Bridging the gap between Pet Owners and Pets

Bridging the gap between Pet Owners and Pets Communication through Animal-Centric Approach Sheryl Yeo | A0221509M

Word Count: 2475

Abstract This dissertation explores the relationship dynamics between pet owners and their animals. It delves into understanding pet behaviour, stress signs, and the role of quality time in communication and bonding.

Additionally, it discusses animal-cantered design to improve the petowner relationship. This research aims to foster a more empathetic and fulfilling connection and communication between humans and their pets.

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Content

01

Introduction The silent struggl How it all began: The cause

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5 6

Understanding Pet’s Behaviour

The interplay of pet behaviour and owner

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habit Relationship dynamic between pet owners

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and their pet Training perspective from pet owner Understanding pet’s behaviou Understanding signs of stresse Understanding social cue Defining these term Working with them

03

04

11 13 14 15 16 17

Improving Owner and Pet’s Communication

Case Study

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Case Study

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Case Study 3

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Designing for Pets Animal-Centred Design (ACD

25

Design Example

26

Design Example

27

Design Example 3

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Conclusion

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06

Bibliography

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01

Introduction

Image Credits: Petrina Firth, Is My Dog in Pain?

Imagine a world where pets could voice their discomfort and concerns about their general health.

The Silent Struggle

Unfortunately, our reality is quite different.

In this silent struggle, it is the responsibility of

Unlike humans, pets cannot voice their general

pet caregivers to recognize and address their

health problems. Instead, they rely on non-

pets' health issues.

verbal cues and body language, creating a challenge for pet owners, veterinarians, and researchers.

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How It All Began:

The Cause Understanding the root causes of poor health in dogs is a multifaceted endeavour. It begs the question: how do these issues come into existence in the first place? Examining this conundrum reveals a complex interplay of factors, encompassing not only the habits and behaviours of our canine companions but also our own actions and decisions as responsible pet owners. Together, these elements contribute to the puzzle of canine health and pave the way for effective solutions.

Image Credits: Fabian Gieske, Unsplash

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So,

who is the problem?

Dog?

Human?

02

Understanding Pet’s Behaviour

The Interplay of Pet Behaviour and Owner Habits

Image Credits: Union Lake Pet Services

Beyond variations in training techniques, one critical aspect affecting dog behaviour is the inconsistency in owner responses – the propensity to reward or punish a dog's behaviour inconsistently on different occasions. In 2007, Casey et al. conducted research that revealed a significant correlation between such inconsistent owner behaviour and an increase in reported behaviour problems as perceived by dog owners. 1 Notably, there remains an unexplored aspect in the context of this issue: whether the consistency of owner responses to their dog's behaviour differs among those with smaller dogs compared to those with larger canine companions. This uncharted territory prompts an examination of the potential variations in owner behaviour and its impact on the behaviour of dogs based on their size.

Image Credits: Ирина Мещерякова, Getty Images/iStockphoto

1 Casey, R. A., Twells, C., & Blackwell, E. J. (2007). 3: An investigation of the relationship between measures of consistency in owners and the occurrence of ‘behavior problems’ in the domestic dog. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 2(3), 83-84.

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Image Credits: AsyaPozniak, Getty Images/iStockphoto

Relationship dynamic between pet owners and their pets In the year 1999, a report by Coren (1999) shed light on a rather intriguing observation: only a mere 24% of dog owners chose to partake in formal obedience training classes for their canine companions. 2

Many dog owners may not prioritize formal training due to various reasons. Some dogs may not display significant behavioural issues, while owners might be hesitant or unready for professional training. As a result, they opt for a DIY approach, relying on books, online videos, or advice from their social circle. This diverse range of training methods can complicate the dynamic between dog owners and their pets.

2 Coren, S. (1999). Psychology applied to animal training. Psychology: Fields of application, 199-217.

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Image Credits: Melounix, Shutterstock

Image Credits: Tetra Images, Getty Images

Image Credits: Pet Resort and Training Centre, Paw Commons

Image Credits: Coty Perry, World Animal Foundation

Training Perspective from Pet Owners As noted by Bennett and Rohlf in 2007, a lack of interest in formal dog training can be attributed to two distinct groups of dog owners. The first group comprises owners whose dogs do not exhibit problematic behaviours, or at least, these issues are not readily apparent. The second group consists of owners who face behavioural challenges with their dogs but may feel hesitant or incapable of acquiring the skills necessary to address these issues. 3 Pros and Cons

Pros

Cons

Do-It-Yourself Dog Training

Professional Dog Training

Able to establish a healthy relationship with your companion.

Training a pet demands a significant investment of time, energy, patience, and knowledge, which some owners may lack.

When efforts do not yield the desired results, it often leads to frustration among pet owners.

Guaranteed results.

Dog training cost.

3 Bennett, P. C., & Rohlf, V. I. (2007). Owner-companion dog interactions: Relationships between demographic variables, potentially problematic behaviours, training engagement and shared activities. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 102(1-2), 65–84.

Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2006.03.009

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Image Credits: Mikhail Pletnev, EyeEm via Getty Images

Image Credits: Good Dog People

Angry?

Bored?

Happy?

Sad?

What do these images reveal?

Image Credits: Alvan Nee, Unsplash

Image Credits: Websubstance, Getty Images/iStockphoto

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Understanding Pet’s Behaviour Dogs, beloved members of our households and captivating subjects of study, display a diverse range of behaviours that have a significant impact on the way we carry out certain activities with them, such as brushing their teeth or trimming their nails, and more. It is essential to comprehend their behaviour to avoid undue stress when engaging in certain activities with them.

Image Credits: Mikhail Pletnev, EyeEm via Getty Images

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Understanding signs of stresses To understand canine stress, it's crucial to recognize various signs that indicate their emotional state. These signals, outlined by Veterinary Centres of America (VCA), include behaviours like pacing, shaking, whining, barking, yawning, drooling, and more. They provide insight into a dog's emotional well-being and can be linked to their dental health.

However, interpreting these signs isn't straightforward, as noted by Townsend, L. and Gee, N.R. in a 2021 study. 4 Factors like breed-specific characteristics, the dog-handler relationship, and how dogs are conditioned in response to distress signals can complicate our understanding of canine stress.

Image Credits: Vet Behaviour Team, www.vetbehaviourteam.com

Image Credits: Dr. Sophia Yin, DVM, MS

4 Townsend, L., & Gee, N. R. (2021). Recognizing and Mitigating Canine Stress during Animal Assisted Interventions. Veterinary Sciences, 8(11), 254. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8110254

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Understanding social cues Ambivalent signals in the context of dog behaviour refer to actions that result from conflicting signals, causing the dog to be uncertain about how to react and leaving them unsure about their next course of action. 5 According to Tami and Gallagher (2009), there are a few terms associated with the word “ambivalent signals”. 6

Such terms include Indifferen Confidenc Submissiv Friendly

Figure 1

Image Credits:

Original Shepherd (2002) ethography, Shepherd Kendal

5 Shepherd, K. (2002). Development of behaviour, social behaviour and communication in dogs. In Horwitz, D. F., Mills, D. S., & Heath, S. (Eds.), BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Behavioural Medicine (8-20). Quedgeley, Gloucester: British Small Animal Veterinary Association.

6 Tami, G., & Gallagher, A. (2009). Description of behavior of domestic dog (Canis familiaris) by experienced and inexperienced people. Applied Animal Behavior Science, 120, 159-169.

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Defining these terms Indifferent Behavioural cues encompass various signs such as remaining seated, having a relaxed body posture, avoiding eye contact, maintaining the same posture when approached, and displaying disinterest in the object they are focusing on when a dog approaches it. (Tami & Gallagher, 2009, p. 161) Image Credits: Ross Sokolovski, Unsplash

Confidence Behavioural cues encompass various signs such as attentiveness, maintaining eye contact without staring, moving forward, displaying forward and relaxed ear positions, investigating or sniffing the object of their focus, actively interacting with the object they are focused on, holding their tail up, and retreating when barked at. (Tami & Gallagher,

Image Credits: Tadeusz Lakota, Unsplash

2009, p. 161) Submissive Behavioural cues encompass various indicators, including a tail held low while wagging, occasional glances directed at the object of interest without sustained focus, allowing the object of their attention to approach, and assuming a lying-down position when the object of their interest comes nearer. Gallagher, 2009, p. 161)

Image Credits: Eric Isselee, Shutterstock

Friendly Behavioural cues encompass various signals, such as moving forward, maintaining a relaxed body and ears, having a horizontally held and wagging tail, and making eye contact without intense or prolonged staring. (Tami & Gallagher, 2009, p. 161) Image Credits: Standert, Getty Images

6 Tami, G., & Gallagher, A. (2009). Description of behavior of domestic dog (Canis familiaris) by experienced and inexperienced people. Applied Animal Behavior Science, 120, 159-169.

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Image Credits: Examples of Stress in Dog-Child Interactions, Retrieved from: https://www.ourcompanions.org/is-my-dog-stressed-around-kids/

Working with them Dogs are not mere 'tools' to be exploited solely for human benefit; they are our companions and allies who, much like us, respond to stressors. The key difference lies in their unique mode of communication. It falls upon those of us who share our lives and work with dogs to decipher the signals they convey and advocate for their well-being as we collaborate in enhancing the quality of human lives.

To help a stressed dog, practice empathy and gentleness. Recognize their stress, avoid stress triggers, and provide a calming environment. Don't use punishment or pressure. Pay attention to their body language and give them space when needed. For persistent stress or behavioural problems, consult a vet or behaviour specialist. Building a supportive bond is vital for managing their stress.

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03

Improving Owner and

Pet’s Communication

Bonding Through Transformation Case Study One

Image Credits: Before (Left) and After (Right), Trixia Lassiter

Image Credits: Charlie, Trixia’s Golden Retriever, Trixia Lassiter

However, what if this could transform into an activity that propels both parties toward a brighter and healthier future? In essence, it signifies a shift in habits. Drawing inspiration from an article written by Rockwood, K. (2016), and based on the real-life story of Trixia, her journey serves as an exemplar. 7 When her fertility specialist cancelled her treatment due to her weight of 265 pounds, she embarked on a courageous journey. Trixia overhauled her diet, embarked on hiking adventures with her dog and husband, and what began as just a minute of exercise gradually evolved into covering miles. Two years of unwavering dedication and perseverance led to her triumphant completion of a half marathon.

Trixia's remarkable transformation extended beyond herself; her golden retriever, Charlie, also underwent a remarkable change. He transitioned from an overweight 78 pounds to a healthy 56. Prior to his weight loss, playing fetch was a struggle as he struggled to keep up. This compelling example serves as a testament to the fact that when both Trixia and her golden retriever, Charlie, embarked on their transformative journey together, they not only supported one another but also forged a profound bond. This unique support system between pet and owner catalysed remarkable changes in both their lives, demonstrating the incredible potential for mutual transformation and a healthier, happier future.

7 Rockwood, K. (2016) How My Dog and I Lost 140 Pounds. (2016, May 19). Good Housekeeping.

Retrieved from: https://www.goodhousekeeping.com/health/diet-nutrition/a38567/how-my-dog-and-i-lost-weight/

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Cats

Dogs

Taking care of my pet is... than before Easier

19.0% (682)

15.6% (363)

Same

68.0% (2411)

7

More Difficult

12.0% (458)

9.5% (1845) . % (112)

0.3% (12)

0.3% (7)

2.7% (2581) 69.9% (1587)

Same

7

More

26.9% (955)

29.8% (678)

I spend... time interacting with my pet than before . % (119)

0.5% (12)

Less

34

Same

43 8

More

52.9% (1876) 52.7% (1196)

. % (1554)

6.8% (1062)

4

I enjoy spending... time with my pet than before Less

2.8% (101)

Case Study Two

48

I get... comfort from pet than before Less

Human-Canine Relationship During Covid-19

0.5% (12)

Same

67.7% (2404) 69.6% (1582)

More

29.4% (1045) 29.9% (679)

My pet has... time available for undisturbed rest Less

21.9% (775)

Same

69.5% (2462)

73

More

8

.6% (304)

5

21.9% (491) .0% (1637) .0% (113)

During the COVID-19 lockdown that took place from April to May 2020, a research study explored the dynamics of the relationship between humans and their dogs in this unprecedented period. 8 Pets played a vital role during the lockdown, providing companionship and easing loneliness for their owners. Yet, challenges like accessing veterinary care, financial constraints, and changes in pet behaviour, such as increased aggression or neediness, raised concerns about the well-being of both pets and their owners.

In Figure 2, it becomes evident that as pet owners dedicate more time to their dogs and cats, there is a noticeable positive correlation with changes in their behaviour. While negative behavioural changes are not extensively observed, it's essential to acknowledge that lockdowns serve as a temporary solution that may potentially lead to separation anxiety in the future. Nevertheless, this study underscores the significant positive impact of increased quality time spent with one's cherished animal companions.

Has your pet changed behaviour during the lockdown?

Yes

18.3% (658)

17.8% (408)

No

69.5% (2462)

73

.0% (1637)

Improved/Changed Behaviours Figure 2

Extracted summary of the answers for the dogs and cats in the sample (at least 1 % of the sample), expressed as the percentage (and total number) of pets ascribed to each of the subcategories of possible answers Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2021.09.009.

8 Martos Martinez-Caja, A., De Herdt, V., Enders Slegers, M.-J., & Moons, C. P. H. (2021). Pets and their owners during the first COVID-19 lockdown period: Perceived changes in routines and emotions – An exploratory study. Journal of Veterinary Behavior.

Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2021.09.009

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Communication through Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) Case Study Three

Have you ever come across those viral videos on social media platforms where dogs press buttons on a soundboard to convey their desires to their owners?

Christina Hunger, a speech-language pathologist based in San Diego, California, successfully trained her two-month-old puppy, Stella, a Catahoula/Blue Heeler mix, to utilise adaptive tools for communication.

Image Credits: hunger4words, Instagram

She believes that "everyone deserves a voice" and “if dogs can understand words we say to them, shouldn't they be able to say words to us?" (Hunger, 2021) 9 Their journey began with an "outside" button that Stella associated with going outdoors. She soon started pressing it herself when she wanted to go outside. Additional buttons were introduced for words like "eat," "water," and more. Notably, they responded to Stella's button presses without using treats, highlighting the importance of acknowledging her communication and treating her voice and opinions with equal significance.

TikTok superstar, Bunny, whose owner, Devine found inspiration from Christina Hunger and expressed her desire to establish a stronger, more connected relationship with her dog. She recognised the untapped potential within the humananimal bond and was determined to fully explore and embrace it. 10 Image Credits:

Alexis Devine is teaching her sheepadoodle dog named Bunny to communicate with her by pressing buttons. Screenshot from video by Alexis Devine.

9 Hunger, C. (2021). How Stella Learned to Talk : The groundbreaking story of the world’s first talking dog. Bluebird.

10 Tacoma woman teaches her Sheepadoodle how to communicate using buttons. (2020, October 9). The Seattle Times.

Retrieved from: https://www.seattletimes.com/life/a-talking-dog-tacoma-woman-teaches-her-sheepadoodle-how-to-communicate-using-buttons/

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04

Designing for Pets

What if,

we as designers, could create products to enhance pets' quality of life?

But, how to achieve this?

human

needs

animal

needs

human/animal

interaction

Wellbeing: the definition of collaborative relationships for the design of successful products and services.

(Ruge L., 2016)

Animal-Centred Design (ACD) Much like Human-Centred Design, Animal-Centred Design (ACD) follows a comparable methodology, with a unique emphasis on the needs and behaviours of animals. (Ruge L., 2016) 11 Animal Centred Solutions By using empathy as the guiding principle in the design of products or services for animals, human behaviour change happens by use of the product or service, allowing for a quicker betterment in welfare.

11 Ruge L. In: First International Conference on Human Behavior Change for Animal Welfare. Dorking, Surrey, UK. (19 - 21 September 2016)

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FIDO Design Example One

Facilitating Interactions for Dogs with Occupations, also known as FIDO, has launched wearable electronic devices incorporated into customised dog collars and harnesses, fostering effective communication between dogs and their owners. 12 These devices are tailored to the specific needs of service animals. For instance, hearing dog harnesses feature pre-recorded voice communication, while harnesses for dogs of epileptic owners can send text messages, emails, or make emergency phone calls. FIDO's commitment to animal-centred design is evident in this innovation, enabling pets to express their needs and enhance their owners' Image Credits:

well-being.

Schubert demonstrates the bite sensor on a FIDO project vest, Rob Felt

The essence of ACD at FIDO centres around the design process itself. It entails a deep understanding of how materials, like rubber in the context of a dog toy, can be harnessed to engage the animal effectively. FIDO's approach to this process revolves around the concept of partnership, emphasising collaborative efforts between humans and animals. It employs a multidisciplinary approach and cultivates empathy towards a variety of non-human entities, fostering a comprehensive and holistic perspective.

12 Brown, C. (2020, August 28) Wearable technology gives service dogs a voice. (n.d.). Wearable Technology Gives Service Dogs a Voice | Alltech. Retrieved from: https://www.alltech.com/blog/wearable-technology-gives-service-dogs-voice

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Image Credits:

Rosi playing the chime instrument, Screenshot from video by Elisa Unger.

Image Credits:

Billy playing the gong instrument, Alien Productions.

Musical Instruments for Grey Parrots Design Example Two

In 2016, a collaborative research project involving Ailen Productions, zoologists, and animal keepers from ARGE Papageienschutz embarked on an innovative journey. 13 Their mission was to enhance the quality of life for grey parrots in captivity while fostering artistic expression. They achieved this by exploring the use of musical instruments and interfaces as tools for engagement and enrichment.

Grey parrots engage in communication with humans through a unique form of "music" produced with specially designed instruments. Unlike traditional methods that merely provide pleasant sounds, the musical interface approach grants parrot the autonomy to manipulate and control the auditory stimuli. This method emphasizes a non-coercive training approach and refrains from the use of reward systems. By using this approach, the parrots can experiment with various interactions, playfully engaging with the musical interfaces to create a range of sounds and experiences. 14

Image Credits:

Cocomiso interacting with the vox instrument, Screenshot from video by Elisa Unger.

Method Used: System satisfies specified

requirements

Need of

animal-centered design

Understand the context of use Evaluate designs against requirements

Specify the requirements of the animal Produce design solutions

The applied animal-centered design process.

13 metamusic Project Web-Site. Retrieved from: http://metamusic.at/ (accessed on 2 November 2023).

14 Gupfinger, Reinhard & Kaltenbrunner, Martin. (2019). Animal-Centred Sonic Interaction Design: Musical Instruments and Interfaces for Grey Parrots. 1-11. 10.1145/3371049.3371062.

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Smart Controls for Mobility Assistance Dogs Design Example Three

Mobility Assistance Dogs, often referred to as MADs, are dogs that undergo specialized training to perform various tasks to assist their human companions. These tasks primarily involve aiding with self-care, mobility, and other physical activities. 15 The Six Factors User Research Model 16

Physical

Physiological characteristics and processe Type and range of movement Main health concerns

Cognitive

Learnin Communicatio Attentio Memor Decision makin Problem solving

Social

Social structure Social behaviours (play, cooperation Role in human societ Relationships with conspecifics and others

Cultural Existence of shared norms or behaviour Manifestation of shared norms or behaviours

Sensory

Main senses (vision, olfaction, taste, touch and hearing Sensory experience (sense hierarchy)

Emotional

Expressio Contextual influence Differences among conspecifics and individuals

Ruge Castro, Luisa Fernanda (2021)

Image Credits:

Open University, Animal-Computer Interaction Lab. (ACI)

How can we restructure public spaces to better accommodate mobility assistance dogs and their human partners, considering the sensory, cognitive, and physical traits of the dogs? The goal is to enhance accessibility for both the assistance dogs and the individuals they support.

According to ACI (2013), Luisa collaborated with Dogs for good, where they implemented a set of experimental control features within a building situated on The Open University campus. This initiative aimed to facilitate convenient access and utilization of the building for a PhD student and her mobility assistance dog. Through these prototypes, it has improved MAD working conditions, training times and performance. 17

15 ADI . ADI Terms and Definitions: Assistance Dogs International. (2020). Retrieved from: https://assistancedogsinternational.org/resources/adi-terms-definitions/.

16 Ruge Castro, Luisa Fernanda (2021). Designing for the Animal User: Smart Controls for Mobility Assistance Dogs. PhD thesis The Open University. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21954/ou.ro.000131f7

17 Dog-Smart Homes: Improving Accessibility for Mobility Assistance Dogs | Animal-Computer Interaction Lab. (2013). Retrieved from: https://www.open.ac.uk/blogs/ACI/?page_id=791

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05

Conclusion

Image Credits: Ирина Мещерякова, Getty Images/iStockphoto

Conclusion In summary, this dissertation underscores the significance of enhancing the relationship between pet owners and their animals. It delves into pet behaviour, stress signals, and innovative communication approaches. Animal-Centred Design shows promise in improving pet wellbeing. By better understanding and communicating with animals, individuals can nurture more empathetic and rewarding connections, ultimately strengthening the bond that brings joy and companionship to both owners and pets.

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Bibliography

Bibliography 1 Casey, R. A., Twells, C., & Blackwell, E. J. (2007). 3: An investigation of the relationship between measures of consistency in owners and the occurrence of ‘behavior problems’ in the domestic dog. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 2(3), 83-84.

2 Coren, S. (1999). Psychology applied to animal training. Psychology: Fields of application, 199-217.

3 Bennett, P. C., & Rohlf, V. I. (2007). Owner-companion dog interactions: Relationships between demographic variables, potentially problematic behaviours, training engagement and shared activities. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 102(1-2), 65–84.

Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2006.03.009 4 Townsend, L., & Gee, N. R. (2021). Recognizing and Mitigating Canine Stress during Animal Assisted Interventions. Veterinary Sciences, 8(11), 254.

Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8110254 5 Shepherd, K. (2002). Development of behaviour, social behaviour and communication in dogs. In Horwitz, D. F., Mills, D. S., & Heath, S. (Eds.), BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Behavioural Medicine (8-20). Quedgeley, Gloucester: British Small Animal Veterinary Association.

6 Tami, G., & Gallagher, A. (2009). Description of behavior of domestic dog (Canis familiaris) by experienced and inexperienced people. Applied Animal Behavior Science, 120, 159-169.

7 Rockwood, K. (2016) How My Dog and I Lost 140 Pounds. (2016, May 19). Good Housekeeping.

Retrieved from: https://www.goodhousekeeping.com/health/diet-nutrition/a38567/how-my-dog-and-i-lost-weight/

8 Martos Martinez-Caja, A., De Herdt, V., Enders Slegers, M.-J., & Moons, C. P. H. (2021). Pets and their owners during the first COVID-19 lockdown period: Perceived changes in routines and emotions – An exploratory study. Journal of Veterinary Behavior.

Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2021.09.009

9 Hunger, C. (2021). How Stella Learned to Talk : The groundbreaking story of the world’s first talking dog. Bluebird.

10 Tacoma woman teaches her Sheepadoodle how to communicate using buttons. (2020, October 9). The Seattle Times.

Retrieved from: https://www.seattletimes.com/life/a-talking-dog-tacoma-woman-teaches-her-sheepadoodle-how-to-communicate-usingbuttons/ 11 Ruge L. In: First International Conference on Human Behavior Change for Animal Welfare. Dorking, Surrey, UK. (19 - 21 September 2016) 12 Brown, C. (2020, August 28) Wearable technology gives service dogs a voice. (n.d.). Wearable Technology Gives Service Dogs a Voice | Alltech.

Retrieved from: https://www.alltech.com/blog/wearable-technology-gives-service-dogs-voice 13 metamusic Project Web-Site. Retrieved from: http://metamusic.at/ (accessed on 2 November 2023).

14 Gupfinger, Reinhard & Kaltenbrunner, Martin. (2019). Animal-Centred Sonic Interaction Design: Musical Instruments and Interfaces for Grey Parrots. 1-11. 10.1145/3371049.3371062.

15 ADI . ADI Terms and Definitions: Assistance Dogs International. (2020). Retrieved from: https://assistancedogsinternational.org/resources/aditerms-definitions/.

16 Ruge Castro, Luisa Fernanda (2021). Designing for the Animal User: Smart Controls for Mobility Assistance Dogs. PhD thesis The Open University.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21954/ou.ro.000131f7 17 Dog-Smart Homes: Improving Accessibility for Mobility Assistance Dogs | Animal-Computer Interaction Lab. (n.d.). Retrieved from: https:// www.open.ac.uk/blogs/ACI/?page_id=791 The paragraphs were paraphrased using ChatGPT's assistance.

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