D334 Introduction to Cryptography – (250 Questions and solution) well done Western Governors Univers

D334 Introduction to Cryptography – (250 Questions and solution) well done Western Governors University Correct

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1 of 250 Definition

in simplest terms is changing plaintext into ciphertext

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Authorization

Hash

Masking

Encryption

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2 of 250 Term

_____ is a symmetric block cipher that uses block sizes of 32, 64, or 128 bits and boasts a variable key size up to 2048 bits.

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RC4

DES

RC5

AES

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3 of 250 Term

Which symmetric block cipher modes enable the block cipher to operate like a stream cipher?

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Dsa, Rsa, Rc6

Cor, Orb, Cfr

CFB, OFB, CTR

Ecb, Des, Ecc

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4 of 250 Term

Regarding blockchain, miners receive_____for successful mining efforts.

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taxes

rewards

fees

commissions

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5 of 250 Definition

▪ Initialization. This includes registration, key pair generation, certificate creation and certificate/key distribution, certificate dissemination, and key backup.

▪ Issued. This includes certificate retrieval, certificate validation, key recovery and key update.

▪ Cancellation. This includes certificate expiration, certificate revocation, key history and key archiving.

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The main advantages of Elliptic Curve methods are:

There are also instances where a certificate needs to moved to an invalid/untrusted state (revoked) prior to the original expiration date. Some reasons warranting having a cert revoked include but are not limited to:

The main stages of key/certificate management include:

True Random Number Generators (TRNGs)

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6 of 250 Term

Dictionary-type attack

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does not belong to when an object is not in a set

block and stream

such that

a brute force analysis

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7 of 250

Term

A _____ occurs when two different input values produce the same hash signature.

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collision

encryption error

signature mismatch

hash conflict

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8 of 250 Term

RC2 has a block size of 64 bits and variable key size up to 128 bits.

What is the minimum recommended key size to use when employing RC2?

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CA

40

Elli

El Gamal

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9 of 250 Term

If Shawn employs public key cryptography to send Sue a digitally signed message, which key will Sue use to verify the message?

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Shawn's private key

Sue's private key

Shawn's public key

Patrick's private key

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10 of 250 Definition

The method of knowing the mapping between the hashed values and the original data

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Rainbow Attack

Mask Attack

Cracking Attack

Rule Attack

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11 of 250 Term

_____ substitution is where a single mapping from our alphabet to a cipher alphabet is created.

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Transposition

Mono-alphabetic

Homophonic

Poly-alphabetic

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12 of 250 Definition

is considered to be unbreakable since it only uses its cipher code once.

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|

Four-square cipher9

One-time pad

Hashing

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13 of 250 Definition

Mono- alphabetic substitution cipher that makes use of mapping plaintext characters to graphical characters rather than to alphabetic ones. i.e. A=(pick a symbol), vs A=(pick a letter). Disadvantage: once the mapping is known, it is difficult to keep the message secret.

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BIFID Cipher 3

Rail Code Cipher 2

Vigenere Cipher 7

Pig Pen Cipher 1

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14 of 250 Term

_____ is an encoding method with 16-bit values and supports up to 65,536 characters.

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ASCII-16

UTF-8

UTF-16

ISO-16

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15 of 250 Term

The Paillier cryptosystem supports

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homomorphic encryption

key stretching

volume encryption

hashing

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16 of 250 Term

Only the public key should be distributed or shared

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exchanged via digital signature, posted on a site etc

stored securely in a private database.

kept confidential and never shared.

exchanged via encrypted email only.

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17 of 250 Term

UTF-16

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16- bit values, up to 65,536 characters

8-bit values, up to 256 characters

32-bit values, up to 4,294,967,296 characters

12-bit values, up to 4,096 characters

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18 of 250 Term

Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 (WPA2) uses 128-bit____.

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AES

SHA-3

DES

RC4

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19 of 250 Term

An alterative to the CRL is to use_____, an online service used to check the validity of a certificate.

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Certificate Revocation Protocol (CRP)

Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP)

Secure Certificate Check Protocol (SCCP)

Digital Certificate Verification System (DCVS)

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20 of 250 Term

_____ is an early cipher that uses four 5 × 5 matrices arranged in a square, are where each matrix contains 25 letters for encoding and decoding operations.

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Four-square cipher

Enigma

Scytale

Polybius

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21 of 250 Definition

➢ Step 1: [Sender signs] Sender signs message with sender's own private key ➢ Step 2: [Sender Encrypts] Sender encrypts message with receiver's public key ---------------MESSAGE SENT-------------------------➢ Step 3: [Receiver Decrypts] Receiver decrypts message with receiver's own private key ➢ Step 4: [Receiver verifies] Receiver verifies message with sender's public key

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RFC 5280 thus defines "Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile", and includes two main states for revocation:

True Random Number Generators (TRNGs)

When encrypting data using symmetric cryptography, which key may need to be exchanged to facilitate decryption?

The 4 basic steps to send a digitally signed message using public key cryptography include:

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22 of 250 Term

The IV used with WPA is____bits.

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256

15

5

48

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23 of 250 Definition

is a message authentication code (MAC) that can be used to verify the integrity and authentication of the message. It involves hashing

the message with a secret key, and thus differs from standard hashing, which is purely a one-way function Give this one a try later!

RC4

GMAC

HMAC

MD5

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24 of 250 Definition

(timeframe the cert is valid and should be trusted) at creation via a start and end date or expiration date.

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Certificates receive a lifetime renewal designation

Certificates receive a permanent trust designation

Certificates are issued without any validity period

Certificates receive a period of validity designation

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25 of 250

Definition

.cer (used with both PEM and DER formats), others - .crt, .pem, .key (common with PEM formats) and .der (common with DER formats) Give this one a try later!

Common X.509 Certificate signature formats

Common X.509 Certificate encryption types

Common X.509 Certificate file types

Common X.509 Certificate key exchange protocols

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26 of 250 Definition

-involves grouping data into blocks and encrypting the individual blocks

-padding is used to fill blocks to operating size when the data does not fit perfectly.

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Four-square cipher9

Cipher Block Chaining (CBC)

Symmetric block encryption

Enigma Machine -Cypher 10

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27 of 250 Term

The light-weight symmetric steam cipher Mickey v2 operates with a key size of ______ bits and an initialization vector (IV) variable up to ____bits.

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32; 32

128; 128

80; 80

64; 64

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28 of 250 Term

A ___ attack is where an attacker mixes parts of two different encrypted messages and is able to create a new message. This message is likely to make no sense but may trick the receiver into doing something that helps the intruder.

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Playfair

Replay

Copy-and-paste

Cut-and-paste

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29 of 250 Term

The IPSec handshake takes place on UDP port_____for key exchange.

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UDP port 500

UDP port 300

TCP port 80

TCP port 443

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30 of 250 Term

Solve by applying the binary OR function.

11011 10000

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UDP port 500

50

64

11011

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31 of 250 Term

The key size used with XTEA is____bits.

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64

256

192

128

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32 of 250 Term

When encrypting data using asymmetric cryptography, which key should be shared or distributed to facilitate decryption?

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Private key

Session key

Secret key

Public key

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33 of 250 Definition

PEM (Base64 ASCII text) format, and DER (binary) format

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Two major encoding schemes for X.509 certificates

Two major compression formats for X.509 certificates

Two major encryption methods for X.509 certificates

Two major signature types for X.509 certificates

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34 of 250 Term

RSA and DSA are both____.

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Data compression algorithms

Symmetric algorithms

Hashing algorithms

Asymmetric algorithms

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35 of 250 Definition

is a tamper-evident and intrusion-resistant physical device that safeguards and manages cryptographic keys and provides cryptographic processing.

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Hardware Security Module

Electronic Code Book (ECB)

Hardware root of trust (rot)

(HSM)

Trusted Platform Module (TPM)

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36 of 250 Definition

a different key is used for each connection, and, again, the leakage of any long-term key would not cause all the associated session

keys to be breached.

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Example Use: Passing PKI public keys in a verifiable way.

With end-to-end authentication

With intermediate authentication

With ephemeral key methods

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37 of 250 Term

WPA supported Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP), which used an initialization vector (IV) value of bits.

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48

24

64

40

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38 of 250 Definition

Polyalphabetic cipher that involves using a different mapping, based on a keyword, for each character of the cipher. An advantage of this type of cipher is that the same plaintext character is likely to be coded to different mappings, depending on the position of the keyword, making guessing more difficult.

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Rail Code Cipher 2

Morse Code cipher 5

Vigenere Cipher 7

BIFID Cipher 3

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39 of 250 Definition

is cipher cracking methodology that involves identifying patterns and variations in the probability of codes. i.e. a three-letter ciphered text combination spotted at the beginning of a string too often could tip us off that those three letters correlate the letters THE in the English alphabet.

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Kasiski Examination

Salting

Hashing

Frequency Analysis

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40 of 250 Term

If Shawn plans to employ public key cryptography to send Sue a digitally signed message, which key will Shawn use to encrypt the message?

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Bob's public key

Sue's public key

Bob's private key

Sue's private key

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41 of 250 Term

Skipjack is a symmetric block cipher that uses a

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100 bit key

128 bit key

64 bit key

80 bit key

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42 of 250 Definition

Encrypt individual files and encrypt full disks with options such as Bitlocker and FileVault

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Work Factor

ASCII

|

AESCrypt

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43 of 250 Term

12 mod 7 = _____

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a public key encryption method that is an extension of El Gamal but adds a one way hashing method which protects against an adaptive chosen ciphertext attack.

implementations essentially allow the block cipher to operate like a stream cipher.

5

Symmetric stream cipher

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44 of 250 Term

Blowfish and Twofish are both _____ ciphers with common key sizes of 128, 192, or 256 bits.

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Symmetric Block

Public Key

Stream

Asymmetric Key

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45 of 250 Definition

occurs when two different input values that produce the same hash signature

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hashing

probe

intersection

collision

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46 of 250 Term

_____ is a public key method that is used in both encryption and digital signing. It is used in many applications and uses discrete logarithms.

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DES

RSA

El Gamal

AES

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47 of 250 Term

With the _____ block cipher mode, the encrypted version of the IV produced in the first stage (during processing of the first block) is fed into the second stage and encrypted.

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Cipher Feedback (CFB)

Electronic Codebook (ECB)

Cipher Block Chaining (CBC)

Output Feedback (OFB)

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48 of 250 Definition

5 × 5 matrix containing the alphabet less the letter J. Cipher/decipher process consists of a set of rules outlining use of column and row combinations.

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Caesar Cipher 3

Playfair Cipher 4

Affine Cipher 6

Vigenère Cipher 5

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49 of 250 Term

The Paillier cryptosystem supports_____encryption.

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hybrid

symmetric

asymmetric

homomorphic

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50 of 250 Term

_____ is a Lightweight cryptography method for signing messages (MAC).

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MD5

SHA-1

SHA-3

Chaskey

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51 of 250 Term

What is the block and key size in bits used by the light-weight symmetric block cipher CLEFIA?

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256 bit blocks; 128, 192, or 256 bit keys

64 bit blocks; 64, 128, or 192 bit keys

128 bit blocks; 64, 128, or 256 bit keys

128 bit blocks; 128, 192, or 256 bit keys

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52 of 250 Definition

c code or substitution is where a single mapping from our alphabet to a cipher alphabet is created. Many early cryptosystems used this.

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Homomorphic

Mono-alphabetic

Polyalphabetic

Pseudo-random

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53 of 250 Definition

This method repeats the random numbers after a given time (periodic). They are fast and are also deterministic and are useful in producing a repeatable set of random numbers.

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Pseudo-Random Number Generators (PRNGs)

Cipher Block Chaining (CBC)

True Random Number Generators (TRNGs)

Cipher Feedback (CFB)

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54 of 250 Term

asymmetric key-based encryption -typical methods

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RC4 Chacha

Such That

Encryption (symmetric Cryptography) Makes Use Of A Single Secret Key For Both Encryption And Decryption.

RSA DSA El Gamal

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55 of 250 Definition

in order that they can be validated, and thus signed by the private key of the CA, and then checked against its public key (which is stored in a root certificate folder or preinstalled within a Web browser)

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CRLs are verified by a thirdparty authority

CRLs are signed by the CA

CRLs are encrypted by the User

CRLs are signed by the End-user

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56 of 250

Definition

This allows a new unique password to be created for each instance, based on an initial seed Give this one a try later!

Passwords which use a hashed value can be cracked

Counter Mode (CTR)

One Time Passwords (OTP)

Multiple use timed password (mutp)

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57 of 250 Term

______ cryptography makes use of a key pair (one public, one private) to perform encryption and decryption. If a given key in a key pair is used for encryption, only the opposite key in that key pair can perform the reverse decryption.

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Hybrid

Symmetric

Dual-key

Asymmetric

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58 of 250 Term

A blockchain mining process where a new block of transactions is added to the blockchain and transactions within the block are considered to be processed occurs every_____minutes or so.

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10

15

51

64

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59 of 250 Definition

Cypher Code mapping that is only used once.

Advantage: it is essentially unbreakable.

Disadvantage: it takes lots of work as you would have to generate the pad to be used, each time.

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One-time pad cypher8

Key Exchange Cipher 6

Symmetric Key Cipher 7

Public Key Cipher 5

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60 of 250 Term

RC5 is a conventional symmetric block cipher that is suitable for light-weight implementations. It has a variable key size with a max of ____bits.

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1024

4096

512

2048

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61 of 250 Term

A digital certificate contains the _____ key of the entity the certificate is issued to.

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Private

Public

Symmetric

Secret

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62 of 250 Definition

➢ Revoked. This is where a certificate has been revoked, and cannot be reversed, and often occurs when a certificate is defined as having its private key breached. ➢ Hold. In this case the certificate's trust level is on hold and can be reversed at some time in the future. It could relate to a private key being thought to be compromised, but where an investigation has show that it has not been breached.

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_____is a mono-alphabetic substitution cipher that makes use of mapping plaintext characters to graphical characters rather than to alphabetic ones.

RFC 5280 thus defines "Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile", and includes two main states for revocation:

If Shawn employs public key cryptography to send Sue a digitally signed message, which key will Sue use to verify the message?

_____is polyalphabetic early cipher that involves using a different mapping, based on a keyword, for each character of the cipher.

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63 of 250 Term

AES when operating with 14 rounds uses what block size?

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256

128

320

192

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64 of 250 Definition

measures level of unpredictability; in encryption relates to the degree of uncertainty of the encryption process.

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Complexity

Hashing

Entropy

Classification

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65 of 250 Term

stream encryption

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Encryption (symmetric Cryptography) Makes Use Of A Single Secret Key For Both Encryption And Decryption.

RC2- 40 Bit Key Size 64 Bit Block RC4- (Stream Cipher)- Used In SSL And WEP RC5- (Variable Key Size, 32, 64, Or 128 Bit Block Size) AES- (128, 192 Or 256 Bit Key Size, 128 Bit Block Size) DES- (56 Bit Key Size. 64 Bit Block Size) 3DES- (112 Bit Key Size, 64 Bit Block Size)

Cfb Ctr Ofb

RC4 Chacha

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66 of 250 Term

____ describes an instance where an attacker takes a legitimate message and sends it into the network at some future time.

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The encryption system

The decryption system

The replay system

The interception system

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67 of 250 Definition

This method generates a true random number and uses some form of random process. One approach is to monitor the movements of a mouse pointer on a screen or from the pauses between keystrokes.

Overall, the method is generally slow, especially if it involves human interaction, but is non-deterministic and aperiodic.

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Pseudo-random number generators (prngs

|

True Random Number Generators (TRNGs)

Output Feedback (OFB)

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68 of 250 Term

Secure sockets layer (SSL) uses which symmetric stream cipher?

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DES

Blowfish

RC4

AES

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69 of 250 Term

Ethereum, and Hyperledger are considered common options for implementing___.

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digital signature

data compression

network security

blockchain

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70 of 250 Definition

encryption (symmetric Cryptography) makes use of a single secret key for both encryption and decryption.

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Secret Key

Password

Public Key

Keystream

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71 of 250 Term

What is the protocol number for encapsulating security protocol (ESP)?

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10000

64

DER

50

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72 of 250 Definition

can perform mathematical operations on ciphered values i.e., before decryption.

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Link Encryption

Homomorphic Encryption

Hashing

Volume Encryption

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73 of 250 Definition

Intersection: in both A and B

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Symmetric stream Encryption

|

A∩B

AuB

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74 of 250 Term

_______ refers to the mapping of our alphabet to a number of cipher alphabets.

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Monoalphabetic

Transpositional

Homographic

Polyalphabetic

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75 of 250 Term

A5/1 is designed to be used for the_____network.

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GSM

UMTS

CDMA

LTE

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76 of 250 Term

_____ is a light-weight symmetric block cipher with variable block sizes, key sizes, and rounds, that is optimized forhardware implementations.

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DES

AES

BLOWFISH

SIMON

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77 of 250 Term

Enocoro operates with a key size of ______ bits and an initialization vector (IV) of___bits.

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128-bit key size; 64-bit IV

64-bit key size; 128-bit IV

256-bit key size; 32-bit IV

128-bit key size; 32-bit IV

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78 of 250 Term

Passwords which use a hashed value can be cracked

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by analyzing frequency patterns or statistical data.

as either with rainbow tables or brute force.

only through decryption keys or algorithms.

using advanced encryption methods.

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79 of 250 Definition

➢ Step 1: [Sender signs] Sender produces a hash of the message and encrypts it using sender's private key [this is considered "signing" when hashing is incorporated in the process] ➢ Step 2: [Sender Encrypts] Sender packages up [original message + encrypted hash] and encrypts both with the receiver's public key --------------------MESSAGE SENT-----------------

➢ Step 3: [Receiver Decrypts] Receiver decrypts packaged up [original message + encrypted hash] with receiver's private key ➢ Step 4: [Receiver verifies] Receiver decrypts the encrypted hash with sender's public key ➢ Step 5: [Receiver verifies] Receiver computes hash of the original message and compares to the now decrypted original hash to ensure they match.

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The 5 basic steps to send a confidential, authenticated message that incorporates hashing ensure integrity are

____allows a new unique passcode to be created each instance, based on a counter value and an initial seed.

The ___ block cipher mode facilitates parallel processing of data blocks.

Which variation of Elliptic Curve cryptography is used to support symmetric key exchange?

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80 of 250 Term

_____ describes a ledger of transactions that allows the Bitcoin network to know the number of bitcoins that a given user has in their account.

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Transaction Log

Cryptographic Ledger

Blockchain

Digital Wallet

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81 of 250 Term

_____ are used to manage how blocks of data are processed in symmetric encryption.

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Block cipher modes

Encryption algorithms

Cipher key protocols

Data compression methods

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82 of 250 Definition

Mono-alphabetic substitution cipher known as "shift" cipher. Involves plaintext being replaced by a letter some fixed number of positions down the alphabet. i.e., a Caesar Cipher using a shift of +3 would

mean a plaintext letter A would result in a ciphertext letter D (a shift of three positions to the right in the alphabet)

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BIFID Cipher 3

Ceasar Cipher6

Vigenere Cipher 7

Four-square Cipher9

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83 of 250 Definition

The process of converting a ciphertext into plaintext.

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Decryption

Hashing

Decoding

Salting

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84 of 250 Term

With NTLM, each of the characters in a password are converted into _____.

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Binary

Unicode

ASCII

Hexadecimal

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85 of 250 Term

Which variation of Elliptic Curve cryptography is used to support symmetric key exchange?

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ECDH

AES

HMAC

RSA

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86 of 250 Term

A certificate that has been compromised, updated, or superseded warrants being____.

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expired

renewed

suspended

revoked

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87 of 250 Term

______ is a secret key encryption algorithm, designed by the NSA, and was used with the Clipper chip.

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Skipjack

RC4

Blowfish

DES

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88 of 250 Term

_____ computers have fast multiplication circuits, and thus can be used to perform multiplications and search a range of prime numbers at a speed which would break most existing RSA implementations.

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Analog

Classical

Quantum

Digital

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89 of 250 Term

15 mod 7 = _____

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10000

64

1

51

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90 of 250

Term

_____ provides a method for key exchange using a one-way function.

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RSA Encryption

ECC Key Agreement

Diffie-Hellman

AES Key Exchange

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91 of 250 Definition

Hardware encryption is more efficient than software encryption.

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|

Hardware Security Module (HSM)

Hardware vs Software encryption

Combination vs. Permutation

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92 of 250 Term

A _____ is a tamper-evident and intrusion-resistant physical device that safeguards and manages cryptographic keys and provides cryptographic processing.

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cryptographic key manager (ckm)

digital key vault (dkv)

hardware security module

software security module (ssm)

(HSM)

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93 of 250 Term

_____ is a light-weight symmetric block cipher with variable block sizes, key sizes, and rounds, that is optimized forsoftware implementations.

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SPECK

RC4

TRIPLE DES

BLOWFISH

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94 of 250 Term

_____ allow for a new unique passcode to be created for each instance based on an initial seed.

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Symmetric Encryption Keys

Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)

Digital Certificates

One Time Passwords (OTP)

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95 of 250 Definition

Used a polyalphabetic substitution cipher, which did not repeat within a reasonable time period, along with a secret key. For the cracking of the Enigma cipher, the challenge was thus to determine both the algorithm used and the key. Enigma's main weakness, though, was that none of the plain text letters could be ciphered as itself.

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Morse Code cipher 5

Enigma Machine -Cypher 10

Vigenere Cipher 7

BIFID Cipher 3 Don't know?

96 of 250 Term

Key escrow and NOBUS (nobody but us) are two methods that can facilitate a ____ condition in cryptography.

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encryption

backdoor

digital signature

authentication

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97 of 250 Term

With the ____ network, the routing is done using computers of volunteers around the world to route the traffic around the Internet, and within each hop the chances to trace the original source significantly reduces.

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Tor

Freenet

Cisco

IPFS

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98 of 250 Definition

Electronic

Code

Book

(ECB) Cipher Block Chaining (CBC)

Cipher

Feedback

(CFB) Output Feedback (OFB) Counter (CTR) Mode

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Output Feedback (OFB)

Electronic Code Book (ECB)

Common Block Cipher Modes

Cipher Feedback (CFB)

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99 of 250 Definition

-Converts the block cipher into a self-synchronizing stream cipher.

-Current block takes output of the XOR ⊕ process vs from the

cipher stage of the previous block (difference between CFB and OFB).

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Hardware Security Module (HSM)

Symmetric block ciphers

Symmetric block encryption

Cipher Feedback (CFB)

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100 of 250 Term

ChaCha is a(n)____.

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Asymmetric block cipher

Symmetric key exchange protocol

Public key encryption

Symmetric stream cipher

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101 of 250 Term

RC4 is a(n)____.

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Asymmetric cipher

Public key cipher

Symmetric stream cipher

Asymmetric block cipher

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102 of 250 Term

With a_____tunnel we aim to create a connection from a host machine to a trusted network, and which is tunneled through a public network

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Virtual Private Network (VPN)

Transport Layer Security (TLS)

Secure Socket Layer (SSL)

Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)

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103 of 250 Term

A5/3 is for _____ , and is based on the MISTY1 cipher.

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2gpp

cdma

lte

3GPP

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104 of 250 Term

Methods to combat DHE_EXPORT Downgrade attacks on Diffie Hellman include:

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the size of the prime number bases which are used in the key exchange.

(1) Disabling Export Cipher Suites (2) Using (Ephemeral) Elliptic- Curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDHE) (3) Use a strong group.

This allows a new unique passcode

to be created each instance, based

is a public key method that is used in both encryption and digital

on a counter value and an initial seed.

signing. It is used in many applications and uses discrete logarithms.

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105 of 250 Term

_____ is considered to be unbreakable since it only uses its cipher code once.

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One-time pad

Data Encryption Standard (DES)

Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)

Triple DES

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106 of 250 Term

_____ encoding involves 8-bit values and supports up to 256 characters.

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ASCII

UNICODE

ISO-8859-1

UTF-8

Don't know?

107 of 250 Definition

union (objects that belong to set A or set B)

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A∪B

Symmetric stream Encryption

(a u B)'

UTF-16

Don't know?

108 of 250 Term

_____ provides a cryptography method to give a verifiable method that a data entity was created at a defined time.

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Encryption Protocol

Authentication Protocol

TSP (Time-Stamp Protocol)

Signature Protocol

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109 of 250 Term

An entity seeking to obtain a digital certificate must first generate a ____for themselves.

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asymmetric key pair

digital signature

symmetric key pair

public-private key

Don't know?

110 of 250 Term

_____ is a message authentication code (MAC) that can be used to verify the integrity and authentication of the message. It involves hashing the message with a secret key, and thus differs from standard hashing, which is purely a one-way function.

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SHA-MAC

AES-MAC

RSA-MAC

HMAC

Don't know?

111 of 250 Term

What is the main difference between a certificate in revoked status and a certificate in hold status?

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Hold status is permanent; revoked status can be reversed

Revoked status is temporary; hold status is irreversible

Hold status can be reversed; revoked status cannot be reversed

Both statuses are reversible

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112 of 250 Term

Certificate distribution takes place in the _____ stage of certificate management.

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Renewal

Initialization

Validation

Revocation

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113 of 250 Term

Camelia is a____.

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Symmetric hashing algorithm

Asymmetric encryption algorithm

Symmetric key exchange

Public key exchange protocol

algorithm

Don't know?

114 of 250 Term

PRESENT is a symmetric block cipher that was one of the first to be considered as a(n) replacement for light-weight implementations.

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DES

RSA

ECC

AES

Don't know?

115 of 250 Term

An entity seeking to obtain a digital certificate must generate and submit a _____ request to a certificate authority to request the certificate.

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certificate revocation request (crr)

certificate renewal request (cnr)

certificate signing request (CSR)

certificate validation request (cvr)

Don't know?

116 of 250

Definition

-Converts the block cipher to a synchronous stream output.

-Current block takes output from the cipher stage vs from the output of the XOR process of the previous block (difference between CFB and OFB).

-The first stage takes the data blocks and X-ORs it with the encrypted version of the IV value. The output of the first stage encryption is then feed into the next stage, and encrypted, with the output being X-OR'ed with the second block.

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Symmetric block ciphers

Cipher Block Chaining (CBC)

Output Feedback (OFB)

Public Key

Don't know?

117 of 250 Term

A ___ attack occurs when an attacker is hidden between two parties and impersonates each of them to the other.

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Diffie-hellman

Man-in-the-middle

Backdoor

Replay

Don't know?

118 of 250 Term

Cipher cracking method where the intruder is hidden between two parties and impersonates each of them to the other.

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Man-in-the-browser (mitb)

Cross-site scripting (xss)

Man-in-the-middle (MITM)

NOBUS ('nobody but us')

Don't know?

119 of 250 Term

_____ is an early cipher that uses a 5 × 5 matrix containing the alphabet less the letter J. Cipher/decipher process consists of a set of rules outlining use of column and row combinations.

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Vigenere

Enigma

Playfair

Scytale

Don't know?

120 of 250 Term

Symmetric block ciphers make use of _____ to perform substitution as part the encryption process.

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M-matrices

S-boxes

P-boxes

K-tables

Don't know?

121 of 250 Term

_____ is a public key encryption method that is an extension of El Gamal but adds a one-way hashing method which protects against an adaptive chosen ciphertext attack.

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ECC-KCDSA

Cramer-Shoup

RSA-OAEP

Diffie-Hellman

Don't know?

122 of 250 Term

What step will a certificate authority (CA) take after generating a digital certificate for a requester, but before issuing the certificate to that requester?

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Encrypt the certificate with a public key

Verify the certificate with a digital signature

Sign the certificate with the CA's own private key

Store the certificate in a public database Don't know?

123 of 250 Term

_____ are programs stored on a blockchain that run when predetermined conditions are met; they typically are used to automate the execution of an agreement so that all participants can be immediately certain of the outcome, without an intermediary's involvement or time loss.

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Wire transfers

Smart contracts

Pseudo codes

Hash algorithms such as SHA1 and MD5

Don't know?

124 of 250 Term

If Shawn employs public key cryptography to send Sue a digitally signed message, which key will Sue use to decrypt the message?

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Bob's public key

Sue's private key

Bill's public key

Sue's public key

Don't know?

125 of 250 Term

The light-weight symmetric stream cipher Trivium operates with a key size of ______ bits and an initialization vector (IV) of bits.

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80;80

100;100

128;128

64;64

Don't know?

126 of 250 Term

What is the key size for 3DES?

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Correct answer 112 bits

127 of 250 Term

Public-key encryption is an excellent method of keeping data secure

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Correct answer but it is often too slow for real-time communications.

128 of 250

Term

Morse Code cipher 5

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Correct answer Encoding method, rather than a cipher, that works by translating characters into sequences of dots (.) and dashes (-)

129 of 250 Term

With end-to-end authentication

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Correct answer

the user authenticates themselves to the end service

130 of 250 Term

WEP uses____-bit RC4.

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Correct answer 40

131 of 250 Term

With a group of 70 people in a room, there is a 99.9% chance two of those people were born on the same day. This probability theory is used as a brute force method in cryptography called _.

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Correct answer Birthday Attack

132 of 250 Term

4 Basic steps for obtaining a digital certificate signed by a trusted Certificate Authority (CA):

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Correct answer ▪ Step 1: Requester generates a key-pair (one public, one private).

Public key is provided to the CA. ▪ Step 2: Requester creates and submits a Certificate Signing Request (CSR), along with requester's public key to the CA. ▪ Step 3: CA generates the digital certificate for the requester. ▪ Step 4: CA signs the requester's digital certificate with the CA's own private key, and issues certificate to requester.

133 of 250

Term

LM Hash is used in many versions of Microsoft Windows operating systems to store user passwords that are fewer than_characters in length.

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Correct answer 15

134 of 250 Term

_____ is a light-weight public key solution that uses Elliptic Curves along with a Diffie-Hellman related handshake between the RFID tag and the RFID reader in RFID implementations.

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Correct answer Elli

135 of 250 Term

CRL must be published by the CA who originally generated the targeted certificates

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Correct answer is only valid for a given amount of time (which is typically less than 24 hours).

136 of 250 Definition

is a public key method that is used in both encryption and digital signing. It is used in many applications and uses discrete logarithms.

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Skipped

Correct answer El Gamal

137 of 250 Term

_____ describes one-way or irreversible encryption used for protecting the integrity of data and in authentication applications.

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Correct answer Hashing

138 of 250 Definition

-involves encrypting one bit at a time, i.e., a synchronous stream

-is often much faster than block and can typically be applied in realtime applications.

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Correct answer symmetric stream encryption

139 of 250 Term

AES when operating with 12 rounds uses what key size?

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Correct answer 192 bits

140 of 250 Term

Hashing involves

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Correct answer taking a variable length input and producing a fixed length output (message digest).

141 of 250 Definition

-Converts the block cipher into a stream cipher.

-Generates a counter value and a nonce, and encrypts this, in order to EX-OR with the plain text block.

-The advantage of CTR is that each block is processed independent of the others, facilitating ability to conduct parallel processing of blocks. i.e., feedback from other stages to feed into the current one is not required.

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Correct answer

Counter Mode (CTR)

142 of 250 Term

If Shawn plans to employ asymmetric cryptography to send Sue a digitally signed message, which key will Shawn use to sign the message?

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Correct answer Shawn's private key

143 of 250 Term

With _____ encryption, we can perform mathematical operations on ciphered values i.e., before decryption.

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Correct answer Homomorphic

144 of 250 Term

Solve by applying the binary AND function.

11011 10000

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Correct answer 10000

145 of 250 Term

Diffie-Hellman

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Correct answer is a widely used key exchange algorithm used to exchange the secret key in symmetric cryptography.

146 of 250 Term

AES can be susceptible to a copy-and-paste attack when used with which block cipher mode?

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Skipped

Correct answer ECB

147 of 250

Term

Diffie-Hellman is a widely used key exchange algorithm

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Correct answer used to exchange the secret key in symmetric cryptography.

148 of 250 Definition

Uses four 5 × 5 matrices arranged in a square, are where each matrix contains 25 letters for encoding and decoding operations.

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Correct answer Four-square cipher9

149 of 250 Term

∈

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Skipped

Correct answer Belongs to when an object is within a set

150 of 250 Term

CFB, OFB, CTR

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Correct answer

implementations essentially allow the block cipher to operate like a stream cipher.

151 of 250 Term

For secure communications using HTTPS, the _____ is used to prove the identity of the server for which the Web browser connects to.

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Correct answer digital certificate

152 of 250 Term

Common Certificate Applications:

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Correct answer Server authentication, Client authentication, Code signing, Email signing, Time stamping, IP security, Windows hardware driver verification, Smart card logon, Document signing, Public key transport

153 of 250 Term

Rabbit operates with a key size of ______ bits and an initialization vector (IV) of

bits.

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Correct answer 128 bit keys; 64 bit IV

154 of 250 Term

Quark produces a hash value of____bits.

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Correct answer 64 or 112

155 of 250 Definition

-Minor step up from ECB with the incorporation of an initialization vector for the first block.

-Results of encryption from previous block is XOR'd with plaintext of the current block. That result is input into to encryption process of the current block.

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Correct answer Cipher Block Chaining (CBC)

156 of 250 Definition

RC2- 40 bit key size 64 bit block RC4- (Stream Cipher)- Used in SSL and WEP RC5- (Variable Key size, 32, 64, or 128 bit block size) AES- (128, 192 or 256 bit key size, 128 bit block size) DES- (56 bit key size. 64 bit Block size) 3DES- (112 bit key size, 64 bit block size)

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Correct answer Symmetric key-based encryption -Typical Methods

157 of 250 Definition

Elliptic Curve which is often used in key exchange methods (such as with Elliptic Curve Diffie Hellman - ECDH) and for the creation of digital signatures (Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm ECDSA)

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Correct answer An improved solution over RSA is

158 of 250 Term

PHOTON, SPONGENT, Lesamnta-LW, and Quark are examples of light-weight____.

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Correct answer Light-weight hashing algorithms

159 of 250 Term

During which stage of certificate management does certificate expiration and revocation take place?

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Correct answer Cancellation

160 of 250 Definition

man-in-the-middle attacks, where an attacker sits in-between and passes the values back and forward and negotiates two keys: one between a sender and the attacker, and the other between the receiver and the attacker. An improved method is to use public key encryption

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Correct answer Diffie-Hellman methods have been used extensively to create a shared secret key but suffers from

161 of 250 Term

An important concept within key exchange is the usage of forward secrecy, which means

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Correct answer that a compromise of the long-term keys will not compromise any previous session keys.

162 of 250 Term

RSA leverages

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Correct answer

the fact that products of large prime numbers are difficult to factorize as basis of its encryption.

163 of 250 Term

XOR the following 0101110101010111 1001100000111010

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Correct answer 1100010101101101

164 of 250 Definition

such that

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Correct answer |

165 of 250 Term

Work Factor

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Correct answer This represents the time and effort required to break a cryptography system.

166 of 250 Definition

involves forcing the key negotiation process to default to 512-bit prime numbers. For this the client only offers DHE_EXPORT for the

key negotiation, and the server, if it is setup for this, will accept it. The precomputation of 512-bit keys with g values of 2 and 5 (which are common) are within a reasonable time limits.

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Correct answer DHE_EXPORT Downgrade Attack

167 of 250 Term

_____ ciphers make use of a single secret key for both encryption and decryption.

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Correct answer Symmetric

168 of 250 Term

AES when operating with 10 rounds uses what key size?

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Correct answer 128 bits

169 of 250 Definition

-Most basic, weak, and unsecure mode -Each block is processed separately -No Salt or IV is used and the same key will be used to encrypt each block. This means if a given plaintext is encrypted in ECB and results in a given ciphertext, that same ciphertext will be output EVERY TIME the same plaintext is encrypted.

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Correct answer Electronic Code Book (ECB)

170 of 250 Term

______ is a mono-alphabetic substitution cipher that makes use of mapping plaintext characters to graphical characters rather than to alphabetic ones.

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Correct answer Pigpen

171 of 250 Term

Combination vs. Permutation

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Correct answer combinations = not concerned with the order//permutations = all options considered including sequence.

172 of 250 Term

Buzhash, Cityhash, Spookyhash, and Bernstein are examples of _______ hash solutions.

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Correct answer non-cryptographic

173 of 250 Definition

When a digital certificate is created, (whether self-generated/signed or by a trusted well-known Certificate Authority (CA) such as Verisign or Entrust, the certificate will contain the public key of the certificate owner. So, generating and securely sharing a certificate that can be validated by a trusted source is a viable option for public key transport in PKI.

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Correct answer Example Use: Passing PKI public keys in a verifiable way.

174 of 250 Term

When encrypting data using symmetric cryptography, which key may need to be exchanged to facilitate decryption?

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Correct answer

Secret key

175 of 250 Term

With SSL/TLS, the tunnel is created with a_____key method, and then a signature is created with a defined hashing method.

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Correct answer symmetric

176 of 250 Term

The ___ block cipher mode facilitates parallel processing of data blocks.

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Correct answer Counter Mode (CTR)

177 of 250 Term

PKCS #__is used to sign and/or encrypt messages for PKI.

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Correct answer PKCS #7

178 of 250 Term

The IV used with WEP is____bits.

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Correct answer 24

179 of 250 Term

Two types of symmetric encryption

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Correct answer block and stream

180 of 250 Term

The block size used with XTEA is____bits.

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Correct answer 64

181 of 250 Definition

subset subset has fewer elements or equal to the set

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Correct answer ⊆

182 of 250

Term

Rabbit, Mickey v2, Trivium, Grain, and Enocoro are examples of light- weight ciphers.

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Correct answer symmetric stream

183 of 250 Term

_____ is a mono-alphabetic substitution cipher known as "shift" cipher that involves plaintext being replaced by a letter some fixed number of positions down the alphabet.

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Correct answer Caesar

184 of 250 Definition

-manage how blocks of data are processed through block cipher mode implementations. For instance, one may choose to use the DES block cipher configured with ECB as the mode of operation.

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Correct answer Symmetric block ciphers

185 of 250 Term

Solve by applying the binary XOR function.

11011 10000

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Correct answer 01011

186 of 250 Term

Within Ethereum applications we define the concept of _____ . This is basically the unit that is used to measure the amount of work that is required to perform a single Keccak-256 hash.

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Correct answer gas

187 of 250 Term

Which encoding scheme for x.509 certificates supports binary formats?

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Correct answer DER

188 of 250 Term

Google proposed _____ as an alternative to AES to be used with TLS connections.

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Correct answer ChaCha20

189 of 250 Term

RC6 can best be described as a_____.

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Correct answer Symmetric Block Cipher

190 of 250 Term

Two variation of WPA are ____ and ____.

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Correct answer PSK; enterprise

191 of 250

Term

WPA uses____-bit RC4.

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Correct answer 128

192 of 250 Term

_____ involves using subscriber computers to route data packets over the internet, instead of using publicly available routers.

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Correct answer Onion routing

193 of 250 Term

_____ cryptography is better suited for real-time communications implementations than ______ cryptography due to its relative faster speed.

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Correct answer Symmetric, Asymmetric

194 of 250 Term

What is the protocol number for IPSec Authentication Header (AH)?

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Correct answer

51

195 of 250 Term

A _____ backdoor describes an instance where it is where it is mathematically possible for government agents to crack the encryption, but no-one else can.

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Correct answer NOBUS ('nobody but us')

196 of 250 Definition

(1)

use a key exchange algorithm (such as Diffie-Hellman)

(2)

encrypt the key with the recipient's public key, pass it to

the other side and then allow the recipient use their private key to decrypt it i.e., via public key encryption.

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Correct answer The two main methods for key exchange in symmetric cryptography is to

197 of 250 Term

An alterative to CRL is to use

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Correct answer Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP), an online service used to check the validity of a certificate.

198 of 250 Term

_____ allows for a new unique passcode to be created for each instance, based on an initial seed and for a given time period.

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Correct answer Timed One Time Password (TOTP)

199 of 250 Term

Cipher cracking method where the intruder uses brute force to decrypt the ciphertext and tries every possible key.

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Correct answer Exhaustive search

200 of 250

Term

_____ has a block size of 64 bits, key size of 128 bits, and >17 rounds of substitution & transposition.

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Correct answer IDEA

201 of 250 Term

Apache-defined APR1 format

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Correct answer addresses the problems of brute forcing an MD5 hash, and basically iterates the hash value 1,000 times.

202 of 250 Term

Which certificate management stage certificate involves certificate retrieval/recovery and certificate validation?

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Correct answer Issued

203 of 250 Term

Diffie Hellman has three groups (bases):

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Correct answer

Group 1 Group 3 or Group 5, which vary in the size of the prime number used.

204 of 250 Definition

This allows for a new unique passcode to be created for each instance, based on an initial seed and for a given time period.

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Correct answer Timed one time password (TOTP)

205 of 250 Term

Skipjack has a block size of____bits.

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Correct answer 64

206 of 250 Definition

does not belong to when an object is not in a set

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Correct answer ∉

207 of 250 Definition

describes one-way or irreversible encryption used for protecting the integrity of data and in authentication applications. Hashing is

normally used to either hide the original contents of a message (such as hiding a password), or to check the integrity of data.

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Correct answer Hashing

208 of 250 Term

BIFID Cipher 3

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Correct answer Makes use of a grid and which maps the letters into numeric values.

209 of 250 Definition

a public key encryption method that is an extension of El Gamal but adds a one way hashing method which protects against an adaptive chosen ciphertext attack.

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Correct answer Cramer-Shoup

210 of 250 Term

A CRL must be published by the_____who originally generated the targeted certificates.

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Correct answer

CA

211 of 250 Term

The two types of symmetric ciphers are _____ and _____

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Correct answer Block, Stream

212 of 250 Definition

the process of adding an initialization vector to the ciphering process to change its operation and ensure that the ciphertext does not give the original plaintext when played back.

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Correct answer Salting

213 of 250 Term

______ measures the amount of unpredictability, and in encryption it relates to the degree of uncertainty of the encryption process.

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Correct answer Entropy

214 of 250 Term

_____ allows a new unique passcode to be created each instance, based on a counter value and an initial seed.

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Correct answer Hashed One Time Passwords (HOTP)

215 of 250 Term

There are also instances where a certificate needs to moved to an invalid/untrusted state (revoked) prior to the original expiration date.

Some reasons warranting having a cert revoked include but are not limited to:

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Correct answer ▪ Issuing CA was compromised ▪ The cert itself was compromised ▪ Certificate affiliation has changed ▪ Certificate has been updated or superseded

216 of 250 Definition

encryption (asymmetric cryptography) makes use of a key pair (one public, one private) to perform encryption and decryption. If a given key in a key pair is used for encryption, only the opposite key in that key pair can perform the reverse decryption.

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Correct answer Public Key

217 of 250 Term

Establishing a fingerprint or thumbprint in cryptography is achieved by algorithms.

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Correct answer

Hash algorithms such as SHA1 and MD5

218 of 250 Term

identity checking and key protection are

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Correct answer Two main applications of public key encryption

219 of 250 Term

ASCII

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Correct answer 8-bit values, up to 256 characters

220 of 250 Definition

▪ Collision. This is where another match is found, no matter the similarity of the original message. Collision attacks exploit this.

▪ Similar context. This is where part of the message has some significance to the original and generates the same hash signature. This is defined as a Pre-image attack.

▪ Full context. This is where an alternative message is created with the same hash signature and has a direct relation to the original message. This is an extension to a Pre-image attack.

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Correct answer Important factors with hash signatures are:

221 of 250 Term

What is the block size for AES?

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Correct answer 128 bits

222 of 250 Term

_____ is a method that involves generating a encryption key from a piece of the identity of the recipient.

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Correct answer

Identity-based Encryption (IBE)

223 of 250 Term

Block Encryption

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Correct answer RC2(40 bit key size) RC5(Variable block size) IDEA DES 3DES AES (Rijndael) Blowfish twofish

224 of 250 Term

___ is an early cipher that makes use of a grid and which maps the letters into numeric values.

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Correct answer Bifid

225 of 250 Term

Bitcoin transactions will be captured by______who will compile a list of the latest transactions.

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Correct answer miners

226 of 250 Term

A weakness discovered in Diffie Hellman is that

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Correct answer it is fairly easy to precompute values for two popular Diffie-Hellman parameters (and which use the DHE_EXPORT cipher set).

227 of 250 Term

The strength of Diffie-Hellman relates to

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Correct answer the size of the prime number bases which are used in the key exchange.

228 of 250

Term

PKCS #__ is a standard used for password-based encryption.

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Correct answer PKCS #5

229 of 250 Definition

on processor loading and is not well suited for embedded systems (as the power drain can be high, along with heavy requirements for processing and memory).

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Correct answer RSA has a heavy overhead

230 of 250 Term

NIST categorizes embedded systems, RFID, and sensor networks as devices within the device spectrum for

cryptography.

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Correct answer light-weight

231 of 250 Term

____ has proven to be free from major vulnerabilities, but poor implementation of the encryption method leaves it susceptible to attacks such as: Brute force, use of Non-Random Numbers, copy- and-paste and timing attacks.

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Correct answer

AES

232 of 250 Term

Cipher cracking method where the intruder knows part of the ciphertext and the corresponding plaintext. The known ciphertext and plaintext can then be used to decrypt the rest of the ciphertext.

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Correct answer Known plaintext attack

233 of 250 Term

Hashed One Time Password (HOTP)

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Correct answer This allows a new unique passcode to be created each instance, based on a counter value and an initial seed.

234 of 250 Term

With the _____ block cipher mode, within the first stage (during processing of the first block), the data block is XOR'd with the encrypted version of the IV value. The output of the XOR function is then fed into the second stage and encrypted.

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Correct answer Cipher Feedback (CFB)

235 of 250 Term

Common Certificate Types

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Correct answer IKE PKCS #7 PKCS #10 RSA signatures X.509v3

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Which encoding scheme for x.509 certificates supports Base64 and ASCII formats?

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Correct answer PEM

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Term

PRESENT is a light-weight symmetric block cipher with a key size of 80 or 128 bits, 32 rounds, and

bit block size.

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Correct answer 64

238 of 250 Term

Rail Code Cipher 2

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Correct answer Employs a method to scramble text by writing it in a sequence across a number of rails.

239 of 250 Definition

is a dedicated processor that handles hardware-level encryption; allows the use of full disk encryption on a hard drive in a manner that minimizes the impact on system performance. TPM contains the encryption keys.

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Correct answer Trusted Platform Module (TPM)

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A _____ is a dedicated processor that handles hardware-level encryption; allows the use of full disk encryption on a hard drive in a manner that minimizes the impact on system performance.

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Correct answer trusted platform module (TPM)

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refers to the mapping of our alphabet to a number of cipher alphabets. This approach added a bit of complexity to early cryptosystems.

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Correct answer Polyalphabetic

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_______ is a partially homomorphic crypto system that leverages prime number characteristics, operates with a 1024-4096 bit variable key size, and 1 round.

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Correct answer RSA

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Bitcoins use Elliptic Curve cryptography

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Correct answer with 32-byte private keys (which is a random number) and 64-byte public keys, on a secp256k1 curve.

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NIST categorizes servers, desktops, tablets and smart phones as devices within the device spectrum for _______________________________________cryptography.

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Correct answer conventional

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▪ Much smaller keys. The prime number P is normally only 160 bits, and much smaller than in RSA. This considerably speeds up the encryption process.

▪ Creation of the curves are more difficult than generating prime numbers, which makes it more difficult to crack than RSA. ▪ They can be used to factorize values, such as finding the prime number factors within RSA.

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Correct answer The main advantages of Elliptic Curve methods are:

246 of 250 Term

______ is polyalphabetic early cipher that involves using a different mapping, based on a keyword, for each character of the cipher.

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Correct answer Vigenere

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A____attack involves determining the amount of time that a user takes to decrypt the message; from this the key could be found.

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Correct answer Time Attack

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Chaskey Key Size

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Correct answer 128

249 of 250 Term

A weakness of one-way hashing

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Correct answer is that the same piece of plaintext will result in the same ciphertext (unless salt is applied).

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with intermediate authentication

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Correct answer only part of the conversation between the entities is authenticated