HEMPLOCK:
EXPLORINGTHEINTERPLAYBETWEENARCHITECTURALFORM,MATERIAL ANDTIME
DISSERTATION/THESIS
BY
SHUBHAMKHANVILKAR
BARTLETTSCHOOLOFARCHITECTURE
UNIVERSITYCOLLEGELONDON
16TH JULY,2024
RC6,M.ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
STUDENTNUMBER:23125627
Abstract
In our project, we delve into cap va ng interplay between architectural form, materials, and the passage of me—an o en overlooked yet profoundly influen al rela onship. Time, with its relentless march forward, leaves an indelible mark on every structure, shaping its essence and character. Depar ng from tradi onal building methodologies, we advocate for a paradigm shi , introducing a dynamic approach to construc on where me emerges as a crucial constraint. This approach guides us towards unforeseen possibili es in terms of formwork and design. The project delves into material plas city and temporal considera ons as intrinsic design constraints. We confront the inherent subjec vity of design language by establishing a versa le framework adaptable to evolving material choices and inquiries. In doing so, we aim to strike a balance between the digital and real worlds, addressing issues and challenges related to material availability and proper es that may hinder the design process. We also compare the ongoing debate between automated and manual building processes. Ul mately, our goal is to develop an architectural design method that addresses the need for flexible spaces and expedites their construc on. By exploring the dynamic rela onship between form, material, and me, we uncover narra ves of decay and disassembly of sustainable materials, woven into the fabric of the built environment. This approach leads to an architectural tectonic that reduces the use of concrete, resul ng in a carbon-nega ve product.
Keyword
Tectonism,Sustainability,Temporality,Materiality,Adaptation,Biodegradability,Craftsmanship, Automation,DesignFlexibility,Durability,Simulations,Plasticity,aesthetics,sensations
Tableofcontents
Chapter1:Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………4
Chapter2:Material…………………….………………………………………………………………7
2.1Selectionofidealmaterial……………………………………………………………….……..7
2.1.1Socialeconomicandgeographicalissue……………………………………………........9
2.1.2Fromcultivationtocuring………………….,…………………...……………...…..……9
2.2Disadvantagesofnaturalmaterial………..…………………………........................................10
Chapter3:Form………………………………………………………………………………………11
3.1DigitalSimulationVsReality………….…………………………….………………………..11
3.2Mass,Plasticity,andGravity:ShapingForm…………………………………………………12
3.3 ExperimentalApproachesinTemporalDesign………………………………………………..13
Chapter4:Tectonism.…………………………………………………………………………………14
4.1 Assembly and Disassembly Strategies…………………………………………………………………………………..15
4.2TemporalConsiderations………………………………………………………………………15
Chapter5:Placement………………………………...………………………………………………..16
5.1ManualTamping:CraftsmanshipandAdaptability...…………………………………………16
5.2AutomatedPlacement:PrecisionandEfficiency...……………………………………………17
5.3BalancingCraftsmanshipandAutomation……………………………………………………………………………17
Chapter6:Timelessormanagement………………...…………………….….……………….………18
6.1ArchitecturalRetrofitting………….………………………………………………………..…18
6.2Naturalbindingforces……………………………………………………………………...…19
6.3Aestheticsandsensoryqualities……………………………………………………….………20
6.4Biodegradabilityvsdurability…………………………………………………………………20
Chapter7:DesignDemocratization…….…………………………………………………..…………21
Chapter8:Applicationsandfuturepossibilities………………………………………………………22
Listoffigures………………………………………………………………………………………….23
Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………………………..24
Chapter1:Introduction
In today's fast-paced world, the demand for rapid construction is undeniable. Time is equated with money, driving an ethos of efficiency across industries. However, this urgency often comes at a significant environmentalcost,particularlyinarchitecture wheretherelentlesspursuitofquickturnaround timeshasledtoaproliferationofmonotonous concrete structures. This architectural homogeneitynotonlylacks aestheticdiversity but also contributes significantly to global carbon emissions. Indeed, “with rapid infrastructural growth, global cement production has now reached over 4 billion tonnes per annum contributing to 8% of the planet’s total CO2 emissions” (Jeong, 2023). As cities expand rapidly, architectural landscapesincreasinglymirroreachotherwith ubiquitousglassfacades,steelframeworks,and imposing concrete edifices dominating urban skylines.
The consequence of this rapid urban developmentisnotmerelyvisualmonotonybut alsoadisregardfortheimperativeof
sustainabilityandthepotentialforarchitectural innovation.Buildingsarenotjuststaticentities; theyarelivingenvironments thatinteract with their surroundings over time. This interaction, influenced by natural forces and human intervention, shapes the evolution of architecturalformandmateriality.However,in the race against time and economic pressures, thetemporaldimensionofarchitectureisoften overlooked.
Luepen (2004) poses a poignant question: “Howcanwedealwithalltheseaspectsoftime and uncertainty when we are designing such slow-moving objects as buildings?” This question underscores the dichotomy between the prolonged process of architectural design and the rapid pace of modernization and change. Buildings are long-term investments with a lifespan that spans decades, yet they must adapt to evolving societal needs and environmentalconditions.Thechallengeliesin balancingthesetemporaldynamics—designing structuresthatendurewhileremainingflexible andresponsivetochange.
Furthermore, the built environment faces continualchallengesfromnaturalforcessuchas weathering, erosion, and seismic activity. These environmental stresses necessitate ongoing maintenance and occasionally, substantialrepairsorrenovations.Theabilityof buildingstowithstandandadapttotheseforces overtimeis atestament totheirresilienceand longevity.
Fundamental to the study of architectural structuresisthemanipulationandarrangement of building materials. Materials such as bricks and concrete, despite their simplicity in composition,undergocomplextransformations during construction and throughout their lifecycle.Forinstance,theintegrationofbricks requires bonding agents like cement mortar to ensure structural integrity. Similarly, the shaping of concrete into desired forms necessitatestheuseofframeworksorshuttering to contain and mold the material effectively. Theseconstructiontechniquesnotonlyenhance durability but also mitigate the inherent limitationsofthematerialsused.
Beyond their initial construction, buildings evolve dynamically through interaction with their environment. Natural processes such as weathering,biologicalgrowth,andevenhuman activitycontributetothegradualtransformation of architectural surfaces and forms. This evolutionovertimechallengestheconventional notion of buildings as static entities, encouragingare-evaluationofhowweperceive and design for architectural longevity and sustainability.
“More than other human artifacts, buildings improvewithtime—ifthey’reallowedto.How buildings learn shows how to work with time rather than against it” (Brand, 1994). This reflectionsuggeststhattime,oftenperceivedas
a threat to architectural stability, can also be harnessedasacatalystforgrowthandaesthetic enhancement. For example, the deliberate exposure of certain materials to natural elementscanleadtouniquepatinasandtextures thatenhancethevisualappealofabuildingover time. In response to these challenges and opportunities, this thesis project explores the concept of ‘Hemplock’ as a sustainable alternative in architectural design. Hemp, known for its environmental benefits and versatility, offers a compelling substitute for traditionalbuildingmaterialslikeconcreteand steel. By harnessing the plasticity and adaptability of hemp-based materials, the projectaimstoexpandthecreativepossibilities in architectural form and construction techniques.
“Sustainability is the order of the day and the magic word for a better future in politics and industry” ( Peters, 2011). The growing awareness of environmental issues among consumers and stakeholders underscores the urgency of adopting sustainable building practices. Brick and concrete, as foundational elements of construction, have long served as staplesinthebuildingindustry.However,their environmental impact necessitates exploring alternative, eco-friendly materials. The ‘Hemplock’ project endeavours to develop a palette of building components that not only reducerelianceontraditionalmaterialsbutalso
enhance the overall sustainability of architecturaldesign.
Experimental studies have been conducted to evaluate the performance and longevity of hemp-based building components over time. Thesestudieshaveledtothedevelopmentofa block library featuring components of varying sizes, designed to facilitate efficient interlocking and structural stability within the ‘Hemplock’system.Twofabricationoptions— automatedandmanual—havebeenexploredto showcase the versatility and scalability of the system in different architectural contexts. Importantly,thesystem'sdesignallowsforeasy disassembly, promoting environmentally friendly construction practices and reducing soilpollution.
In addressing these explorations, several criticalquestionsemerge:
How can the plasticity ofbiomaterials enhance design flexibility and resilienceinarchitecture?
Whatroledoconstructiondurationand pausesbetweenphasesplayinshaping architecturaldesignoutcomes?
How do architects and designers navigate the choice between manual and automated construction methods, consideringbothpracticalandaesthetic considerations?
Can the adoption of discrete or seamless architectural approaches contribute to the creation of adaptable andresponsivebuiltenvironments?
In what ways does time act as a mediator,influencingtheevolutionand quality of architectural forms and materials?
This thesis seeks to delve deeply into these questions, examining the intricate interplay of architectural form, materiality, and time. By exploringthepotentialofhemp-basedmaterials andembracingthetemporaldynamicsinherent in architectural design, the Hemplock project aimstopavethewayforamoresustainableand resilientbuiltenvironment.
This researchdelvesintothedevelopmentand implementationofbio-materialsassustainable alternatives to traditional cement and brick,
starting with the experimentation and identification of suitable materials. Following this, we focus on designing and testing structural components that leverage these materials, ensuring they meet architectural requirements. The study then examines tectonism,learninghowtodevelopprocedural methods that integrate material, construction, and form. We explore two distinct placement strategies—modular assembly and on-site construction—eachofferinguniquebenefitsfor achieving the architectural design. Additionally,thetemporalaspectsofthedesign are considered, understanding how time and environmental forces will influence and transform the structures. The final chapters discuss strategies for community engagement, encouraging interaction and experimentation with thesenewbuildingmethods, andidentify potential deployment scenarios and future enhancementsforthisarchitecturalsystem.
Chapter2:Material
“Theflatnessoftoday'sstandardconstructionis exacerbated by a weakened sense of materiality” (Pallasmaa, 1996). This statement underscores the prevailing trend in modern architecture where the richness and tactile quality of materials have been overshadowed by minimalist aesthetics and industrial production methods. As we contemplate alternatives to widely used construction elements such as concrete and brick, a comprehensive exploration of material selection becomes imperative. To embark on this exploration, we must first deconstruct the concept of materials and delve into what constitutestheiressence.
Materials are composed of elements that combine to form compounds, either naturally occurring or crafted through human intervention. Some materials are environmentally friendly, while others raise significant ecological concerns depending on their composition and sourcing. Juhani Pallasmaa (2016), in his seminal work, elucidatesontheexpressivelanguagesinherent in materials andsurfaces: “Stonespeaks of its distant geological origins, durability, and inherent permanence.Brick evokes earth, fire, and the enduring traditions of construction. Bronze conjures the extreme heat of its manufacture,ancientcastingprocesses,andthe patina that marks the passage of time. Wood narrates its dual existence—first as a growing tree, then as a human artifact fashioned by skilled hands of carpentersor cabinetmakers.” Thesematerialsresonatewithlayeredhistories andtemporalqualities,contrastingsharplywith today's machine-made materials like scaleless glass, enamelledmetals, and synthetic plastics that present unyielding surfaces devoid of materialessenceorage.
The shift towards minimalist architecture has favoured materials and surfaces that are geometrically pure, flat, and often express abstract ideas rather than physical qualities. This trend leans towards using timeless, neutral-coloredmaterialstocreatemeticulously craftedandself-containedstructures.
In architectural discourse, material selection involves a spectrum of considerations ranging
from cost-effectiveness and sustainability to aesthetic appeal and performance characteristics.SincetheIndustrialRevolution, architects have explored a diverse range of materials,fromexpensiveandlabour-intensive tosustainableandlocallysourcedorexotic.The choice of material not only affects the visual and tactile qualities of a building but also influences its environmental footprint and longevity.
2.1SelectionofMaterial
Architectshaveexperimentedextensivelywith various materials over time, each adding a distinctlayertoarchitecturalformandfunction. The temporal aspect of materials—from their localsourcingandmanufacturingtotheirusage andaging—playsacrucialroleinarchitectural practice. Any alternative to conventional building materials must compete in terms of performance while adhering to stringent time constraints.
"In modernist architecture, there has been a preference for materials and surfaces that are flat, geometrically pure, and express abstract ideas rather than specific physical qualities. Thisoftenincludesusingmaterialsthatappear timeless and are typically white or neutral in color, aiming to create perfectly crafted and self-containedstructures"(Pallasmaa,2016).
Yi-Liang Ko's project, ‘Precise Imprecision’ exemplifies a departure from traditional material use where rubber or latex was employedforitstactileproperties,whileinside, pure white polished plaster was poured to achieve a clean finish. This approach challengesthenotionthatonlyrawortextured materials can convey material richness, suggesting that the overall geometry and compositioncanalsocontributetoarchitectural expression.
However, the choice between raw or refined materialsoftenhingesonprojecttimelinesand priorities. As quoted, “Good materials and construction provide a defence against time's corrosive power” (Trachtenberg, 1995). This statement underscores the importance of selectingmaterialsthatcanwithstandthetestof time while enhancing the architectural narrative.
Our project takes inspiration from this wall design to understand how gravity aids in achieving a 'blobbiness' at the bottom of the pouches, which in turn enhances their interlocking capability with the lower layers. The customized shape cutting of each pouch createsanintriguingfitwithoneanother.This concept of tailoring the shape and size of the pouchesseemedlikeaninterestingideatotest at that stage of our project experimentation. Consequently, we embarked on a material exploration phase to identify suitable componentsforourdesign.
The exploration of materials for our project focused on eco-friendly alternatives such as hay,tissuepaper,andrecycledpaperasprimary components.Tobindthesematerials,wetested various binder substances, including mixed flour, rice flour, clay, mud, damar rosin, corn flour,andagaragar.Thesebindersweretested in different ratios—1:1, 1:1.5, and 1:2— throughaseriesofexperiments,asillustratedin theaccompanyingfigure.
The customized shapes and the thoughtful selectionofmaterialsplayacrucialroleinour project's exploration of the interplay between architectural form, material, and time. By understanding how these elements interact, particularly over time, we aimed to create structures that not only meet contemporary aesthetic and functional demands but also contributetosustainablearchitecturalpractices.
Thismaterialexplorationphaseispivotaltoour project, Hemplock: Exploring the Interplayof Architectural Form, Material, and Time. By experimenting with various eco-friendly materials and binders, we strive to achieve a designthatisnotonlyinnovativeandfunctional but also environmentally responsible. Our focus on time underscores the project's commitment to creating enduring, adaptable, andsustainablearchitecturalsolutions.
Furtherinvestigationsrevealedthepotentialof hempcrete—ablendofhemphurd(thewoody coreofthehempplant)andlime—asaviable building material. “Hempcrete offers several advantages: it has low embodied energy, sequesters CO2 in its building fabric, is fireresistant, breathable, regulates humidity, and providessuperiorthermalinsulationcompared totraditionalmaterials”(Sparrow,2014)
2.1.1 Socio-Economic and Geographical Issues
SigfriedGiedion(2008)asserted,“Stonewalls, clay pots, steel blades, woollen cloth, and golden jewellery are more than mere images; they emit warmth and cold, power and intimacy—meanings that extend far beyond their physical characteristics and visual appearance.” Similarly, the materiality of hempcrete—which is derived from hemp, a plant with a controversial association with marijuana—evokes a narrative of agricultural struggleandsocio-economicchallenges.
Economically, hemp cultivation faces hurdles such as stringent regulations and limited processing infrastructure, which hinder its commercialviabilitydespiteitspotentialacross various industries. Socially, the stigma associated with hemp's botanical relation to marijuana complicates public perception and acceptance, posing a barrier to widespread adoption. Geographically, hemp thrives in specific climatic conditions, restricting its cultivationtocertainregionsandcompetingfor arable land with food crops, thus impacting local agriculture and food security. These socio-economic and geographical challenges underscore the importance of sustainable agriculturalpracticesandsupportivepoliciesto ensure the viability and scalability of hempbasedmaterialsinarchitecture.
2.1.2
FromCultivationtoCuring
6:
“Certain materials and forms age well, developing interesting patinas, rich textures, andattractiveoutlines.Othersareattheirbest when new, becoming spotted and imperfect with age” (Lynch, 1972). The transition from
hemp to hempcrete and its eventual aging processexemplifiesthisprinciple,ashempcrete acquires a raw, earthy aesthetic that matures favourably over time. Unlike industrial materials, natural or bio-based materials like hempcrete often embrace their inherent imperfections and develop a character that evolveswithtime.
Hempcrete is produced by mixing hemp hurd withlimeandwatertocreateaslurrythatcan becastintoblocksorusedasaninfillmaterial. Thegrowthcycleofhemptypicallyspans90to 120 days, depending on environmental conditions,afterwhichthestalksareprocessed to extract the fibres used in hempcrete production. The curing process takes approximately4to6weeks,duringwhichlime inthemixturereactswithcarbondioxideinthe airtohardenthematerialthroughcarbonation. Propercuringconditions,includingventilation and humidity control, are essential to ensure structural integrity and durability. The time required for hemp growth and curing underscoresageneralchallengewithbio-based materials—they often require longer production and curing times compared to conventional materials like cement. However, optimizing agricultural practices and refining manufacturing techniques can mitigate these challenges and align bio-material production withprojecttimelines.
2.2DisadvantagesofNaturalMaterials
The use of biomaterials raises concerns about durability and safety over time. Unlike synthetic materials that offer predictable lifespans, biomaterials may deteriorate unpredictably, posing challenges for maintenance and structural integrity. Enric Miralles (2016), for instance “view the deterioration of matter as beneficial since it expresses the passage of time to occupants. Nonetheless, deterioration of materials can poseproblemsforsafety”incertaincontexts.
Safety concerns are paramount, especially in climates prone to severe weather or pest infestations.Biomaterialslikehempcrete,while sustainableandenvironmentallyfriendly,may have limitations in flexural strength and durability due to the absence of synthetic binders.
“The new man-made materials often combine paradoxical properties, such as structural durability and translucency or transparency, structuralstrengthandthermalinsulation.Selfregulatingandadjustingmaterialsthatreactto
environmental conditions take architecture a decisive step towards biological model” as statedbyPallasmaa(2016).
Inspired by architectural projects such as the AKDNsandbagshelterbyAr.NaderKhaliliin Iran,wherehecontainedearthfromthesitein bagsandlayeredthemconcentricallytocreate housing units, as showninFig. 8, our project triedtoexploretheuseoffabricenclosuresfor containing hempcrete, allowing for modular construction and customizable aesthetics. Thesefabricenclosuresenablequicker drying timesforhempcretecomparedtoimpermeable molds, enhancing production efficiency withoutcompromisingmaterialintegrity.
In conclusion, while biomaterials like hempcreteoffercompellingecologicalbenefits andaestheticpossibilities,theypresentunique challenges related to production timelines, durability, and safety. Addressing these challenges requires a holistic approach that integrates sustainable agricultural practices, innovative manufacturing techniques, and rigoroustestingprotocolstoensuretheviability andresilienceofbiomaterialsincontemporary architecture.
Chapter3:Form
Pallasmaa (2016) suggests that, “like many otheraspectsoftoday’ssociety,contemporary buildingsoftengiveusarushedexperienceof time while the greatest buildings slow time down, stimulatinga senseof calm”evokinga sense of tranquillity through their enduring form. Indeed, the enduring appeal of iconic architecture often lies in its geometry and aesthetic impact. Today, however, minimalist and functionalist trends dominate, relegating intricate ornamentation and complex geometriestoheritagepreservationprojects.
The decline of detailed craftsmanship and materialrichnessovertimehasleftalegacyof minimalistdesignthatprioritizesfunctionality. AsnotedbyFord(1997)"Everythingthathad physical, concrete form, they believed, was doomed to decay; only style was indestructible."
Figure10:Poucharrangementin90degree
In response to these dynamics, the project embraces a minimalist approach with simple geometries. The team opted for rectangular pouchesstitchedonthreesidesandfilledwith
hempcrete.Variousfabricmaterialsweretested as shown in fig. 9, to determine their effectiveness in embracing gravitational sag. The development of this system involved stackingthese pouches at 90-degreeangles to facilitate self-interlocking components during thehardeningprocess.
3.1DigitalSimulationvs.Reality
Bernard Leupen (2004) insightfully notesthat “thedevelopmenttimeofabuildingistoolong for 'form follows function' - a more correct statementwouldbe'formdictatesfunction'and this would be unacceptable,” challenging conventionalarchitecturaldiscourse.Balancing this equation in modern practice involves integrating digital simulations to forecast and adapttoevolvinguserneedsovertime.
“Althoughatthestartarchitectsusedsimulation primarilyforvisualization,withtheincreaseof programmatic complexity and simultaneously of the performative demands from the architectural form, the use of simulation of performances has expanded,” says Grobman (2012). While simulations are invaluable for pre-emptively addressing design challenges, real-world outcomes may diverge due to unforeseen factors such as environmental changes and unexpected usage patterns. For instance,anareapredictedto behighly active may face reduced footfall due to weatherrelated issues like waterlogging, underscoring thelimitationsofpredictivemodelsindynamic environments.
The process of creation and fabrication often holds greater intrigue than the final product itself,necessitatingmeticulousdocumentation. These processes yield profound insights into evolving architectural tectonics. In practice, simulations play a crucial role in refining designs, anticipating challenges, and optimizingperformance.Forinstance,MayaN collisionsimulationswereconductedtoanalyze the interactions of different-sized hempcretefilledpoucheswhenstacked.Thesesimulations informed practical experiments, ensuring design feasibility and enhancing performance outcomes. As Bachelard (1932) maintained, “theonlytimewhencreationcouldhappenisan instant.”Simulationsprovideuswiththenotion ofwhentostop,identifyingtheprecisemoment
atwhichtheoptimalresult,suchastheperfect degree of sagging, is achieved.
3.2 Mass, Plasticity, and Gravity: Shaping Form
“Sometimes slowly, a building advances throughhistoryscrupulouslyobeyingthelaws of thermodynamics. The process will be accelerated environmentally—by induced stressessuchasfrom gravityorwind”(Goak, 1992). This observation highlights external forces that influence architectural form over time,contributingtostructuralchangessuchas sinking or bending due to plasticity. In the
project,observationsrevealedthatthemassof hempcrete within pouches affected gravitational sag. Pouches filled with hempcrete sank less than those filled with cementwhentested,underscoringtheinfluence ofmaterialviscosityandgravitationalforceson form development over time. Detailed measurementsofmassandtimewererecorded tooptimizeinterlockingresults,indicatingthat temporal factors significantly shape design outcomes, especially with bio-materials that offersomedesignpossibilities.
ETH Zurich's clay deposition wall showcases howtimeinfluencesarchitecturalform.Theuse of cylindrical clay pods as bricks, placed sequentiallybyKukarobots,demonstrateshow thedryingtimebetweenlayersaffectsthefinal wallheightandform.Thissameideologywas replicated in our design. We experimented by placing our first layer and then immediately placing the second layer on top of it, versus allowing a certain amount of time to elapse beforeaddingthenextlevel.Thismanipulation of the time factor yielded different results, highlighting the critical role that temporal considerationsplayinarchitecturalfabrication processes. By varying the intervals between layers, we observed significant differences in thestructuralintegrityandaestheticqualitiesof
the final product,underscoringtheimportance oftimeinthecreationofarchitecturalforms.
Variationsinexternalconditionslikehumidity ortemperaturealtermaterialstatessimilarlyto water, ice, and steam, all derivatives of the same compound. This analogy extends to the Ice Hotel in Sweden, an ephemeral structure crafted annually from ice and snow sourced from the Torne River. The hotel evolves with natural processes, embodying the transient nature of architectural form shaped by environmentalconditionsandhumancreativity.
Nils Völker's installation ‘One Hundred and Eight’ explores the interrelation of form, material,andtimethrough108inflatableplastic bags choreographed to create a kinetic environment. This artwork challenges conventional sculpture by integrating movementandtemporalchangeintoitsdesign, engaging viewers with rhythmic patterns and evolvingconfigurations.
The project’s strategic timing was essential as mentioned earlier for placing hempcrete-filled
pouchestoleveragegravitationalsaggingwhile stacking them in a crosshatch pattern. This approach capitalized on natural material viscous behaviour to achieve aesthetic variation.Understandingtheinterplaybetween time and form guided the project's methodology, emphasizing the dynamic relationship between material properties and temporalprocesses.
3.3 Experimental Approaches in Temporal Design
To explore how buildings evolve over time, time-lapse photography captures subtle changes in form, material deterioration, and environmental interactions. This experimental approach provides insights into the dynamic nature of architecture, revealing patterns of decay,growth,andadaptation.Bydocumenting theseprocesses, architectscouldgain valuable knowledge for designing resilient, adaptive structuresthatembracechangegracefully.
Chapter4:Tectonism
Patrik Schumacher (2017) posits, “Tectonics/Tectonism represents a stylistic advancement in design, focusing on engineering and fabrication processes. Unlike earlier phases like foldism and blobism, tectonismdoesn'tdeviatefromtheoverarching styleofparametricismbutratherenhancesit.It emphasizes technical rationalities to achieve greater efficiency and morphological rigor, while still allowing for design flexibility to address different needs.” Tectonism, or architecturaltectonics,embodiesprinciplesand practices that emphasize the expressive potentialofstructuralandmaterialelements.It involves a focus on the intrinsic properties of materials and the way they are assembled to create form and space. Tectonic architecture often highlights the visible joining of components, the articulation of structural elements, and the honest expression of materials.Inessence,assaidbyMoravánszky (2017)“itisaboutassemblingstiff,plank-like elementsintoacohesiveandrigidsystem.”
The central inquiry here revolves around whether a tectonic building process can be developed that effectively balances form, materiality,andtemporalconstraints.Examples suchas‘ETHclaywall’or‘Yi-LiangKo'slatex blobwall’constructionsillustratemethodsthat strivetoachievethisequilibrium.Forinstance, Greg Lynn’s Blob Wall at SCI-Arc utilizes CNC-cut tri-metaballstointerlock and form a pavilion, demonstrating the application of tectonic principles in contemporary architecture.However,acriticalchallengelies in the adaptability and flexibility of such tectonic structures. Current methodologies, presentedbyprojectsliketheBlobWall,often lack clear provisions for disassembly and reconfiguration, which are vital for accommodating thedynamicneedsofmodern architecture. There exists a significant distinction between discrete and seamless architectural approaches; the latter, while visuallystriking,maystrugglewithadaptability due to its tightly integrated components. Conversely, discrete methods offer greater flexibilitybutmayrequiremorecustomization toachievetruetectonicefficiency.
4.1AssemblyandDisassemblyStrategies
In architectural discourse, the concepts of assemblyanddisassemblyplaypivotalrolesin defining flexibility, sustainability, and adaptability. The assembly of building componentsinvolvesmeticulousintegrationto fulfil both functional and aesthetic requirements, influencing the initial form and longevity of structures. Conversely, disassembly refers to the systematic dismantling or removal of architectural elements,increasinglyvaluedforitspotentialto facilitate reuse, recycling, or repurposing of materials, thereby reducing environmental impact. Designing for disassembly entails considerations such as ease of separation, componentlabelling,andtheuseofreversible connectionsorfastenings.
By adopting a modular system of rectangular pouches filled with hempcrete, the project integrates principles of tectonics by emphasizing the interlocking and stacking of componentstoachievestructuralintegrityand aesthetic coherence. The rectangular pouches, stitched and filled with varying densities of hempcrete, showcases a methodical approach toassemblythatbalancesform,materiality,and functional needs which could be timed.
In contrasttotraditional constructionmethods that prioritize permanence, the project introduces strategies for disassembly and reconfiguration. The modular nature of the hempcrete-filled pouches allows for easy separation and reuse. This approach not only facilitates repairs and renovations but also enablestheadaptationofspacestoevolving
4.2TemporalConsiderations
Time constraints are pivotal throughout the architecturalprocess,encompassingeverything from initial construction phases to project completion and beyond. Micro-fabrication processes,oftenoverlookedamidsttheurgency of project timelines, are equally crucial. Understanding the intricate relationship between time and architectural design reveals the challenges architects face in navigating thesedynamics.Adaptabledesignprocessesare essential to accommodate evolving requirements and unforeseen developments, ensuring architectural projects remain responsivetotheircontextsandstakeholders.
Furthermore,themodularnatureofoursystem allowsfortemporaryarchitecturalsolutions.It canfacilitaterapidrepairsfordamagedwallsor be repurposed as temporary structures. Its flexibilityextendstonewconstructions,where modules can be easily assembled, disassembled, and reconfigured like building blocks,akintoasustainableversionofLegosin architectural design. By incorporating this modularapproach,projectscanachievegreater efficiency and adaptability, addressing both immediate needs and long-term sustainability goals.
Chapter5:Placement
“One might say that the human factor has always been part of architecture. In a deeper sense,ithasevenbeenindispensabletomaking it possible for buildings to fully express the richnessandpositivevaluesoflife”(Pallasmaa, 2016). There’s will always be an error or differentiationinwhatweseeonscreenvswhat we fabricate. The interplay between human intervention and technological precision is a criticalaspectofmodernarchitecturalpractice. Thisisevidentinthecontrastingmethodologies ofmanualtampingandautomatedplacementin the context of our project, highlighting their impact on architectural form, materiality, and time.
5.1 Manual Tamping: Craftsmanship and Adaptability
Humaninvolvement in architecturalprocesses introducesadimensionofunpredictabilityand adaptability. While automation promises precision,manualcraftsmanshipoftenprovides a level of control and finesse that machines cannotreplicate.Inthecaseofourdesign,the manualtampingprocessshowsthisbalance.
The manual tamping procedure involves meticulous handling of semi-solid hempcrete bricks. Fabric pouches are cut and stitched to precisedimensions,filledwithhempcrete,and carefully stacked to form architectural structures.Thismethodallowsforadjustments andfine-tuningduringtheconstructionprocess, ensuring that each layer is aligned correctly bothhorizontallyandvertically.
Duringourexperimentswithmanualtamping, we observed that while vertical connections were robust, achieving uniform horizontal collisions posed challenges. Human error,
particularly during the filling and stacking stages, could lead to inconsistencies in level alignment. However, these imperfections also provided opportunities for adaptive solutions. Bymanuallyadjustingandpressingeachlayer, we could correct minor discrepancies and achieveacohesivestructureovertime.
The tactile nature of manual tamping enables architectsandbuilderstorespondintuitivelyto the evolving form of the structure. Despite initial simulations and digital designs, the actual construction process often reveals nuances and challenges that require human ingenuity and adjustment. This hands-on approach not only enhances the structural integrityofthebuildingbutalsocontributesto itsaestheticcoherence.
Moreover, the manual tamping process underscorestheimportanceofcraftsmanshipin architecturalpractice.Itembodiesatraditionof skill and expertise passed down through generations, emphasizing the value of tactile engagement with materials and construction techniques. This human-centric approach ensuresthatarchitecturalprojectsarenotonly technicallysoundbutalsoimbuedwithasense ofartistryandcraftsmanship.
We developed a chair using this method to checkthestructuralintegrityofthemoduleson applying pressure from top. On curing fully after almost 3 weeks it was rock steady. The interlockingfrombothaxiswasfine.
5.2 Automated Placement: Precision and Efficiency
In contrast to manual tamping, automated placementharnessesthecapabilitiesofrobotics anddigital fabricationtechnologiestoachieve high levels of precision and consistency. Robots equipped with precise pressure and timing mechanisms can fill and position hempcrete pouches with minimal deviation, ensuring uniformity in layering and interlocking.
The automated process optimizes the construction timeline by reducing human labour and potential errors associated with manual handling. Robots can operate continuously, placing bricks according to predefineddigitalmodelswithoutthefatigueor variabilitythathumanworkersmayexperience. This efficiency not only accelerates construction schedules but also enhances overallprojectcost-effectiveness.Furthermore, automation enables architects to explore complex geometries and parametric designs that require meticulous placement and alignment of building components. By eliminating manual variability, automated systems can achieve intricate patterns and structuralconfigurationsthatenhancethevisual appeal and functionality of architectural elements.In our experiments with automated placement for the ‘Hemplock’, we found that the precision of robotic systems facilitated cleanerandmoreconsistentresultscomparedto
manual methods. Bricks were placed with minimalgapsormisalignment,optimizingthe structural integrity and aesthetic coherence of thefinalconstruction.
5.3 Balancing Craftsmanship and Automation
Theinterplaybetweenhumaninterventionand technological precision is critical in modern architecturalpractice,particularlyevidentinthe contrasting methodologies of manual tamping and automated placement within the ‘Hemplock’ project. Theseapproaches impact architectural form, materiality, and time, extending beyond technical execution to broader implications for architectural practice.Manual tamping embodies a tradition ofcraftsmanship,fosteringadirectconnection betweenthebuilderandthebuiltenvironment. It emphasizes a nuanced understanding of materials and construction techniques, highlighting the artistry inherent in architecturalcreation.Thishands-onapproach allowsforintuitiveadjustmentsandfine-tuning during construction, ensuring the built form evolves organically in response to its surroundings.
In contrast, automated placement epitomizes the integration of advanced technologies into architectural production, reflecting a shift towards efficiency and sustainability. By streamlining processes and minimizing waste, automated systems contribute to environmentally responsible construction methods, aligning with global efforts towards sustainable development and resource conservation. While automation offers precision and efficiency, the role of manual craftsmanship remains indispensable. Human intervention allows for adaptive responses to unforeseen challenges and opportunities for creative expression, transcending the limitations of digital modelling and robotic fabrication. The synergy between manual tampingandautomatedplacementexemplifies aholisticapproachtoarchitecturalpractice.By leveragingthestrengthsofbothmethodologies, architects can achieve optimal results that combine technical rigor with artistic vision. Manual craftsmanship ensures sensitivity to materials and context, while automation enhancesscalabilityandprojectfeasibility.
Chapter6:TimelessorManagement
“Although temporal transformation is inevitable,humansoftenlongforpermanence” (Lähdesmäki, 2018). Architects desire their creations to remain as they envisioned them. However, even the highest-grade, most expensive materials will eventually degrade. Acceptingthistruthandworkingaccordinglyis crucialfromthestart.
Architectsmeticulouslydesigntheirbuildings, considering sustainability, aesthetic quality, and spatial functionality. Yet, they often overlook a fundamental parameter: the inevitable passage of time. Embracing this aspect of life allows us to appreciatethe wear andtearofmaterials,changesinform,andthe memories people associate with these spaces. Everythingevolveswithtime.
6.1ArchitecturalRetrofitting
The oxidized copper on the Eagle Harbor building in Washington provides insight into how time affects architectural design, creating patinas on façades and roofs. Such changes occur gradually, revealing the essence and purposeofthestructureovertime.Sometimes, historyerasespreviousworksentirely,whilein othercases,structuresadapt tonewconditions andsocietalneeds,acceptingthenaturalruleof evolution and adaptation. By acknowledging and planning for these transformations, architects can create buildings that gracefully endure the test of time, adding historical and culturalvaluetothebuiltenvironment.
136 Quai des Chartrons in France is a good exampleofhowarchitectureevolvesovertime, where demolished or destroyed parts of structures can be replaced with a new contemporary architectural language. This transformation reflects progress and evolution in the field of architecture. Similarly, our project can be used as elements of reconstruction, serving as a testament to this era.
Pallasmaa(2016) states "Many buildingshave morethanonebeginningandnotnecessarilya singleorevenadefinitiveend.Inthesevarious ways what is static – permanent and unchanging–orassumedtobesoisnolonger privileged,andtimeisnotviewedasaseriesof single,selectmoments,butasacontinuousand ongoingprocessofchange."Choosingtheend ofastructureisbeyondthecontrolofarchitects or laypeople. While careful maintenance can prolong the life of a building, the process is complex and requires discipline. Human lifespans average 80-90 years, whereas structures like Göbeklitepe can endure over 12,000 years, spanning more than 120 generations.Witheachpassinggeneration,the importanceofmaintainingthesestructurescan diminish.
“The world around us,somuchofitourown creation,shiftscontinuallyandoftenbewilders us.Wereachouttothatworldtopreserveorto changeitandsotomakevisibleourdesire.The arguments of planning all come down to the management of change” (Lynch, 1972). Maintaining a structure effectively demands high-quality materials, skilled craftsmanship, androutinemaintenanceandrepairs.However, repairs often involve replacing original materials with new ones, which can alter the structure's authenticity. Consequently, the buildingundergoesaconstantstateofchange, bothexternallyandinternally.
Examining the Royal Ontario Museum, we observehowdestroyedpartsofafortresswere repurposed into crystallized architecture. Interior spaces evolve with advancing technology,necessitatingspatialmodifications. Astructurethatonceappearedlinearmaynow adoptadeconstructivistformovertime.
Enhancing and repairing structures involves recognizingthateacherainarchitecturebuilds upon the foundations laid by its predecessors. Theoldgiveswaytothenewinacontinuous processofevolutionandlearning.Lessonsfrom past architectural styles guide contemporary practices, ensuring that progress respects and integrateshistoricalcontext.Byunderstanding and embracing these dynamics, architects can createbuildingsthat honortheir origins while meetingthedemandsofthepresentandfuture.
6.2.NaturalBindingForces
Architectureandstructuresaresubjecttoaging, providing environments conducive to the growth of fungi, bacterial colonies, and microorganisms. These organisms can either harmthestructureor,insomecases,contribute toitsresilience.Predictingtheimpactofsuch growthandtheefficacyofourdefencesagainst itpresentsongoingchallenges.
Forinstance,myceliumgrowthcanstrengthen a structure by connecting disparate elements, while root penetration can cause cracks and internal damage over time. Winter water seepageanddustsettlingintocrevicescanlead toadhesiveaction,affectingtheintegrityofthe structure. These natural forces are crucial considerationsinourproject.
“Apebblepolishedbywavesispleasurableto thehand,notonlybecauseofitssoothingshape, butbecauseitexpressestheslowprocessofits formation; a perfect pebble on the palm materialises duration, it is time turned into shape”(Pallasmaa,1996)
Consideringtheserulesinarchitecturaldesign, theTajMahalprovidesapoignantexample.Its marblesurfaceshaveacquiredayellowishtint due to acid rain, raising concerns about its aesthetic appeal. However, this discoloration does not compromise the structure's strength. Architectsareexploringinnovativesolutionsto suchchallenges.MartinaDecker,forinstance, investigates self-healing materials at the molecularlevel,offeringadaptiveresponsesto environmental aging. This approach contrasts with traditional methods that fortify materials againsttimeratherthanembracingadaptation.
6.3AestheticsandSensoryQualities
Whendesigningstructures,architectsenvision the tactile qualities of materials—roughness, softness, patterns—which enhance spatial appreciation. “Every tactile experience of architectureismulti-sensory;qualitiesofspace, matter, and scale aremeasuredequallyby the eye, ear, nose, skin, tongue, skeleton, and muscle” (Pallasmaa, 1996). The chair we produced provides a brutalist and raw expression. The juxtaposition of fabric and exposedhempcretecreatesaroughandgrainy sensory experience.Brutalistarchitecture,like London'sBarbican,ischaracterizedbyitsbold patternsandtextures,distinctfromthesmooth concretefinishesofLeCorbusier'sbuildings.
6.4Biodegradabilityvs.Durability
Lähdesmäki (2018) suggests that “All architectural creations have a certain lifespan, some planned to be relatively short, others intended to endure indefinitely.” Temporary structures, like exhibition spaces or event venues, are designed for flexibility and easy removal. Core architectural structures, however, are intended to last indefinitely, barring natural disasters or poor construction standards. Designers increasingly focus on reuse potential. The FIFA World Cup 2022 stadium in Qatar, made from containers, was dismantled after the event, showcasing both durabilityandflexibilityindesign.
Pallasmaa (2016) said “Those designers who areconcerned with timealso giveattentionto useandreuse.”Spacesshouldbeadaptableto different social uses and flexible enough to accommodatechangingphysicalarrangements overtime.Rapidconstructionprojectsgenerate significant debris, contributing to landfill overflow, pollution, and habitat destruction. Biodegradable materials offer sustainable alternatives.Hempcrete,forexample,naturally integrates into the environment over time, minimizingenvironmentalimpact.
Chapter7:Designdemocratization
Bernard (2004) suggests, “Make buildings polyvalent. Make buildings that are part permanent and part changeable. Make semipermanent buildings, e.g., 'industrial, flexible, and demountable' (IFD) buildings. Time and again, temporariness proves to be an expandable commodity.” He also emphasizes, “Letusnottrytodeviseaformthatfitsanyone functionperfectly,asthereisnowaywecanall predictwhatthatfunction'ssuccessorwillbe.” These insights underscore the need for flexibilityanddesigndemocratizationinfuture architecturalendeavours,allowinglaypeopleto participatein creating diverse compositions of wallsandstructures.
Thisprojectillustrateshowtimeplaysacrucial role in shaping both individual architectural components and the entirety of built environments. It introduces a language of architectural tectonics aimed at promoting designdemocratization.Throughthisapproach, even individuals without formal architectural training can engage in creating buildings with variedcompositionsofwallsandstructures.As noted by Alexander (1979), “The people can shapebuildingsforthemselves,andhavedone itforcenturies,byusinglanguageswhichIcall pattern languages. A pattern language gives eachpersonwhousesitthepowertocreatean infinite variety of new and unique buildings, just as his ordinary language gives him the power to create an infinite variety of sentences.”
Anopen-sourceplatformlike‘Wikihouse’ exemplifiesdesigndemocratization,enabling individualstocustomizeandbuildtheirown structuresorhomes.Theplatformprovides ready-to-assembleparts,allowingpeopleto designandconstructindependently.This approachdemonstratesthatwiththeright materialsandefficientbuildingmethods, individualscancreatetheirownarchitectural formwork.
Similarly,considerseamlessarchitecture,as developedbythe‘ArkNova’concerthallby ArataIsozakiandAnishKapoor.This inflatablehall,accommodatingupto500 people,showcasesapre-designedspace tailoredtohumanneedsthatcanbedeployed asneededtocreateshelter.Itcanremainin placeaslongasrequired,offeringadifferent perspectiveondesigndemocratization.
This democratization of design empowers communities to contribute to their built environment actively. By understanding basic architectural principles and employing modular, adaptable building elements, individuals can customize their living and working spaces to suit evolving needs. This participatoryapproachnotonlyfostersasense of ownership but also ensures that buildings remain functional and relevant over time. As buildings age and evolve, they accumulate layers of meaning and significance. The passage of time facilitates adaptation, transformation, and reinterpretation of architecturalspaces.
Chapter 8: Applications and future possibilities
Architecture influenced by time can lead to dynamic and resilient built environments that continuetoservecommunitiesforgenerations. The adaptive reuse of spaces, facilitated by flexible design principles, ensures that structures remain relevant amidst changing societaldemands.
Beyond technical innovation, architecture influenced by time has profound socioeconomicimplications.Byinvolvinglocal communities in the design and construction process, architects can foster a sense of belonging and collective ownership. Participatorydesignworkshopsandcommunity consultationsempowerresidentstovoicetheir preferences and priorities, ensuring that architectural interventions align with cultural values and social dynamics. Moreover, sustainable architecture contributes to economic resilience by reducing operational costs through energy-efficient design and maintenancepractices.Long-termsavingsfrom reduced energy consumption and lower lifecyclecostscanoffsetinitialinvestmentsin sustainable building technologies, making green architecture a financially viable choice fordevelopersandinvestors.
Thepossibilitiesofthisarchitecturalapproach extend to various applications. Temporary
exhibitionspacescanbeswiftlyassembledand dismantled,adaptingtochangingexhibitionsor seasonal events. Similarly, damaged architecture can be temporarily stabilized or replacedwithmodularelementswhileawaiting permanent reconstruction. For instance, office partitions designed as demountable modules can easily adapt to varying office layouts or transform into multipurpose halls for communityevents.
Inurbansettings,wherespaceisatapremium and land-use patterns evolve rapidly, flexible architecture offers a practical solution to accommodatediversefunctionswithinlimited footprints. Modular construction techniques, coupled with advanced digital fabrication methods, enable architects to create scalable, adaptable building systems that can be customized to meet specific project requirements.
This design project raises further critical questions for the future of architecture: How canwebalancetheimpermanenceoftemporary structureswiththedurabilityrequiredforlongtermsustainability?
Listoffigures
Figure1: Rapid urbanization leading to concrete jungle https://www.saatchiart.com/art/PhotographyConcrete-Jungle-Limited-Edition-of-3/1015760/4751959/view(Accessed:15July2024).
Figure2: Cement consumption increases during mortar application https://www.dbcivil.co.uk/brickwork(Accessed:15July2024).
Figure3: Architecture, time and material interconnection. Authorimage
Figure4 Yi-Liang Ko's 'Precise Imprecision' https://archinect.com/esterlo/project/precise-imprecisionflexible-construction-with-robotics(Accessed:15July2024).
Figure5: Bio material testing samples Authorimage
Figure6: Hempcrete mixture https://www.ukhempcrete.com/why-does-hempcrete-create-healthybuildings/(Accessed:15July2024).
Figure7: Signs of Stress: Leaf Decay in Marijuana Plants https://blog.plantwise.org/2021/09/21/hemp-a-new-crop-challenged-by-old-pathogens/(Accessed:15 July2024).
Figure8: Nader Khalili's sandbag shelter, Iran https://www.trendhunter.com/trends/nader-khalili (Accessed:15July2024).
Figure9: Fabric testing Authorimage
Figure10: Pouch arrangement in 90 degree Authorimage
Figure11: Maya n-collision interlocking simulations Authorimage
Figure12: ETH Zurich clay deposition wall https://tetov.se/adaptive-clay-formations/(Accessed:15 July2024).
Figure13: Ice hotel, Sweden https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2017/jan/15/new-ice-hotel-swedishlapland-arxtic-adventure(Accessed:15July2024).
Figure14: Nils Volker's 'One hundred and eight' https://www.random-magazine.net/2010/12/onehundred-and-eight/(Accessed:15July2024).
Figure15: Great Shpinx in 1878 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sphinx_partially_excavated2.jpg (Accessed:15July2024).
Figure16: Great Shpinx in 2012 https://discoveringegypt.com/pyramids-temples-of-egypt/pyramidsof-giza/(Accessed:15July2024).
Figure17: Greg Lynn's Blob wall https://www.iconeye.com/back-issues/blob-wall(Accessed:15July 2024).
Figure18: system showing assembly and disassembly Authorimage
Figure19: manual adjustments for stacking in block system Authorimage
Figure20: Hempcrete Chair model Authorimage
Figure21: Copper cladding on Eagle harbour market building, Washington state https://dev.copper.org/applications/architecture/awards/2016/eagle-harbor/homepage.php(Accessed: 15July2024).
Figure22: Quai des Chartrons staircase https://www.archdaily.com/1017100/136-quai-des-chartronszw-a-zweyacker-and-associes(Accessed:15July2024).
Figure23: Royal Ontario Museum renovation https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Ontario_Museum_in_Fall_2021.jpg(Accessed:15July 2024).
Figure24: moss growth on bricks https://www.123rf.com/photo_21603043_old-red-brick-wall-grownwith-grass-and-moss.html(Accessed:15July2024).
Figure25: Barbican’s Fibonacci Spiral Vent https://www.greyscape.com/campaigns/barbicansfibonacci-spiral-vent/ (Accessed:15July2024).
Figure26: Pouch texture Authorimage
Figure27: FIFA Qatar world cup 2022 https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/63885578(Accessed:15 July2024).
Figure28: Debris issue leading to soil pollution https://www.catrubbishremoval.com.au/demolitionbuilders-rubbish-removal-sydney/(Accessed:15July2024).
Figure29: The shelter by 'Wikihouse' https://www.construction-physics.com/p/facit-homes-wikihouseand-the-plywood(Accessed:15July2024).
Figure30: Ark Nova concert hall, Japan https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article2431721/The-worlds-INFLATABLE-concert-hall-designed-help-Anish-Kapoor-arrives-Japansdisaster-hit-north-eastern-coast.html(Accessed:15July2024).
Figure31: Sample architectural proposal Authorimage
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