1- The punching shear is the mode of failure of restraint concrete bridge deck slabs reinforced with steel or Glass FRP composite bars under fatigue loads; 2- The Glass FRP reinforced concrete bridge decks has a better fatigue performance and longer fatigue life , about 2.5 times, more than the steel reinforced ones, as there is no much big difference in the modulus of elasticity between GFRP composite bars and concrete as the case in steel bars; 3- Deterioration of concrete deck slabs subjected to fatigue loads can be noticed through the cumulative damage to the deck slab observed from the increase in both residual and elastic deflection and strains in both reinforcing bars, and concrete; 4- Fatigue loading at peak load level up to 1.75 times the fatigue limit state load does not cause any significant damage to concrete bridge deck slabs with span to depth ratio less than 15, 5- The top reinforcement has a little effect on the fatigue performance of concrete bridge deck slab at lower peak load levels (less than twice fatigue limit state load); this effect becomes insignificant at higher peak load levels; 6- The proposed FRP reinforcement ratio adopted by the updated version of section 16 of CAN/CSA-S6-00 is adequate to meet the fatigue strength and fatigue life requirements of concrete bridge decks. 7. References Adimi, M.R., Rahman, A.H., and Benmokrane, B. New Method for Testing Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Rods under Fatigue. Journal of Composites for Construction, 2000; 4(4): 206- 213. Bakht, B. and Selvadurai, A.P.S. Performance of Steel-Free Deck Slabs under Simulated Rolling Wheel Loads. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Advance Composite Materials in Bridges and Structures (ACMBS-II), 1996,CSCE, Montreal, QuÊbec: 767-776. Benmokrane, B. and El-Salakawy, E.F., Editors. Durability of fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composites for construction. Proceeding of the Second International Conference, 2002; Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 715 p. Benmokrane, B., El-Salakawy, E.F. El-Ragaby, A., and Lackey, T. Designing and Testing of Concrete Bridge Decks Reinforced with Glass FRP Bars. ASCE Journal of Bridge Engineering, 2006; Vol. 11, No. 2, March/April, pp. 169-182. Canadian Standards Association (CSA). Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code. CAN/CSA-S600, 2000; Rexdale, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 734 p. Canadian Standards Association (CSA). Design and Construction of Building Components with Fibre Reinforced Polymers.� CAN/CSA-S806-02, 2002; Rexdale, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 177 p. Demers, C.E. Fatigue Strength Degradation of E-glass FRP Composites and Carbon FRP Composites. Journal of Construction and Building Materials, 1998; (12): 311-318. El-Gamal, S., El-Salakawy, E.F., and Benmokrane, B. Behaviour of Restrained FRP-Reinforced Bridge Decks under Wheel Loads." ACI Structural Journal; 2005;102(5): 727-735. El-Salakawy, E.F., Benmokrane, B., El-Ragaby, A., and Nadeau, D. Field Investigation on the First Bridge Deck Slab Reinforced with Glass FRP Bars Constructed in Canada. ASCE Journal of Composites for Construction, 2005; 9(6) : 470-479. Graddy, J.C, Kim, J., Whitt, J.H., burns, N.H., and Klingner, R.E. Punching-Shear Behaviour of Bridge Decks under Fatigue Loading. ACI Structural Journal, 2002; 90(3): 257-266. Hassan, T., Abdelrahman, A., Tadros, G., and Rizkalla, S. Fibre Reinforced Polymer Reinforcing Bars for Bridge Decks. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 2000; 27: 839-849. Humar, J. and Razaqpur, G., editors. Advanced Composite Materials in Bridges and Structures. Proceeding of the Third International Conference, 2000; Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, 876p. Hwan, B. Fatigue Analysis of Plain Concrete in Flexure. Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, 1986; 112, (2): 273-288 Katz, A. (2000), "Bond to Concrete of FRP Rebars after Cyclic Loading.", Journal of Composites for Construction, ASCE, Vol. 4, No. 3, Aug. 2000, pp 137-144. Kumar, S. and GangaRao, H.V.S. Fatigue Response of Concrete Decks Reinforced with FRP Rebars. Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, 1998; 124(1): pp 11-16.
Superior Fatigue Life
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