MSC: Pickup

REF: Distribution and Exchange

28. The display of wealth for social prestige is called a. a leveling mechanism. b. conspicuous consumption. c. redistribution. d. balanced reciprocity. e. barter.

ANS: B OBJ: 3

DIF: Factual MSC: Pickup

REF: Distribution and Exchange

29. The concept that by obligation wealthier members of the community give to less wealthy

members so that no one accumulates more wealth than anyone else is called a. conspicuous consumption. b. generalized reciprocity. c. a leveling mechanism. d. silent trade. e. negative reciprocity.

ANS: C OBJ: 4

DIF: Factual MSC: Pickup

REF: Local Economies and Global Capitalism

30. Leveling mechanisms are a. more common in hunter-gatherer societies than in horticultural societies. b. associated with one family becoming wealthier than others. c. found in communities where property is not allowed to threaten egalitarian social

order. d. more common in industrial societies than in agricultural societies. e. no longer in existence.

ANS: C OBJ: 4

DIF: Applied MSC: Pickup

REF: Local Economies and Global Capitalism 119

31. From an economist’s point of view, “market exchange” is defined by a. the purchase of goods in a marketplace. b. the buying and selling of goods and services whose value is determined by supply

and demand. c. the role of middlemen who bring buyers and sellers together. d. face-to-face bargaining for goods and/or services. e. the role of large multinational corporations, using a formal stock exchange.

ANS: B OBJ: 4

DIF: Factual MSC: Pickup

REF: Local Economies and Global Capitalism

32. Which of the following is the fundamental characteristic of the market in non-Western

societies? a. It is located in a rural area close to where produce is grown b. It is found only in towns where produce is grown, distributed, and consumed c. It is an abstract concept, where goods are exchanged over the Internet d. It is a traditional marketplace, where actual goods are exchanged e. There is no concrete marketplace where actual goods are exchanged ANS: D OBJ: 4

DIF: Applied MSC: Pickup

REF: Local Economies and Global Capitalism

33. Something used to make payments for other goods and services as well as to measure their

value is called a. money. b. credit. c. prestige. d. barter. e. silent trade.

ANS: A OBJ: 5

DIF: Factual MSC: Pickup

REF: Local Economies and Global Capitalism

34. When Spanish invaded Mexico and Guatemala, they adopted the local practice of using

money. What item represented money in this area? a. Coca leaves b. Cacao c. Feathers d. Salt e. Silver ANS: B DIF: Applied REF: Informal Economy and the Escape from State Bureaucracy OBJ: 6 MSC: Pickup

120

35. Which of the following is not a chemical found in chocolate? a. Anandamide b. Phenylethylamine c. Tryptophan d. Formaldehyde e. Theobromine ANS: D DIF: Applied REF: Informal Economy and the Escape from State Bureaucracy OBJ: 6 MSC: Pickup 36. What do we call a network of producing and circulating marketable commodities, labor, and

services that for various reasons escapes government control? a. Formal economy b. Informal economy c. Hidden economy d. Silent trade e. Redistribution ANS: B DIF: Factual REF: Informal Economy and the Escape from State Bureaucracy OBJ: 6 MSC: Pickup 37. Anthropologist Rosita Worl is a member of which Native American tribal group? a. Creek b. Haida c. Tlingit d. Assiniboine e. Kootenai ANS: C DIF: Factual REF: Informal Economy and the Escape from State Bureaucracy OBJ: 6 MSC: New 38. Anthropologist Rosita Worl has been associated with each of the following except: a. Board of Directors at Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of the American b. c. d. e.

Indian.

President of the Sealaska Heritage Institute. founder of Alaska Native News. faculty at University of Alaska Southeast. author of Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act.

ANS: E DIF: Applied REF: Informal Economy and the Escape from State Bureaucracy OBJ: 6 MSC: New

121

39. Every fall, a group of about 600 migrants travels to Maine to work on the apple harvest. They

are contacted by a labor recruiter in their home country and given temporary foreign farm work visas. Often, they must change aspects of their physical appearance to be seen as more “employable.” Where are they from? a. Mexico b. India c. Bolivia d. Jamaica e. Australia ANS: D DIF: Applied REF: Informal Economy and the Escape from State Bureaucracy OBJ: 6 MSC: New 40. What is a remittance? a. A type of farm work visa that is issued only seasonally and cannot be renewed b. A form of transportation that the employee sends to bring workers to the U.S. c. A portion of earnings that is sent back to families in another location d. A percentage of earnings that is paid to the local job recruiter e. A type of salary that is higher than minimum wage and paid as an enticement too

workers (a kind of monetary advance) ANS: C DIF: Factual REF: Informal Economy and the Escape from State Bureaucracy OBJ: 6 MSC: New TRUE/FALSE 1. Anthropologists focus on culture as a way of explaining economic behavior.

ANS: T MSC: New

REF: Production and Its Resources

OBJ: 1

2. Economic behavior can be analyzed in purely economic terms without ignoring crucial

noneconomic considerations.

ANS: F MSC: Pickup

REF: Production and Its Resources

OBJ: 1

3. Raw materials, labor, and technology are the productive resources used by all societies.

ANS: T MSC: Pickup

REF: Production and Its Resources

OBJ: 2

4. Among food foragers, tools may be given or loaned to others in exchange for the products

gained from their use.

ANS: T MSC: New

REF: Production and Its Resources 122

OBJ: 2

5. A division of labor by gender is found only in foraging and horticultural societies.

ANS: F MSC: New

REF: Production and Its Resources

OBJ: 2

6. Food producers have less craft specialization than food foragers.

ANS: F MSC: Pickup

REF: Production and Its Resources

OBJ: 2

7. Today, almost 215 million child laborers under the age of 14 work for income.

ANS: T MSC: New

REF: Production and Its Resources

OBJ: 2

8. In 2011, more than 1 billion people were employed by the tourist industry worldwide.

ANS: F MSC: New

REF: Production and Its Resources

OBJ: 2

9. Amanda Stronza is involved in doing applied anthropology among the Trobriands, where she

studies aspects of women’s work and task specialization.

ANS: F MSC: New

REF: Distribution and Exchange

OBJ: 2

10. The Kula ring is a form of barter in which no actual trade takes place.

ANS: F MSC: Pickup

REF: Distribution and Exchange

OBJ: 3

11. A customary practice such as hosting a birthday party is an example of negative reciprocity.

ANS: F MSC: New

REF: Distribution and Exchange

OBJ: 3

12. The Inca Empire featured a highly efficient redistributive system.

ANS: T MSC: Pickup

REF: Distribution and Exchange

OBJ: 3

13. Because these events were sponsored alternately by different ethnic groups, the potlatch was a

form of balanced reciprocity.

ANS: F MSC: New

REF: Distribution and Exchange

123

OBJ: 3

14. Leveling mechanisms are found in every society, although they are less common in smaller,

more traditional societies where there is less material need.

ANS: F OBJ: 4

REF: Local Economies and Global Capitalism MSC: New

15. Market exchange is defined as the exchange of goods through face-to-face bargaining in a

market place.

ANS: F OBJ: 5

REF: Local Economies and Global Capitalism MSC: Pickup

16. Among the Inca there was such a thing as “chocolate money.”

ANS: F OBJ: 6

REF: Informal Economy and the Escape from State Bureaucracy MSC: Pickup

17. The use of money for exchange has been traced back as far as 5,000 years ago in

Mesopotamia.

ANS: T OBJ: 5

REF: Local Economies and Global Capitalism MSC: New

18. Migrant workers often send remittances to their families back in their home village.

ANS: T OBJ: 6

REF: Informal Economy and the Escape from State Bureaucracy MSC: Pickup

19. Rosita Worl is a Native American anthropologist who now works to encourage traditional

communities to enter the global market and put aside their less profit-oriented economic ventures.

ANS: F OBJ: 6

REF: Informal Economy and the Escape from State Bureaucracy MSC: New

20. In some countries, the informal economy generates as much as 40% of the GNP. ANS: T OBJ: 6

REF: Informal Economy and the Escape from State Bureaucracy MSC: New

SHORT ANSWER 1. What is an economic system from an anthropological approach?

ANS: Will vary

REF: Production and Its Resources

MSC: New

2. Describe the variation that exists among nonindustrial societies in their organization of labor

by age.

ANS: Will vary

REF: Production and Its Resources 124

MSC: Pickup

3. What is the women’s role in the Trobriand economy?

ANS: Will vary

REF: Production and Its Resources

MSC: New

4. What are the productive resources that all societies must organize according to culturally

appropriate rules?

ANS: Will vary

REF: Production and Its Resources

MSC: Pickup

5. How are land and water resources allocated differently in a foraging versus an agricultural

society?

ANS: Will vary

REF: Production and Its Resources

MSC: New

6. Define technology, and describe how it varies in societies with different economic systems.

ANS: Will vary

REF: Production and Its Resources

MSC: Pickup

7. Name and describe three different divisions of labor by gender.

ANS: Will vary

REF: Production and Its Resources

MSC: New

8. What are the benefits that some local communities acquire by engaging in global ecotourism?

ANS: Will vary

REF: Distribution and Exchange

MSC: New

9. Define three types of reciprocity, and give examples of each.

ANS: Will vary

REF: Distribution and Exchange

MSC: Pickup

10. Describe the economic and noneconomic functions of the Kula ring.

ANS: Will vary

REF: Distribution and Exchange

MSC: Pickup

11. What is meant by the term “conspicuous consumption”? Give an example.

ANS: Will vary

REF: Distribution and Exchange

MSC: New

12. Describe the conditions that are likely to produce an economic system of redistribution.

ANS: Will vary

REF: Distribution and Exchange

MSC: Pickup

13. Describe the potlatch.

ANS: Will vary

REF: Distribution and Exchange

MSC: Pickup

14. What is a leveling mechanism? Discuss and provide an example.

ANS: Will vary

REF: Local Economies and Global Capitalism 125

MSC: Pickup

15. Distinguish between market exchange and marketplace.

ANS: Will vary

REF: Local Economies and Global Capitalism

MSC: Pickup

16. How did the introduction of money change the marketplace?

ANS: Will vary

REF: Local Economies and Global Capitalism

MSC: Pickup

17. What is an informal economy? Provide examples.

ANS: Will vary MSC: Pickup

REF: Informal Economy and the Escape from State Bureaucracy

18. What is money, and what different kinds of money have existed historically? Discuss at least

one alternative example.

ANS: Will vary MSC: New

REF: Informal Economy and the Escape from State Bureaucracy

19. What is a remittance?

ANS: Will vary MSC: New

REF: Informal Economy and the Escape from State Bureaucracy

20. Economics has a powerful effect on society. What forms of social mobilization have resulted

when economic policies were considered detrimental to the community?

ANS: Will vary MSC: New

REF: Informal Economy and the Escape from State Bureaucracy

ESSAY 1. Why is understanding economic transactions essential to a full understanding of culture?

ANS: Will vary

MSC: Pickup

2. Discuss how anthropologists study economic systems. Give specific examples.

ANS: Will vary

MSC: Pickup

3. Compare and contrast the different ideas about the nature and control of land that exist among

food foragers, horticulturalists, pastoralists, intensive agriculturalists, and industrialists.

ANS: Will vary

MSC: Pickup

4. What are the social and economic benefits of cooperative labor? Consider various types of

economic systems in your answer.

ANS: Will vary

MSC: New 126

5. Discuss the impact of modern technology on labor divisions based on gender.

ANS: Will vary

MSC: Pickup

6. Why is it a serious problem when North American corporate executives fail to recognize the

extent to which the economic systems of other peoples are embedded in their cultures?

ANS: Will vary

MSC: Pickup

7. Explain why the following statement is ethnocentric: “In all societies, the prevailing reality of

life has been the inadequacy of output to fill the wants and needs of people.”

ANS: Will vary

MSC: Pickup

8. Because trade can be essential in the quest for survival and is often undertaken for the sake of

luxury, people may go to great lengths to establish and maintain good trade relations. A classic example of this is the Kula ring. What is the “Kula ring?” Describe this form of exchange compare it to different types of exchange in your own society. Do we practice anything similar to Kula?

ANS: Will vary

MSC: Pickup

9. Discuss the role that culture plays in defining the “wants and needs” of a people, using the

Trobriand Islanders as an example. How does North American culture function to define the wants and needs of North Americans?

ANS: Will vary

MSC: Pickup

10. Discuss the effects of economic globalization on local cultures.

ANS: Will vary

MSC: Pickup

11. What is task specialization, and how has it changed over the course of generations in your

own family? Compare your generation with that of your parents’ and grandparents.’

ANS: Will vary

MSC: New

12. Leveling mechanisms are found in many traditional societies. What are these, and do you

believe we have any kind of “leveling”-type activities and exchanges in the U.S. today?

Discuss.

ANS: Will vary

MSC: New

13. What is the role of the informal economy in the U.S.? Use examples from your own

experiences in your local community to discuss this. What types of informal economy are you familiar with?

ANS: Will vary

MSC: New 127

14. How have local economies been affected by global capitalism? Give some examples from

your own community.

ANS: Will vary

MSC: New

15. How has technology affected the informal economy? Discuss the impact of Internet shopping

sites such as eBay on the global marketplace.

ANS: Will vary

MSC: New

16. As the global economy has spread, social protest has followed. Discuss recent examples of

protest at the local level against global capitalism.

ANS: Will vary

MSC: New

128