ENVS10003 CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS A01 LOGBOOK WEEK 3 Studio Report Solid Structure Concrete Columns and beams, glass curtain wall Functioned as a cafĂŠ in restricted site Surrounded by heritage buildings Solid Structure Mass construction: reinforce concrete to transfer loads to foundation. Independent beams, each beam for each root of tree in South Lawn.
Skeletal Structure Timbers hold steel frame system. Rigidity of those triangles is to ensure the truss is strong to support tension and compression.
Cable Structure (typical use for durable structure): Steel beams, tension cables Fixed joints between beams and columns, pin joints between cables and beams
Membrane Structure (to drain rainwater): Tension cables, long slender columns. Curved material is used to share force. Loose structure is to reduce the influence of large wind. Joints between membrane and columns, joints between base and cables are pin joints.
Steel Rigid Frame Structure: Steel beams, glass curtain Wall, bricks. Retaining walls are used to protect moisture from dispersing.
Skeletal (Steel frame) structure: Timber roof, steel column, not exposed structure Solid structure: concrete and bricks At the other side of Oval Pavilion, there’s an interesting design. The major materials are bricks. They are not regularly place just as the photo shows. This is an instable structure (solid structure), but it is beneficial to show LED light through those gaps at night. Skeletal (Steel frame) structure: Steel beams and columns, glass wall, concrete roof. Bricks belong to enclosure system, they are set to link back to the existing structure.
Skeletal (Steel frame) structure: steel beams and columns, concrete foundation and timber roof. Pierced roof above the aisle to Asia Centre is hollow for leaving some light. There are fixed joints between steel beams and columns.
Learning Loop Structural elements:
Strut: A slender element to carry load parallel to its long axis that produces compression. Tie: A slender element to carry load parallel to its long axis that produces tension. Beam: A horizontal element designed to carry vertical load using its bending resistance. Slab/Plate: A wide horizontal element designed to carry vertical load in bending usually supported by beams. Panel: A deep vertical element designed to carry vertical or horizontal load.
Foundations: are found at the bottom of buildings, are substructure of the building that constructed partly or wholly below the surface of the ground. Settlement: Over time, buildings compress the earth beneath them and the buildings tend to sink a little into the earth. Different settlement →crack in the buildings Shallow footing: Stable soils, adequate bearing capacity, e.g. pad footing, strip footing, raft foundation; Deep foundations: Unstable soils, inadequate bearing capacity, e.g. end bearing piles, friction piles. Retaining and foundation walls: used when sites are excavated to create basements or where changes in site levels need to be stablised. Equilibrium: state of balance or rest resulting from the equal action of opposing forces. Mo= F × d (moment= force × distance) Units: Nm/ kNm Mass construction: stone (high hardness), earth (mud brick, compressive strength), clay (stable, good thermal mass), concrete (durable) Mass construction can be modular: clay brick, mud brick, concrete block, ashlar stone. Non modular: concrete, rammed earth, monolithic stone (columns and beams). Masonry materials: stone, clay, concrete. Stone—slabs, ashlar blocks, rubble stone, Earth—Mud bricks (adobe), Clay—Bricks, honeycomb blocks, Concrete—block, column. Masonry refers to building with units of various natural or manufactured products, usually with the use of mortar as a bonding agent. Bond: the patter or arrangement of the units. Course: a horizontal row of masonry units. Joint: the way units are connected to each other. Mortar: mixture of cement of lime, sand and water used as a bonding agent.
Masonry properties: Units together act as a monolithic whole. Masonry construction: vertical elements: walls, columns/piers; horizontal & curved spanning elements: beams/lintels, arches; Spanning/enclosing elements: vaults,
Definition
Clay bricks Standard size of masonry unit made out of clay. Slightly varied proportion but always be hand sized.
Shaped from clay and shale, Provenance bardened by a firing process Main types
Extruded and wire out; machine moduled, handmade
Uses
Walls, arches, paving
Hardness Fragility
Medium-high, can be scratched with a metalliic object Medium, can be broken with trowel Very low ductility
Ductility Flexibility/ Very low flexiblity and plasticity Plasticity Medium-low, becomes soaked Porosity/pe only if placed in prolonged contact rmeability with water
Concrete blocks
Stone
Standard size of masonry unit Concreted earthy or mineral made out of concrete. Large range matter; rock. of sizes and proportions available. Igneous rock (granite, basalt, Manufactured from cement, sand, bluestone); Sedimentary rock gravel and water (mixing, (limestone, sandstone); moulding, curving) Metamorphic rock (marble, slate) Hollow or solid styles, load Monolithic, Ashlar, Rubble bearing/ non-load bearing walls both load bearing and non- Walls, paving, cladding, load bearing aggregates and feature design Medium-high, can be scratched Igneous is the hardest, then with a metalliic object metamorphic and sedimentary Medium, can be broken with Largely geometry dependent trowel Very low ductility Low ductility Very low flexiblity and plasticity
Very low flexiblity and plasticity
Medium, some concrete blocks are sealed to reduce the opportunity for water absorption
Large scale (pumice is very porous, granite is not)
Largely depending on stone type, Medium, approx 2-2.5 more dense Medium, approx 2-2.5 more dense usually 2.5-3 more dense than than water than water water Poor conductors of heat and Poor conductors of heat and Poor conductors of heat and Conductivity electricity electricity electricity Durablity Typically very durable Typically very durable Extremely durable High, can be re-used with no Medium, sometimes re-used with Very high, can be re-used with no Reusability/ change or crushe to be used as no change but more often crushed change or re-worked into new recyclability recycled to be used in other products shapes for new uses Transport energy is the main Sustainabili Tend to be locally produced. Inclusion of recycled and waste factor, local stones have low ty & Carbon Approx 1200-degree firing process products, reduction in footprint, carbon footprints, high footprint adds to its carbon footprint increase in sustainability environmental cost Largely dependent on labou and Cost Effective, but require labour costs Effective, but require labour costs scarcety Disadvantag Absorb moisture and gradually Cement paste hydrates so domes. es expand concrete shrinks over time Density
This week’s studio is mainly about walking around the campus to observe different structure systems, structural elements, major materials and joints of those typical buildings. This approach is experimental and beneficial for us to understand those systems and how the elements are joined more conveniently, also to learn to distinguish different materials and their functions. It is additionally useful to find connectivity between the building and surroundings.
Glossary Appendix Moment: ‘The moment of a force is the tendency to make an object or a point rotate. A force will only produce a moment about a point if it is applied at a distance from that point along a line of action that does not pass through the point. Moments are measured by the product of the force magnitude and the perpendicular distance between the line of the action of the force and the point (this distance is called the moment arm). Moments also have magnitude and sense (ENVS 10003, 2014).’ Retaining Wall: ‘be designed and constructed to resist the lateral pressure of the soil being retained (Ching, 2008).’
Pad footing: also called isolated footings, ‘are the individual spread footings supporting freestanding columns and piers (Ching, 2008).’
Pad footing
Strip footing
Strip footing: ‘Strip footings are the continuous spread footings of foundation walls (Ching, 2008).’ Slab on ground: ‘marked by construction in which a foundation slab is laid directly on the ground without a basement (Merriam-webster, n.d.). ’ Substructure: ‘A substructure is a foundation that supports a building, bridge or other installation. Most substructures are located underground and are designed to hold the weight of the structure to keep it from sinking into the ground (Ask, n.d.).’
REFERENCE Ask (n.d.) What is a substructure? Retrieved August 18, 2014 from http://www.ask.com/question/what-is-a-substructure Ching, F.D.K., (2008) building construction illustrated (4th ed.). Canada: John Willey & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. ENVS 10003 (2014) STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS geometry & equilibrium, retrieved August 18, 2014 from https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/bbcswebdav/courses/ENVS10003_2014_SM2/ WEEK%2003/GEOMETRY%20AND%20EQUILIBRIUM.pdf Merriam-webster (n.d.) slab-on-ground, retrieved August 18, 2014 from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/slab-on-ground