Efficient sustainable city bus services

Efficient & Sustainable City Bus Services Nupur Gupta, Sr. Transport Specialist, The World Bank, India

India is rapidly urbanising ‌

Urbanisation 26%

28%

30%

40%

GDP Share

54%

58%

69%

46%

India is rapidly urbanising ‌

India will have 68 cities with a population of one million and above by 2030

Growth in Registered Vehicles in India in million 180.0

158.0

160.0

142.5

140.0

127.2

120.0 100.0 80.0 60.0

55.0

58.9

67.0

72.7

81.5

89.6

96.2

105.1

114.4

40.0 20.0 0.0

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Source: Census of India

But alternatives to personal modes are limited ‌

Public transport mode shares are declining ‌ resulting in increasing dependence on personal modes and an unsustainable demand for more road infrastructure – costs, land scarcity, congestion, accidents, GHG

But alternatives to personal modes are limited …

• Traffic & Transportation study indicates that only 20 of 80 (0.5 mn) cities have formal public transport systems (2007) • A large majority of STUs have declining fleet sizes, are loss making and have inadequate resources for service and infrastructure upgradation • Proliferation of fragmented and unregulated IPT resulting in congestion and poor quality of service City bus services a cost effective and efficient solution for most cities ensuring widest coverage

NUTP, JnNURM Scheme • GoI’s NUTP emphasizes priority to public trasnport, in particular bus transport • JnNURM bus funding scheme focussed on bus fleet replenishment in existing cities and launch of bus service in new cities • Overall, $1 bn, 15260 buses and 65 cities

Progressive policies and schemes of GoI addressing the situation

4669

1000

545 633

688 839

2000

417 493

2872 3444

3000

3449

4000

2825

5000

1186 1307

6000

4736

5800

7000

6069

Fleet Strength of STUs in Major Indian Cities (million)

0 DTC

BEST

CSTC

MTCL

2007-08

BMTC

AMTS

PMPML

CTU

2011-12 Source: CIRT – Profile and Performance of STUs

EPK & CPK, 2011-12 25000 20000

19606 15072

15000

13041

11905

11660

9177

10000

10865 9826

9418

7258 7160

6790

9664 7052

5286 3791

5000 0 DTC

BEST

CSTC

MTCL

Earnings/Bus/Day

BMTC

AMTS

Cost/Bus/Day

PMPML

CTU

Profitability 2.00

DTC

BEST

CSTC

MTCL

BMTC

AMTS

CTU

1.18 1.01 1.00 0.77 0.70

0.77

0.89 0.81

0.50

0.84 0.73 0.56 0.41

0.35

0.25 0.25

0.26

0.13

2007

2012

Infrastructure • Most cities failed to provide adequate depot facilities at the time of service launch – Mira Bhayandar: buses parked under flyover and cannibalization of parts to keep some buses running – Jaipur: 2 depots from RSRTC to maintain and park 400 buses

• Terminals and bus stops either did not exist or in poor state

Institutions & Systems • SPVs created as per NURM requirement but neither manpower, nor resources nor capacity • Limited use of ITS - efficiency enhancing systems, user responsiveness • Scientific route planning techniques

User Satisfaction Levels – Based on a Recent Survey Conducted Across 12 Cities Chandigarh

61.6

Bangalore

13.1

25.3

59.5

Raipur

31.3

57.5

Bhopal

20

56.4

Lucknow Chennai

33.2 34

37.6

Jaipur

42.5

32.1

44.4

21.7

Mira Bhayandar

43.7

14.8

52.8

38.5

10% Satisfied

34.6

32.4

Overall (12 cities)

0%

29.5

33.1

23.5

Kolkata

30.6

36.8

24.4

Kochi

25.9

31.9

33.7

Navi Mumbai

16.7

25.3

40.1

Delhi

22.5 26.9

41.4

20%

30%

32.7

40%

9.1

50%

60%

Neither Satisfied nor Dissatisfied

70%

28.9

80%

Dissatisfied

90%

100%

Reasons for using city bus services Economical

72.4

Easy availability

43.4

Time saving

35.2

Good Connectivity

32.2

Safety

30

Comfort

28.9

Directness of the service

26.4

Only Choice

16.2

Good facilities

14.2 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Reasons for non-usage of city buses (non users) Overcrowding

36.5

Longer commuting time

36.5

Non-availability during commuting time

21.1

Non-comfort

12.3

Not safe

11.1

No seat availability

10.1

Costlier

7.4

Pick pocketing

4.4

Need to change buses

4.3

Bus stops far away

3.2

Poor connectivity

2.4

Feel insecure

2.2 0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Perception on Women Safety Overall (12 Cities)

19.8%

44.3%

Delhi

23.8%

Kolkata

23.1%

26.3% 23.2%

Bangalore

79.2%

Chennai Navi Mumbai

67.7% 17.5%

Lucknow

Jaipur

51.1%

22.6%

56.8%

18.8%

35.2%

24.6%

25.1%

Chandigarh

38.2% 68.0%

Bhopal Mira Bhayandar

14.9%

18.4%

Raipur Kochi

4.4%

85.3% 23.0%

In Delhi, Kolkata, Kochi, Navi Mumbai and Jaipur higher proportion of people feel women are unsafe while traveling on city buses than those who feel otherwise

18.7%

Safe

Unsafe

18.7% 4.7%

Bhopal, Chandigarh, Raipur, Chennai, Bangalore considered safer

Paradigm Shift • Basic transport for those that do not have other travel options and with a focus on keeping costs low • Paradigm shift: to serve people that have choices and so the emphasis is on attractive, comfortable, efficient services to attract ‘non users’ • Inherent conflict between attractive services and maintaining low costs

Key Challenges Institutions

Loss Making

Resources

Attractive Alternative

Infrastructure Competition

City bus services operating in a challenging environment

Modern Bus Systems • Enabling Policy, Regulatory and Fiscal environment • Modern Physical infrastructure such as terminals, depots, bus shelters • Modern systems, ITS/ MIS such as PIS, AFCS, Scheduling etc.

• Route planning and rationalisation; integration with other modes • Private operations contracting and monitoring • Business and financial planning • Driver training and improved maintenance practices resulting in fuel savings In order to ensure sustainability the other aspects of the spectrum require attention

Efficient and Sustainable City Bus Services • National Capacity Building COMPONENT I

COMPONENT 2

– Technical Assistance in Policy Notes – Capacity Building in Urban Bus Sector (Training, Knowledge exchange)

• City Demonstration Projects (Bhopal, Chandigarh, Jaipur, Mira Bhayandar) – Technical Assistance & Investments

Showcasing Modern City Bus Systems

National Capacity Building • Policy Notes to address key areas of Policy, Regulatory & Fiscal constraints • Training Toolkits and programs in key areas of city bus operations and management • Knowledge events and exchanges to help develop a vibrant urban bus community

City Demo Projects Activity Depot Modernization – Equipment Modern Management Information System (MIS)

Bhopal

Chandigarh

Jaipur

MB

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Modern Fare Collection System – ETM/smart card

X

X

Intelligent Transport System (ITS) - GPS/AVLS and PIS

X

X

ITS/ MIS Implementation

X

X

X

X

Fuel Efficiency Program

X

X

X

X

Comprehensive route planning study/Business Plan

X

X

X

X

Capacity building initiatives

X

X

X

X

Marketing & branding program

X

X

X

X

TA on PPP in operations and options for mainstreaming informal transit Study on institutional & funding options for CBS

X

Operating expenses

X

X X X

X

X

GEF Grant & Cofinancing In USD Mn

State/ MoUD City

GEF TOTAL

Component 1: TA - PMC and Policy Notes Component 2: Demo Projects

2.8

- Demo with 4 cities

58

Project Management

1.4

Total

62.5

50.8

50.8

0.7

3.5

8.1

116

0.4

1.8

9.2

122.4

Thank You

Nupur Gupta ngupta1@worldbank.org