Thinking Small/Thinking Big

SPACE SAVING FURNITURE IN ARCHITECTURE DISSERTATION

Sonalika Arora A/2755/2014

A dissertation submitted to School of Planning and Architecture, Delhi in partial fulfilment of the requirement for Degree of Bachelor in Architecture November 2017, New Delhi

Thesis Guides: Mekhla Parihar Arpita Dayal


Abstract 

With increasing urbanisation, land scarcity in urban areas and hike in land prices causing a hike in housing prices, there is an urban housing crisis in India. Combined with the coming up of a new demographic of millennials who have a demand for small and compact housing, affordable homes and technology driven lifestyle, there is a demand for a new housing typology in India.

Space saving furniture is explored as one possibility to solve these issues. Space saving furniture impacts housing unit design by decreasing the unit size due to efficient space planning and layouts and combining mutually exclusive functions to reduce space. It also increases the importance of certain design features to make the unit visually more spacious. Space saving furniture completely changes the way zoning and circulation patterns are looked at in a residence. It also creates an urgent emphasis on targeted design that is tailored to the person who will be residing there as user participation plays a great role in the success of the unit.

Most importantly, it can be a solution towards affordable housing. In such micro housing buildings, recreation facilities are of greater importance. To further make the furniture more affordable in India, it is necessary to take the step towards manufacturing it in greater volumes. Once it is done, the way forward to a new category of housing design can be based on space saving furniture in the Indian context.

Page ii

Declaration 

The research work embodied in this dissertation titled ‘Space Saving Furniture in Architecture’ has been carried out by the undersigned as part of the undergraduate Dissertation programme in the Department of Architecture, School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi, under the supervision of Mekhla Parihar.

The undersigned hereby declares that this is his/her original work and has not been plagiarised in part or full form from any source.

Name of student: Sonalika Arora Roll No. : A/2755/2014

Page iv

Acknowledgements 

I would like to express my deepest appreciation to all those who motivated and supported me throughout the compilation of this dissertation.

I would like to thank School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi, for affording me the unimaginable opportunity to complete my dissertation here.

Special gratitude to Mrs. Jaya Kumar, the dissertation coordinator and Ms. Arpita Dayal, my coordinator, for their constant input in the form of suggestions for improvement, stimulating my thought process and their words of encouragement, that helped me enhance my research and present a well-coordinated project.

I am indebted to my guide Ms. Mekhla Parihar, for deeply working upon and clarifying my line of thought and rectifying varied aspects of my research. Her valuable feedback, mentoring and the advice provided time and again, truly reshaped this project in a positive way.

I shall also take this opportunity to thank Mr. Faheem Khan whose insight into the topic greatly helped me comprehend it and take my dissertation forward.

A sincere thanks to all the people interviewed for their valuable insights related to the research topic.

I would also like to thank my family and friends who helped me in gathering information from various sources, recurrently examined my work and gave me appropriate suggestions and guided me through the making of this dissertation project.  

Page vi

Table of Contents 

Chapter 1 Introduction .............................................................1 Chapter 2 Literature Review .....................................................7 Chapter 3 Research Methodology ...........................................17 Chapter 4 Interview with Industry Expert ................................21 Chapter 5 Secondary Case Study ............................................25 Chapter 6 Primary Case Study.................................................33 Chapter 7 Analysis and Inferences ..........................................41

Page viii

List of Figures

Figure 1: Carmel Place Figure 2: Carmel Place Layout Figure 3: Carmel Place Unit Plan Configuration 1 Figure 4: Carmel Place Unit Plan Configuration 2 Figure 5a: Unit Configuration for Day Figure 5b: Unit Configuration for Day Figure 6a: Unit Configuration for Night Figure 6b: Unit Configuration for Night Figure 7: Functional Zoning of Carmel Place Micro Unit Figure 8: Suggested Layout of The Apartment Figure 9: Apartment Plan Configuration 1 Figure 10: Apartment Plan Configuration 2 Figure 11: Functional Zoning of Suggested Layout Figure 12: Functional Zoning of Apartment Figure 13: Attributes of Location of Homes Figure 14: Willingness to Try Space Saving Furniture in Homes Figure 15: Current Living Situation Figure 16: Attributes in Living Space Figure 17: Hours Spent at Home Figure 18: Awareness of Space Saving Furniture Figure 19: Preference in Society

Page x

List of Tables

Table 1: Furnishing in Carmel Place Unit Table 2: User Experience in Carmel Place Table 3: Furnishing in Apartment Table 4: User Experience in Apartment Table 5: Comparative Matrix of Architectural Features Table 6: Comparative Matrix of Resident Satisfaction

Page xii

Chapter 1
 Introduction

Space Saving Furniture in Architecture

Dissertation 2017

1.1 Introduction

“The city is humanity’s laboratory, where people flock to dream, create, build and rebuild.”

-The Triumphant City, Edward L. Glassier

A city is a heterogenous conglomeration of various people from different cultures, social backgrounds, ethnicities, professions etc. that come together in the search of economic opportunities. However, the urban and demographic fabric of a city keeps changing over time, and so must its architecture respond to the needs of those inhabiting the city.

Urbanisation is causing a great influx of young people, on the lookout for jobs and looking to be at the centre of entertainment in cities, causing a great increase in population density. As family sizes are shrinking, so are their homes. The youth of today is spending less and less time in their homes, and more in the millions of recreation facilities available outside. The Generation Y wishes not to invest in material but in experiences. A paradigm shift in the definition of lifestyle, living standards and aspirations is rapidly gaining pace.

Noted 19th century architect Daniel Burnham left an indelible mark on the built environment when he proclaimed, “Make no little plans.” However, today’s worldwide urban housing shortage forces city little.

The preference of small homes over larger, more expensive dwellings is a reoccurring trend which has surfaced frequently in the last century and has peaked in recent years in reaction to the mortgage crisis, economic recession, increased scarcity of resources, and increased crowding in cities.

A growing number of consumers seek to “scale back”to smaller houses which are “simple, affordable, ecologically sustainable” while maintaining certain levels of comfort and productivity. As a result of this burgeoning consumer market and considerable media attention, the current “small home” and “tiny house” movements have seen the development of thousands of residences well under 500 square feet and the development and implementation of novel space saving techniques and technologies between industry and the “do-it-yourself” community. (Simon, Toups 2014).

200 to 400 square-foot micro-lofts are the next big housing trend in the United Kingdom, Poland, China, and in American metropolises such as San Francisco, Seattle, Chicago, Boston, and Providence. Even the Big Apple is thinking small (Urban Land Institute, 2013). In the Indian context, with more and more young people migrating from their homes and flocking to cities like Mumbai, Delhi and NCR, Bangalore etc., there is a definite space crunch in these cities. In this fast growing urban landscape, India will become the youngest country by 2021, with 64% of its population in the working age group of 20-35, according to the 2013-14 Economic Survey.

Page 2

Dissertation 2017

Introduction

There is increasing densification of urban areas and suburbs, increased public awareness of carbon footprints and high urban land costs. In the day when technology dictates every aspect of living, why should homes be left behind? Gone are the days when people would aspire to live in large houses with a number of bedrooms. The Indian youth of today wants their homes to be responsive to their needs and demands designs that are as smart as their phones. They desire small, yet highly functional residences which are both affordable and sensitive to consumer comfort standards. There is a need for innovative housing models that offer access to urban amenities at affordable prices.

“As we evolve, our homes should too.�

-The Romance of Design, Suzanne Tucker

However, once the need for the small house movement is established, the question arises- If little, how little? In order to create comfortable, minimum-volume interiors, recent advances have been made in furniture design and approaches to interior layout that improve both space utilization and encourage multi-functional design (Simon, Toups 2014). New age transformable furniture that is space saving and provides multiple functions is breaking the boundaries and classifications of conventional furniture and as a result we are forced to redefine the the relationship between space and function (Wang 2013).

Due to this complete redefinition of space and function, the perception of the user of the home becomes different and there is a radical change in the being of the inhabitant inside the dwelling unit. Hence there is a need to study how the Indian millennial will adapt to such an interior space and whether it will be suitable for them or not, since it is the acceptability of this radical new interior space that will determine whether or not this concept will be successful in the Indian market.  

Page 3

Space Saving Furniture in Architecture

Dissertation 2017

1.2 Research Question Will space saving furniture impact housing design in India?

1.3 Aim This dissertation aims to study the impact of space saving furniture on housing design in India.

1.4 Objectives •

To identify the need for a new space saving housing typology in India

•

To identify the need for space saving furniture in Indian markets in residential architecture

•

To determine applications of space saving furniture in residences within the scope of study

•

To identify and analyse how space saving furniture changes layouts in residential architecture in terms of spaces and the functions associated to them

•

To identify the parameters of comfortable minimum space required for a person to perform each function in habitable spaces in a residence

•

To study the impact of space saving furniture on housing unit design.

•

To measure the success of space saving furniture in a housing unit design for the user.

Page 4

Dissertation 2017

Introduction

1.5 Scope Of Study •

This research shall include the study of impact of space saving furniture.

•

The target demographic of this dissertation are millennials who were born between 1980 to 2000, working in urban areas

•

For the scope of this dissertation, the meaning of residential architecture is limited to spaces and homes for millennials in highly dense urban areas in India that cater to individuals or couples.

•

The scope of study shall include studying the applications of this furniture in residential architecture limited to apartments in dense urban areas of metropolitans in India

•

The focus of the research is to study the change in layouts and anthropometry due to space saving furniture in residential architecture

•

This dissertation will focus on only habitable areas in the residence.

1.6 Limitations • Since this is a new advancement in the furniture industry, there is limited history of the subject in Indian market.

• The success of this furniture has not been proven in the Indian market yet because the concept is relatively new.

• The housing typology of micro housing where space saving furniture is majorly used does not exist in India, so there is limitation in case study.

Page 5

Chapter 2
 Literature Review

Space Saving Furniture in Architecture

Dissertation 2017

2.1 Introduction This chapter gives a brief overview of the change in global and Indian scenario and their reasons. It defines millennials and their attributes and aspiration and introduces the trend of micro housing. It goes on to elaborate on space saving furniture, its advantages and typologies, ways in which it is different from regular traditionally used furniture and how it impacts space and functions. It lays down ways in which space saving furniture impacts housing design, and suggests parameters for measuring success of space saving furniture of the user.

2.2 A New Global Urban Scenario 2.2.1 World Urbanisation And Overpopulation Of Cities The global urban scenario is changing rapidly and exceedingly. The supply of urban housing across the world is strained as 54% of a population of 7.2 billion people across the world is living in cities. By 2050, this number is expected to rise to 6.33 billion. That means out of a forecasted population of 9.6 billion people, a whopping 66% will be living in cities (United Nation’s World Urbanisation Prospects Report 2014).

As a result of increasing urbanisation, overpopulation, economic crisis and scarcity of land in urban areas and increase in number of single person households, a change in urban infrastructure is required to keep up with this demand. The result of this urban housing crisis has led to a new typology of housing in urban areas knows as micro apartments. Micro apartments are tiny apartments that are fitted with space saving furniture (Post 2014).

2.2.2 A New Typology Of Housing Adopted By The World Micro apartments, with interiors supported by space saving transformable furniture are beginning to take over the world. From micro apartments of 180 square feet in Hong Kong being leased out at exorbitantly high prices, to apartments of 250 square feet being built in New York, and student housing of this typology in Boston and even in London, this trend is spreading all across the world and its here to stay.

2.3 The Indian Urban Scenario 2.3.1 Metropolitan Cities In India, the Census Commission defines a metropolitan city as one having a population of over four million. Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Ahmedabad, Pune, Surat and Nashik are those Indian cities that have over 4 million people (Census of India 2011).

2.3.2 Space Crunch In Metropolitan Cities 2.3.2.1 Fast Increasing Population The United Nation’s World Urbanization Prospects Report notes that India is expected to become the world’s largest country, passing China around 2028, when both countries will have populations of 1.45 billion, and continue growing from there.

The population of this fast growing urban landscape will increase by 225 million people by 2030, which is more than the population of Japan and Germany combined. Delhi (National Capital Territory, Uttar

Page 8

Dissertation 2017

Literature Review

Pradesh and Haryana) was reported by the United Nations to have become the second largest urban area in the world, with its present population growth rate of Delhi-NCR being 41% and Mumbai and Hyderabad follow closely (Census of India 2011).

2.3.2.2 Generation Y As Major Chunk Of Population India will become the youngest country by 2021, with 64% of its population in the working age group of 20-35, according to the 2013-14 Economic Survey. This section of Indian society are called millennials or Generation Y (Census of India 2011). High property rates are 32% of the factors that are a challenge for Indian millennials when it comes to buying new houses.

2.4 The Indian Millennials Considering that the millennials will become the largest chunk of population in urban areas, it is important to study their characteristics and demands in order to build for the future.

2.4.1 Who Are They?

Millennials are the people whose birth years are in between early 1980s and 2000s. The company Ernst and Young uses 1981–1996 as the age range for millennials. This generation of people is marked by consistent use of digital, media and communication technologies (Puri, n.d.).

2.4.2 Characteristics And Behavioural Trends Of Millennials There are three major emerging trends • There is a shift from ownership to access • There is a greater expenditure on travel, experiences and leisure by compromising spending on homes, cars, etc.

• There is a growing conscientiousness towards social and physical well-being and greater concern for the environment and sustainability than their predecessors (Jain, 2017)

2.4.3 Behaviour Towards Home Ownership Within the scope of homeownership there is substantial change as to what kind of homes do millennials prefer to stay in as compared to the previous generations: • • • • •

Compact homes that have a good resale value have vastly replaces super-sized luxury homes Projects by well-known developers are preferred over projects by unknown developers due to greater brand consciousness.

Location of homes is chosen on local convenience and connectivity, rather than posh addresses There is much greater focus on value for money (Puri, n.d.)

There is significant demand for affordable housing amongst the younger age (25-44 years) in smaller towns than in metros and mini-metros, the study conducted by India Mortgage Guarantee Corporation (IMGC)-Kantar IMRB showed.

Page 9

Space Saving Furniture in Architecture

Dissertation 2017

2.5 Housing Typologies For Millennials In Metropolitan Cities 2.5.1 Existing Housing Typologies In the present day scenario, as reported by PWC in a survey conducted, 30% of millennials in urban area live at home with their parents. 32% live in paying guest accommodations while the rest own 1-2 bedroom or studio apartments.

2.5.2 Aspired Features In Residences There is a wide gap in the kind of residences that millennials require in urban areas in comparison to the kind that currently exist. Following are a few features that millennials desire in their homes.

• Clean, simple design that maximizes square footage • Low-maintenance materials • Open floor plans that “flex” for multiple uses • Great room, but no living room • Ample storage, especially for clothes • Up-to-date home technology • Sustainable materials and energy-efficient systems and appliances • Preferably within walking distance of mass transit, shopping, dining, entertainment, etc. (Bady, 2011)

2.6 A New Housing Typology In India With the urban space crunch and a paradigm shift in the behavioural tendencies and aspirations, there arises a need for a new space saving housing typology that is modern and caters to the needs of this new demographic.

2.6.1 Embracing The Small And Compact Developers in key metros such as Mumbai, Delhi and Bengaluru are targeting millennials with compact home projects. Prices in such projects vary between ₹25 lakh and ₹99 lakh with an area starting from 300 sq feet to 650 sq feet.

Devang Varma, Director, Omkar Realtors & Developers said in an interview for The Hindu that “its objective was to bring compact homes aimed at rising appetite of 1 & 2 BHKs in this market keeping in mind Right Location, Right price and Right size to fit the budgets. Industry watchers says that the trend for smaller homes is driven by high real estate prices.” Dharmesh Jain, MD, Nirmal Lifestyle was quoted

by The Hindu saying: “Overall compact housing is an underserved market. Sales too, are happening in this category”.

Another Mumbai-based developer Xrbia, with strong presence in affordable housing too, launched its compact home project in Mumbai targeted towards the next generation of homeowners (Menon 2014).

2.6.2 Changing Trend All the major Tier I cities like Mumbai, Delhi-NCR, Kolkata, Bengaluru, Pune have witnessed varying degrees of fall in median apartment sizes. Realty experts say that constructing smaller houses was the sector’s ‘major trend’. In 2015, 4,000 newly launched apartments were less than 500 sq. ft in size. In

Page 10

Dissertation 2017

Literature Review

2016 it had increased by 330 per cent to 17,180 units. If this trend continues over the next few years, then the time is not very far away when the Delhi NCR residential complexes will be all about “shoebox-size units” (Sen, 2017).

2.7 Micro Apartments With increasing population but limited land in cities leading to a great problem of space crunch, in many cities across the world minimum space standards have been waived or revised to allow for micro units to come up which have space saving furniture being used.

A micro apartment, also known as a micro flat, is a one-room, self-contained living space, usually purpose built, designed to accommodate a sitting space, sleeping space, bathroom and kitchenette with 14–32 square metres (50–350 sq ft). These units are typically 20-30 % smaller than a conventional studio apartment. Innovative installations such as customizable space partitions, convertible furniture, high ceilings, built-in storage, gadget walls, and movable kitchen islands are frequently used to maximize space efficiency.

2.8 Space Saving Furniture Space saving furniture is multifunctional furniture that can be transformed through one or more movable parts that can alter the function of that piece of furniture manually, mechanically or even electronically.

The basic design guiding principle for space saving furniture is to reduce space required by the user by combining mutually exclusive functions into one article of furniture. One of the most important aspects of successful space saving furniture is that the furniture’s owners must not have to move their items that are on that furniture in order to transform it (Wang 2013).

2.8.1 Typologies • •

•

Space saving furniture is available in the form of space saving beds that are a bed in combination with a shelf, storage, desk, seating or another bed.

Space saving tables are usually tables that are designed in a modular way where the modules of a table can actually fit into itself and be collapsable so as to form a table of the required size as per the usage (Wang 2013).

Space saving seating is similar to space saving tables, in that it is made of modules that fold or fit into one another so as to form chairs, stools, seating or sofas as per the requirement of the number of users at a particular time (Astonkar 2015).

2.8.2 Advantages Space saving furniture has the following advantages : • There is effective and efficient utilisation of space.

• The same space can be used for different functions depending on the requirement of the user.

• The cost of maintenance of the home for the user is reduced as the area is reduced.

• It reduces the space requirement of the user (Wang 2013)

Page 11

Space Saving Furniture in Architecture

Dissertation 2017

2.9 Impact Of Space Saving Furniture On Space And Function Traditionally, with regular furniture, there are designated spaces in residences for different categories of functions and even within the same room there are designated spaces for such functions. This means that the space that has been assigned to a particular function is blocked by that function, whether it is being carried out or not. For instance, a space allotted for studying or working that has a desk and a chair will always have that desk and chair no matter whether the occupant is at that space performing that task or not (Zhang 2015).

With the use of space saving furniture, the relationship between space and function changes as a third factor of time is introduced in the dynamism. In a transformable room system, space and time are the two main aspects to be considered. Time is important to be factored in because the daily activities being performed within the same space change from morning to evening. Space saving furniture uses precisely this principle to create an overlap of functions at the same space but at different times, so as to create more efficient interior layouts so that maximum use of minimum space may be achieved and people will not feel be limited by the furniture around (Zhang 2015).

2.10 Impact Of Space Saving Furniture On Housing Unit Design Since space saving furniture directly engages with the user in a micro housing unit, it becomes an important factor to determine the design of the housing unit. Following are the ways in which space saving furniture impacts the design of a housing unit.

2.10.1 Interior Layouts The minimum amount of interior space required depends on the space necessary to accommodate each function and how much those functions can be overlapped or closely packed, (Simon, Toups 2014).

2.10.1.1 Public And Private Spaces In order to reduce the overall space required, many of the areas allocated to public and private functions are overlapped into multifunction spaces as in space saving furniture. One principle applied to small space design is to ensure that no space has only a single purpose and sits largely unused for any significant period of time. Hence, the distinction between public and private spaces zoning becomes blurred.

2.10.1.2 Circulation Spaces Often, circulation spaces serve multiple purposes or are removed from the layout entirely as in the case of bed alcoves, which eliminate the space around the bed which serves no other purpose but circulation.

2.10.2 Identification Of Target User Since the way functions are used and carried out become more specific in the case of space saving furniture, identification of daily routine of the target user is necessary for efficient unit design. For example, the daily routine of a school-going child would be different from that of an office-going adult or a stay-at-home mother, and hence their space and time requirements would differ too.  

Page 12

Dissertation 2017

Literature Review

2.10.3 Identification Of Relationship Of Functions Sequentially used functions, highly related functions, and functions sharing utility runs should also be colocated to simplify translations and design complexity (Simon, Toups 2014). This means that the interrelationship of different functions as well as their relationship with time needs to be identified for a successful unit design.

2.10.4 Unit Size The number and kinds of space saving furniture articles used dictate the size of the dwelling unit. As more and more items of space saving furniture are used, more mutually exclusive functions can be combined with each other and the overall space required keeps reducing.

2.10.5 Psychological And Physiological Aspect The design of unit also includes an assessment of how the feel of the space affects overall psychological or psychosocial health of the inhabitants. In a study conducted by Urban Land Institutes, it was concluded that even though a unit size of 200 square feet was sufficient functionally, it created a sense of claustrophobia in the subject over time. Hence, design features such as high ceilings, light interiors and large windows need to be incorporated to make the space feel larger and comfortable.

2.11 Factors Impacting Success Of Micro Unit 2.10.1 Impact Of The User The small space design trend of reconfigurable interiors, which allows the occupant to repeatedly redefine the purpose of a space manually, mechanically or electronically (Simon, Toups 2014), requires a certain amount of time and effort has to be put in by the resident in order to make the dwelling unit successful.

2.10.2 Affordability And Growth Of The Market Though the cost of space saving furniture articles is more than their regular furniture counterparts and hence cost per square foot is greater, the overall cost of unit should be less.

2.10.3 Maintenance Of Standard Of Lifestyle For millenials, the notion of what constitutes a good lifestyle has changed and recreational facilities have become more important. Hence, micro housing will only be successful if it can cater to this lifestyle.

2.10.3 Concept Supported By Space Standards 2.10.3.1 Development Codes For Group Housing In India As per Model Building Bye-Laws 2016 The number of dwelling units are calculated on the basis of the density pattern given in the development plan, taking into consideration a population of 4.5 persons per dwelling unit. Number of dwelling units are to be calculated on the basis of the net plot area of a particular neighbourhood. This may vary between 50 Dwelling Units (DU)s. to 124 DUs. per ha.

Page 13

Space Saving Furniture in Architecture

Dissertation 2017

For group housing, permissible population density is 100 to 300 persons per acre at 5 persons per dwelling units. The super area of general dwelling units may be 76 sq. mts. to 350 sq. mts. and for EWS dwelling units, it may be up to 75 sq. mts (HUDA n.d.).

2.10.3.2 Minimum Size Of Habitable Rooms In India Size :The size of the habitable room shall be minimum of 9.5 sqm, where there is only one room with a minimum width of 2.4m. Where there are two rooms, one of these shall be minimum of 9.5 sqm and other 7.5 sqm, with a minimum width of 2.1 m.

Height : The height of all rooms for human habitation shall not be less than 2.75 m measured from the surface of the floor to the lowest point of the ceiling (bottom of slab) provided that the minimum clear headway under any beam shall not be less than 2.4 m. In the case of pitched roof, the average height of rooms shall not be less than 2.75 m (Model Building Bye- Laws 2016).

2.10.3.3 Space Standards For Space Saving Designs Space limitations and concentration of human masses in cities result in a crucial new consideration: the urgent need of investigating the possibilities of rationally living within less space. Minimums provided by most codes do not take into account the space issue and overpopulation of large cities (Romero 2015).

After analysing the Indian Building Codes, there are no regulations done on space saving designs. To correctly implement a new typology of housing, it is imperative that minimum space standards are revisited and updated for new practices. 

Page 14

Dissertation 2017

Literature Review

Page 15

Space Saving Furniture in Architecture

Page 16

Dissertation 2017

Chapter 3
 Research Methodology

Space Saving Furniture in Architecture

Dissertation 2017

3.1.Research Design This research was systematically carried out in four stages.

Stage 1: Initial research- Identification and viability of topic Based on a crude knowledge of upcoming trends of micro apartments as a new housing typology from sources such as social media, hearsay, college lectures, an initial research was done over the internet to check the viability of the topic and how it relates to the Indian context.

Stage 2: Detailed readings The research begins with an attempt to explore, understand and critically evaluate existing works done on the relevant subjects to carry out an in depth research.

Stage 3: Case Studies After reviewing literature, a structure for carrying out case studies was determined. Case studies were carried out in two parts- secondary and primary.

Stage 4: Analysis After collecting all required factual data for case study, surveys and interviews, observations and findings were recorded and this data was carefully analysed to draw relevant conclusions.

3.2 Literature Reviewed Various demographic reports, research papers, product catalogues, brand websites, surveys, books, building codes and bye-laws, interviews and newspaper articles were read and analyzed on the subjects of: • Space saving furniture • Existing urban scenario • Millenials • Space standards • Changing Urban Scenario

3.3 Interview With Industry Expert The director of a leading manufacturer of space saving furniture in India was interviewed personally by the researcher to get an informed opinion on current scenario and future of space saving furniture in the Indian context as well as its impact in general on housing design. This interview led to identification of the primary case study. Key variables addressed were: • Target user demographic in India • Market Response • Future vision • Portfolio • Factors affecting growth of the Sector

3.4 Secondary Case Study 1. Identification of case study

Page 18

Dissertation 2017

Research Methodology

The secondary case study was identified on the basis of being a proof of concept of the research being carried out. Since the typology does not exist in India, it is of great importance as it investigates the impact and influence of space saving furniture on the housing typology which has already come up in the region selected, so an in depth analysis can be made of the parameters of influence.

2. Data Collection Data for the study was collected using online resources from the architects’ website Information regarding political and social context have been taken from various newspapers and articles.

3.5 Primary Study 1. Identification of case study Due to the limitation of the upcoming typology of micro housing not existing currently in India, a case study was identified that would relate closest to this concept. So, an apartment in Gurgaon was chosen that was furnished with space saving furniture and inhabited by a millennial.

2. Data collection The apartment was measured by the researcher and its plan drawn up and an interview with the inhabitant was taken to determine the quality of life in the apartment.

3. Survey A targeted survey of 50 people was conducted to ascertain their perspective on how space saving furniture can impact their lifestyle and housing.

3.6 Analysis The data collected from the case study was analysed on the following factors: • Architectural analysis • Space saving furniture used • Unit size and space saved • Interior layout - Public and private spaces and circulation space • Reasons for colocation • Psychological and physiological well-being • Service areas • Social analysis • User profile • Effort for transformation • Affordability • Maintenance of standard of lifestyle • Long term viability • Psychological health • Need Fulfillment • Comfort

3.5 Inferences A study based on the analyses of different aspects of the research was carried out to fulfil the research objectives and find the answer to the research question.

Page 19

Chapter 4
 Interview with Industry Expert

Space Saving Furniture in Architecture

Dissertation 2017

4.1 Aim Of The Interview The personal interview was to be carried out to understand the current scenario of the market of space saving furniture in India to understand where and how it is being used currently and what are its future prospects.

4.2 Criteria Of Selection The Director of Vezza Space Saving Solutions, Mr. Faheem Khan was shortlisted. This brand was shortlisted on the basis of high visibility on search engine. It is based in Noida, and so is under the scope of the research.

4.3 About The Company Vezza Space Savings Solution is a Delhi/NCR based company providing sustainable space saving smart solutions to their esteemed clients. They opened their experience centre in June 2017. Their current user base extends to Delhi, NCR and plan to soon expand to Bangalore, Pune, Hyderabad and Mumbai.

4.4 Key Variables Addressed • Target user demographic in India • Market Response • Future vision • Portfolio • Factors affecting growth of the Sector

4.5 Overview Of The Interview Some key points distinguished from the interview are as follows.

4.5.1 User Demographic According to Mr. Khan, the response in India is promising. The current client category is financially comfortable. The reason for this is that as of now, due to this being a new category in the industry, it is not being manufactured in very large volumes in India as of now, and so is relatively expensive. Once it is an established product category, the price will drop and become affordable for more people. As of now, their products are being purchased by both millennials as well as upper middle-class families.

He identified three categories of people who would buy the product. First, people who actually do need to save space. Second, people who like the idea of something new and innovative and wish to flaunt their products. Third, people who have space but do not want to clutter it. Millennials are purchasing it due to the first and third reasons, whereas upper- middle class people are purchasing due to all three reasons.

4.5.2 Market Response The market response is tremendous and the product category is expanding rapidly. Currently, response is a little slow from people living in flats, because of the higher price range and because they are still establishing themselves and catering to their basic needs. He also feels that the low salaries usually paid

Page 22

Dissertation 2017

Interview with Industry Expert

in India are a big reason why the market of millennials hasn’t exploded as of now. He foresees a steady upward incline in the buyers of this user demographic in the years to come. He feels that by 2022, the market will change and is already preparing for the change by launching new marketing strategies such as Social Blaster that targets a much younger audience.

4.5.3 Future Prospects Mr. Khan informed the researcher that their company plans to launch a new range of products in India where the furniture will be remote controlled. This technology is targeted towards a much younger user base who are acclimatised towards such a lifestyle. He also foresees a future of the housing typology of micro apartments in India. However, he feels that space saving furniture has a greater application in hotels, hostels, paying guest and student accommodations.

Page 23

Chapter 5
 Secondary Case Study

Space Saving Furniture in Architecture

Dissertation 2017

5.1 Introduction

Project : Carmel Place/My Micro NY Project Location : 335 E 27th Street, Kips Bay, Manhattan Status : 2013 – 2016 Area : 35,000 sf Program : 55 micro-unit apartments + retail Sustainability : LEED Silver target

Fig 1 : Carmel Place, Source : Axel 2016

5.2 Selection Criteria • •

•

It uses space saving furniture in the interiors which is the focus on study of this dissertation.

To make the construction of this building possible in New York City, Carmel Place got legal exemption from a common type of building regulation that stipulates a minimum floor area for new apartments.

It was the first building of its kind in New York City. It served as a proof of concept and demonstrated the market demand, and became a leading example for cities around the country (including New York) to consider altering their codes to facilitate more micro- apartments (Axel 2016).

5.3 Design Intent nARCHITECTS designed the exterior and interior spaces of Carmel Place as a repeatable and systemic new paradigm for housing in NYC and other cities with similar housing challenges. Conceived as a microcosm of the city skyline, the building’s exterior resembles four slender “mini towers”, connecting the concept of micro-living to the form and identity of the building.

5.4 About The Residents 40% (22) of the 55 rental units at Carmel Place are dedicated for affordable housing, of which 8 are reserved for war veterans, with the remaining generating more than 60,000 applicants. The other 33 units are available at market rate. The residents are mainly one-two person households of young age groups.

5.4 About The Residents 40% (22) of the 55 rental units at Carmel Place are dedicated for affordable housing, of which 8 are reserved for war veterans, with the remaining generating more than 60,000 applicants. The other 33 units are available at market rate. The residents are mainly one-two person households of young age groups.

Page 26

Dissertation 2017

Secondary Case Study

Fig 2 : Carmel Place Layout, Source : Axel 2016

5.5 Why Micro Housing? nARCHITECTS’ Carmel Place was the winning proposal in the adAPT NYC, an initiative launched as part of former Mayor Bloomberg’s administration’s New Housing Marketplace Plan to accommodate the city’s growing small household population (nARCHITECTS, n.d.). For this purpose, the existing New York State Multiple Dwelling Law, which states that the minimum size of a dwelling unit is be 400 sqft was waived off. The building was granted several mayoral overrides to allow this prototype to be built, including a relaxation of the minimum unit size, and the maximum density.

Page 27

Space Saving Furniture in Architecture

Dissertation 2017

5.6 Residential Units

Fig 3 : Carmel Place Unit Plan Configuration 1, Source : Axel 2016

 

1610

1875

2380

965

300 770

1085

3225

280

600 455 840

3310

9260

825

8440

Fig 4 : Carmel Place Unit Plan Configuration 2, Source : Axel 2016

Page 28

0

1

2

3

Dissertation 2017

Secondary Case Study

Fig 5a and 5b : Unit Configuration for Day, Source : http://narchitects.com/work/

Fig 6a and 6b : Unit Configuration for Night, Source : http://narchitects.com/work/

5.7 Observations 5.7.1 Architectural Observations 5.7.1.1 Space Saving Furniture Used • A murphy bed for 2 people, that transforms into a two-seater sofa, fit into a storage unit that also acts as bedside unit. • A study-cum-dining table that can seat upto 5 people Furniture Article

Numbers

1

Bed

2 persons

2

Bedside table

2

3

Study

yes

4

Dining

5 seats

5

Kitchen

yes

6

Toilet

3 fixture

7

TV cabinet

yes

8

Sofa

2 seats

9

Sofa table

yes

10

Chairs in apartment

5

Table 1 : Furnishing in Carmel Place Unit, Source : Author

Page 29

Space Saving Furniture in Architecture

Dissertation 2017

5.7.1.2 Unit Size And Space Saved The size of the unit is 28 sqm. when it is furnished with space saving furniture.

Space saved by adding areas that would have been provided in the absence of space saving furniture is 4.96 sqm.

5.7.1.3 Interior Layout • Public and private functions : Functions have been identified as public and private. It is observed that public and private functions are combined in one article of space saving furniture- sleeping and living ; studying and dining.

• Circulation space : It is observed that the circulation space at the entry doubles up as the space for dining.

5.7.1.4 Identification Of Colocation In Plan

Living

Sleeping Circulation

Dining Study

Fig 7 : Functional Zoning of Carmel Place Micro unit, Source : Author

5.7.1.5 Psychological And Physiological Aspect • The entire furniture system used is white in colour.

• Large glass sliding window of 2.4 m height has been provided.

• High ceilings of 2.9 m are provided.

5.7.1.6 Service Areas • Design of toilets and does not use space saving furniture

5.7.2 Social Observations 5.7.2.1 Affordability Price of 28 sqm. apartment is listed as $2570, while on an average, studio apartments in Manhattan span 475 sq. ft., 1-bedrooms come in at 694 sq. ft., with average rents of $4,043 per month. Hence, the apartment at a prime location is New York City is cheaper by approx. $1500 than a regular apartment.

Page 30

Dissertation 2017

Secondary Case Study

5.7.2.2 Maintenance Of Standard Of Lifestyle • The inhabitants like the concept of amenities and services such as cleaning being provided as they saw this as the next step from serviced apartments.

• The building has dedicated fitness center, bike storage, laundry service, retail, community room, and open spaces for a better standard of lifestyle.

5.8.2.3 User Experience • One 33-year-old resident named Trey says he chose to live at Carmel Place because it's three blocks away from his work. He doesn't imagine himself getting married and doesn't entertain friends much. He and many other residents “don't plan to spend much time inside the apartment” (Garfield 2017).

• According to Dan Tomita, it's not really all that different from a typical New York City apartment.

Downsizing to an apartment wasn't an issue for Tomita. He likes the building's all-inclusive, kindof-like-a-hotel lifestyle. He does not see his current living situation as a permanent one; he admits that for him, "the end all is always to have more space," he says. He can still entertain (he says he's fit "eight or nine people" in the apartment), he's close to his office, and the price and the size are right—for now, anyway (Plitt 2016).

Parameter 1

Effort for furniture transformation

2

Affordability

3

Maintenance of Lifestyle

4

Long term viability

5

Psychological health

6

Need fulfilment

7

Comfort

Secondary Study

Table 2 : User Experience in Carmel Place, Source : Author

Page 31

Chapter 6
 Primary Case Study

Space Saving Furniture in Architecture

Dissertation 2017

6.1 Introduction Project: 1 BHK, 2 Bath dwelling unit
 Address: 1 BHK 2 BATH in Central Park The Room, Sector-48 Gurgaon, Gurgaon, Haryana Built up area: 35 Sq. Meter

6.2 Selection Criteria The apartment was selected by recommendation of Mr. Faheem Khan as it was partly furnished by Vezza Ventures. This apartment contains two articles of space saving furniture, and is owned by Mr. Jain, who fits into the millennial demographic. The limitation is that the space saving furniture being used is not the primary article of furniture.

6.3 Original Design Intended The area of the apartment is 35 sq. meters. Out of this, area of bedroom is 12.5 sq. meters and area of hall is 13.1 sq. meters. In this scenario, one room was to be only used as bedroom and the hall was to be only used as living room and circulation space.

Fig 8 : Suggested layout of the apartment Source: <99acres.com>

6.4 Why Space Saving Furniture?

The resident has a work from home lifestyle also, and works on his laptop and also some paperwork. To attend to this, he needed a study table, which was not present in the initial suggested layout. He also wished to have a dining table as he often entertains guests at home for dinner.Also, he did not like to spend a lot of time cleaning and felt a cleanly organised home would be a better fit for him. The apartment (unfurnished) was at a price he could afford and also close to his place of work and he did not wish to spend money on a larger apartment.

Page 34

Dissertation 2017

Primary Case Study

6.5 About The Resident The resident Mr. Jain is 25 years of age and unmarried. His parents lives in Meerut, and he is currently working at an MNC in CyberHub, and has to often work from home.

6.6 Residential Unit â&#x20AC;©

1955

3060

BEDROOM

1090

435

1415

LIVING

1000

1090

435 800 43570

630

1000 Fig 10 : Apartment Plan Configuration 2, Source : Author

3

KITCHEN

2420 SEATING 1455 480 395 720 3050

2515

STUDY

400 1000

1205

3060

670 1600

670

600

415

895

2590 3175

2

TOILET

BALCONY

790

585

1

0

Fig 9 : Apartment Plan Configuration 1, Source : Author

TOILET

KITCHEN

DINING 1455 480 395 720 3050

2515

790

1600

815 400

600

415

1200

660

2590 3175

1000

670

585

TOILET

BALCONY

435 800 43570

TOILET

LIVING

0

1

2

3 Page 35

Space Saving Furniture in Architecture

Dissertation 2017

6.7 Observations 6.7.1 Architectural Observations 6.7.1.1 Space Saving Furniture Used Two articles of space saving furniture are used: • Concealed wall bed and study table In configuration 1, the furniture acts as a bed only. The chair that is required with the study table is placed at the side of the bed.

In configuration 2, it acts as a study table only. The bed gets concealed as it is folded up onto the wall and the chair is brought in front of the study table for it to be used.

• Photoframe with concealed dining table In configuration 1, it acts as a 3 seater dining table, with chairs as accompaniment. This configuration blocks the entry to the balcony as well as circulation space.

In configuration 2, the dining table gets folded back onto the wall and acts as a picture frame. The chairs are placed in front of the photo frame to free up the circulation space.

Furniture Article

Numbers

1

Bed

2 persons

2

Bedside table

1

3

Study

yes

4

Dining

3 seats

5

Kitchen

yes

6

Toilet

3 fixture

7

TV cabinet

yes

8

Sofa

4 seats

9

Sofa table

yes

10

Chairs in apartment

3

Table 2 : Furnishing in apartment, Source : Author

6.7.1.2 Unit Size And Space Saved The size of the unit is 35 sqm. when it is furnished with space saving furniture.

• On overlapping the suggested layout (without use of space saving furniture) and existing layout (with use of space saving furniture), it is observed that there is configuration of bed + study as bed, one side table has been replaced by a chair, which is a negative of the configuration. However space utilised is equal in both cases.

• In the living room, space utilised by the dining table in open configuration is more than the suggested layout. In closed configuration, space of 0.5 sq. meters is required to place the chairs of the dining table, which are not present in the suggested layout.

• Space saved by adding areas that would have been provided in the absence of space saving furniture is 5.19 sqm.

Page 36

Dissertation 2017

Primary Case Study

6.7.1.3 Interior Layout • Public and private functions : Functions have been identified as public and private. It is observed that two private functions of sleeping and working (study) are combined, while public function of dining is combined with circulation.

• Circulation space : It is observed that the circulation space at the entry of balcony doubles up as the space for dining.

6.7.1.4 Identification Of Colocation In Plan

Circulation Circulation Sleeping

Study

Sleeping

Dining

Living

Living

Fig 11 : Functional zoning of suggested layout, Source : Author

Fig 12 : Functional zoning of altered layout, Source : Author

6.7.1.5 Psychological And Physiological Aspect • The entire furniture system used is white in colour.

• Large glass window is present.

• There was a large balcony that could act as extension of living space.

6.7.1.6 Service Areas • Design of toilets does not use space saving furniture • Layout for kitchen is as a normal apartment and not space saving.

6.7.2 Social Observations 6.7.2.1 Affordability Price of 35 sqm. apartment was quoted by the resident as approx. Rs. 28 lacs evaluates to Rs. 80000 per sqm., while space saving furnishing cost him Rs. 59000. The space saved is 5.19 sqm. , which amounts to Rs. 4.15 lacs. Hence, there are significant savings.

6.7.2.2 Maintenance Of Standard Of Lifestyle The resident informed the researcher that he does not change the configuration of the furniture every day. He only uses the bed + study as a study table when he is working at home and the picture + dining table as a dining table when he is entertaining.

This means that he only uses the dining table on an average once in two weeks and the study table once in 5 days. He finds it convenient to be using it at this frequency and says the conversion is very very simple to make, but is unsure whether he would be willing to do it every day.

Page 37

Space Saving Furniture in Architecture

Dissertation 2017

Though happy with his current lifestyle at the apartment, Mr. Jain was clear that this was not a long term solution for him and that he planned to buy a larger home post marriage, the location and size of which would depend on his employment scenario at that time.

6.7.2.3 User Experience Parameter 1

Effort for furniture transformation

2

Affordabililty

3

Maintenance of lifestyle

4

Long term viability

5

Psychological health

6

Need fulfilment

7

Comfort

Table 4 : User Experience in Apartment, Source : Author

Page 38

Primary- without space saving furniture -

Primary- with space saving furniture

Dissertation 2017

Primary Case Study

Page 39

Chapter 7â&#x20AC;¨ Analysis and Inferences

Space Saving Furniture in Architecture

Dissertation 2017

7.1 Introduction This chapter will evaluate the ways in which space saving furniture impacts unit design and resident through careful analysis and observations of case studies.

7.2 Architectural Analysis Parameter 7.2.1

7.2.2

7.2.3

7.2.4 7.2.5

Secondary Study

Primary- with space saving furniture

Inference

Unit Size

28 sqm.

-

Same no. of functions can be achieved in 28 sqm. comfortably

Space Saved

4.96 sqm

5.19 sqm

Significant saving in space

In both cases, collocated functions are mutually Interior Layout Public + Private Private + Private exclusive In both cases, there is come Public + Circulation Public + Circulation compromise on circulation in the unit Light interiors, high ceilings, possible open spillover • White furniture • White furniture Psychological and spaces and adequate 2.9 m height • • Large balcony Physiological Aspect daylighting are imperative • 5.1 sqm window • 5.25 sqm window for health No use of space saving No use of space No use of space Service Areas saving furniture saving furniture furniture Use of space saving furniture should be supported by Space Standards Yes Yes minimum space standards

Table 5 : Comparative Matrix of Architectural Features, Source : Author

7.2.1 Unit Size After careful review of plans it was inferred that the plan having area of 28 sqm. was found to be sufficient in terms of circulation areas and furniture dimensions. In the same amount of space, space saving furniture is able to provide setting to perform more number of functions. Hence, the functionality of the apartment that is fitted with space saving furniture increases.

7.2.2 Interior Layout Functions that are mutually exclusive are to be colocated.

7.2.2.1 Secondary Study • Public and private functions of sleeping and living are colocated, since in a single-person apartment, the person is expected to be awake while using the living space and hence has no use of the sleeping space at that time.

• Functions of studying and dining are collocated because it is expected that if one is entertaining guests for dining, the resident will not be using the study desk at that time.

Page 42

Dissertation 2017

Analysis and Inferences

7.2.2.2 Primary Study • Two private functions of sleeping and working (study) are colocated, since in a single- person apartment, the person is expected to be at one place at one time for private functions.

• Similarly, functions of dining and circulation are colocated because it is expected that if one is entertaining guests for dining, the resident will not be using the balcony. However, this is a compromise on behalf of the resident due to poor design.

• Functions can be collocated if they share utility runs. The functions that are collocated should be specific to the resident category of the apartment. Hence, these apartment layouts are more specialised than regular apartment planning, and it is better to know the user profile, habits and characteristics beforehand.

7.2.3 Psychological And Physiological Health •

• • •

The entire furniture system used is white in colour because white colour reflects light, so to make the unit appear larger than it is. It is preferable to not use dark colours, as they would visually reduce the size of an already smaller space and hence may make the resident feel uncomfortable or claustrophobic.

Large glass sliding window of 2.4 m height has been provided, so there is good view and sufficient day light and there is no feeling of being cramped.

High ceilings of 2.9 m are provided. This is a direct impact of using space saving furniture, since now the area is reduced, so to keep the user comfortable, overall volume is kept high.

Large balcony could act as extension of living space.

7.2.4 Service Areas Space saving furniture is not used in toilets and kitchens.

Page 43

Space Saving Furniture in Architecture

Dissertation 2017

7.3 Social Analysis

Parameter

1

User profile

2

Effort for furniture transformation

3

Affordabililty

4

Maintenance of lifestyle

5

Long term viability

6

Psychological health

7

Need fulfilment

8

PrimaryPrimarySecondary without with space Study space saving saving furniture furniture 1-2 person 1 person household, household, millennial millennial

Comfort

-

Inference

Typology is designed for 1-2 person household, millennial Average effort has to be made for furniture transformation Less space required means greater affordability Lifestyle is maintained as long as recreation facilities are available, needs are being fulfilled Not viable as long term residence Average to above average

Main reason for this typology is need fulfilment which is met

Due to effort for furniture transformation, comfort is compromised

Table 6 : Comparative Matrix of Resident Satisfaction, Source : Author

7.3.1 User Profile The space saving residence typology is primarily designed for demographic of 1-2 person households of millenials.

7.3.2 Affordability The price per square foot for an apartment with space saving furniture may be more or equivalent to an apartment for similar functions without space saving furniture, but the area of the unit decreases significantly, so that the overall cost is cheaper.

Page 44

Dissertation 2017

Analysis and Inferences

7.3.3 Maintenance Of Lifestyle • •

The lifestyle of the target user demographic is the primary aspect kept in mind with the introduction of this new housing typology of micro apartments There is great priority given to being at the hub of activity and at a good location, so much so, that people are willing to let go of the idea that residences should be as large as possible and instead adapting and widely accepting smaller spaces

7.3.4 Long Term Viability The housing typology is not seen as a long term residence option by most residents. This is primarily because their future prospects such as growing family size etc. are not fulfilled in the given space.

7.3.5 Need Fulfillment The primary needs of residents - affordable option in urban areas, good living standards and sufficient functions and activities are being met by this typology.

7.3.6 Comfort And Effort The effort of the user to transform the furniture is imperative for the working of space saving furniture, hence residents do suggest some lack of comfort as compared to regular housing. However, with the advent of technology such as dead level transformation (where the user does not have to lift objects off surface in order to complete transformation) and electrical transformable furniture systems, this can be countered.

7.4 Survey On Space Saving Furniture For Millennials 7.4.1 Aim To ascertain the perspective of target demographic on how space saving furniture can impact their lifestyle and housing, and to determine their acceptability of the idea.

7.4.2 Survey Sample The sample size of the survey was 57 people, aged 23-31, living in metropolitan cities such as DelhiNCR, Mumbai, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Pune, either entrepreneurs or employed.

7.4.3 Summary Of The Survey • • •

Of the people surveyed, most desired easy and hassle-free & minimalist and decluttered residences. These are attributes and advantages of space saving furniture.

56% are living outside of their parental homes independently and 40% ( maximum) people spend 8-10 hours at home on a weekday.

Together, closeness to place of work and city center/ hubs of entertainment constitute 78% of the most important attribute of the location of homes.

Page 45

Space Saving Furniture in Architecture

Dissertation 2017

Fig 13 : Attributes of location of homes, Source : Author

Only 6% of the people surveyed are unaware of space saving furniture.

•

The most crucial question of the survey revealed that together, a whopping 89% of the people surveyed were willing to try space saving furniture in their residences. Of these, 43% were positively in favour of it.

Fig 14 : Willingness to try space saving furniture in homes, Source : Author

• 68% of the sample said that if they had to choose, they would prefer their apartment to be small and recreational facilities to be emphasised.

Page 46

Dissertation 2017

Analysis and Inferences

7.4.4 Analysis • •

•

• • •

The space requirements of people living outside their parental homes would be small, and the survey revealed that 56% of millennials fall into this category.

More people spending only 8-10 hours a day and look for recreation outside of their homes and also maximum people showing their preference for emphasis on recreational facilities reflects the changing millennial lifestyle, and emphasises the need to cater to this growing population demographic.

The fact that maximum people would choose their residences to be close to their place of work and/or recreational hubs shows that this would create overcrowding in these areas, and one way of catering to this growing need is introducing space saving housing typology.

There is increasing awareness about this new product category in the Indian market, and as awareness increases, so does purchasing.

A very large percentage of people are willing to try space saving furniture in their residences after having an informed opinion on it, which shows acceptability of people to this concept.

Large habitable spaces are no longer the trend among millennials. People are paying greater importance to recreation and entertainment which signifies aspirations of people are chaining from investing in houses to investing in experiences.

Page 47

Conclusion

The world is growing but the Earth is not. With everyone rushing to urban centres, and generating extreme scarcity of land, hike in land prices, overpopulation and high carbon emissions, the youth of today is in need of a solution to meet its ever increasing housing demands and many countries have looked to micro housing to solve this issue.

India is following the same footsteps; as our country grows older, our people are growing younger and demanding things from out infrastructure like never before. From ownership to access, from settling down to travelling the world, this Generation Y wants everything and they want it now. They want newer, smarter and affordable homes in cities that are a transition for them. Thinking small is the new thinking big.

The response to space saving furniture in India is promising. The limitation is that since the concept is new to Indian markets, the prices are currently high.

However, with production in greater volumes, the cost will drop down tremendously and space saving furniture can impact a new housing typology both directly and indirectly.

The way a residential unit is designed changes with the usage of space saving furniture. It reduces the unit size by combining functions into one piece of furniture and dedicating the same space to different functions. This is done by colocating mutually exclusive functions and having them share utility runs.

Due to reduction of floor area, certain parameters of design become even more vital for the unit such as large windows, high ceiling, spill out spaces and light coloured interiors for the comfort of the resident.

Space saving furniture also creates an urgent emphasis on targeted design that is tailored to the person who will be residing there as user participation plays a great role in the success of the unit.

The use of space saving furniture in the unit can decrease the unit size significantly, and hence make it more affordable. Relaxed density norms can make it possible to accommodate more people on a given plot of land while maintaining standards of habitability. So, more people can settle around the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;hubsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; in the urban landscape.

At the housing level, due to the nature of the units, a greater emphasis can and must be given due to more availability of space for recreational purposes so as to maintain a good and healthy lifestyle.

However, the long term viability of such residences are low as people would prefer to move out once their family size starts to increase, however a cycle of new residents can be established as demand is ever growing. Hence, space saving furniture can impact housing design greatly and create a new residence typology, which is greatly needed in the Indian urban scenario.â&#x20AC;Š

References

Astonkar, D & Kherde S, 2015 ‘Design & Development of multipurpose, space saving seating arrangements using Ergonomics’, International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 National Conference on Emerging Research Trends in Engineering and Technology, viewed 13 August 2017 Axel, 2017, ‘Cloud Urbanism: Towards a Redistribution of Spatial Value’, 21 March 2016, viewed on 14 September 2017, <http:// www.archdaily.com/784163/cloud-urbanism-towards- aredistribution-of-spatial-value> Bowers , B, 2017 , ‘Anthropometrics Related To Architecture Design’, 05 July 2017, viewed on 10 September 2017, <https:// careertrend.com/info-8101656-anthropometrics-related- architecturedesign.html> Census of India data 2011, viewed on 12 August 2017, <http:// censusindia.gov.in/ Census_And_You/area_and_population.aspx> Connuck , J, 2016, ‘Micro-Apartments: Are Expanding Tables and Folding Furniture a Solution to Inequality?’, 10 May 2016, viewed on 14 September 2017, <http:// www.archdaily.com/787123/microapartments-are-expanding-tables-and-folding-furniture-a- solution-toinequality-new-york-city> Delhi Development Authority 2010, Plinth Area of Rohini DDAHS -10, viewed on 11 September 2017, <https://dda.org.in/housing/ housing_default.htm> Garfield, L 2017, ‘Manhattan's first micro-apartments just won a prestigious design award - here's what it's like to spend a night in one’, Business Insider India, 17 January 2017, viewed on October 10 2017, <http://www.businessinsider.in/Manhattans-first-microapartments-just- won-a-prestigious-design-award-heres-what-its-liketo-spend-a-night-in-one/articleshow/ 56630684.cms>

Space Saving Furniture in Architecture

Dissertation 2017

Guidelines For Planning of Mega Residential Township Projects, 2006, Housing and Urban Development Department, PUDA, <http:// pbhousing.gov.in/notification_files/ Mega_Projects(Guidelines_for_Mega_Residential_Township,_Dated_ 201206),41.pdf> Jain H, 2017, ‘What the millennial Indian wants: Not cars & houses, just fun & convenience’ , The Economic Times, 02 November 2017, viewed on 10 November 2017, <economictimes.indiatimes.com/ articleshow/61452052.cms? utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=c ppst> Menon B, 2014, ‘In millennials, developers see market for compact homes’ , The Hindu BusinessLine, June 14, viewed on 9 August 2017, <http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/ companies/compact-homesfor-millennials/article9727115.ece> Model Building Bye-Laws 2016, Town and Country Planning Organisation, Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India, 2016 Otet, A 2016, ‘As US Apartments Get Smaller, Atlanta, Charlotte, Boston Rank among Top Cities with Largest Rental Units’, RentCafe Blog, viewed on 10 October 2017, <https:// www.rentcafe.com/blog/ rental-market/us-average-apartment-size-trends-downward/> Park, J 2017, “100 Years of Housing Space Standards What Now?’, January 2017, viewed 11 October 2017, <http:// housingspacestandards.co.uk/assets/spacestandards_onscreen_print.pdf> Plitt, A 2016, ‘What it's really like to live in NYC's first micro-unit building’, 22 September 2016, viewed on 10 October 2017, <https:// ny.curbed.com/2016/9/22/13019200/nyc-studio- apartment-carmelplace-house-calls> Post, R 2014, ‘Are tiny houses and micro-apartments the future of urban homes?’, The Guardian, 25 August 2014, viewed on 9 August 2017, <https://www.theguardian.com/ sustainable-business/2014/ aug/25/tiny-houses-micro-living-urban-cities-population-newyorkhongkong-tokyo>

Page 52

Dissertation 2017

Analysis and Inferences

Puri, A, n.d., ‘How millennials have redefined the Indian residential market’, viewed on 29 August 2017, <http:// www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/personal-finance-business/ how- millennials-have-redefined-the-indian-residentialmarket-2327271.html> Romero, J, 2015 , ‘Development of a “Space-Saving Model” for a One-Family Dwelling Case Study of Japanese Architecture with Space Limitations’, Journal of Building Construction and Planning Research, Vol.03 No.04(2015), Article ID:62074 Sen, A, 2017, ‘Searching For Affordable Homes? Micro Apartments Are Trending’, 24 January 2017, viewed on 16 August 2017, <https:// www.proptiger.com/guide/post/searching- for-affordable-homesmicro-apartments-are-trending?> Shiyao Wang, 2013, An Analysis of Transformable Space Saving Furniture Simon, M & Toups, L, 2014, ‘Innovation in Deep Space Habitat Interior Design: Lessons Learned from Small Space Design in Terrestrial Architecture’, SPACE Conferences &amp Exposition, 4-7 August 2014, San Diego, CA, AIAA SPACE 2014 Conference and Exposition Zhang , S, 2015 , ‘Transformable Room System using CNC millling to create transformable space for Asylum Seekers Community’

Page 53

Space Saving Furniture in Architecture

Page 54

Dissertation 2017

Dissertation 2017

Bibliography

Analysis and Inferences

Kahn, L., Tiny Homes: Simple Shelter: Scaling Back in the 21st Century, Shelter Publications, Bolinas, California, 2012, pp. vi- vii.

Rowan, G., Compact Houses, 50 Creative Floor Plans for WellDesigned Small Homes, Storey Publishing, October 8th 2013, pp 6-7.

Mitchell, R., Tiny House Living: Ideas for Building and Living Well in Less Than 400 Square Feet Ching, F., Architecture: Form, Space, and Order, John Wiley, United States of America, 2007 National Building Code of India, Chapter 4, General Building Requirements

Page 55

Space Saving Furniture in Architecture

Page 58

Dissertation 2017