Ultimate D278 Scripting and Programming Foundations EXAM TIPS NEW UPDATE VERSION 2026-2027

Ultimate D278 Scripting and Programming Foundations EXAM TIPS NEW UPDATE VERSION 2026-2027 Correct

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1 of 114 Term

A programmer decides a program should convert U.S. units to metric units and decides to write the program in C++ using several functions. Which phase of a waterfall approach is occurring when the programmer starts writing the program?

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Implementation

Design

Analysis

Testing Don't know?

2 of 114 Term

A function MyFct has an input x and an output z.

What does MyFct return?

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Nothing

x only

x and z

z only

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3 of 114 Term

Which phase of a waterfall approach defines a program's goals?

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Implementation

Design

Testing

Analysis

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4 of 114 Definition

A type that has just two values: true or false.

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Arithmetic

String

Boolean

Integer

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5 of 114 Definition

This second SDLC phase defines specifics of how to build a program.

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Testing

Maintenance

Analysis

Design

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6 of 114 Definition

Refers to blank spaces (space and tab characters) between items within a statement, and to newlines.

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Array

Blackspace

Whitespace

Loop

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7 of 114 Definition

This third SDLC phase involves writing the program.

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Investigation

Planning

Implementation

Evaluation Don't know?

8 of 114 Term

Which phase of an agile approach would create a list of components needed to build an online auction site?

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Analysis

Design

Testing

Implementation

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9 of 114 Term

What does a programmer do first to use an existing programming library?

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Discard the library

Write the library's functions

Include the library

Modify the library's functions

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10 of 114 Term

What is the purpose of parentheses () in a programming expression?

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To run expressions

To group expressions

To print expressions

To compose expressions

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11 of 114 Term

A programmer shows a program's first version to a customer.

Based on feedback, the programmer creates a second version, and then has a colleague run the second version on numerous inputs to ensure outputs are correct.

Which phase of an agile approach is that colleague carrying out?

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Analysis

Implementation

Testing

Design

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12 of 114 Definition

A symbol that performs a built-in calculation, like + which performs addition.

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Operand

Operator

Object

Array

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13 of 114 Term

A program determines if a user's age is high enough to run for U.S. president. The minimum age requirement is 35.

How should the item that holds the minimum age be declared?

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Constant integer minAge

Variable integer minAge

Constant integer 35

Variable integer 35

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14 of 114 Definition

A function input specified in a function definition.

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Procedure

Analysis

Process

Parameter

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15 of 114 Definition

A flowchart used to describe the flow of an activity or set of activities.

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Collaboration diagram

Structural diagram

Package diagram

Activity diagram

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16 of 114 Term

Which expression evaluates to true only when the user is within 3 years of 21 years, given a variable x containing a user's age?

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( x < 18) and ( x > 24)

(x >= 18) or ( x <= 24)

( x >= 18) and ( x <= 24)

( x < 18) or ( x > 24)

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17 of 114 Term

A variable should hold the names of all past U.S. presidents. Which data type should the variable be?

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String array

Integer array

Float array

Boolean array

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18 of 114 Definition

A language that is run one statement at a time by another program called an interpreter.

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Machine Language

Assembly Language

Compiled Language

Interpreted Language

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19 of 114 Definition

A two-character sequence \n whose appearance in an output string literal causes the cursor to move to the next output line.

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Line Feed

Loop

Newline

Constant

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20 of 114 Term

Which elements are characteristic of a class diagram?

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Flow of logic and process interaction within a system

Internal structure of a class and collaboration between classes or instances

System's classes, attributes, and methods and their features, constraints, and relationships

Physical resources or logical architecture of a system

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21 of 114 Definition

Any function input values, appear within ( ), and are separated by commas if more than one.

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Arguments

Characters

None Of These

Events

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22 of 114 Term

A program should continue accepting input numbers, adding each to a sum, until a 0 is input.

Which control structure should be used?

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While loop

Multiple if statements

If statement

For loop

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23 of 114 Definition

A graphical language for creating or viewing computer programs.

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Activity Diagram

Flowchart

Use Case Diagram

Class Diagram

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24 of 114 Definition

Any letter (a-z, A-Z), digit (0-9), or symbol (~, !, @, etc.).

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Attributes

Characters

Variables

Arguments

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25 of 114 Definition

Consists of the function name and parentheses, within which comma-separated arguments (if any) appear.

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Function call

None of these

Process

Design

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26 of 114 Definition

A loop with three parts at the top: a loop variable initialization, a loop expression, and a loop variable update.

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None of these

Infinite loop

Do While loop

For loop

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27 of 114 Definition

Capitalizing each word except the first, as in numApples or peopleOnBus.

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Upper camel case

Hill valley case

Lower camel case

Upper case

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28 of 114 Definition

Checks whether two values are the same (==) or different(!=).

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Equality operator

Transfer operator

Assignment operator

Modulo operator

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29 of 114 Definition

A behavioral diagram used to visually model how a user interacts with a software program.

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Class diagram

Sequence diagram

Use case diagram

Structural diagram

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30 of 114 Term

A programmer is currently programming the fourth version of a program. Each version has additional features to satisfy more customers.

In which phase of an agile approach does the programming of the fourth version occur?

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Design

Analysis

Testing

Implementation

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31 of 114 Term

What is the loop variable initialization in the following pseudocode? y = 0 s = 100.0 while y < 10 s = s + (s * 5.0) y=y+1

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s = 100.0

s = s + ( s * 5.0)

y=y+1

y=0

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32 of 114 Term

Given float x = 10.2 and float y = 1.0.

What is the value of the expression x / y ?

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1.0

0.0

10

10.2

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33 of 114 Definition

A variable's type may change while a program executes, based on what is assigned to the variable.

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Statically typed

Strongly typed

Weekly typed

Dynamically typed

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34 of 114 Definition

Is a modeling language for software design that uses different types of diagrams to visualize the structure and behavior of programs.

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Universal Modeling Language (UML)

Interpreted Language

Structural Modeling Language (sml)

Behavioral Modeling Language (bml)

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35 of 114 Term

What is a characteristic of an interpreted language?

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Needs to be converted to machine code first

Runs easily on different kinds of machines

Runs faster than compiled languages

Outputs an interpreter to run the program

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36 of 114 Term

A function returns a number x cubed. For example, if x is 3, the function returns 3 * 3 * 3, or 27.

What should be the input to the function?

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27

x,x

x

x,x,x

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37 of 114 Definition

A program written is first converted by a tool into machine code, which can run on a particular machine.

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Query language

Compiled language

Interpreted Language

Script

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38 of 114 Definition

A set of style guidelines defined by a company, team, teacher, etc., for naming variables.

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Variable declaration

Precedence rules

Naming conventions

Logical design standards

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39 of 114 Term

A car drove 200 miles using 10 gallons of fuel.

Which operation should be used to compute the miles per gallon, which is 20?

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Multiplication

Subtraction

Addition

Division

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40 of 114 Term

A programmer shows a program's first version to a customer.

Based on feedback, the programmer begins writing a second version of the program.

In which phase of an agile approach does the writing of a second version of the program occur?

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Testing

Analysis

Implementation

Design

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41 of 114 Term

Order the tasks needed to create a pyramid (large on bottom, small on top) on a table from first (1) to last (4).

A Place largest shape.

B Clear table C Place smallest shape.

D Place middle-sized shape.

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DCBA

CBAB

ADCB

BADC

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42 of 114 Definition

An ordered list of items of a given data type.

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Tree

String

Loop

Array

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43 of 114 Term

Given integer x = 3 and integer y = 5.

What is the value of the expression ( x / 2.0) + y?

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6.5

5.0

7.5

6.0

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44 of 114 Definition

Engineers have reduced switch sizes by half about every 2 years.

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Amdahl's Law

Metcalf's Law

Moore's Law

Metcalfe's Law

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45 of 114 Term

A language uses tags around text to indicate how that text should be formatted.

Which characteristic describes a language having such tags?

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Script

Markup

Compiler

Objects

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46 of 114 Definition

A decision and its two branches. Because IF the decision's expression is true then the first branch executes, ELSE the second branch executes.

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run execute

if then

?:

if else

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47 of 114 Term

Variables

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To define functions, like f(x)

To refer to data, like x.

To store program instructions, like y

To control program flow, like z

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48 of 114 Term

A programmer has developed the following code: count = 0 while count is less than 5: print 'Hello' What is the result of implementing this code?

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'Hello' will print indefinitely.

'Hello' will print five times.

The program will throw an error.

'Hello' will print four times.

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49 of 114 Term

Which characteristic specifically describes a markup language?

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A program's execution marks output with numbers and strings

A compiler marks statements with 0's and 1's

An interpreter executes statements one at a time

Tags surround text to describe desired formatting

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50 of 114 Term

A function calculates the weight difference (Diff) given two sample weights (S1 and S2).

What should be the output from the function?

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Diff

S1 only

S1 and S2

S2 only

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51 of 114 Term

What is the loop expression in the following pseudocode? i = 0 while i < 20 Put i to output i=i+1

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i

i=i+1

i<20

i=0

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52 of 114 Definition

This first SDLC phase determines the goals and requirements for a system.

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Analysis

Implementation

Planning

Design

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53 of 114 Term

After a programmer is done writing a program, another person runs the program hundreds of times, each time with different input, checking that each run yields correct output.

Which phase of a waterfall approach is the person carrying out?

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Implementation

Design

Testing

Analysis

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54 of 114 Term

What does the following algorithm accomplish? x = Get next input if x == -1 Put "Goodbye" to output

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Outputs -1 when user types any input

Outputs -1 when x is positive

Outputs Goodbye when user

Outputs "x" when user types -1

types -1

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55 of 114 Definition

Assigns a variable with a value, such as x = 5.

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Control statement

Assignment statement

Conditional statement

Compound statement Don't know?

56 of 114 Definition

Consists of instructions executing one at a time.

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Program

Statement

Loop

Event

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57 of 114 Definition

A program puts that data somewhere, such as to a file, screen, network, etc.

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Output

Memory

Input

Process

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58 of 114 Term

Agile or spiral

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Correct answer A program can be built by doing small amounts of each phase in sequence, and then repeating.

59 of 114 Term

What is a valid user-defined function name?

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Correct answer Any valid identifier

60 of 114 Term

Input

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Correct answer A program gets data, perhaps from a file, keyboard, touchscreen, network, etc.

61 of 114 Term

Integer

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Correct answer Can hold whole number values, like 1, 999, 0, or -25 (but not 3.5 or 0.001).

62 of 114 Definition

The process of writing, compiling, and testing a small amount of code, then writing, compiling, and testing a small amount more, and so on.

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Correct answer Incremental development

63 of 114 Term

Which data type is used for items that are measured in length?

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Correct answer Float

64 of 114 Term

What is the return value of a function?

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Output of a function

65 of 114 Term

Function F() Put "Hey" to output What entire output appears after three successive calls to F()?

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Correct answer HeyHeyHey

66 of 114 Term

Waterfall method

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Correct answer Each phase is done in sequence, entirely completing one phase before moving to the next phase.

67 of 114 Term

Variable declaration

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Correct answer Specifies the variable's name and type.

68 of 114 Term

What is an advantage of using a programming library?

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Correct answer The code has already been tested

69 of 114 Term

What is put to output by the following pseudocode: x=3 do Put x to output Put " " to output x=x-1 while x > 0

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Correct answer 321

70 of 114 Term

Which phase of an agile approach would create an executable program?

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Correct answer Implementation

71 of 114 Term

A company has a new project it wishes to implement to track and analyze employee and customer interactions. The company leadership determines that the system should support direct data entry as well as automated data capture of phone calls and emails.

Which phase of the waterfall process is occurring?

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Correct answer Analysis

72 of 114 Definition

A combination of items, like variables, literals, operators, and parentheses, that evaluates to a value. Ex: 2 * (x + 1) is an expression. If x is 3, the expression evaluates to the value 8.

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Correct answer Expression

73 of 114 Term

Class diagram

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Correct answer A structural diagram that can be used to visually model the classes of a program, including data members and functions.

74 of 114 Definition

They can be run one statement at a time

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Correct answer Which characteristic specifically describes interpreted languages?

75 of 114 Term

What is an advantage of interpreted programs?

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Correct answer They can be modified at run time

76 of 114 Term

When should a programmer develop an algorithm to solve a problem?

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Correct answer Before writing a program to solve the problem

77 of 114 Term

Loop

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Correct answer A program that repeatedly executes statements while the expression is true; when false, execution proceeds past.

78 of 114 Term

An algorithm should output "OK" if a list's numbers are all non-zero, else the output is "Not OK." Which test is a valid test of the algorithm?

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Correct answer

Input 99, 0, 5. Ensure output is "Not OK."

79 of 114 Definition

Text a programmer adds to a program, to be read by humans to better understand the code, but ignored by the program when executing.

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Correct answer Comment

80 of 114 Term

Process

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Correct answer A program performs computations on that data, such as adding two values like x + y.

81 of 114 Term

Which language is not built on object-oriented design principles?

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Correct answer C

82 of 114 Term

Given float x = 3.0.

Which expression evaluates to 2.0?

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Correct answer x / 2 + 0.5 /2 + .25

83 of 114 Term

Order the steps needed to output the minimum of x and y from first (1) to last (4).

A Declare variable min B Put min to output C min = x D If y < min, set min = y

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Correct answer ACDB

84 of 114 Definition

They can run on any machine having the right interpreter

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Correct answer Which characteristic specifically describes interpreted languages?

85 of 114 Term

Do While loop

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A loop that first executes the loop body's statements, then checks the loop condition.

86 of 114 Term

function P(integer x) returns integer y y=2*x What does P(5) evaluate to?

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Correct answer 10

87 of 114 Definition

Insert key, turn key, open door

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Correct answer Which text represents an algorithm?

88 of 114 Term

Run execute

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Correct answer Carrying out a program's statements.

89 of 114 Term

Pseudocode

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Correct answer Text that resembles a program in a real programming language but is simplified to aid human understanding.

90 of 114 Term

A program uses the number of seconds in a minute in various calculations.

How should the item that holds the number of seconds in a minute be declared?

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Correct answer Constant integer secondsPerMinute

91 of 114

Term

A programmer wants a compiler to report an error if an integer variable is assigned with a string.

Which kind of language should the programmer use?

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Correct answer Statically typed

92 of 114 Term

Which phase of a waterfall approach would create a sequence diagram that specifies the required order of events between completed program components?

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Correct answer Design

93 of 114 Term

Which data type should be used to keep track of how many planes are in a hangar?

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Correct answer Integer

94 of 114 Term

What is a characteristic of a compiled language?

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Correct answer Converts to machine language before running

95 of 114 Term

Joe is building an online game. He wants to provide a riddle and have the player guess the answer. The game needs to prompt the user to enter the answer, check to see if it the input provided does not match the correct answer, and continue prompting the user until the answer entered matches the correct answer.

Which control structure supports Joe's needs?

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Correct answer Do-while loop

96 of 114 Term

While loop

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Correct answer A loop that repeatedly executes the loop body while the loop's expression evaluates to true.

97 of 114 Term

A language substantially supports a programmer creating items like person, teacher, and students. Each item has internal data and some operations.

Which characteristic describes that language?

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Correct answer Object-oriented

98 of 114

Term

What kind of operator is the == in the expression i == 20?

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Correct answer Equality

99 of 114 Term

Which language is dynamically typed?

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Correct answer

Python

100 of 114 Term

Statically typed

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Correct answer Each variable's type must be declared and cannot change while the program runs.

101 of 114 Term

A function should convert hours and minutes to seconds, such as converting 1 hour and 10 minutes to 4,200 seconds.

What should be the input to the function?

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Correct answer Hours and minutes

102 of 114 Definition

Shake bulb; if it rattles, replace it

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Correct answer Which text represents an algorithm?

103 of 114 Term

Order the steps needed to calculate speed in miles per hour given a start and end location and time traveled in hours from first (1) to last (4).

A Put speedMph to output B Declare variables distMiles and speedMph C distMiles = endLocation - startLocation D speedMph = distMiles / timeHours

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Correct answer BCDA

104 of 114 Term

What does an output of 1 indicate for the following algorithm running on a five-element list of integers? i=0 x=0 while i < 5 if list[i] <0x=1 i=i+1 Put x to output

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Correct answer At least one integer is negative

105 of 114 Term

What relationship is common among a programming library's functions?

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Correct answer Functions all relate to the same purpose

106 of 114 Term

Testing

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Correct answer The fourth SDLC phase checks the system functions properly and meets requirements.

107 of 114 Term

Algorithm

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Correct answer A sequence of instructions that solves a problem.

108 of 114

Term

A programmer shows a program's first version to a customer. The customer provides feedback, which causes the programmer to change the goals of the program.

In which phase of an agile approach are goals changed based on customer feedback?

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Correct answer Analysis

109 of 114 Term

A variable should hold a person's height in meters. Which data type should the variable be?

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Correct answer

Float

110 of 114 Term

Which phase of an agile approach would define a hypothesis to find a problem in a program?

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Correct answer Testing

111 of 114 Term

String literal

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Correct answer Consists of text (characters) within double quotes, as in "Go #57!".

112 of 114 Term

What does the following algorithm determine? if x == y z=1 else z=0

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Correct answer Whether x and y are the same

113 of 114 Term

Which operator should be used to determine if a number is evenly divisible by 5?

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Correct answer %

114 of 114 Term

Sequence diagram

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Correct answer A behavioral diagram that shows interaction between software components and indicates the order of events.