GRADUATE PORTFOLIO

GRADUATE PORTFOLIO SHREYAS GANGURDE

SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

SID: 530233763 | NEALE PEREIRA

SID: 530798066 | APARANTA GODE

SID: 520283853 | SHREYAS GANGURDE

SID: 530235664 | TANYA MATHUR

1.1.AIM

The objective of this study is to examine the impact of different materials, structural designs, and construction methodologies on the carbon footprint of a small-scale residential building in Australia The investigation utilizes "The Footprint Calculator" as a tool to assess the carbon emissions associated with varying building configurations By altering materials and construction technologies, the study seeks to evaluate the carbon output and identify strategies for reducing environmental impact in residential construction practices.

1.2.OBJECTIVES

• Selection of a residential building project spanning approximately 150 square meters, completed within recent years, and compliant with Australian National Construction Codes (NCC)

• Comprehensive examination of the project encompasses analysis of its contextual setting, prevailing climatic conditions, project overview, material identification, construction specifics, technical specifications, and visual representations depicting both interior and exterior aspects

• Assessment of the building's environmental footprint will be conducted utilizing the Footprint Calculator, employing three distinct methodologies

• Evaluation of total carbon emissions, quantified in terms of Global Warming Potential (GWP)

• Assessment of water footprint

• Analysis of operational energy consumption

1.3.SCOPE

The LCA can be carried out for Cradle to Grave ie A1-A5, B1-B7 C1-C4 and D, but for this assessment the product stage and construction stage are to be considered ie Cradle to grave A1-A5. These stages of assessment consider the embodied carbon of materials and the process of construction For sake of understanding the operational carbon B6 –operational energy and B7 – Operational water was also calculated

02.PROJECT DESCRIPTION

Building Type: Residential

Location: 2 Plowman Street, North Bondi, NSW Architect: Scale Architecture

Area: 237 m²

Year: 2017 Stories: G+1

The Cricket Pitch House, designed and built with care by Scale Architects, is a building that defies convention by seamlessly combining longevity, aesthetic appeal, and practicality

03.CLIMATE ANALYSIS

3.1.LOCATION

Building Selection Criteria

The assessment of the embodied carbon of materials is done by the LCA for materials A1 through A5 It could be a challenge to lower the carbon footprint of the final face finish assemblies because the cricket pitch house has a very minimalistic type of design

➢ Selection of Site and Climate Analysis

• The building has been selected on the basis of its variety of materials, location and the availability of data

➢ Material Assemblies and Construction Methodology (Base Case)

• The construction materials of the structure were identified and analyzed in depth as per the NCC compliance The phases of building, ranging from excavation to roof casting have also been examined

➢ Development of Base case and identification of carbon output through Footprint Calculator

• The quantity of the materials has been determined and the carbon output of the building has been analyzed through the Footprint calculator

➢ Enhancement of strategies to improve Carbon Output

• The strategies incorporated to improve carbon output were analysed and basis which the following scenarios were generated-

• Improved Case 1- Altering the building materials of the structure

• Improved Case 2- Altering the Structural members and Building envelope

➢ Analysis and Improvisation of Operational Energy

• The operational energy and water have been estimated and strategies to reduce it has been applied through use of conventional methods

➢ Cost reduction analysis

• There have been some recommendations made regarding new materials and designs that could lower the final cost Additionally, innovative technologies have been analysed and introduced to reduce energy consumption and reduce costs

➢ Discussion/ Conclusion/ Future Recommendations

• After a through analysis and comparison of the results of all the three cases, an depth conclusion was developed highlighting the important findings and suggestions for future scopes

3.2.TEMPERATURE RANGE

The project site, situated in Sydney, is categorized within climate zone 5, characterized by a Warm Temperate climate This climate exhibits four distinct seasons, featuring mild winters characterized by low humidity, juxtaposed with hot to very hot summers accompanied by moderate humidity Both summer and winter conditions may occasionally exceed human comfort thresholds, rendering spring and autumn as more favorable seasons for human comfort and wellbeing (Weatherspark,2023)

3.4.SUNPATH

The sun's higher path angle during the summer causes shorter shadows In contrast, the winter months cause the building itself to cast longer shadows because of the sun's lower angle, especially on the southern side Because of this, the southern side of the building might get less light in the winter than the other sides The north facade should have the most openings because it gets the most sunlight during the winter and is easily shaded by the roof's eaves during the summer

3.5.WIND ANALYSIS 3.3.HUMIDITY

The annual average mean temperature is 17°C, the average high temperature is 22°C, and the average low temperature is 14°C, according to the temperature range graph In order to minimize heat transfer, high R-value insulation in the walls, floors, and roofs of the building envelope is necessary to achieve indoor thermal comfort (Source Climatool) The winter season predominant winds are noted to be high-speed and humid, coming from the west In summer, the predominant winds are from the northeast and south with high humidity levels Throughout the year, Sydney's average hourly wind speed stays relatively constant, ranging from 0 7 to 12 5 kilometres per hour (Weatherspark,2023)

3.6.RAINFALL

The graph shows that in most months of the year, the relative humidity is higher than the comfort range (30–70%) Design techniques such as the use of vapour barriers and breathable materials like clay, stone, and wood are used to combat this high humidity

Sydney's monthly rainfall exhibits considerable variation throughout the seasons February stands out as the month with the highest precipitation, boasting an average of 101 mm of rainfall In contrast, September experiences the least amount of rainfall in Sydney, with an average precipitation level of 46 mm

Summer Solstice Winter Solstice

Fig 3.1.5 : Wind Rose Diagram | (Source: Climatool 2024).

Fig 3.1.2: Annual Temperature Range Diagram | (Source: Climatool,2024).

Fig 3.1.4: Solar Analysis I Source: (Author,2024).

Fig 3.1.1: Australian Climatic Zones | (Source: csiro.au,2024).

Fig 3.1.3: Annual humidity Range Diagram Source: (Climatool,2024).

Fig 3.1.6: Rainfall Chart| Source: (weatherspark,2024).

The structure's subsystems, including the walls, roof, and flooring, are in compliance with NCC standards.

(150mm) Source: (Author,2024).

Fig 4..1.4: Clay brick wall (110mm) Source: (Author,2024).

Fig 4.1.8: Polished Concrete Flooring

Roof

06.CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

The materials used in the design and construction of The Cricket Pitch House have been strategically selected to ensure that they are suitable and efficient in fulfilling the project's particular requirements Since they prioritize longevity, sustainability, and aesthetic appeal, these materials have been used in a way that balances their complementing the conceptual design with addressing the climatic challenges. In addition to improving the project's sustainability credentials, using sustainably obtained timber for structural framing gives the interior spaces a comfortable, distinctive feel

• In 2017 this building was granted development approval in Sydney And in 2017, the building was constructed, in accordance with the 2019 National Construction Code And as such all wall, floor and roof assemblies are in alignment with Section 3 12 1 4 & 3 12 1 5 of the NCC

• Since the building was constructed in 2017, analysis of data for climate, operational carbon, and costing is based on the 2016-17 year

• Certain Materials that are not present in the Footprint Calculator are checked through the Epic Database for their embodied carbon and relevant values were used for the materials’ absolute carbon emissions.

• Epic database was used to compare the embodied water and embodied greenhouse gases of various materials

• The construction method assumed is based on the prevalent methodology of construction in Sydney, NSW

• The material quantities are derived based on Architectural drawings and material specifications were considered as per standards set by NCC

• Operational energy and water are calculated through use of several sets of data of over 100 households in NSW during 2017-18 in alignment with the NCC 2019, Australian Government Climate, Australian Energy Regulator, Nathers and BASIX.

Aluminum Metal Roofing with Glass Wool insulation

Folded Metal Plate with silicon sealant

Metal Capping for Parapet

270mm Double Brick wall with Insulation Air space

Aluminum Framework to support Gypsum board Ceiling

Gypsum board Ceiling with Glasswool

Insulation

Exposed 270mm Double Brick wall with Insulation Air space

10mm Steel Surround for Window Shade

Timber Batten Screen

Single Glazed Window with Black Aluminum Frame

38mm Hardwood Reveal

12mm Plasterboard with paint as/spec

Aluminum Metal Roofing As/spec

Aluminum Gutter

Timber Beams to support metal roof

Aluminum Corrugated Sheet to support insulation

Glasswool Insulation for roofing

Gypsum Board Ceiling with Glasswool Insulation

Image5.1.1: Excavation, Source: (Financial Benefits of Solar Energy.gov.au,2024).

Image5.1.2: Footings, Source: (Desk. 2024)

Image5.1.3: Formwork, Source:(Column Formwork,2024)

Image5.1.4 Brickwork, Source: (Cavity Walls and the Benefits of Insulating Them –TheGreenAge,2024

Image5.1.5: Shear wall, Source: (Engineering Science: Shear Wall and Pile Foundation 2024)

Fig 6.1.3: Window Wall Junction with Boxing Detail (Source: Author, 2024)

Fig 6.1.4: First Floor floor slab to wall Junction (Source: Author, 2024)

Fig 6.1.5: Roof-Gutter Junction with False celling Detail Source: Author, 2024

Fig 6.1.6: Steel Column to RC Slab Fixing detail Source: Author, 2024

Image5.1.6: Footings, Source:THERMAL / ACOUSTIC FLOOR SLABS PRECAST CONCRETE SOLUTIONS, 2024

Image5.1.7: Footings, Source: (Residential PlasterboardSHEETROCK® ONE | Knauf AU,2024)

Image5.1.8: Roofing, Source: (Residential Roofing,2024).

Establishing the current materiality, structure, façade, and interior works and benchmarks of:

Base Case

INTERNAL WALLS

EXTERNAL WALLS

UPPER FLOOR

SUBSTRUCTURE STAIRS

FLOOR FINISHES UPPER FLOOR

WALL

WALLS

Comparing the Carbon distribution charts by elements and materials we can see that the major contributors are Concrete in Upper Floor, Internal Walls and Sub-structure and second contributor is Clay bricks in External walls So, targeting these materials would help in improving the carbon cost of the project Next areas to look at would be Ceiling finishes, insulation in internal walls and HVAC 7.4

• Absolute carbon, • GWP

• Total Embodied carbon

Reduce Absolute Carbon through operational and material changes

Operational Energy & Operation Water

Examining major carbon contributing factors of both operation and testing alternate solutions to improve overall operation carbon

Materiality

Approach : examining changes in materiality of project to more low carbon materials while maintaining aesthetic and integrality of the building

Accepting material improvement strategy as 1 Scenario

Improved Case

Improving the building further by dabbing into building design

Improved Case 01

Altering 3 important elements that make up the building Keeping material/ operational improvisations

Improved Case 02: Building Design

Utilizing façade design and Altering it interms of Window wall ratio, Backing, etc to reduce existing embodied carbon generated through the facade

Improved Case 01: Building Materiality

Improvisation to existing structure design by reducing the use of high carbon output designs like RCC framework systems and replacing with lower carbon emissive systems like steel, timber frameworks

FinalCases

Suggesting alternate meterials and assemblies to the existing design and improvising interior finishes without hampering the interior aesthetic of the building

Improved Case 02: Building Design

Fig 7.1.1:Upfront Carbon (Base Case) Source: (Author,2024

Fig 7.1.2:Upfront Carbon by Element (Base Case) Source: (Author,2024).

Fig 7.1.3:Upfront Carbon by Material (Base Case) Source: (Author,2024).

Fig 7.1.4: Comparison with Benchmark (Base Case) Source: (Author,2024).

10.1 ALTERING MATERIALS

9.1.ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS

Geopolymer concrete is a groundbreaking material that diverges from conventional cement by utilizing alternative binders such as fly ash or slag This substitution not only reduces water content but also minimizes embodied energy, making it more environmentally friendly. Moreover, as the strength of geopolymer concrete increases with the use of slag or ash, it not only offers potential savings on global warming impacts but also becomes increasingly economically viable, presenting a promising solution for sustainable construction practices (Source Oyebisi et al ,2022)

2

• Carbon Intensity

• Absolute Carbon

• Global Warming Potential

1 • For improved case 1 the look and feel of the project must be maintained so bricks with recycled

FINISH

3

•

•

•

TILES

0 093 T CO2-e /unit 1

ACC has better performa nce but worst embodied Green house gas and embodied water. (Jami and Kumar, 2017)

Hempcrete, or hemp lime, combines hemp hurds with lime, sand, or pozzolans, forming a bio composite material

Despite its advantages, hempcrete faces challenges including curing time, skilled labor needs, standardization issues, and supply chain constraints

The first approach considered is to use recycled materials or materials containing recycled elements This is helpful in material procurement without altering the design or construction technologies As eco conscious materials come at a premium cost using all of them is not feasible in any project so this analysis gives an idea of which materials would have what percentage of impact and does it make an economical sense to use these materials

10.2 BY ELEMENTS

SUBSTRUCTURE

HARDWOOD TIMBER BOARDSVIRGIN BAMBOO COMPRESS ED BOARD

• Using Compressed Bamboo flooring significantly reduces the carbon footprint of the flooring

10.3 BY MATERIALS

The project is minimalist and has face finished materials, due to this the proportion of walls is more in comparison with benchmark cases

Just by changing the materials there was an improvement of 2 star in the rating But we can still see that the clay bricks still have a significant contribution in comparison to other materials due to the quantity of this material The Eco materials need specialized labor to execute They are not readily available so sourcing them on time would become a challenge So, to improve the carbon rating of the project while accounting for the procurement and execution alterations in the assemblies and alternate constructions must be considered Wherever possible elimination or reduction of materials must be considered as well

10.4 BENCHMARK

10.5 ECO MATERIALS

Fig 101.2: Upfront Carbon by Material (Improved Case 01) Source: (Author,2024).

Fig 101.1: Upfront Carbon by Element (Improved Case 01) Source: (Author,2024).

Fig 101.3: Upfront Carbon Overall Building (Improved Case 01) Source: (Author,2024).

Fig 101.4: Benchmark comparison Improved Case 01 Source: (Author,2024).

Fig

11.1 | STRUCTURAL SOLUTIONS

The current building design is a composite construction of steel and concrete The existing concrete construction showed high levels of GWP, which was structurally extensive and can be simplified through more efficient use of steel construction and eliminate concrete for most portions of the house.

The existing garage showed a complete reinforced concrete envelope (walls & slab) of 30Mpa Concrete 6mm Dia Steel Reinforcements with no habitable floor above. .

The proposed design involved replacing the concrete walls and slabs with Steel framework, backed

To maintain a single structural system throughout, The existing RCC Footings are replaced with steel footings which are increased in depth

The Existing footings showed a high absolute carbon of nearly 36 68TCO2 which was then reduced by 21% post simulation of the proposed design.

The existing slab consists of a Reinforced Concrete slab with beams resting a steel columns The existing design showed high GWP and embodied carbon due its extensive concrete implications for a smaller-span structure. The current beams proposed to support the stairs showed traces of high Embodied

The proposed design involves replacing the existing slab with a steel decking slab and Steel I sections to reduce the overall carbon output drastically

The replacement of concrete with steel though being an effective strategy, has significant economic cost implications Concrete tends to be cheaper which is why its most preferred

replaced

involves

11.2 BUILDING ENVELOPE / DESIGN

The current Building envelope consists of 4 Glazed panels on the northeast side corner with a sliding glass door entry The glass is bifurcated and a simple wooden door with a solid wall is provided with a window above for light entry The Aluminum Frame also replaced with a wooden frame to reduce the absolute carbon of the glazing.

|

The addition of a wall and door proved to have a significant reduction in terms of Absolute and total carbon output by almost 81%

Though this Design change proved to be effective in carbon reduction, changing the aesthetic can compromise, the overall functionality of the space and client perspective

Fig 11.1.4: Staircase 3d view | Source: Author,2024.

Fig 11.1.1: Building section highlighting staircase | Source: Architecture Practice

Fig 11.1.2: Building section highlighting staircase | Source: Architecture Practice

Steel Beams

Beams

Steel Beams

Fig11.1.3: Building section highlighting staircase Source: Architecture Practice

Garage Envelope

First Floor Slab

13.ILLUSTRATION OF ECO CASE IMPROVEMENTS

5

After deploying the strategies mentioned above and mitigating most of the concrete , we were able to attain a Five Star rating The chart displays that Brick accounts for 15 1% of carbon upfront, Ceramic Tile accounts for 12 1%, and the remaining materials account for 55 1% as the top five materials of the building.

12.2 BENCHMARK

Figure 13 1 2 illustrates the Total carbon emissions for the Base Case, Improved Case 01, and Improved Case 02. The base case employs a high carbon content in its substructure, superstructure, architectural elements, and operational energy Another strategy to enhance was Improved Case 01 aiming to lower carbon levels by improving the materials used in the system Thereafter in Improved Case 02 we focused on implementing certain modifications to the structure, which had a significant effect on reducing carbon emissions by 51.9%, resulting in the attainment of a five-star rating for the building.

replacement • Staircase beams are now 85mm thk CrossLaminated Timber Panel • First floor slab is replaced with a glasswool insulated Steel decking slab.

STRUCTURE • 32 Mpa Concrete32 Mpa with steel fibermesh • 32 Mpa Concrete – Geopolymer replacement

• I-Section Steel universal column foundation

Fig:12.1.1.Top

Materilas for Upfront Carbon for Improved Case 02 in TCO2. (Source: Author,2024).

Fig13.1.1: Axonometric view highlighting the improvements I Source; Author,2024

Fig:12.1.2. Breakdown for Upfront Carbon for Improved Case 02 in TCO2. (Source: Author,2024).

14.1. BENCHMARKING FOR OPERATIONAL ENERGY

The benchmarking was conducted to analyze the per person usage within a household. The building is currently occupied by 10 occupants and has a total of 5 bedrooms To get the data for household energy consumption, we have considered the report provided by the Australian Energy Regulator

15.1.BENCHMARKING FOR

Note: The values mentioned are referenced from the NSW

7KWh

• 20 panels – 50% roof coverage

• Power generated - 3285 KWh/Yr

• Electric Bill Savings - $ 1445/yr

• Break even period (without rebate) – 5.6 yrs

• Energy bill savings 10yrs - $6366 1

By adopting solar energy for operating home or office appliances, you can reduce your reliance on purchasing electricity from the electricity vendor. (Financial Benefits of Solar | Energy gov au,2024)

• Break even period (with rebate)

– 4.15 yrs

2 PHASING OUT GAS

Due to Drastic effects of climate change, significant strategies are currently being explored by governments to phase out the use of gas for heating and cooking purposes and eventually be completely removed from households Gas proved to have a high global warming potential due to its productions processes and has become a concern for safety in most households because of its flammable properties

Since Electricity consumption is : 11674kWh

Using Solar panel system of 10kWh, total electricity generated by Solar panels = 4692kWh

10KWh

• 28 panels – 65% roof coverage

• Power generated - 4692 KWh/Yr

• Electric Bill Savings - $ 2065/yr

• Break even period (without rebate) – 5.6 yrs

• Break even period (with rebate) – 4.0 yrs

• Energy bill savings 10yrs - $9091

• Assuming : 1 KWhr Of Electricity = 3 KWh of gas

• Therefore, Total Gas Consumption = 2666 KWhr of electricity per year

• Total Electricity consumed: 11674 kWh

Through the process of on-site recycling of greywater, 2 uses of water i.e the landscapes and toilets are replenished by treatment of grey water, however in the reduction of the use of grid-based water, the operational carbon increases by 0.1 TCO2 due to the treatment process. Increased Processes of on-site recycling though may increase carbon output prove to be more beneficial as overall water consumption is reduced drastically

Table14.1.1: Breakdown for Upfront Carbon for Improved Case 02 in TCO2, (Source: Author 2024).

Health Article.

15.3. ALTERNATE STRATEGIES TO REDUCE WATER CONSUMPTION 7 Minute Shower

• The use of recycled materials and waste are subject to availability and proximity to site.

• The use of low carbon materials are tentatively always associated with less material requirements Replacing a large quantity of material with low carbon alternatives cannot guarantee an improved building performance in terms of lower carbon output.

• Operational water efficiency can be improved through the use of efficient water fixtures.

• The effects of recycled materials on Indoor environment quality is not calculated effectively

• New technologies are not standardized and not tested for benchmarks, making it cumbersome for building approvals

• Location of plot is not specific, and virgin materials maybe less carbon emissive than recycled materials-based material availability.

17.LIMITATIONS

• Cost of the Assemblies are subjective to supplier and are not completely accurate

• Quantification is executed based on drawings and need not accurately represent the actual structural requirements of the building

• The LCA Assessment does not account for circular economy of materials that are readily available which can have drastic effects on carbon emissions

• The carbon emissions of materials present are calculated unanimously through an average of the countries output. Location specific data and the use of locally sourced materials can not be calculated easily as the approach is very standardized

17.1 FOOTPRINT CALCULATOR

• There are no benchmarks and ratings for Operational energy and water to compare with

• Certain construction assemblies are not present which are heavily used, and addition of any new materials follows a very tedious process.

• Bifurcation of materials based on building element for quantification is not very detailed in certain categories and addition of more categories is cumbersome

• Unit quantification of certain materials don’t match the standardized measurement unit of materials in the market often making it challenging to quantify especially when a bill of quantities for the building is outsourced from an alternate consultancy

• Assessments of the same building can't be compared through the website, unless exported.

• Brand specific building materials don’t have the same carbon output as a non-branded ones. Having the same material with a brand not specified in the calculator can show incorrect carbon outputs

18.CONCLUSIONS

• Merely substituting materials does not suffice to enhance the sustainability of construction assemblies; rather, there is a need for comprehensive updates in their composition This entails a judicious selection and utilization of materials to optimize their environmental impact.

• Natural materials, while exhibiting low carbon emissions, often present challenges in quantifying their overall sustainability due to their relatively high embodied water content.

• The transition away from gas-based energy sources and the adoption of on-site renewable energy generation, particularly through solar photovoltaic systems, represent proactive measures toward reducing carbon emissions

• Furthermore, the recycling of water, although an energy-intensive process, contributes to a diminished reliance on water from external sources, thereby mitigating pressure on the grid.

• However, it is important to acknowledge that this process may entail an increase in carbon footprint, underscoring the necessity for a balanced evaluation of environmental trade-offs

The inclusion of a life cycle assessment needs to be considered during the early design stage to optimally choose construction technologiesoftheproject.

1. Archdaily (2017, December 9) Cricket Pitch House / Scale Architecture ArchDaily https //www archdaily com/885145/cricket-pitch-house-scale-architecture

2. CSIRO (n d ) States and Territories Australian Housing Data Retrieved April 28 2024 from https //ahd csiro au/dashboards/energy-rating/states/

3. Foster, R & Harrington, L (2022 With assistance from IT Power Renewable Energy Consulting https //www abcb gov au/sites/default/files/resources/2022/Whole-of-home-component-final pdf

4. Frontier Economics (2020 Residential energy consumption benchmarks https //www aer gov au/system/files/Residential%20energy%20consumption%20benchmarks%20%209%20December%202020 0 pdf

5. Jami, T , & Kumar, S (2017, September) (PDF) Assessment of Carbon Sequestration of Hemp Concrete ResearchGate https //www researchgate net/publication/320058537_Assessment_of_Carbon_Sequestration_of_Hem p_Concrete

6. National Construction Code (n d ) Specification J1 5 Wall Construction | NCC Ncc abcb gov au Retrieved 2024, from https://ncc abcb gov au/editions/2016/ncc-2016-volume-one/section-j-energyefficiency/specification- 15-wall-construction

7. Nguyen, co-authored by G B , Federico Tartarini, Christine (2021) CBE Clima Tool Clima cbe berkeley edu https //clima cbe berkeley edu/

8. NSW Health (2000) Greywater Reuse in Sewered Single Domestic Premises https //www health nsw gov au/environment/domesticwastewater/Documents/greywater-reusepolicy pdf

9. NSW State of EnvironmentNSW State of Environment (2024) Urban Water Supply | NSW State of the Environment Www soe epa nsw gov au https //www soe epa nsw gov au/all-themes/humansettlement/urban-water-supply

10. Oyebisi S , Olutoge F , Kathirvel P Oyaotuderekumor I , Lawanson, D Nwani J , Ede, A , & Kaze R (2022) Sustainability assessment of geopolymer concrete synthesized by slag and corncob ash Case Studies in Construction Materials, 17 e01665 https //doi org/10 1016/j cscm 2022 e01665

11. solarcalculator (2024) SunSPoT Solarcalculator sunspot org au https //solarcalculator sunspot org au

12. Sydney Water (2024) Water efficiency targets Www sydneywater com au https //www sydneywater com au/your-home/saving-water-at-home/water-efficiency-targets html

13. Weatherspark (2023) Average Weather in Sydney, Australia, Year Round - Weather Spark Weatherspark com https //weatherspark com/y/144544/Average-Weather-in-Sydney-Australia-YearRound

19.1 IMAGE REFERENCES:

1. Cavity walls and the benefits of insulating them - TheGreenAge 2013 August 11 TheGreenAge - the Home of Energy Saving https //www thegreenage co uk/cavity-walls-and-benefits-of-insulatingthem/#google_vignette

2. Column formwork (n d ) 123RF Retrieved April 28, 2024 from https //www 123rf com/photo_37890270_column-formwork html

3. Desk, H N (2023, April 5) Footing: Meaning, role, types, and common problems Housing News https //housing com/news/footing/

4. Engineering Science Shear Wall and Pile Foundation (2015 March 7 Engineering Science http://engineeringgravity blogspot com/2015/03/shear-wall-and-pile-foundation html

5. Financial benefits of solar energy gov au 2024) Energy gov au https //www energy gov au/solar/financial-benefits-solar

6. Nancie (2021 February 26) Foundation Excavation Cost 7 Important Factors EXCAVATION CHANTHIER https //excavationchanthier ca/en/blog/what-factors-influence-the-cost-of-excavation-for-foundations/

7. Residential Plasterboard - SHEETROCK® ONE Knauf AU (n d ) Knauf Australia https //www knaufapac com/en_au/products/interior-linings/sheetrock-plasterboard/sheetrock-one html

8. Residential Roofing (n d Metal Deck Retrieved April 28, 2024, from https //www metaldeck com au/install/residential-roofing/

9. THERMAL / ACOUSTIC FLOOR SLABS PRECAST CONCRETE SOLUTIONS (n d ) https //oreillyconcrete com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Thermal-Flooring-Properties pdf

Table22.1.1: Australia Energy Regulator Electricity consumption in KWH/yr

Table22.1.3 :Wastewater Generated in Domestic Household in Australia, NSW Health.

Table22.1.4: Comparison of Solar and Non solar consumed..

Table22.1.6: NCC Costing for PV without rebate

Table22.1.7 NCC Costing for PV with rebate

Table22.1.2 Australia Energy Regulator Gas consumption in KWH/yr

Table22.1.5. Solar System Summary

Carpenter Hall House extensively incorporates local timber such as Queensland maple, silky oak, Cedar, brush box throughout its design, utilizing the material’s natural thermal performance, versatility, and sustainability as compared to typical materials such as brick/concrete. Timber is utilized in structural framing, single-skin wall construction, and various aspects of the interior and exterior finishes. Modern substitutes like glued laminated wood (glulam) or laminated veneer lumber (LVL) can be used to counter the risk of fire and high maintenance requirements.

CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS

In this system, diagonal braces made of timber are connected to vertical or horizontal framing members using Gangnail plates. The plates are pressed into the timber members, creating a strong and durable connection that helps to distribute loads effectively throughout the structure.

Benefits:

Carpenter Hall House uses a lot of galvanised metal sheets, which are an aesthetically pleasing and durable material. These include the conical roofing and the butterfly panels on the elevation which reduce solar gains. Presenting high maintenance cost in the current context, nonetheless. Although 3 times cheaper than shingles, and 2 times cheaper than typical concrete slab in today’s context.

Gang-nail plated timber framing provides a strong and stable structural performance by offering lateral stability and effectively resisting external forces like wind or seismic stresses.

Efficiency: The utilization of gang-nail plates facilitates the construction process by enabling rapid and efficient assembly at the construction site.

Cost-Effectiveness: Gang-nail plating timber framing is more cost-effective than traditional joinery methods, as it reduces both labor and material expenses.

Drawbacks:

Reliance on Manufacturer: The accessibility and caliber of Gang-nail plates are contingent upon manufacturers, thereby impacting project schedules and expenses.

Corrosion Vulnerability: Although contemporary Gang-nail plates are usually coated to withstand corrosion, prolonged contact with moisture or external elements might still be a potential hazard.

In Carpenter Hall House, glazing incorporates colored glass to add vibrancy, while leadlights offer intricate patterns, both making up for almost 30% glazing ratio. Both elements enhance the aesthetic appeal and character of the house, while allowing natural light. Due to low thermal insulation and high cost, Low-e glazed glass with decorative printings, can be a preferable option in today’s context.

A single-skin wall framing system consists of timber framing members that are placed to provide the structure of the outside walls, without the inclusion of extra layers like as insulation or cladding. It is probable that it enhances the building’s character by displaying the inherent attractiveness of timber while also providing an economical construction option in 1970’s.

Drawbacks:

Benefits:

Cost-Effectiveness: The system’s simplicity reduced construction expenses, made it an appealing choice for projects with financial limitations in the era of 1970’s.

Accelerated and efficient Construction: Single-skin wall framing, due to its simplified structure, would have been expedite construction schedules, potentially leading to shorter project durations. Single-skin wall frame offers a straightforward construction process, needing less materials and semi-skilled manpower when compared to multi-layered wall systems.

Inadequate Thermal Performance: The lack of insulation in single-skin wall frame can cause insufficient thermal insulation, resulting in higher expenses for heating and cooling in extreme summers and mild winters and potential discomfort.

Moisture: Exposed timber framing is prone to moisture infiltration and deterioration, which can undermine the structural stability of the walls over a period of time.

Maintenance Requirements: Consistent maintenance or treating the wooden structure, is essential to prevent problems caused by dampness, deterioration, and insect infestation.

Alternative:

Alternatives to single-skin wall framing include double-skin wall systems with added insulation and cladding layers for improved thermal performance and durability.

Although our analysis is thorough, it is constrained by certain constraints. The availability of comprehensive data on the materials and construction methods used in Carpenter Hall House may be limited, which could impact the thoroughness of our evaluation. Moreover, the assessment of sustainability in the 1970s and 2024 is founded on overarching patterns rather than precise information pertaining to Carpenter Hall House. Moreover, the extent of our analysis is limited by the reSsources now at our disposal, which requires additional research and on-site examination in order to achieve a thorough understanding.

Our study of Carpenter Hall House reveals its comprehensive commitment to sustainability and architectural ingenuity. The use of natural materials like timber and stone demonstrates a dedication to environmental sustainability, while passive design techniques enhance energy efficiency and occupant comfort. The progression of sustainability concerns from the 1970s to 2024 underscores the growing imperative to tackle climate change in the constructed environment. Upgrading ancient buildings such as Carpenter Hall House poses difficulties and possibilities in adhering to contemporary sustainability criteria while safeguarding architectural legacy. Carpenter Hall House provides unique insights into the junction of tradition, innovation, and environmental stewardship in architectural practice by examining its materials, building techniques, passive strategies, and sustainability trends.

•Kibert, C. J. (2022). Sustainable Construction: Green Building Design and Delivery (Fifth edition). Wiley-Blackwell. •Communications. (2015, June 9). Carpenter Hall House | Environment, land and water. Apps.des.qld.gov.au. https://apps.des.qld.gov. au/heritage-register/detail/?id=650272

•The State of Queensland, T. S. of Q. (2015, June 9). Carpenter Hall House | Environment, land and water. Apps.des.qld.gov.au. https:// apps.des.qld.gov.au/heritage-register/detail/?id=650272

•De Gruchy, Architecture in Brisbane, p.38-45; Wallace and Stutchbury, Place Makers, pp.54-75, 118-131, 246-255.

•Timothy O’Donnell, The Fassifern Connection: Russell Hall and the Exposed Stud Frame, Bachelor of Architecture Thesis, University of Queensland, 1987, Chapter 3, Russell Hall’s Use of the Exposed Frame’, p.35.

In the turbine ventilator with hinged damper, as wind passes over the roof, it causes the ventilator to rotate, creating suction and drawing stale air and moisture out of the building. It provides passive ventilation, promoting airflow and reducing the need for mechanical cooling systems. As the studio, is surrounded by the landscape and land, the lower region gets colder and upper region is warmer due to warm air surrounding and passing through the structure, thus creating the natural stacking effect which is enhanced by turbine ventilator.

The conical cap is a cap that is positioned on top of the turbine ventilator. It provides protection for the ventilator system from weather conditions while yet allowing for optimal airflow.

Benefits:

The prism installed on the rooftop of Carpenter Hall House optimizes the convergence and reflection of light in the shaft. The prism not only allows for abundant natural light, but it can also aid in passive solar heating during colder months, enhancing thermal comfort and lowering the need for heating. However, it may cause issues in the summer by increasing solar gains.

The lightning rod finial is an aesthetic and functional feature that is mounted at the highest point of the roof. Its purpose is to safeguard the structure from lightning strikes by establishing a conduit for electrical discharge to the ground.

Ventilation: The turbine ventilator aids in natural ventilation, enhancing air circulation and decreasing heat accumulation in the attic area. This can contribute to enhance comfort and indoor air quality.

Aesthetic: The aesthetic qualities of the building are enhanced by the roof crown components, such as the prism, conical cap, and lightning rod finial, which contribute to its architectural character and visual appeal, so improving its overall design.

Function: The lightning rod finial serves a crucial purpose by offering vital protection from lightning strikes, ensuring the safety of the building and its inhabitants by preventing potential damage or harm.

Drawbacks:

Regular maintenance: iIt is necessary to preserve the optimal performance of the turbine ventilator and hinged damper, as well as to inspect and upkeep the lightning rod finial.

Expense: The inclusion of roof crown elements, including the turbine ventilator and lightning rod system, may contribute to the overall cost of constructing the building.

Benefits:

Solar Shading: The inclined metallic fins efficiently obstruct direct sunlight, thereby diminishing solar heat absorption and glare within the residence.

Aesthetic: The addition of fins to the building’s front enhances its architectural appeal by introducing visual interest and a modern aesthetic.

Durability: The galvanized metal-sheet fins possess a high level of resilience and are resistant to weathering, enabling them to endure harsh environmental conditions for an extended period.

Energy eficient: The fins enhance energy efficiency by lowering solar heat gain, hence decreasing the need for cooling during warmer months.

Drawbacks:

Wide, galvanized metal-sheet fins are installed around the exterior walls of Carpenter Hall House, positioned at angles to shield the building from the low-angle sunlight during sunrise and sunset. These fins create a dynamic architectural feature while serving a practical purpose of mitigating solar heat gain and glare. Although the intensity of the overhead solar gain is reduced during the summer, the lower angle light in winter will also be obstructed, perhaps impeding the desired passive solar gains. Moreover, the overly broad extension of the sheets may not provide significant protection from solar gains for the walls and can lead to unnecessary use of additional materials.

Expense: The incorporation of galvanized metal-sheet fins during installation may result in higher building expenses in comparison to more basic facade treatments.

Maintenance: Although the fins are long-lasting, they may need regular cleaning and upkeep to maintain their beauty and effectiveness.

Design Constraints: The inclusion of angled fins in the facade design may present difficulties in creating architectural coherence and seamless interaction with other design components.

Alternative -

May include adjustable louvers, operable shading devices, or dynamic facade systems.

Ultimately, Carpenter Hall House functions as a significant example in the realm of sustainable design and the conservation of architectural heritage. Although the use of natural materials and passive solutions in this context is in line with principles of environmental responsibility, there are issues that need to be addressed, such as improving thermal performance and energy efficiency through retrofitting and adaptation. The incorporation of cutting-edge construction methods in the house emphasizes a fusion of conventional and modern approaches in architectural design.

Carpenter Hall House provides instruction and motivation for implementing sustainable retrofitting and preserving historical heritage. By utilizing breakthroughs in construction technologies and sustainable design principles, we may improve the durability and efficiency of current structures while maintaining their architectural authenticity. Carpenter Hall House exemplifies the lasting significance of sustainable design and the necessity of harmonizing tradition with innovation in the quest for ecologically conscious building. By doing ongoing research, fostering cooperation, and using proven strategies, we have the ability to construct structures that not only honor historical significance but also embrace the future of environmentally conscious living.

•Allenby Et al, Eight Great Houses, p.144.

•Donald Watson, 2012, ‘A House of Sticks: A History of Queenslander Houses in Maryborough’, Queensland Review, Vol.19, June 2012, p.52, cited in Entry on the Queensland Heritage Register, North Pine Presbyterian Church (former) (QHR 600767).

•The Royal Australian Institute of Architects Queensland Chapter, 2021, Queensland Heritage Register application, Carpenter Hall House, information from application.

•Russell Hall Architects Website, Promotional Material, https://russellhallarchitects.com.au/wall-frame-system-1/ Accessed 15 July 2021; this document refers to the house as ‘Lambert Tower House’; De Gruchy, Architecture in Brisbane, p.44.

DIAGONALBRACES - GANG NAIL PLATES TIMBER FRAMING

Fig 13. Timber (Source Author)

Fig 16. Timber framing (Janina Gosseye, 2018)

Fig 18. Single skin wall system (Janina Gosseye, 2018)

Fig 18. Single skin wall system (Janina Gosseye, 2018)

Fig 20. Roof crown (Janina Gosseye, 2018)

Fig 17. Axometric (Author, 2024)

Fig 14. Galvanized sheet (Source Author)

Fig 15. Leadlight (Source Author)

DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS OF INDOOR SPACES

STUDENT ID : 530784232, 530798066, 520283853, 530609511

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

1.2 STUDY AIM AND OBJECTIVES

1.3 STUDY METHODOLOGY

1.4 LOCATION : THE UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY, CAMPERDOWN/DARLINGTON CAMPUS

1.5 CLIMATE STUDY : SYDNEY

2. SPACE 1 : 336 Geosciences Petrology & Geophysics laboratory, Madsen

Building

2.1 SPATIAL GEOMETRY AND UTILIZATION

2.2 SUN AND SHADING

3.1 QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

3.2 QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS

4.1. CASE STUDIES

4.2. STANDARDS/ TARGET PERFORMANCE- LABORATORIES

4.3. DAYLIGHT EVALUATION- OPERATING CONDITIONS

4.4. KEY INFERENCES- CASE STUDY

5. SPACE 2 : CLASSROOM, WILKINSON BUILDING

5.1. SPATIAL GEOMETRY AND UTILIZATION

5.2. SUN AND SHADING

5.3. MATERIAL COMPOSITION AND SURFACE REFLECTANCES

6.1. QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

6.2. QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS

7.1 CASE STUDIES

7.2. STANDARDS/ TARGET PERFORMANCE- CLASSROOMS

7.3. DAYLIGHT EVALUATION- OPERATING CONDITIONS

7.4 KEY INFERENCES- CASE STUDIES

8. ANALYSIS

8.1. AVERAGE DAYLIGHT FACTOR FOR BOTH SPACES

8.2. CRITICAL DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

9.1. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS FOR DATA COLLECTION

9.2. ASSUMPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS

9.3. CONCLUSION

9.4. REFERENCES

10. APPENDIX

Primarily, lighting dominates a significant section of the blueprint of energy consumption for building operations This is why emphasis is perpetually laid on maximizing daylight utilization for enabling visual comfort, uplifting work productivity and reinforcing wellbeing. Daylighting, as described by the Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG) is "the controlled admission of direct sunlight and diffused skylight into a building to reduce electric lighting and saving energy." (The University of Sydney - Sign In, 2024) A well thought integration of systems, technologies and architecture can help to realize this endeavor. This assessment approaches daylight evaluation in a space from a comprehensive perspective of empirical data plus considerations for neighboring context, room utility, material characteristics, design interventions and others

1.2 STUDY AIM AND OBJECTIVES

This study is purposed towards understanding Daylight as a significant characteristic for performing activities in a space. It attempts this through an analytical, case- study approach of two discrete academic spaces within The University of Sydney to cumulate learnings from observations, quantitative on-site measurements/ numeric data and a diligent study of precedent studies.

Assimilating information from literature sources and case studies, this study aspires to-

Assess the visual comfort in spaces that is essentially promoted through daylight design interventions

Grasp technicalities of lighting such as- lux, luminance levels, transmittance, reflectance etc to optimize design solutions

Evaluate the effectiveness of strategies to achieve occupant comfort and energy efficiency

Propose solutions to amend the daylight performance by suggesting appropriate adjustments for daylight factor (DF), brightness levels, and such other aspects

As illustrated alongside, this report pursues a due diligence of on-site observations, insitu numeric data and precedent studies for daylight analysis to propose effective improvements.

The selected spaces are located within the campus of the University of Sydney. Two different typologies of learning spaces were selected, due to their functional differences

Space 1: Petrology lab at Madsen Building

chart shows that lux levels are highest in summer and lowest in winter. Illuminance levels above 30000 lux are likely to cause glare in indoor spaces (Johnsen et al , 2006) Hence it becomes vital to include control strategies that cater to visual comfort without compromising on thermal comfort

The sky cover data further reinforces the possibility of excessive glare in summers due to cloud conditions; the combination of sunlight and skylight(dispersed light from clouds) are of high magnitude During winters, the sky is clear, suggesting lower effects of dispersed skylight

Space 2: Seminar room at Wilkinson Building

1.5 CLIMATE STUDY : SYDNEY

Fig 1.2: Annotated Maps and images showing the site location (Author, 2024; The University of Sydney, 2024)

Fig 1.3: Illuminance range Chart (Climate Consultant)

Fig 1.4: Sun path Diagram, Sydney; (CBE Clima, 2024; Marsh, 2023)

Fig 1.5: Sky Cover Chart; (CBE Clima, 2024)

2.1 SPATIAL GEOMETRY AND UTILIZATION

The room measures 17 3m l X 5 4m w X 3 5m h (figure 5- 10) There are windows located on the northern side, which are made up of different types of glazing (figure 7); these are of 2 5m height and 1m sill levels The working plane is at a height of 0.7m (laboratory desk level). The activities and occupancy are detailed in figure x and y.

2.2 SUN AND SHADING

The space gets sunlight from the north, but the nearby chemistry building, 15 meters away, shades it during winter, leaving the space dark during the mornings (figure 15 and 16). In contrast, as analysed on DesignBuilder, during the summer, the building doesn’t block the sun due to the higher angle, resulting in excessive sunlight in the space (figure 14) A significant amount of glare was seen in the periphery during the observation periods (post noon)

Fig 2.2: Interior Elevation annotated with light measurement grid (Author, 2024)

Fig 2.1: Floor plan annotated with measurement grid (1m X 1m) (Author, 2024)

Fig 2.3: Window-side elevation marked with glazing types (Author, 2024)

Fig 2.4: Back Elevation (Author, 2024)

Fig 2.5: Front Elevation (Author, 2024)

Fig 2.6: Axonometric view (Author, 2024)

Fig 2.7: Petrology Lab activities (Author, 2024)

Fig 2.8: Images of the lab demarcated with material composition (Author, 2024)

Fig 2.9: Weekly occupancy profile (Author, 2024)

Fig 2.10: Summer and Winter conditions, during the commencement of academic sessions (Author, 2024)

Fig 2.11: Shadow of the adjacent building falling on the windows (taken at 11:45 pm) (Author, 2024)

Fig 2.12: Interior condition while the space is in shade (11:45 pm) (Author, 2024)

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

Static Assessment of Daylight Metrics

2. Room reflectance

3. Daylight Factor

DF = Illuminance inside the space Outside Illuminance X 100

It was observed that the daylight factor values are higher with proximity towards the window, with the areas in proximity to non-tinted glass, whereas the DF is extremely poor away from windows The surface reflectance also greatly affects the DF levels as the front area had the least DF values (due to the teal-coloured wall with low reflectance)

4. Illuminance Distribution

Fig 3.3: Average illuminance distribution (Author,2024)

The average illuminance near the windows is high because there is direct sunlight near the windows in the mornings and the evenings The illuminance level is not constant near the windows because of the varying VLT.

Comfortable range

320 lux – 800 lux

Fig 3.4 : Plot of all the illuminance levels (Author,2024)

Fig 3.1: Glazing visual light transmittance (Author, 2024)

Fig 3.2: Surface Reflectance (Author, 2024)

4.1. CASE STUDIES

Integrated Daylight Design of Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, New York

4.1: Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology

Source: Wikipedia Contributors, 2024

Laboratory settings usually have intensive energy consumption, high indoor environment quality and visual environment requirements (Hua et al , 2011). According to Koppen Climate Classification, New York is a humid, subtropical climate zone experiencing hot, humid summers, moderately cold and partially snowy winters,

4.2: Use of skylights as a Daylight Design Strategy for transition spaces

and ample rainfall This implies that the facade of large buildings are tightly sealed and made HVAC dependent as a usual practice; which challenges daylight

A. BUILDING DESIGN- ATRIUM

Daylight design is a major architectural influence on the performance of the building

Educational facilities at the Weill Institute are organized around a central atrium space, which has skylights. It is the spine enabling transition between laboratory and office spaces and facilitates passive ventilation. Learning from the model of a Roman house, to give an increased feel of spaces that support social interaction (such as the atrium in this case), the top part should be made brighter to mimic the sky, varied in height from other spaces and be finished in light colors to allow for daylight penetration.

Fig. 4.3: Clerestory Window Design Strategy

Source: Cornell University , 2024 1.

4.2. STANDARDS/ TARGET PERFORMANCE- LABORATORIES

• Primary task plane- working horizontal plane at desk height Secondary task plane- black/ whiteboards, softboard walls

• Apropos AS/NZS 1680.2.3:2008 recommendations for Educational and Training Facilities-

- Maintained Illuminance in laboratories = 320 lx.

- Minimum Glare Index (UGR)= 19

• Increasing illuminance on the plane increases perceived quality of light until about 800 lx

• High reflectance of surfaces facilitates interreflections, and promotes effective use of daylight

The window to wall ratio is diligently

Source: Cornell University, 2024 and Author, 2024 adjusted to incorporate clerestory windows, which is a very efficient way to penetrate daylight deeper within a space. The glazing (both for offices & labs) has VLT of 0.7. Majority of the interior surfaces have high reflectance properties since they are finished in white or light colors (Hua et al , 2011)

The lower storey of this 4- storey building is offset by roughly 3-ft., which facilitates horizontal self- shading for the lower floor.

Since large windows flank the façade wall, they need to be supported with external shading devices to mitigate the consequences of harsh sunlight. Both East and West directions have vertical shading devices, however, the East has them shaped more like triangular wedges as compared to the more rectangular fins on the West façade (Hua et al., 2011)

Fig. 4.4: Design Interventions for Daylight Design

Source: Redrawn by Author, 2024 from Cornell University , 2024

4.3. DAYLIGHT EVALUATION- OPERATING CONDITIONS

• Majority of the façade facing East & West- laboratories located to the West, office spaces located to the East.

• Weather conditions on days of field study- full sun, partly overcast, fully overcast (Hua et al , 2011)

• Illuminance levels were measured at three locations- computer screen, keyboard, and primary work surface as identified by the occupant (Hua et al , 2011)

• Data was measured approx. every 2 hours on days of field study. Exterior horizontal surface- 5340 to 73,200 lux (unobstructed sun) & 2562 to 10,090 lux (shaded by clouds)

4.4. KEY INFERENCES- CASE STUDY

• Efficient Daylight Design is a cumulative of many considerationsbuilding design & function, nature and color of surface finishes, sun path, context, orientation

• The location of openings influences the pattern of daylight penetration, the direction of light, interior design. Extent of interaction with outside has psychological influence on the users of space (Standards Australia & Standards New Zealand, 2006)

• An integrated daylight system (fenestration, shading, skylights, redirection devices, etc.) gives flexibility to manipulate daylight penetration

Fig.

Fig.

5.1. SPATIAL GEOMETRY AND UTILIZATION

The classroom selected for the daylight study is Urban design studio situated on level 5, at the Wilkinson’s Building, The University of Sydney It is occupied from mornings to late afternoons every week The functionality of the room majorly engages with learning activity and group discussion The classroom is 10 6m X 7 2m,

CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES

5.2. SUN AND SHADING

The south-west façade is obstructed by another building, that is approximately 20m away. This blocks the direct sunlight entering the windows, but this reduces the illuminance in the room especially in winters.

As the orientation of the façade doesn’t align with the cardinal directions a mixed type of shading device is used which has sloping overhang with louvers in the front This shading device plays a crucial role in the quality of daylight inside the space.

5.3. MATERIAL COMPOSITION AND SURFACE REFLECTANCES

As per the fig generated using fusion optix software the surface reflectance of various surfaces is gauged. The matt white table surface helps in reflecting the light while the dark floors and chairs do not aid in the distribution of daylight in the space. The walls are light in colour so they make the room bright but don’t cause glare by being matt

Fig 5.1 : Floor plan annotated with measurement grid (1m X 1m) (Author, 2024)

Fig 5.2 : Interior Elevation annotated with the measurement grid (Author, 2024)

Fig 5.3 : Window-side elevation (Author, 2024)

Fig 5.4 : Classroom Lab activities (Author, 2024)

Fig 5.7 : Surface Materials of the Classroom (Author, 2024)

Fig 5.5 : External context analysis for sun ingress (Author using google earth pro, 2024)

Fig 5.6 : Shading devices (Author, 2024)

Fig 5.8 : Surface Reflectance (Author using Fusion Optix Software, 2024)

ANALYSIS

324 measurements were taken at 54 grid points in the space, for 3 different times on 2 days. Each grid point covers approximately 1 sqm. The following observations were made:

Unified Daylight Index / Useful Daylight Illuminance (UDI)

It is a metric used to evaluate how effectively daylighting contributes to the illumination of indoor spaces UDI represents the amount of daylight that falls within a range of illuminance levels that are considered useful for indoor activities, typically between 300 and 3000 lux

UDI (Area in Range)

Analysis Criteria

Only 36% of the points complies with AS/NZS standards

AVERAGE ILLUMINANCE DISTRIBUTION (LUX)

Fig 6 1 : Average measured Illuminance distribution measured at different grid points, Source: Author, 2023

Daylight Factor (DF)

Daylight Factor is defined as the ratio of the illuminance level inside a building (or a specific point within the building) to the illuminance level outside, expressed as a percentage under overcast sky conditions

DF = Illuminance inside the space

Outside Illuminance X 100 (%)

Since it is not possible to obtain perfect overcast conditions, the calculations varies at different times of the day It was observed that the DF were high on the Eastern side during the mornings and High on western side during the evening due to the influence of the sun’s location (Refer to appendix for DF distribution)

Average Daylight Factor = 1.23%

Static Assessment of Daylight Metrics

1. Glazing Transmittance (VLT)- (Internal/ External) X 100 %

Visible Light

Glazing Type

Fig 6 2 : Plot showing the distribution of Illuminance between the 2 windows

• The area near the windows receives a higher range of light based on the outdoor conditions This area has high risk of glare

• The middle range generally has lower illuminance range All the points are below 300lux The average Illuminance in this area does not comply with AS/NZS Standards.

• The space has poor daylight distribution and extremely low uniformity

Uniformity =

Minimum Illuminance observed

Average Illuminance X 100 (%)

Uniformity = 6%

7.1 CASE STUDIES

Assessment of daylight performance of Advanced Daylighting Strategies in Large University Classroom: Case Study Classrooms at (JUST):

com)

Jordan University of Science and Technology

LOCATION: IRBID CITY, JORDAN

The building selected for the case study is new addition to the campus due to high influx of students in the university Total Area is about 15,900 sqm In includes Classroom, Theater rooms, computer labs, administrative offices and other service areas. (Freewan & Al Dalala, 2020)

Case Study: Light Shelves at The Melbourne School of Design (MSD), University of Melbourne Overview:

The classroom selected is 10.55m long and 12.91m wide, sizing 136sqm. The Occupancy of the room is from 8 A.M to 5 P.M during days throughout weekdays.

ISSUES FACED IN CLASSROOM:

Due to excessive glazing on the façade caused issues like glare, low daylight, uneven daylight. Also, a coating layer on glazing was used to cater illuminance issues in the classroom It helped in minimizing the need of artificial light and avoid glare to some extent

(Freewan & Al Dalala, 2020)

Techniques Used to optimize Daylight : Anidolic System:

Anidolic system was used to effectively capture and evenly distribute the daylight in the classroom for uniform daylight penetration instead of relying on direct sunlight

External Reflectors:

7

Two primary strategies that were applied: changing the north wall with exterior reflectors and translucent materials and moving or reflecting direct sunlight from the southern wall through adjacent corridors to the classroom (Freewan & Al Dalala, 2020)

7.2. STANDARDS/ TARGET PERFORMANCE- CLASSROOMS

• Primary task plane- working horizontal plane at desk height Secondary task plane- black/ whiteboards, softboard walls

• Apropos AS/NZS 1680.2.3:2008 recommendations for Educational and Training Facilities-

- Maintained Illuminance in Classrooms = 240 lx.

- Minimum Glare Index (UGR)= 19

• While for detailed tasks such as reading or writing the illuminance levels is high which is about 32-400 lux

• Maintaining lighting uniformity helps avoid high contrast (Source: Standards Australia & Standards New Zealand, 2006))

One of the best example institutional building that efficiently uses light shelves to maximize daylighting is the Melbourne School of Design (MSD) at the University of Melbourne

7.3. DAYLIGHT EVALUATION- OPERATING CONDITIONS

• The analysis was conducted on three main dates: March 21st, June 21st, and December 21st, at noon time (12:00 pm) to analyze the seasonal variations impacting the results and to represent the longest and shortest days in the year (Freewan & Al Dalala, 2020)

• Illuminance levels were measured at desk level and working plane considered was 0.85m. (Freewan & Al Dalala, 2020).

• The experiments were conducted to measure the illuminance level, using the Extech HD: 450 data logging light meter. (Freewan & Al Dalala, 2020).

Date of Completion

2014

Architect John Wardle Architect & NADAAA

Location Parkville Campus, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

Awards 2015 Australian Institute of Architects’ National Architecture Award for Sustainable Architecture.

Key Features of the Light Shelves at MSD:

Internal and External Light shelves: The MSD building combines exterior and inside light shelves These are positioned on the windows facing north (in the Southern Hemisphere, north-facing façades get the most consistent and desired natural light across the day). The internal shelves spread the light across the ceiling; the external shelves bounce light upward through the window (Wright, 2022)

Minimizing Glare: Lights shelves helps avoiding direct sunlight entering the building and providing comfort throughout. (Wright, 2022)

Thermal Comfort: It helps to retain cooler indoor temperature by reflecting sunlight also help in reducing demand for HVAC (Wright, 2022)

7.4 KEY INFERENCES- CASE STUDIES

• Simulation shows that design strategies help increase the illumination levels and minimize effect of direct sunlight. (Freewan & Al Dalala, 2020)

• Particularly, the anabolic system, external reflectors, translucent material help increase improve uniform daylight in the space

• To summarize light shelves helped in occupant comfort, contributing indirect penetration of daylight into the space and help reducing the energy consumption for the building. (Wright, 2022)

Fig 7 1Jordan University of Science and Technology Source (Youtube

Fig

3: (SPIE - the International Society for Optics and Photonics, 2024)

Fig 7.2: (Freewan & Al Dalala, 2020)

Fig 7 4: MSD, University of Melbourne (Wright, 2022)

Fig 7 4: Fins Design (Wright, 2022)

8.2. CRITICAL DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

An inference of the qualitative and numeric analysis suggests improving Daylight Design through the following meas

Illuminance Uniformity

The uniformity (in space) of illuminance on a plane is crucial for task performance (The University of Sydney - Sign In, 2024) Both- subjective and numeric analysis of the lab suggest uneven distribution of daylight which is criticized and possibly causes hinderances for the designated activity in the space

(a)

Glazing Properties

Three different types of glass panes are observed. Having variable properties and specifications may be a potential reason for inconsistent values The glazing system can thus be replaced to introduce-

• Double glazed windows with aluminum frames with VLT- 70%; low SHGC and U-values

• Tinted glass- for view windows

• Clear glass- for DF windows

(b) Lighting Systems

To decrease the difference between the daylight received near and farther away from the windows, a light shelf can be added at the height between the view windows and clerestory windows

Fig.

: Sectional Sketch of Clerestory Window

Shelf

Fig. 8.6: External shading

Fig 8 1: Average Daylight factor for Wilkinson Building, (Source: Author,2024)

Fig 8 2: Average Daylight factor for Madsen Building, (Source: Author,2024)

Fig. 8.5: Light Shelf view

DESCRIPTION QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE

DATA Subjective Numerical

METHODOLOGY Based on polls and actual experience Onsite Measurement using light meter and calculated manually

LIMITATIONS User Specific and low accuracy Manual errors may occur during measurement and calculations

RELIABILITY Not very reliable as responses are subjective and different , good to analyse perceptions

Relatively reliable due to the measured

ASSUMPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS

• The external illuminance levels for each time of the day was measured only a few times and average was considered. Measuring illuminance levels of internal points takes time during which the external daylight condition keeps on changing. Due to the dynamic nature of external conditions, some discrepancies in DF calculations can be expected

• Ideally DF values for any given point should be constant, but due to these shortcomings of the measurement methodology and human error the DF value fluctuate for each point in the space.

• DF assumes an overcast sky which can only be simulated and cannot be measured for spaces that are receiving direct sunlight.

• The most reliable output is obtained with a larger dataset, as the information collected might produce results with limited accuracy

Daylight is fundamentally an integration of all direct (sunlight) and indirect (skylight) originating from the sun during daytime (The University of Sydney - Sign In, 2024). It is an inherent attribute that illuminates spaces through openings or by being reflected from surfaces (Standards Australia & Standards New Zealand, 2006); and is particularly significant in institutional infrastructure to facilitate better learning.

The perception of daylight received is, in effect, a cumulative of many parameters. This survey of two distinct learning spaces at the University of Sydney identifies similarities as well as some gaps in the results of quantitative analysis against qualitative observations. Whilst the calculated average DF for space 1 (Petrology laboratory) highlights some issues for glare, a subjective evaluation suggests both glare and non-uniform distribution of daylight as potential reasons for visual discomfort. Similarly, for space 2 (Wilkinson seminar room), the average DF is lower than prescribed by standards, which aligns with the feedback received from the users of the space. While the envelope is foremost crucial for daylight penetration, the surface finishes and reflectance, spatial configuration, orientation are equally responsible to facilitate its perception.

An important inference of this study therefore recognizes DF as an inconsistent indicator of good daylight However, it is a good starting point for designing since designing for a static metric of assessment is relatively easier than for dynamic metrics of assessment like UDI and others.

9.4. REFERENCES

Cornell University , S C (2024) Weill Hall | Sustainable Campus Cornell edu https://sustainablecampus cornell edu/buildings-energy/greenbuildings/weill-hall

Daylighting Pattern Guide. (2021). Advancedbuildings.net. https://patternguide.advancedbuildings.net/patternslideshow/Pattern%2018 %20Fixed%20Building%20Shading%20(Fixed%20Classroom%20Shading).html

Decrolux (2018, July 25) Approximate Reflectance Values of Typical Building Finishes Decrolux https://decrolux com au/learningcentre/2018/approximate-reflectance-values-of-typical-building-finishes

Freewan, A A Y , & Al Dalala, J A (2020) Assessment of daylight performance of Advanced Daylighting Strategies in Large University Classrooms; Case Study Classrooms at JUST Alexandria Engineering Journal, 59(2), 791–802 https://doi org/10 1016/j aej 2019 12 049

Hua, Y , Oswald, A , & Yang, X (2011) Effectiveness of daylighting design and occupant visual satisfaction in a LEED Gold laboratory building Building and Environment, 46(1), 54–64 https://doi org/10 1016/j buildenv 2010 06 016

Johnsen, K., Dubois, M.-C., & Karl Grau Sørensen. (2006). Assessment of daylight quality in simple rooms: Impact of three window configurations on daylight conditions, Phase 2. https://www.iea-shc.org/data/sites/1/publications/task31-Assessment_of_Daylight_Quality_in_Simple_Rooms.pdf Lee, H., Seo, J., & Choi, C. (2019). Preliminary Study on the Performance Evaluation of a Light Shelf Based on Reflector Curvature. Energies, 12(22), 4295. https://doi org/10 3390/en12224295

Lyons, P, Hockings, B , Reardon, C , & Reidy, C (2013) Glazing YourHome; Australian Government https://www yourhome gov au/passivedesign/glazing

Marsh, A (2023) PD: 3D Sun-Path Andrewmarsh com https://andrewmarsh com/apps/staging/sunpath3d html

SPIE - the international society for optics and photonics (2024) Spie org https://www spie org/news/1743-splitting-up-anidolic-daylightingsystems#_=_

Standards Australia , & Standards New Zealand. (2006). Interior and workplace lighting. Part 1: General principles and recommendations. Standards Australia ; Wellington [N.Z.

The University of Sydney. (2024). MazeMaps. Maps.sydney.edu.au. https://maps.sydney.edu.au/

The University of Sydney - Sign In (2024) Sydney edu au https://canvas sydney edu au/courses/60334/pages/week-4-20-august-day1?module_item_id=2411130

Wikipedia Contributors (2024, May 10) Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology Wikipedia; Wikimedia Foundation https://en wikipedia org/wiki/Weill_Institute_for_Cell_and_Molecular_Biology

Wright, T P (2022, April 13) Melbourne School of Design Melbourne School of Design https://msd unimelb edu au/

Base Case results for JUST Case Study

Wilkinson Room 526- Daylight Simulation, DesignBuilder

Improved Case results for JUST Case Study

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This assignment is to undertake an in-depth research on the daylighting performance of a building envelope using the DesignBuilder software program. This report presents the approach, analysis, and outcomes of the sensitivity analysis performed on a specific building design in two separate locations: Cooma and Cairns City. The objective is to assess the daylighting performance and provide possible enhancements for improved energy efficiency and occupant comfort in various climatic regions, through the use of integrated design, modeling, and analysis methods.

* Climatic analysis of Cooma and Cairns City.

* Conducting daylighting, Solar heat gairn, Sun-path and shadow, UDI performance analysis using DesignBuilder for both locations.

* Modeling the selected design and specifying relevant design features for daylighting performance analysis in Cooma and Cairns City.

The E.ON 2016 Research House, located at the University of Nottingham campus in the United Kingdom, is the main subject of analysis for this project. The findings from this analysis are then applied to locations in Cairns and Cooma, Australia. This residential structure has both shared and individual spaces, with the ground floor designated for common amenities and the upper story accommodating private spaces, all under a unique sloping roof. The research house, covering a total area of 162 square meters, has an exterior plant room added further to the building’s utility, but it does not have internal access. This distinctive combination of utility, and architectural design provides the foundation for a thorough examination of building performance and environmental adaptability in various climatic situations in Australia.

Integrated design plays a crucial role in optimizing building performance, particularly in diverse climatic conditions. By considering various design aspects holistically, including building orientation, envelope design, and daylighting strategies tailored to specific climates, it becomes possible to create more efficient and comfortable built environments. This assignment emphasizes the significance of integrating these design elements and conducting comprehensive analysis to inform decision-making processes tailored to the unique characteristics of Cooma and Cairns City.

CAIRNS -

•Cairns is a bustling city that can be found in the tropical region of North Queensland, Australia.

•The city of Cairns, which is famous for its breathtaking beaches, verdant rainforests, and the world-famous Great Barrier Reef, is blessed with a tropical environment that is defined by high temperatures and an abundance of sunshine throughout the whole year.

As a result of the city’s exceptional proximity to natural treasures that are known all over the world, it is a popular destination not just among tourists but also among locals.

•The town of Cooma is a picturesque community that may be found in the Snowy Mountains of New South Wales, Australia.

•The city of Cooma, which is well-known for its attractive scenery and temperate climate, has notable seasonal fluctuations, with winters that are below freezing and summers that are pleasant.

•The allure of the town is enhanced by its exceptional geographical location, which results in it being surrounded by natural beauty and experiencing snowfall on occasion throughout the winter months.

COOMA -

Fig 06. Map of Australia (Source: Author, 2024)

Fig 01. Ground floor plan (“E.ON 2016 Research House - the University of Nottingham”,n.d.)

Fig 03. South elevation (“E.ON 2016 Research House - the University of Nottingham”,n.d.)

Fig 04. South-west elevation (“E.ON 2016 Research House - the University of Nottingham”,n.d.)

Fig 05. North elevation (“E.ON 2016 Research House - the University of Nottingham”,n.d.)

Fig 02. First floor plan (“E.ON 2016 Research House - the University of Nottingham”,n.d.)

For this analysis, we have chosen a residential building design with fundamental characteristics that are appropriate for both Cooma and Cairns City. The chosen architectural design comprises an approximate floor area of 162m² and does not incorporate any subterranean areas, such as a basement. The selection of this design was based on its ability to effectively assess the performance of daylighting in various climatic situations. The model was created using the Design Builder software.

It was created using two planes: Ground and first floor as shown below:

FIRST FLOOR

Consists of personal spaces like three bedrooms and a water closet and bathroom.

GROUND FLOOR

Consists of communal and shared spaces like Living, Kitchen, Dining, Hall, store room and pantry.

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

The selection of construction materials has a substantial effect on the distribution of daylight and its effects on the well-being of occupants and energy consumption. Transparent materials, such as glass, enable the entry of natural light, which decreases the need for artificial lighting. However, the quality of daylight can be influenced by factors such as the kind of material and its coatings. Materials with low transparency, such as concrete, control the reflection and absorption of light, which affects the amount of light in the interior space. Transparent materials have a direct impact on the distribution of illuminance in UDI analysis, resulting in higher levels of illuminance near windows. By taking into account the optical and thermal qualities of materials, designers may enhance daylighting, energy efficiency, and comfort.

The chosen building is a housing development located on the University of Nottingham campus. Surrounded by similar residential buildings, its local environment has a considerable impact on its daylighting and natural ventilation, hence influencing the overall indoor environmental conditions within the building. Understanding these dynamics is critical for evaluating building performance and suggesting appropriate design options to improve occupant comfort and energy efficiency.

Shingles roofing system is used throughout the building.

Galvanised iron sheets are used for the roofing system in plant room.

Plant room is made using timber stud wall.

The overall structure is implied with conventional brickwork for overall wall systems.

Single glazed windows are used for window systems.

GROUND FLOOR

FIRST FLOOR

07. EXISTING CONDITION:

Fig 07.Axo (Author, 2024)

Fig 11.Axo (Author, 2024)

Fig 08.Plan (Author, 2024)

Fig 09.Plan (Author, 2024)

Fig 10. South-east` elevation (“E.ON 2016 Research House - the University of Nottingham”,n.d.)

Fig 12. North elevation (“E.ON 2016 Research House - the University of Nottingham”,n.d.)

An exceptional characteristic of Cairns is its close vicinity to the Great Barrier Reef and tropical rainforests, which have a significant impact on the local weather patterns and wildlife.

Cairns has a discernible wet season from November to April, which is marked by substantial rainfall and elevated humidity. This presents difficulties for building design in terms of effectively managing moisture, preventing mold growth, and ensuring long-lasting durability.

In addition, Cairns is prone to tropical cyclones during the wet season, necessitating construction designs that can endure strong winds and severe weather conditions.

•The city of Cairns has a tropical climate, which means it has consistently mild temperatures all year round with very little change between seasons.

•The average maximum temperatures range from around 29°C to 31°C consistently throughout the year, while the average minimum temperatures range from 20°C to 23°C.

•The temperature range that is considered comfortable is usually higher, falling between 24°C and 28°C for indoor areas. This requires the use of cooling methods like air conditioning for a significant portion of the year.

•The climate in Cairns City is mostly sunny, with a significant number of clear days.

•Typically, around 70% to 80% of days have clear to partially overcast skies, which means there is plenty of sunlight and daylight entering structures.

•Nevertheless, intermittent tropical storms and substantial precipitation, particularly in the wet season (November to April), can lead to extended periods of cloudy weather and diminished sunshine exposure.

•The hourly levels of illumination on vertical and horizontal surfaces fluctuate according on the location of the sun, the amount of cloud cover, and the orientation of the building.

•Under clear sky conditions, the hours of peak daylight offer a substantial amount of light, ranging from 2000 to 3000 lux on flat surfaces, making it suitable for daylighting purposes.

•Vertical surfaces experience uniform illumination, guaranteeing adequate daylight infiltration into indoor areas.

09.4 Sun Shading and Sun Angles:

•Sun shading is crucial in Cairns City to reduce solar heat intake and prevent excessive heating, especially in the warmer months.

•Cairns’ proximity to the equator results in stable solar elevation and azimuth angles throughout the year, as seen by the analysis of sun angles.

•Cairns experiences a tropical environment with consistently mild temperatures throughout the year and little difference between seasons.

•The city has a mostly sunny climate, with intermittent tropical storms and heavy rainfall occurring throughout the wet season.

•The illumination levels are typically elevated, particularly when the sky is clear, which results in abundant natural light for the interiors of buildings.

•Ensuring effective sun shade is crucial in order to avoid excessive heat and glare, especially in the warmer months.

•The close proximity to the Great Barrier Reef and tropical rainforests has a significant impact on weather patterns and biodiversity, which presents difficulties when it comes to designing buildings during the wet season.

Impact on design of buildings

Given Cairns’ tropical environment characterized by consistent warm temperatures and enough sunlight throughout the year, it is essential for building design to prioritize passive cooling techniques, effective moisture control, and the ability to withstand extreme weather conditions. Maximizing natural ventilation is crucial for enhancing airflow and minimizing dependence on mechanical cooling systems, achieved by strategically designing building orientation and layout to harness prevailing breezes. Sun shading devices such as overhangs, louvers, and plants are crucial for reducing solar heat gain and preventing overheating, especially in the warmer months. This is crucial for maintaining durability and guaranteeing good indoor air quality, especially in humid situations.

09.1 Temperature Range:

Fig 13. Radiation range graph for Cairns

Fig 17. Sun shading and sun angles graph for Cairns.

Fig 14. Temperature range graph for Cairns

Fig 15. Sky cover range graph for Cairns

Fig 16. Illumination range graph for Cairns

09.5 Interference for Cairns climate:

09.2 Sky Cover Range:

09.3 Illumination Range:

Cooma is distinguished by its close proximity to the Snowy Mountains, resulting in a notable influence on local weather patterns, particularly in the winter season.

Cooma may occasionally receive snowfall and have cooler temperatures than its neighboring regions. Therefore, it is necessary to take into account special factors in building design to handle probable snow loads, meet thermal insulation standards, and implement winterization measures.

This distinctive feature enhances the distinctiveness and attractiveness of the area, while also presenting difficulties and possibilities for sustainable architectural design and energy-efficient methods.

•The city of Cairns has a tropical climate, which means it has consistently mild temperatures all year round with very little change between seasons.

•The average maximum temperatures range from around 29°C to 31°C consistently throughout the year, while the average minimum temperatures range from 20°C to 23°C.

•The temperature range that is considered comfortable is usually higher, falling between 24°C and 28°C for indoor areas. This requires the use of cooling methods like air conditioning for a significant portion of the year.

•The climate in Cairns City is mostly sunny, with a significant number of clear days.

•Typically, around 70% to 80% of days have clear to partially overcast skies, which means there is plenty of sunlight and daylight entering structures.

•Nevertheless, intermittent tropical storms and substantial precipitation, particularly in the wet season (November to April), can lead to extended periods of cloudy weather and diminished sunshine exposure.

•The hourly levels of illumination on vertical and horizontal surfaces fluctuate according on the location of the sun, the amount of cloud cover, and the orientation of the building.

•Under clear sky conditions, the hours of peak daylight offer a substantial amount of light, ranging from 2000 to 3000 lux on flat surfaces, making it suitable for daylighting purposes.

•Vertical surfaces experience uniform illumination, guaranteeing adequate daylight infiltration into indoor areas.

•Sun shading is crucial in Cairns City to reduce solar heat intake and prevent excessive heating, especially in the warmer months.

•Cairns’ proximity to the equator results in stable solar elevation and azimuth angles throughout the year, as seen by the analysis of sun angles.

•Cooma has a moderate climate characterized by notable seasonal temperature fluctuations, ranging from warm summers to cold winters.

•The city experiences a significant proportion of overcast days, especially in the winter season, which affects the amount of direct sunlight that is available.

•The degree of illumination fluctuates based on the atmospheric conditions, resulting in lower levels on vertical surfaces in comparison to horizontal surfaces.

•Utilizing sun shade is crucial for reducing solar heat gain and minimizing glare, particularly in the hotter months. The climate’s distinctiveness is enhanced by its close proximity to the Snowy Mountains, resulting in occasional snowfall throughout winter.

Impact on design of buildings

In Cooma, the climate is temperate, meaning it experiences seasonal changes in temperature and a higher number of cloudy days. Therefore, while designing buildings in this area, it is important to address both thermal comfort and energy efficiency. In order to reduce heat loss during harsh winters, it is advisable for buildings to include strong insulation, high-quality windows, and efficient heating systems. In addition, the strategic positioning of windows and sun shading devices can maximize the use of natural light while reducing the amount of heat from the sun during hotter months. Considering snow load is crucial because of intermittent snowfall, which requires structural design elements capable of withstanding increased roof loads. Additionally, implementing winterization techniques such as sealing against weather and installing thermal barriers are essential for preserving interior comfort and maximizing energy efficiency during colder seasons.

range graph for Cooma

Fig 20. Sky cover range graph for Cooma Fig 21. Illumination range graph

Fig 22. Sun shading and sun angles graph for Cooma.

10.5 Interference for Cooma climate:

11. SUNPATH AND SHADOW, SOLAR GAIN ANALYSIS:

11.1 Cairns, Queensland:

Sunpath and shadow analysis are essential methods for assessing the accessibility and dispersion of natural light within a structure. Designers can maximize daylighting methods and Useful Daylight Illuminance (UDI) levels by monitoring the sun’s movement throughout the day and how it interacts with surrounding barriers. Sunpath analysis offers valuable information on the extent of direct sunlight exposure, aiding in the reduction of glare and heat accumulation. Shadow analysis, on the other hand, indicates regions that are susceptible to shade, which in turn influences the positioning of windows and the design of outdoor amenities.

Solar gain analysis entails assessing the quantity of solar radiation that is absorbed by the various surfaces of a building, such as walls, roofs, and windows. This analysis is essential for comprehending the impact of solar energy on indoor thermal comfort, energy usage, and building performance. Through the evaluation of solar gain, designers can strategically optimize building design techniques to limit heat accumulation in hotter regions and maximize heat preservation in cooler regions.

For Cairns -

North-facing facades in Cairns are sought after due to it’s ability to receive steady and uniform daylight throughout the day. This allows for adequate natural light without excessive heat buildup. These building exteriors are ideal for maximizing the use of natural light while also ensuring a comfortable indoor temperature. In contrast, facades that face east and west are less desirable since they are exposed to intense direct sunlight (Global horizontal), resulting in glare and higher cooling requirements. These orientations may need the implementation of efficient shading techniques to reduce heat absorption and maximize the effectiveness of natural lighting. South-facing facades may also receive abundant natural light, but shading may be necessary to regulate heat absorption during the sun’s strongest hours. However, south-facing orientations are often more preferable than east and west-facing orientations.

For Cooma -

Cooma’s temperate environment makes south-facing facades desirable due to their ability to provide steady and homogeneous daylighting year-round, which is great for optimizing the penetration of natural light. These building exteriors provide an ideal opportunity for maximizing natural light while minimizing the negative effects of excessive heat and glare. The facades that face east and west may be exposed to intense sunlight, especially in the summer months, resulting in glare and higher cooling requirements. Strategic shading is essential for maximizing the use of natural light while decreasing the amount of heat that enters in these specific orientations. North-facing facades receive minimal direct sunshine but nevertheless provide sufficient light levels without excessive heat, making them acceptable for daylighting applications with proper design considerations.

December 21(Summer Solstice) December 21(Summer Solstice)

December 21(Summer Solstice)

21(Summer Solstice)

21(Winter Solstice)

21(Winter Solstice) June 21(Winter Solstice)

21(Winter Solstice)

Fig 23.Sunpath and Shadow analysis (Author, 2024)

Fig 24.Solar gains colour map (Author, 2024)

The Daylight Factor (DF) -

It quantifies the ratio of the amount of daylight present inside a place to the amount of daylight present outside, assuming overcast sky conditions. The calculation involves dividing the illuminance level within a given place by the illuminance level outside, and expressing the result as a percentage. DF values quantify the efficacy of daylighting in supplying adequate illumination for indoor tasks while minimizing the need for artificial lighting during daylight hours. Daylight Factor analysis is essential for building design since it directly affects occupant welfare, energy consumption, and building efficiency. Sufficient illumination from natural light stimulates the visual well-being, uplifts the emotional state, and boosts the efficiency of individuals occupying the space. In addition, efficient daylighting decreases the necessity for artificial lighting, resulting in energy conservation and environmental advantages. Architects may enhance the health and sustainability of built environments by maximizing daylighting design methods, including the placement, size, and use of shading devices for windows. Although in both different locations, there’s slight change in DF as can be seen from above table and graph, but the strategies for mitigation in different locatin has to be different as suggested below.

Interference and recommendations -

For Cairns - To achieve a balanced Daylight Factor of 2%- 5% in Cairns, where there is plenty of sunlight, in order to optimally utilize natural light while reducing glare and heat buildup. Design methods would be prioritizixing maximizing the amount of natural light that enters a room in order to achieve optimal illumination levels throughout the day, especially in areas that faces north. Efficient shading and glazing solutions are essential for managing sunshine levels and avoiding excessive heat, particularly in east and west facades. For Cooma - Ensuring sufficient Daylight Factor levels is essential in Cooma’s moderate environment to optimize the use of natural light and minimize the impact of seasonal changes in sunshine availability. During the winter months, south-facing spaces may need less artificial lighting. However, in the summer, they may suffer from excessive glare and heat gain. Effective utilization of shading techniques and optimal window design are essential for maintaining a harmonious balance of daylighting performance across all seasons, thereby guaranteeing occupant comfort and maximizing energy efficiency.

Fig 25 .Ground floor DF -Cairns (Author, 2024)

Fig 29 .DF calculatons -Cairn(Author, 2024)

Fig 27 .Ground floor DF - Cooma (Author, 2024)

Fig 30 .DF - Cooma(Author, 2024)

Fig 26 .First floor DF -Cairns(Author, 2024)

Fig 28 .First floor DF - Cooma (Author, 2024)

UDI -

Uniform Daylight Illuminance (UDI) is a quantitative measure employed to assess the uniformity of daylight levels in a given area throughout a specific period. The purpose of this assessment is to determine the proportion of time during which the illuminance values fall within a specific range, usually between 100 and 3000 lux. it has a direct impact on occupant comfort, visual performance, and energy consumption. An equitable allocation of natural light intensity levels fosters visual satisfaction, boosts efficiency, and diminishes dependence on artificial illumination, resulting in energy conservation and ecological advantages.

Interference and recommendations -

For Cairns - It is crucial to have a balanced UDI in order to optimally utilize natural light while reducing glare and heat gain. Design techniques should prioritize maximizing the amount of natural light that enters a room in order to maintain appropriate levels of illumination throughout the day, especially in areas facing north. Efficient shading and glazing solutions are essential for managing ilumination levels and avoiding excessive heat, particularly in east and west facades. For Cooma - During the winter months, south-facing spaces may need less artificial lighting. However, in the summer, they may suffer from excessive glare and heat gain. Effective utilization of shading strategies and optimal window design are essential for maintaining a consistent level of User Defined Index (UDI).

Fig 31 .Ground floor UDI- Cairns (Author, 2024)

Fig 35 .UDI calculatons -Cairns(Author, 2024)

Fig 33 .Ground floor UDI - Cooma (Author, 2024)

Fig 36 .UDI calculations - Cooma (Author, 2024)

Fig 32 .First floor UDI-Cairns (Author, 2024)

Fig 34 .First floor UDI - Cooma (Author, 2024)

14. SUGGESTIONS / IMPROVED CASE - CAIRNS:

The shadow screen -

The shadow screen is positioned on the top and sides of the windows on the north and west sides of the building to reduce the intensity of daylight and ensure a uniform distribution of light in Bedroom 1 and the Dining area. These spaces are used for vital activities.

Skylight -

The primary function of the skylight is to offer light in both the hallway and the landing 1 area. Due to the daylight factor falling below the desired threshold and the UDI reaching 56%, we have installed skylights to ensure enough daylighting.

Glass floor -

The glass floor has been installed in the hallway ceiling to optimize the skylight’s effectiveness and allow natural sunshine to illuminate the passageway. Therefore, achieving a favorable indoor environment by significantly exceeding the UDI threshold of 92% and increasing the daylight factor from 1.2 in the base case to 2.4. (Mike Foti, 2019)

The wooden boards protruding out to act as the sun-screen on top and sides, protecting from solar heat gains and providing extra thermal insulation. As CLT boards have high r-value and proved durable in this hot climate.

Skylight made up of low e transmission glass, with wooden frame and polyurethene sealant.

Laminated and tempered flat glass, with non-skid top layer and transparent properties.

Fig 39 .Ground floor DF- Cairns (Author, 2024)

Fig 37 .DF calculations- Cairns (Author, 2024)

Fig 41 .Ground floor UDI - Cairns (Author, 2024)

Fig 38 .UDI calculations - Cairns (Author, 2024)

Fig 43 .Strategies (Author, 2024)

Fig 40 .First floor DF-Cairns (Author, 2024)

Fig 42 .First floor UDI - Cairns (Author, 2024)

15. SUGGESTIONS / IMPROVED CASE - COOMA:

Light shelf -

A light shelf was used to address two issues related to excessive daylight in the area near the window. The daylight factor exceeded the desired limit of 20+ DF, and the UDI was below 18. The light shelf effectively shaded the window edge and redirected the excess light towards the dining zone, resulting in a daylight factor of 3.4 and a UDI of 90.

Skylight -

The skylight’s main purpose is to provide illumination in both the hallway and the landing 1 area. As the daylight factor fell below the necessary level and the UDI reached 57%, we have added skylights to guarantee sufficient daylighting. (Mike Foti, 2019)

Vertical fins -

Vertical fins were implemented to reduce the high UDI value of 63% caused by excessive glare and intense daylight. This glare could potentially disrupt daily operations and movement in the area.

Highly reflective Galvanized metal sheets have been used to create the light shelf to reflect the light towards inside.

Skylight made up of low e transmission glass, with wooden frame and polyurethene sealant.

avoid excessive

High thermal mass, cross laminated timber fins have been to

daylight.

Fig 47.Ground floor DF- Cooma (Author, 2024)

Fig 44 .DF calculations- Cooma (Author, 2024)

Fig 49 .Ground floor UDI - Cooma (Author, 2024)

Fig 46 .UDI calculations - Cooma (Author, 2024)

Fig 45 .Strategies (Author, 2024)

Fig 48 .First floor DF-Cooma (Author, 2024)

Fig 50 .First floor UDI - Cooma(Author, 2024)

Overall, the incorporation of daylighting and Uniform Daylight Illuminance (UDI) methods has greatly improved the overall efficiency of the buildings in both Cairns and Cooma. These buildings have achieved enhanced occupant comfort, energy efficiency, and environmental sustainability by giving priority to natural light and optimizing illuminance levels.

The implementation of daylighting tactics, such as strategically adjusting the window wall ratio, additio of extra glazing, incorporating shading devices, and utilizing certain glazing solutions, has led to an indoor atmosphere that is well-illuminated and visually comfortable. The original file contained DF values below 1.3 for the hall and kitchen in both Cairns and Cooma. These values have been improved and replaced with new values of 2.3 and 3.5 DF for the hall and kitchen, respectively. This achievement was not easy to obtain. Sufficient natural illumination not only decreases the need for artificial lighting but also improves the well-being, productivity, and contentment of the people in the constructed space.

In addition, the adoption of UDI analysis has guaranteed an even spread of daylight illuminance levels throughout the day, ensuring consistent lighting conditions for different tasks and activities. The original file contained UDI values below 56 and 72 for the hall and dining areas in Cairns and Cooma, respectively. These values have been reduced and replaced with new values of 91 and 92 for the hall and dining areas, respectively. This achievement was not easy to obtain. The overall disparity between the base and enhanced scenarios was 14% for Cairns and 16% for Cooma. This kind of daylighting adopts a well-proportioned strategy that enhances visual comfort, diminishes glare, and decreases the amount of energy used by lighting systems.

In summary, the effective utilization of daylighting, UDI, and solar gain methodologies highlights the significance of comprehensive design approaches in improving building performance. By giving priority to natural light, regulating the degrees of brightness, and efficiently controlling solar radiation, these buildings not only enhance the comfort and well-being of occupants but also promote energy conservation, environmental sustainability, and long-term building efficiency. In the future, it will be crucial to place continuous importance on the design and study of daylighting in order to create healthier and more sustainable built environments that emphasize the requirements of occupants and environmental responsibility.

•The use of DesignBuilder software for daylighting and environmental analysis has been crucial in revealing insights into building performance.

•However, it is crucial to acknowledge the inherent limits of the software, including simplifications in modeling parameters and probable discrepancies in weather data inputs, which can impact the accuracy of analysis results.

•Moreover, the differences in the selected building’s placement, building materials, and adherence to Australian regulations and weather conditions present notable obstacles.

•Although the current building layout meets performance criteria, significant retrofitting may be necessary to adapt it to the Australian climate and topography. This process may involve challenges such as financial limitations, logistical complexities, and interruptions to occupants.

17.

REFERENCES:

Australian building code board. (2019). National construction code (Queensland climate zone map).

https://ncc.abcb.gov.au/sites/default/files/reso urces/2020/ClimateZoneMapQLD

Australian government. (n.d.). Australian climate zones | YourHome. http://www.yourhome.gov.au

Green Building council Australia. (n.d.). Green star home submission guidelines draft for consultation, https://gbea- web.s3.amazonaws.com/media/ documents/gr een-star-homes-standard-draft-for-consultation

DesignBuilder. (n.d.) DesignBuilder V7 https://designbuilder.co.uk/ helpv7.0/index.htm

E.ON 2016 Research House - the University of Nottingham.” Www.nottingham.ac.uk, www.nottingham.ac.uk/creative-energy-homes/houses/eonhouse/eon-house.aspx.

Foti, Mike. “A Step by Step Guide to Select a Glass Floor or Bridge.” Innovate Building Solutions Blog - Home Remodeling, Design Ideas & Advice, 11 Oct. 2015, blog.innovatebuildingsolutions.com/2015/10/11/step-stepguide-select-glass-floor-bridge/. Accessed 8 Apr. 2024.

Climate Consultant. (n.d.) “Climate Consultant. Get the Software Safely and Easily.” Software Informer, climate-consultant.informer.com/6.0/.

Fig 53 .UDI comparison - Cooma(Author, 2024)

Fig 52 .UDI comparison- Cairns(Author, 2024)

Fig 51 .DF comparison chart (Author, 2024)

Contents:

• INTRODUCTION

• CLIMATE ANALYSIS

• DEVELOPING BASE CASE

• BASE CASE ANALYSIS

• IMPROVED CASE STRATEGIES

• IMPROVED CASE FINAL

• DAYLIGHT FACTOR AND UDI ANALYSIS FOR IMPROVED CASE

• DISCUSSION

• LIMITATIONS

• CONCLUSION

• REFERENCES

SID- 520283853.

Shreyas Vilas Gangurde

The objective of the assignment is to examine and assess the thermal and visual comfort of a residential building and suggest passive strategies to achieve a minimum of 50% decrease in the number of hours of discomfort experienced annually, in comparison to the original or base case, by using natural ventilation in the building

1.2. Methodology:

Existing Building Climate Analysis 1.3. Project Description:

Developing Base Case

Strategies to Improve Thermal Comfort

Alternative/ Improved Case

Strategies to Improve Visual Comfort

The chosen site is situated on the University of Nottingham campus in the United Kingdom E ON 2016 Research House has a total area of 162 square meters The house is a three-bedroom property with living, kitchen, dining, and pantry rooms located on the ground floor The first floor consists of three bedrooms, a WC, and a bathroom Additionally, there is a separate plant room, however it does not have internal access to the building.

1.5. Thermal Zoning:

Conclusion

1.4. Relocating to Australia:

Location: Cooma, New South Wales Australia: study the sensitivity analysis for the E ON 2016 Research House the building is shifted to Australia. Cooma, New South Wales, was selected for analyzing building performance for thermal and visual comfort Cooma comes under climate zone 7- cool temperate. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the climate and its effect on building on envelope

Fig 1.4 Thermal zoning for ground floor(Source: Author,2024).

Two daytime zones and three nighttime zones was selected for the thermal and visual comfort analysis. The daytime zone selected on ground floor comprising Living & Dining spaces, Meanwhile all the berdrooms on the first floor was selected as nighttime zone for the analysis

Fig 1.1. Ground Floor plan (E.ON 2016 Research, n.d.)

Fig 1.2.First floor plan(E.ON 2016 Research House, n.d.)

Fig 1.5.Thermal zoning for first floor (Source: Author,2024).

2.1.

TEMPERATURE RANGE:

Average yearly temperature: 11.5 °C

Hottest yearly temperature (99%): 28.6 °C

Coldest yearly temperature (1%): -1.1 °C

The temperature range graph indicates that while the temperature is generally comfortable during the summer, it frequently falls below the comfort range during the winter. To maintain a comfortable indoor environment during this time, it is important to have proper insulation and make optimal use of natural daylight during the day. Additionally, closing windows at night can help prevent heat loss.

2.2. Heatmap:

The heatmap indicates that the temperature ranges from 20 °C to 30 °C between 9 am and 8 evening. During the winter months of April, May, and June, there are instances where the temperature falls inside the comfortable range from 12pm to 4pm. It is essential to maximize the utilization of those range in order to attain optimal comfort throughout the peak winter periods.

2.3. Wind Analysis :

It appears that wind patterns remain consistent throughout the year, with the northwestern sides being the most favorable during summer when temperatures rise above the comfortable range. This helps achieve indoor comfort. Similarly, blocking these winds during peak winters can help achieve indoor thermal comfort.

2.4. Sun Shading Chart :

Sun shading charts shows shading is required during peak summer on North facing zone during the afternoon hours as it may lead to discomfort and glare issues also it is crucial to utilise those sunlight during winters by optimising window to open during afternoon to provide some comfort during that period.

2.5. Sun Path & Solar Analysis:

The sun's angle is lower during winter compared to summer. Measures should be taken to adjust window operation for both seasons. In particular, the north side tends to heat up due to solar gain. Keeping natural ventilation on throughout summer can help improve comfort in those zones.

December 21

June 21

March 21

(Summer Solistice)

(Equinox)

(Winter Solistice) Solar Gain

Fig 2.1..Annual Temperature range for Cooma.(Source: Climatool,2024).

Fig 1.7.Monthly Annual Temperature range for Cooma.(Source: Climatool,2024).

Fig 2.3. Annual Heatmap range for Cooma.(Source: Climatool,2024).

Fig 2.4. Annual wind rose for cooma..(Source: Climatool,2024).

Fig 2.5.Dec-Jun Sun shading chart cooma..(Source: Climate consultant,2024).

Fig 2.6. Jun-Dec Sun shading chart cooma.(Source: Climate consultant,2024).

Fig 2.7. Sun path and shadow analysis(Source: Author,2024).

Fig 2.8. Solar gain (Source: Author,2024).

3.1. CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS: 3.2. Wall Assembly:

Uninsulated Lightweight wall assembly was used for the base case comprising of Lightweight metal cladding, Air gap and plasterboard at inside.

3.6. SCHEDULES:

3.3. Floors:

The floor was incorporated with dense cast concrete without insulation to examine the effect of thermal comfort for the building.

3.4. Roof System:

For roofing uninsulated lightweight roof system comprising Asphalt at the outer and Plaster inner side with 100mm of air gap in between these two layers.

3.5. Window System:

Single glazed having aluminium frame with no thermal break was considered. The U- value for the whole window is 5.881W/m2K.

3.7. HVAC:

Natural ventilation with no heating and cooling was considered for the bas case analysis. Since the analysis for thermal comfort was set to be done only through natural ventilation.

3.8. OCCUPANCY:

Three nighttime spaces and two daytime spaces were selected for the analysis. Dining and living was considered to daytime, while all the three bedrooms considered as nighttime spaces. The figure 3.8 & 3.9 below shows detailed scheduled for Night and daytime space with occupancy as 4 persons

3.9.Equipment:

Fig 3.11 depicts detailed schedule used for equipment loads with power density of 3W/m2.

3.10. Lighting:

Fig 3.12 & 3.13 shows schedule used for day and nighttime zones for lighting with power density of 4W/m2.

Fig 3.1External wall(Source: Design Builder,2024).

Fig 3.2.Floor (Source: Design Builder,2024).

Fig 3.3.Roof (Source: Design Builder,2024).

Fig 3.4.Glazing template (Source: Design Builder,2024).

Fig 3.5.Glazing template (Source: Design Builder,2024).

Fig 3.6.U-value for window (Source: Design Builder,2024).

Fig 3.7.HVAC template (Source: Design Builder,2024).

Fig 3.8.occupancy schedule for day (Source: Design Builder,2024).

Fig 3.9.occupancy schedule for night (Source: Design Builder,2024).

Fig 3.10.Activity schedule Source: Design Builder,2024).

Fig 3.11. Equipment schedule Source: Design Builder,2024).

Builder,2024). Fig

4.1. Base Case Results:

As observed maximum discomfort hours is seen in Bedroom 1 spaces has high level to solar gain causing discomfort with 69.17% Also Living space has surrounding building causing shadow effects on the zone making lesser direct contact with sunlight making it most discomfortable of about 69.79% throughout the year. Also, Dining is North facing which on ground floor has 60.27% of discomfort. While Bedroom 2 and 3 has same level of discomfort as 65.03. Further strategies will be need to reduce the discomfort for about 50% by utilizing various strategies while keeping the visual comfort in mind. COMFORT RANGE 19 °C -26 °C

4.2. Inferences on Base Case:

The graph represents variations between Site Outdoor Air dry bullb temperature with Mean air temperature of all five zones as seen if Fig 4.3, most of the time of the year temperature are within comfort range during summer periods, Although winters are more severe, and strategies are to be focused on winters and try to achieve comfort levels during some time in winters by insulation and thermal mass.

Table 4.1. Base Case Result. (Source: Author,2024).

Fig 4.2.Graph for winter. (Source: Design builder,2024).

Fig 4.3.Annual Graph for Zone mean air. Temperature for all zone and outside temperature.(Source: Design builder,2024).

5.1 Improved Case 01 :

Glass wool Insulation:

Glass wool (200mm) was used for insulation in roof and wall system to help trap heat inside the building.

External wall Brickwork:

Brick masonry was selected because of its high thermal conductivity that would help store internal heat during night time.

Reduced WWR:

The discomfort level was high in north facing zones Dining & Bedroom 1 as result approach was to reduce the air intake by reducing WWR.

5.2. Improved case 01 Results:

5.3.Inferences on Improved case

01 :

After implementing the strategies discussed above helped in reducing the discomfort for all the zones. As observed Bedroom 3 has the maximum impact of 48.91% while Living and Dining Space had the least of 12.64%. Therefore. reducing the window all ratio may not affect the impact on the building envelope. Hence further strategies needed to implement for further improvements.

Glass wool Insulation for External walls and roof systems

Implementation of Brickwork to external walls

Reducing Window wall ratio on North facing windows

5.4. Approach:

Improvement approach was to introduce heavy construction to improve internal heat gain and provide insulation in exterior walls to retain maximum heat gain in the building during winters to provide indoor thermal comfort for extreme cold weather. Also glasswool was selected for wall and roof insulation as it is an excellent insulating material having good conduction to heat . Also to avoid discomfort caused by large window on North façade making it uncomfortable during peak summer and winters, hence reducing the window wall ratio was introduced to see the impact of wind and sunlight on the building.

graph for improved case 01. (Source: Design builder,2024).

The graph shows thermal mass appears to helps in holding the temperature for zones, except Dining and Living spaces. Therefore further approach should focus on these spaces.

Fig 5.1.External wall. (Source: Design builder,2024).

Fig 5.3.Roof. (Source: Design builder,2024).

Fig 5.2.Model. (Source: Design builder,2024).

Fig 5.4.U-value for external wall. (Source: Design builder,2024).

Fig 5.5.U-value for Roof. (Source: Design builder,2024).

Table 5.6.Improved case 01 results. (Source: Design builder,2024).

Fig 5.6.Annual

5.5.Improved Case 02:

To induce more heat retention in the building mass concrete was implemented on slabs and floors levels also increasing the window wall ratio was the approach for improvement in this strategy.

5.9. Improved Case 03:

5.6.Suggestions:

Inclusion of Mass concrete:

To optimise more thermal mass and maintaining heat retention hence concrete was implemented at floors and slabs levels to store maximum heat during winters.

Increased Window wall ratio:

As reduced window wall ratio affected thermal comfort of the building, Therefore approach was to provide optimal WWR.

5.7. Improved Case 02 Results:

5.8.Inferences on Improved case 02 :

Introducing Concrete at Floors, slabs and increased window wall ratio at zone level helped increased some comfort as compared to base case scenario effective improvisation was seen on zones such as Bedroom 1 & 2 as well as dining spaces. Although a decline in comfort hours was also seen in Living space. Since Living room is south facing and shadows from surrounding buildings affects the zone directly which makes it difficult to achieve thermal comfort through natural ventialtion. Hence further efforts was taken to improve the indoor thermal performance.

As observed due to lack of daylight and impacts of surrounding buildings it was obvious approach to apply schedule for window operation to control the air intake inside the structure. Hence further strategy was to improve thermal comfort for Living and also actions needed to improve visual comfort for the building.

5.10. Suggestions:

• Schedule for window operation:

Providing Schedule for window operation

Improved Glazing performance

Providing Light Shelf & Shading devices

It is important to control window activity during high winters to avoid external air entering the building, hence providing a different schedules for Summers and winter to North facing and South facing windows.

• Inroducing VACUMAX VIG glass:

Since glazing affects the thermal performance of the building to increase the comfort glazing with better U Values was considered hence VacuMax vacuum insulating glass (VIG) by Vitro Architectural Glass was considered for glazing having a U Value of 0.05 (Vitro Architectural Glass., n.d.)

• Providing Light Shelfs and Shading devices:

To improve visual performance, it was crucial to penetrate daylight in the building, And also maintaining thermal performance by controlling window operation with schedule for window openings.

Mass Concrete at Slabs and floor levels

Increased Window wall ratio

Fig 5.10.North Window Schedule. (Source: Design builder,2024).Fig 5.11.Soth Window Schedule. (Source: Design builder,2024).

Fig 5.8.Glazing template. (Source: Design builder,2024).

Fig 5.8.Specification of VACUMAX VIG glass. (Source: Vitro Architectural Glass., n.d)

Fig 5.9. VACUMAX VIG glass. (Source: Vitro Architectural Glass., n.d)

Fig 5.7.Construction template. (Source: Design builder,2024).

06. Improved Case Final:

The final strategy for reducing discomfort in the living area involved including large insulation and a high thermal mass. As chances of changing the glazing or window operation may not help achieve the comfort for living space.

6.1. Suggestions:

• Glass wool insulation:

The inclusion of Glass wool layer (300mm) to both the internal and external wall system aids to enhance heat retention within the structure, hence increasing the duration of comfort throughout the year

• Aerated Brickwork:

To enhance the insulation effect aerated brickwork is implemented through external and internal wall system an approach to achieve maximum heat retention during cold weather and by reducing the U values of the walls by 0.098.

CHANGE

5.12.Inferences on Improved case 03 : The results shows the impact of windows schedule and VACUMAX glass having low U values helped achieve thermal comfort in Living space. Although further strategies needed to improvise the indoor comfort for Living space.

6.2. Improved Case Results:

GROUNDFLOOR:DINING COMFORT HOURS 3913.5

6.3.Inferences on Improved case Final : Thus, implementation of heavyweight brickwork for walls acts as heat storage for the building and helps in achieving more thermal comfort throughout the year for cold climate and maintain indoor thermal comfort throughout the year.

As seen in graph 6.2, some part of winters are also seen in the comfort range by helping the over comfort for the building

Fig 5.7.Externl wall. (Source: Design builder,2024).

Fig 6.1.U-valure of Externl wall. (Source: Design builder,2024).

Fig 6.2 Annual Graph for Living room Improved Case Final. (Source: Design builder,2024).

The figure above (Fig 6.4) displays the average air temperature for all zones during the winter season. It is seen that all zones fall within the comfort range, even during the coldest period of winter. This indicates that the strategies being implemented are effective in maintaining comfort during cold weather conditions and ensuring thermal comfort during winters.

6.5. Critical Observations & Inferences:

The graph 6.3, displays the mean air temperature for all five zones, together with the outside dry bulb temperature It has been noted that nearly all of the zones are within the comfortable temperature range of 19 °C - 26 °C. The insulation and thermal mass contribute to maintaining a comfortable temperature range, even when the outside dry bulb temperature drops below 5 °C. Bedroom 1 consistently maintained a high level of comfort, with an overall comfort range of 97% for the entire year. Compared to the base case, we achieved approximately 68% of the total comfortable hours for all zones.

Fig 6.3 Annual Graph for All the zones Improved Case Final. (Source: Design builder,2024).

Fig 6.4.Winter Graph for All the zones Improved Case Final. (Source: Design builder,2024).

Fig 6.5.Comparison of discomfort hours all cases. (Source: Design builder,2024).

7.1.Daylight Factor:

• Critical observation and Inference for Daylight factor:

Almost all the five zones falls under the range of 2-5% of daylight as per Nation construction Code (NCC) Section F4 of Light and ventilation. Hence building was able to achieve optimal use of daylight during daytime hours by saving the demand for energy use while maintaining the thermal comfort. (National Construction Code, n.d.)

7.2. Useful Daylight Illuminance (UDI):

• Critical observation and Inference for UDI:

The UDI map as given below has evenly distributed daylight through the zones having thermal comfort. Although the range for UDI is about 75% since all the zones are meeting the required UDI except Dining since improving UDI affects thermal comfort hence thermal comfort is more important when it comes to energy saving therefore all others zones satisfactory for UDI performance.

Fig 7.1.Daylight Factor for Ground floor. (Source: Design builder,2024).

Fig 7.2.Daylight Factor for First floor. (Source: Design builder,2024).

Fig 7.3.UDI map for Ground floor. (Source: Design builder,2024).

Fig 7.4.UDI map for First floor. (Source: Design builder,2024).

While most zones meet the standards for visual & thermal comfort. Thermal comfort is considered more crucial for indoor environment quality. However, there may be some zones that might influence visual comfort. However, the daylight factor for all zones complies with the standards set by NCC & Greenstar Homes with minimum of 2% in each.

The effectiveness of strategies is influenced by the surroundings and site conditions, although their practical implications may differ from the displayed results due to the influence of climate change.

After thorough analysis and evaluation of the climate and site conditions, the following techniques have been identified as key factors in ensuring the building's sustainability in respect to its impact on the climate:

• The key aspects of considerate material selection and assembly effectiveness for cold climates, such as Cooma, are the inclusion of robust building assemblies that optimize the utilization of thermal mass to maximize heat gain.

• Therefore, using brickwork and glasswool insulation in the walls and roofing system serves as a highly effective insulating agent for the building, effectively combating extremely cold condition.

• Concrete was considered as best assembly for slabs and flooring contributing by trapping heat during daytime and providing comfort at night times.

The recommended solutions are supposed to be conceptual in nature, and their implications may provide varying results depending on the location and environment.

• The use of Vacumax VIG glass by Vitro Architectural Glass, in addition with optimizing the window to wall ratio and glazing, effectively mitigated the glare and discomfort produced by the sun's angles. This resulted in improved thermal and visual comfort within.

• The implementation of window schedule effectively regulates the airflow within the building, reducing the discomfort caused by cold and severe winds and optimizing natural ventilation in the summer.

The cost of assemblies depends upon by factors such as the location, supplier, availability, and proximity to the site location.

09. LIMITATION:

The results obtained with Design Builder are purely for analytical purposes and should not be considered as factual.

• Implementing strategies to incorporate light shelves and shading devices on the north and south sides of the building effectively utilized natural daylight and enhanced visual comfort. The successful implementation of the strategies mentioned above contributed to the achievement of optimum thermal and visual comfort for Cooma. These strategies complied to the construction techniques outlined in the National Construction Code (NCC).

11. REFERNCES:

• Design Builder. (n.d.). Home -. Designbuilder.com.au. https://designbuilder.com.au/

• E.ON 2016 Research House - The University of Nottingham. (n.d.). Www.nottingham.ac.uk. https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/creative-energy-homes/houses/eon-house/eon-house.aspx

• Green Star. (2015). Green Star Daylight and Views Hand Calculation Guide. https://www.gbca.org.au/uploads/79/35919/Green%20Star_Daylight%20and%20Views%20H and%20Calculation%20Guide%20May%202015%20RELEASE.pdf

The recommended wall assembly is dependent on the location and environment, but it may not account for the credibility of the outcome.

Quantification is performed using drawings and does not need to precisely depict the actual structural specifications of the building project.

• National Construction Code. (n.d.). Part F4 Light and ventilation | NCC. Ncc.abcb.gov.au. Retrieved June 4, 2024, from https://ncc.abcb.gov.au/editions/2019/ncc-2019-volumeone/section-f-health-and-amenity/part-f4-light-and-ventilation#idae823dc3-cac5-4dd9-93db96a588a2f9cfNguyen, co-authored by G. B., Federico Tartarini, Christine. (2021).

• CBE Clima Tool. Clima.cbe.berkeley.edu. https://clima.cbe.berkeley.edu/

• Vitro Architectural Glass. (n.d.). VacuMax Vacuum Insulating Glass | Vitro Architectural Glass. Www.vitroglazings.com. Retrieved June 4, 2024, from https://www.vitroglazings.com/products/specialty-glass-applications/vacumax-vacuuminsulating-glass/

DESC9014 Sustainable Construction

Technology

Assignment 2

Smart Technical Report

• Contents

• Introduction

• Geopolymer Concrete

• History of Concrete

• Manufacturing of GPC

• Performance Aspects

• SWOT Analysis of GPC

• Life Cycle Analysis and Impact of Cost

• Comparative Analysis

• Regulations

• Key Issues of GPC

• Field Applications of GPC

• Future Scope

• Discussion

• Limitations

• Conclusion

• References

Shreyas Vilas Gangurde (520283853)

1.1. AIM:

This study analyzes a construction material or assembly. Examine traditional construction materials and how they improve building performance. Also, Comparison of selected method with traditional methods and life cycle analysis of material, environmental, and future impacts

1.2.

OBJECTIVES:

The object of the report is to examine how a construction material or assembly affects upfront carbon. Underpinning its A1-A5 Life Cycle study with cost and environmental consequences Performing a SWOT analysis and examine the material's possible impact on environment and how it applies to Australian standards.

1.3.

QUESTIONNAIRES:

➢ How will it replace the conventional methods of construction?

➢ What is the effect on the carbon footprint?

➢ What will be the impact on the cost compared to traditional materials?

➢ What are the current regulations for the use of the system?

1.4. METHODOLOGY:

➢ Selection of the Construction Material:

Brief introduction of the construction and its properties.

➢ History of Concrete:

Discuss history of concrete, uses in assembly and its impact on the environment.

➢ Understanding the Manufacturing Process and Performance :

A brief information about manufacturing and performance of the selected material.

➢ Perform a SWOT Analysis for the material:

Identify SWOT for the selected material and analyze its impact

➢ Conduct LCA and its environmental impact:

A brief information about manufacturing and production of the material selected.

➢ Comparative analysis with traditional material:

Comparison with industry material and environmental impact and cost affects with improved material

➢ Application for Australian standards:

Understanding the Australian standards and application the material selected.

➢ Conclusion:

A thorough conclusion was formulated, emphasizing the significant findings and providing for future implications of selected material.

2.1. Geopolymer Concrete:

Properties of Geopolymer Concrete(GPC): High Compressive Strength High Fire Resistance

Carbon

Concrete plays an important role, in construction due to its cost effectiveness, durability and versatility. As discussed in this paper by (Singh et al , 2020) The worldwide output of Portland cement its binding agent is increasing by 9% each year leading to the creation of 4 billion tons. However, this growth raises worries because of the CO2 and greenhouse gas emissions it generates accounting for 7-8% of total emissions, from various industries worldwide Geopolymer cement (GPC) is a very promising substitute for Portland cement, as it effectively decreases greenhouse gas emissions, energy consumption, and the usage of raw resources Initially introduced by French scholar Joseph Davidovits during the 1970s, Geopolymer Concrete (GPC) employs discarded materials from industries and agriculture that include aluminosilicate. These materials are then treated with alkali and silicate It achieves an 80% reduction in CO2 emissions and offers more cost-effectiveness, utilizing industrial and agricultural waste as well. GPC gained popularity in the building sector because of its adaptability Nevertheless, the lack of standards and rules restricts the commercial implementation of this technology. (Singh et al., 2020) Usefulness of Geopolymer Concrete (GPC)

Durability

2.2. Production of Geopolymer :

Alumina and Silica containing solid precursor

Use any one of this materials

Metakaolin

Sand Fly Ash GGBs

Aggregate

Sodium Hydroxide

Sodium Silicate

Mix and Curing in Oven/ Ambient

Alkaline Source

Alkaline Solution

Geopolymer Concrete.

Mix design aggregates and sand

Fig 2.1. Geopolymer Concrete (Source: Austroads,2018)

• 3.1. Early Structures:

• The actual history of the invention of concrete is dependent upon the interpretation of the term "concrete." Primitive cements were produced in ancient times through the process of crushing and burning gypsum or limestone. Lime can also denote pulverized and calcined limestone. By combining sand and water with these cements, they transformed into mortar, a substance like plaster that was employed to bond stones together. Over thousands of years, these materials underwent modifications, amalgamations with various substances, and ultimately transformed into contemporary concrete.. (Gromicko & Shepard, 2011)

• The very first constructions resembling concrete were constructed by the Nabataea traders or Bedouins, who inhabited and dominated a chain of oasis, establishing a minor empire in the southern areas of Syria and northern Jordan approximately 6500 BC. (Gromicko & Shepard, 2011).

• In the 19th century, concrete was mostly utilized for industrial structures. Due to aesthetic concerns, it considered socially unsuitable as a construction material. Between 1850 and 1880, the Frenchman Francois Coignet introduced Portland cement in home construction in England and France. Coignet incorporated steel rods to prevent the outside walls from expanding and eventually utilized them as flexural elements. The very first constructions resembling concrete were constructed by the Nabataea traders or Bedouins, who inhabited and dominated a chain of oasis, establishing a minor empire in the southern areas of Syria and northern Jordan approximately 6500 BC. (Gromicko & Shepard, 2011).

3.3. Key Applications in Construction Assembly:

Approximately,

a German innovators.

Reinforced Concrete Footing

• Distributes loads from column to soil/strata.

• Mass Concrete is used.

• Resist moisture below ground.

Reinforced Concrete Column

• Distributes loads from Beams to Footing.

• Mass Concrete is used.

• Resist Compressive Force.

Reinforced Concrete Beams

• Distributes loads from Slabs to Columns.

• Flexibility

• Resist bending.

Reinforced Concrete Slab

• Distributed loads on floor to Beams.

• Enhance Tensile Strength.

• Resist Shear Force.

Reinforced Concrete Shear wall

• Transfer lateral loads to the foundation

• Handle both compression and tension forces

Reinforced Concrete Stairs

• Helps circulation between levels

• Resist cracking or deflection

The chart labeled 1.1 & 1.2 illustrates the country and sector-specific carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. China and the European Union are significant contributors to carbon emissions due to their highly developed cities and substantial usage of mass concrete in construction. Figure 1.2 illustrates that the Energy, Industrial, and Residential sectors have the biggest contribution to CO2 emissions. This highlights the growing importance of using low carbon, sustainable materials and renewable energy sources. Additional steps must be taken to construct materials for the future that are low in carbon emissions and more environmentally sustainable.

The process of concrete production and its impact on the environment:

• There is an abundance of water, sand, gravel, and crushed stone that is used in the manufacturing process of concrete.

• The distance and quality of raw materials have an impact on the amount of energy used for transportation, the amount of water used, and the formation of dust.

• Certain aggregates used in the manufacturing of concrete have the potential to release radon gas.

The usage of uranium mine tailings as concrete material worsened the existing problems.

• Certain types of natural stone also release radon gas. (Babor et al., n.d.)

3.2. Evolution of Concrete :

The first concrete-like structures developed in the regions of southern Syria and northern Jordan in around 6500 BC.

By approximately 5600 BC in the region of the former country of Yugoslavia along the Danube River, houses were constructed with flooring made of a particular kind of concrete.

3000 BC the ancient Egyptians utilized a combination of mud and straw to create bricks. Adobe is equivalent to mud mixed with straw than concrete.

By 200 BC, the Romans were efficiently constructing structures using concrete, although it differed from the concrete used in modern day.

In 1891, George Bartholomew laid the first-ever concrete street in the United States, which remains intact to this day.

In the late 19th century, the development of steel-reinforced concrete began simultaneously by

Source:(Gromicko & Shepard, 2011)

Fig 3.1. Reproduced by (Author, 2024)

Fig 3.2 Countries Co2 Percentage (Source: Auhor,2024).

Fig 3.3. Sector wise Co2 Percentage (Source: Author,2024).

Quarrying from Nature Recycled Materials Laboratory Methods

05. PERFORMANCE ASPECTS:

Thermal resistance:

Geopolymer exhibits good thermal stability up to a temperature of 400°C. However, above this point, there is a noticeable decline in its stability,. At higher temperatures, shrinking may occur Geopolymer mortars exhibit excellent stability at somewhat high temperatures

Salt Resistance:

CONSTRUCTION SITE

Since the process is not carbon-intensive and mixing can be conducted under normal conditions, either onsite or in a factory if prefabricated.

Geopolymer concrete exhibits superior resistance to salt attacks compared to cement-based concrete because of its denser microstructures, improved pore structures, and stabilized hydration products (Zhang, 2024)

Anti Corrosion :

Geopolymers perform better than Portland cement-based products in anticorrosion, and steel-based reinforcement bars perform well (Zhang, 2024)

06. SWOT ANALYSIS OF GPC:

Casting is similar to the process of making concrete, is used to create structural elements such as foundations, columns, slabs, and walls. APPLICATION

STRENGTHS

Low Co2

Use of Recycled Materials

Super Resistant to High Temperatures

Acid resistance:

Geopolymer concrete has a more compact microstructure and residual alkaline activator, which makes it more resistant to acid attacks compared to cement-based concrete. (Zhang, 2024)

Freeze Resistance:

Geopolymer concrete, especially highcalcium concrete, resists freeze-thaw better than cement-based concrete. Denser interface microstructure and reduced porosity reduce internal expansion stress and microcracks. In salt frost, geopolymer concrete's mechanical properties matter (Zhang, 2024)

Abrasion Resistance:

Abrasion due to mechanical scraping, wearing, or skidding of things on concrete is a crucial factor in concrete durability . Geopolymer concrete's abrasion resistance is due to its compressive strength, aggregate toughness, and binder hardness Geopolymer concrete's abrasion resistance can be determined by its weight loss from surface abrasion and wear depth.

WEAKNESS

Initial Cost is High

Limited long-term performance

CURING

Heat Curing: Around 24 hours at temperatures ranging from 60°C to 90°C,

Ambient curing: Approximately 24 to 48 hours, and its strength continues to increase over a period of 7 to 28 days

Full strength: 7 to 28 days

OPPORTUNITIES

Increasing environmental regulations

Technological advances may lower production costs.

Recycling innovation potential.

THREATS

Regulatory and standardization challenge

Variability in raw material quality

7.2. Environment and Cost Impact of GPC:

The LCA "cradle to gate" model only compares GPC production to OPC and incorporates environmental effect beyond the gate. GPC emits less CO2 than OPC concrete at certain compressive strengths, according to studies. Most quantitative studies ignore environmental impact and focus on one compressive strength. (Shi et al., 2021) Fig 7.3 shows Geopolymer Mixes Comparison: Geopolymers can vary in terms of their cost and effectiveness in terms of greenhouse gas emissions.

• Significantly lower costs and a significant 97% decrease in greenhouse gas emissions when compared to ordinary Portland cement (OPC) mixtures

• Geopolymer exhibits superior performance in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and is also more cost-effective when considering production only.

• The advantages of using geopolymer in transportation are not well-defined.

• Short distances have a positive effect, while large distances have a negative effect (Lay, 2014)

The European Directive deemed fly ash a byproduct, not waste. Fly ash has an environmental effect allocation coefficient of 2.280 × 10−2 kg CO2/m3.

7.2. Allocation procedure of fly ash. (Source: Author,2024).

• Table 1 1 Geopolymers shown a potential improvement over Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) in terms of carbon, with costs ranging from 7% lower to 39% higher than OPC This suggests that geopolymers are likely to be a bit high in terms of price performance, given the current pricing structures and in the absence of a carbon price. (Lay, 2014)

• Although the initial cost may be bit high in comparison to OPC the overall lifecycle cost is very low and acts a sustainable for future demands

Table7.1. Emission factors of raw materials (Source: Author,2024).

Table 7 3: Example of geopolymer paste mixes (wt

without added water, (Source: Lay, 2014)

Fig 7 1 Example of geopolymer paste mixes (wt % without added water (Source: Autor,2024)

GPC concrete has a lower global warming potential (GWP) than OPC concrete. he Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change confirmed that confirmed that GPCs with various binders have much lower GWP than OPC concrete. NaOH alternatives like solar salt reduce GWP by 64%. A Colombian study found that GPC had 44.7 percent less global warming potential than OPC concrete. GPC and reactive powder concrete structures have less GWP but other environmental impacts like freshwater ecotoxicity, aquatic toxicity, abiotic degradation, and eutrophication. These results depend on binder and activator choice. (Farooq et al., 2021)

In the above table 1.1 shows that the different study evaluates carbon and cost aspects OF geopolymer and OPC concrete literature mixtures. It found that geopolymers require comparable cement or geopolymer paste, have low carbon and cost contributions, and consume less water. Transport contributes 521% of total CO2 emissions for OPC concrete and 41-43% for geopolymer concrete due to larger feedstock distances. Only the binder reduces transport impact to 1- 10% for OPC and 40-45% for geopolymer paste. Geopolymers will be affected more than OPC concretes due to transport effects, but their longer lengths may be more accurate. The analysis ignores the 10–20% of imported cement that has entered the Australian market. (Lay, 2014)

7.4. Environmental Impact Factors of GPC:

Fig7.3. The analogy of GPC binders with OPC concrete in relation to the environmental effects.(Source: Farooq et al., 2021)

Table 7 4: Calculations on reference geopolymer and OPC concrete mixes (Source:Lay 2014)

Fig7.4GPC binders with OPC concrete in relation to the other environmental effects..(Source: Farooq et al., 2021)

Author, 2024)

ORDINARY PORTLAND CONCRETE CHEMICAL ADMIXTURE AGGREGATE

8.1. Ordinary Portland Concrete Vs Geopolymer Concrete: Ordinary Portland Concrete (OPC):

Tonne of Cement generates 1 tonne

(BINDER)

Geopolymer Concrete (GPC): GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE AGGREGATE

Mechanical Properties:

8.3. Environmental Impact

What is an EPD?

Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) are standardized documents that reveal the impact of a product, throughout its life cycle. They are guided by the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and international standards like ISO 14025 and EN 15804 for construction products. EPDs undergo verification by a party to ensure accuracy and reliability sharing information on a product's environmental performance with consumers, businesses and stakeholders.

Various products such as construction materials, consumer goods and industrial products can have EPDs that cover aspects like raw material extraction, manufacturing, transportation, usage and disposal or recycling at the end of their life cycle. The presence of EPDs contributes to enhancing awareness differentiating products in the market ensuring compliance and facilitating decision making processes. For instance, EPDs related to concrete in the construction sector detail activities from raw material extraction to production, transportation, usage phase to end of life considerations.

In conclusion having an EPD is crucial, for promoting market sustainability and transparency. These documents assist consumers, businesses and policymakers in making informed decisions regarding the impact of products by providing them with comprehensive and standardized information

The following tables 1/1 and 1.2 show OPC and GPC upfront carbon analysis. In summary, GPC appears to be more sustainable in terms of upfront carbon, GHG emission, and future concrete alternative.

Standards Australia:

Standards Australia published SA TS 199:2023, Geopolymer and alkali-activated binder concrete structure design. The document provides design and construction guidelines for GPC and AABC building structures, highlighting their advantages over OPC. Unlike traditional OPC, GPC and AABC are made by reacting aluminosilicate materials with an alkali activator. An alkali aluminosilicate gel or calcium silicate hydrate results. (Standards Australia, 2023).

SA TS 199 raises engineering awareness and develops and maintains standards to foster GPC and AABC use in construction. GPC and AABC benefits include sustainability, low shrinkage, heat of hydration, high tensile strength, and easy batching with traditional concrete batching facilities. Consumers, industry, and manufacturers may save money, especially where carbon taxes apply. (Standards Australia, 2023).

Wellcamp Airport in Toowoomba, Queensland, and two pedestrian bridges in Cowies Creek at Deppeler Park in Geelong, Victoria, have used GPC and AABC. Strength, serviceability, earthquake actions, robustness, durability, fire resistance, and strength are covered in the document. (Standards Australia, 2023)

Ash development Association of Australia (AdAA): Australian Standard AS3582.1 allows fly ash in concrete and mortar. Pulverized coal boiler flue gases produce fly ash. Two fly ash grades exist: Normal and Special. AS3583 tests determine classification criteria, including fineness, loss on ignition, moisture, and SO3 content. Ultrafine fly ashes, or special grade fly ashes, must comply with 105% relative strength. Fly ash can be blended into Normal or Special Class Concrete or added directly at a batch production facility. (Ash development AssociatIon of Australia, 2009)

National Construction Code(NCC): With similar properties to concrete but stronger, it meets NCC requirements. In NCC 2019, Volume Part 3.2, explanatory information allows alternative materials that meet structural strength, damp proofing, and weatherproofing requirements. (NCC, 2019)

11. FIELD APPLICTION OF GPC :

Queensland Department of Transport and Main Roads : TMR and Wagners Concrete installed two geopolymer precast wall panels next to OPC panels in the Eastern Busway project as a research trial (Figure 1.1). The proposed mix design specified 40 MPa concrete strength and 180mm slump for the 5250 mm x 2380 mm x 200mm and 4465 mm x 2380 mm x 200mm panels (TMR Drawing EB2-11964-ST-DG-TU721). Panels were cast in December 2010 and installed in 2011. Seven test cylinders were taken during casting, and a monitoring program was created to compare panel performance to OPC panels. The inspection regime and future coring requirements are included. Panel performance is being verified. (Pape & Dickson, 2016).

ECONOMIC CHALLENGES Cost of alkaline activators

REGULATIONS Building Codes and Standards

Knowledge and adaptation

mix design and GPC guidelines needed. Avoid raw material variations.

Alkaline activators cost is High

Lack of region-specific codes and regulations.

There is gap of knowledge for GPC properties and

Austroads project:

Geo polymer Structural Concrete wall at Dudley Street Railway Bridge:

Construction of structural reinforced soil and post panel walls at Dudley Street Railway Bridge in Melbourne, part of regional rail link works, followed VicRoads' concrete mix design registration procedures for compliance with section 610.

These panels' geopolymer concrete mix design was based on Section 610's necessary equivalent to VR400/40 concrete. These structural works were confidently undertaken after VicRoads' successful use at Swan Street Bridge M80 Western Ring Road, Salmon Bridge, and geopolymer concrete into their standard requirements.

Two thirds of the two-metre-wide precast panels have a rough texture, while the rest have a flat surface. Their height ranges from two to four meters.The panels meet section 610 requirements for concrete manufacturing, handling, placing, compaction, finishing, and curing. The lifting of finished products from molds, storage, shipping, and on-site handling and construction are similar to ordinary concrete. (Andrews-Phaedonos et al., 2014)

Austroads project:

Geopolymer concrete wall:

M80 Western Ring Road

Australia's first major in-situ infrastructure project, completed in mid-2012, features a near vertical 450meter "chevron" landscape retaining wall that also serves as raised planter beds.

The wall's structural elements complement the road network, challenge geopolymer concrete conventions, and promote new materials. After successfully monitoring the 2009 trial structural applications of landscape retaining walls and footway panels, VicRoads' structural

et al., 2014).

Fig 11.1: Placement of the geopolymer concrete suspended precast panels at the new Global Change Institute building (Source: Pape & Dickson, 2016).

walls are the first major in-situ construction on a major infrastructure project in Australia.(Andrews-Phaedonos

(Standards Australia, 2023).

Slag Association, 2023)

(Ash development Association of Australia, 2009)

Fig 10.2. Images of Geopolymer Concrete wall . (Andrews-Phaedonos et al., 2014).

Fig 10.3. Images of Geopolymer Concrete wall . (Andrews-Phaedonos et al., 2014).

Fly ash and slag are used in GPC, which has a lower carbon footprint than Portland cement. It encourages waste reuse, following circular economy principles.

Improved mix designs, ambient curing, durability, and cost reduction are technological advances.

Demand for sustainable building materials, green building certifications, and infrastructure development will boost the GPC market.

GPC adoption will depend on government policies promoting sustainable construction and reducing carbon emissions.

Education and training construction professionals about GPC's benefits and application methods will help bridge the knowledge gap and overcome resistance to new materials.

13. DISCUSSION:

To verify GPC's durability and longevity, ambient curing techniques are being developed and long-term performance data is needed.

Geopolymer concrete (GPC) has many advantages over Portland cement (OPC), but it has technical and economic drawbacks.

Specific curing conditions, material variability, and strong alkaline activators limit technical capabilities.

Higher initial costs, production scale, and regulatory and standardization issues limit economic growth.

GPC is produced less than OPC, increasing production costs. Lack of standards, certification, and approval processes can also slow adoption.

GPC's properties and application methods are unfamiliar to construction professionals, which presents practical and implementation challenges

Geographical variations in raw material availability can complicate supply chain issues.

15. CONCLUSION:

Construction accounts for 45% of worldwide greenhouse gas emissions, and cement production is the most carbon-intensive sector. Carbon mitigation is essential. Therefore, alternatives for cement should be considered for construction industry.

Standardization and consistency in GPC application are technical challenges because raw material variability can affect performance.

Regulatory issues include building standards, certification, acceptance, awareness, and training. Because raw material variability affects performance, GPC standardization and consistency are technical challenges.

Alkaline activators are expensive and GPC production is inefficient. Adoption requires global alignment of GPC standards with building codes. Building GPC promotion requires awareness and training.

Logistics, infrastructure, and raw material availability are supply chain issues. GPC can replace concrete and greener the built environment by overcoming these challenges.

• Geopolymer concrete (GPC) is a viable alternative to Portland cement concrete (OPC) due to its environmental and economic benefits. OPC accounts for 8% of worldwide CO2 emissions, but GPC can reduce these greatly.

• Fly ash and slag, which do not require high-temperature processing, reduce GPC's concrete production carbon footprint.

• Due to its 90% lower CO2 emissions than OPC, GPC promotes a circular economy and reduces pollution.

• GPC may cost more because to alkaline activators and curing requirements. These initial costs may be outweighed by long-term economic benefits.

• Using fly ash and slag, GPC's composition and production process reduce upfront carbon emissions.

• GPC's durability and inexpensive maintenance provide environmental benefits throughout its existence.

• In Conclusion, GPC is a sustainable, durable, and potentially cost-effective alternative to ordinary concrete, supporting global climate change initiatives and sustainable construction development.

• Andrews-Phaedonos, F., Vicroads, & Australia. (2014). SPECIFICATION AND USE OF GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE. https://railknowledgebank.com/Presto/content/GetDoc.axd?ctID=MjE1ZTI4YzctZjc1YS00MzQ4LTkyY2UtMDJmNTgxYjg2ZDA5&rID=NTI5O A==&pID=MTQ3Ng==&attchmnt=True&uSesDM=False&rIdx=MTI2MzI=&rCFU=

• Australasian (iron & steel) Slag Association. (2023, November 30). Challenges & Future Directions of Geopolymer Concrete. ASA. https://www.asa-inc.org.au/blog/2023/11/challenges-and-future-directions-of-geopolymer-concrete

• Austroads. (2018, May 1). Webinar: Geopolymer Concrete and its Applications. Austroads.com.au. https://austroads.com.au/publications/bridges/web-gpc-18

• Babor, D., Plian, D., & Judele, L. (n.d.). ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF CONCRETE. https://www.bipcons.ce.tuiasi.ro/Archive/161.pdf

• Crawford, R., Stephan, A., & Prideaux, F. (2024). EPiC Database. In figshare.unimelb.edu.au. The University of Melbourne. https://figshare.unimelb.edu.au/articles/book/EPiC_Database/10257728?file=45966801

• Dewada, D., Chouhan, H., Parmar, M., Hanfee, U., Tripathi, A., & Student. (n.d.). ANALYSIS OF CONCRETE BY REPLACING CEMENT WITH GEOPOLYMER. In International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science (pp. 2582–5208). PeerReviewed, Open Access. https://www.irjmets.com/uploadedfiles/paper/issue_5_may_2023/38084/final/fin_irjmets1683643379.pdf

• Farooq, F., Jin, X., Faisal Javed, M., Akbar, A., Izhar Shah, M., Aslam, F., & Alyousef, R. (2021). Geopolymer concrete as sustainable material: A state of the art review. Construction and Building Materials, 306, 124762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124762

• Geopolymer Concrete and its Applications. (2018). https://austroads.com.au/resources/documents/supportingdocuments/webinars/Austroads_Webinar-Geopolymer_Concrete_and_its_Applications.pdf

• Gromicko, N., & Shepard, K. (2011). The History of Concrete - InterNACHI. Nachi.org. https://www.nachi.org/history-of-concrete.htm

• Imtiaz, L., Kashif-ur-Rehman, S., Alaloul, W. S., Nazir, K., Javed, M. F., Aslam, F., & Musarat, M. A. (2021). Life Cycle Impact Assessment of Recycled Aggregate Concrete, Geopolymer Concrete, and Recycled Aggregate-Based Geopolymer Concrete. Sustainability, 13(24), 13515. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132413515

• Lay, J. (2014). in comparison to Ordinary Portland Cement. Www.academia.edu. https://www.academia.edu/87234242/in_comparison_to_Ordinary_Portland_Cement

• NCC. (2019). Part 3.2.5 Footing and slab construction | NCC. Ncc.abcb.gov.au. https://ncc.abcb.gov.au/editions/2019-a1/ncc-2019volume-two-amendment-1/part-32-footings-and-slabs/part-325-footing-and

• Pape, T. P., & Dickson, J. (2016). S19 Geopolymer Concrete Performance Review . FINAL REPORT S19 Geopolymer Concrete Performance Review , 16(4). https://nacoe.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/010574_S19_Geopolymer-Concrete-Review_Y1_1_FINAL-REPORT.pdf

• Shi, X., Zhang, C., Liang, Y., Luo, J., Wang, X., Feng, Y., Li, Y., Wang, Q., & Abomohra, A. E.-F. (2021). Life Cycle Assessment and Impact Correlation Analysis of Fly Ash Geopolymer Concrete. Materials, 14(23), 7375. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14237375

• Singh, N. B., Kumar, M., & Rai, S. (2020). Geopolymer cement and concrete: Properties. Materials Today: Proceedings, 29, 743–748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.04.513

• Standards Australia. (2023, July 11). Geopolymer and alkali-activated binder concrete: A new Standard in sustainable construction practices. Building Connection. https://buildingconnection.com.au/2023/07/11/geopolymer-and-alkali-activated-binder-concrete-a-newstandard-in-sustainable-construction-practices/

• Zhang, B. (2024). Durability of low-carbon geopolymer concrete: A critical review. Sustainable Materials and Technologies, 40, e00882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2024.e00882

Source: ArchDaily, 2017

Shreyas Vilas Gangurde

SID: 520283853

• Introduction

• Project Description

• Climate Analysis

• BASIX Evaluation

• Example for best Practice

• Daylight Analysis

• Life Cycle Analysis

• Cost Comparison

• Discussion

• Limitaion

• Conclusion

• References Contents

1.1. AIM& OBJECTIVE:

The aim of the report is to examine and assess the Firm's project by analyzing its carbon footprint, daylight and BASIX evaluation to determine its sustainability and propose strategies for enhancing to meet high standards. Further, conducting Daylight analysis of the building and a Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) of the project to enhance the overall carbon footprint and daylight performance of the building. Also discuss how it affects the impact on overall cost for the building.

1.2. METHODOLOGY:

➢ Selection of firm’s project:

One of the newly constructed project was select for the performance analysis and critical review for the report.

➢ Project Description:

Understanding site plans, orientation for the selected project.

➢ Climate Analysis:

Understanding the local climate and how it affects the building envelope

➢ BASIC Evaluation:

Examine BASIX framework and how it accesses the building, discussing future changes and strategies to achieve high BASIX standards for the building.

➢ Example of Award-winning Practice in Sustainability:

Review the best practice in Australia, understanding passive strategies used by the practice. Identification of construction material and best possible solution for passive house design.

➢ Daylight analysis for the Selected Project:

Conducting a daylight simulation and analysing the daylight factor Useful Daylight Illuminance(UDI) for the building and suggesting strategies to improve the daylight factor and UDI.

➢ Life Cycle Analysis for the Selected Project:

Conduct an in depth LCA for embodied carbon footprint by developing an initial/ base case of the building, Identifying high carbon factors at structural levels.

➢ Improved Case Scenario for LCA:

Suggesting alternative strategy to improve carbon impact of the building and comparing the overall performance for base and improved case scenario and how it help achieve high standards.

➢ Discussion:

Discuss on the strategies implemented for the building and how will it affect the dwelling.

➢ Limitations:

Discuss any limitation for the Strategies implemented, Software limitations etc.

➢ Conclusion:

A thorough conclusion was developed for the selected project based on the analysis and performance.

1.3. SCOPE:

As discussed in previous assignment after thorough examining of the firm’s project and its approach for sustainable construction techniques the following recommendations that were to be implemented to increase the performance of buildings are:

➢ Understanding BASIX and measures to improve the BASIX standards.

➢ Increasing the daylight performance for the project for energy saving measures by optimal use of natural light. Analysis for daylight was conducted with the help of Design builder Software.

➢ Conducting in depth LCA for the project for mitigation of Upfront carbon (A1-A5). Provide alternative strategies to improve the overall Carbon Star Rating. The footprint calculator by The footprint company was used for LCA.

1.4. ABOUT THE PROJECT: House

at Ben Buckler: A New Residential Dwelling.

• The selected project is a 2-storey building, with split-level house offers stunning views of the Pacific Ocean and Bondi Beach.

• It has a basement comprising a garage, laundry, bathroom and storage spaces. Ground floor has 2 Bedrooms, bathroom, powder room, pantry, kitchen & dining spaces.

• First floor has Living room and 2 Master Bedroom.

• The house is designed to be naturally conditioned, providing year-round thermal comfort, obviating the need for costly, energy-intensive air conditioning.

Location: Bondi, New South Wales, Australia.

Total Floor Area: 268sq.m.

Construction type: Composite construction. Year of construction: 2017.

• The house is future-proofed with 6.1kW roof-mounted photovoltaic panels

Source: (Archdaily,2017).

Fig1.1. Source: ArchDaily, 2017

LOWER GROUND FLOOR:

• Garage

• Laundry

• Basement

Storage

• Bathroom

• Driveway

• Store

Temperature Range:

The average mean temperature yearly is 17.9°C. Average mean high temperature is around 28.3 °C. Average mean low temperature is around 7.8 °C.

Relative Humidity:

Humidity is almost 50% to 60% throughout the year which is in comfort zone.

Wind Analysis:

Wind Graph shows mostly wind blows from west to east during winters. By deflecting the excess cool breeze during winters can help achieve thermal comfort during high winters

Sun Shading:

Sun Shading Chart shows Shading is required for North-East side in the morning & Northwest during afternoon to avoid glare during the peak summers.

GROUND FLOOR:

• Living

• Kitchen

• Powder room

• Bathroom

• Bedroom3

• Bedroom4

• Play room

• Dining

• Pantry

FIRST FLOOR:

• Bedroom 1

• Ensuite 1

• Bedroom 2

• Ensuite 2

• Robe

• Living

• Deck 1

• Deck 2

• Deck 3

Fig 2.1. Site Plan : Lower Ground floor. Source:( Architecture Firm, 2024).

Fig2.2. Site Plan : Ground floor. Source:( Architecture Firm, 2024).

Fig2.3. Site Plan : First floor. Source:( Architecture Firm, 2024).

Fig.3. 1.Annual Temperature Range Source:( Clima Tool, 2024).

Fig.3.2. Annual Relative Humidity Range Source:( Clima Tool, 2024).

Fig3.3. Annual Wind Rose Source:( Clima Tool, 2024).

Fig3.4. Sun Shading Chart Source:( Climate consultant, 2024).

Fig3.5. Sunpath during March 4PM Source:(Design Builder,2024.)

Fig3.6. Sunpath during June 12. Source:(Design Builder,2024.)

WHAT

IS Building Sustainability Index (BASIX)?

• BASIX is an online planning tool specifically created to evaluate future performance of new house in relation to several sustainability requirements.

• The higher BASIX standards aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and water consumption by establishing higher goals for energy efficiency, thermal comfort, and water conservation.

• The NSW Government aims to enhance the sustainability of every new house construction in order to minimize the environmental effects of the housing industry and develop a more sustainable future.

• It majorly focuses on Thermal Performance, Energy, Water & Embodied Carbon.

Source: New South Homes,2024.

What Changes to BASIX are Coming?

• External Wall Insulation – R2.5 minimum

• Roof Insulation – R6.0 minimum

• Use of light roof colors as much as possible (subject to location)

• Single storey home designs to have Low E to bedroom windows and Double Glazed to living room windows

• Double storey homes have double glazing to all windows (except wet areas).

• Electric Hot Water systems to increase in size and Small-scale Technology Certificates (STCs) Potential PV panels

Source: (Zust, 2023).

Source: ((NSW Government, 2023).

HOW BASIX WORKS:

BUILDING DETAILS

NO. OF BED BOTH CONDITIONED & UNCONDIIONED

NO. OF OCCUPANTS IN HAVC & LIGTHING

• COLD WATER TOILET TAPS COOLING

• HOT WATER SHOWER TAPS POOL

Reproduced by (Author, 2024).

Source: (NSW Government, 2023)

• HOT WATER HEATING

• THERMAL HEATING COOLING

• UNITS FANS LIGHT APPLIANCES

• SETS HEATING AND COOLING IN MJ/M2/YEAR FOR EACH CLIMATE ZONE: FOR CLASS 2 BUILDING

• EMBODIED EMISSION CALCULATION FOR: FLOORS ROOF/CEILING WINDOWS CONCRETE ( CLASS 2 ONLY).

CRITICAL INFERENECES ON IMPROVING BASIX STANDARDS:

After careful consideration for BASIX criteria, it is important to use alternative strategies to achieve high BASIX standards. The following Strategies include:

• Optimal use of passive materials for construction.

• Optimal use of daylighting for the building by understanding the climate sun path and optimal use of daylight help reduce the rely on grid-based energy during daytime.

• Alternative Strategies to improve the performance of the building by choosing low carbon materials from Material Index from BASIX Further will discuss some Best example for passive design strategy in Australia.

Fig 4.1 Showing Improvement Opportunity as per BASIX

Huff’n’Puff Haus by Envirotecture (2023 Sustainability Awards Winner for Single dwelling).

About the Project:

• The Huff'n'Puff Haus Strawbale Passivhaus Design was completed in 2023 in central Victoria.

• Integrates energy efficiency, natural building materials, and nature.

• employs Passivhaus Certification for Passive House Plus.

• Reduces scope to avoid large living areas and reduce floor space.

• Off grid house.

• Made by Ballarat-based Envirotecture (Talina Edwards Architecture).

• Internal lime render and straw bale walls.

• A polished concrete slab ensures material integrity.

• Clients appreciate the design..

(Source:Passive House Buildings, 2024.)

Construction Materials Used:

For External Walls: Super Insulated Tilt Up Panels, External Cladding (Fibre-Cement Sheet), mounted on battens over Weathertight membrane, forming a ventilated cavity.

Strawbale sit-up system by Glassford, 350mm thick and 75mm of Lime.

1 x layer of R2.5 insulation (Earth Wool)

1 x layer of R3.7 insulation (Earth Wool)

1 x layer of R3.2 insulation (Earth Wool)

Total U-Values for the two walls:

Straw bale: 0.172

Earth wool: 0.106

U-value = 0.17 W/(m2K).

(Source: Passive House Buildings, 2024.)

Location: Victoria.

Total Floor Area: 171sq.m.

Construction type: Timber construction. Year of construction: 2022

For Slabs: The floor slab has an insulation layer between concrete and screed such as:

- 125mm structural concrete slab

- R3.6 XPS (recyclable) insulation -80mm Lightweight Concrete Screed -There is only one floor type with a U-Value as shown.

-U-value = 0.258 W/(m2K).

For Roof: Truss construction lightweight roof. Plasterboard ceiling adjacent to 90mm ceiling cavity (making ductwork easy), then:

- Airtight Membrane (Pro Clima Intello)

- 90mm R2.5 insulation at Truss Bottom Chord

- Earth Wool Roll R3.7 perpendicular to trusses

- Earth Wool Roll R3.2 parallel with trusses

- Earth Wool Roll R1.5 perpendicular to trusses.

There is only one roof type with the U-Value as shown.

U-value = 0.089 W/(m2K).

(Source: Passive House Buildings, 2024.)

For Window System: PressGlass SilverStar Triple Glazed IGU, 4mm or 6mm glass.

4mm Glass/16mm Argon/4mm Glass/16mm Argon/4mm Glass

6mm Glass/14mm Argon/6mm Glass/12mm Argon/6mm Glass

U g-value = 0.53 W/(m2K).

Ecological Aspects:

Home construction includes off-grid systems, Passive House Plus standard requires energy generation equal to home consumption.

- 19.24kW Solar PV arrays.

- 50,000 liters of rainwater storage.

(Source: Passive House Buildings, 2024.)

Fig.5.2. Huff’n’Puff Haus by Envirotecture (Source: Passive House Buildings, 2024.)

Fig.5.3. Concrete (Source: Google Images, 2024.)

Fig.5.1. Strawbale (Source: Google Images, 2024.)

Fig.5.4. Roof Truss (Source: Google Images, 2024.)

Fig.5.5. Glass (Source: Google Images, 2024.)

CRITICAL INFERENCES ON DAYLIGHT FACTOR & UDI BEN BUCKLER HOUSE:

The Ben Buckler House has excessive daylight in habitable spaces like the dining and kitchen due to east-facing sun angles, while optimum daylight is found in bedrooms 1,3,4, and first floor living Play, Dining, Bedroom 2, and the ground-floor living room need daylight because they are mostly inside the building and receive minimal direct sunlight. Thus, these zones need better daylight while east zones need strategies to avoid direct daylight. Kitchen and ground floor living to avoid direct sunlight by reducing chances of glare and try achieve maximize daylight use. As recommended standards for Daylight factor ism 2%-5% and UDI is minimum of 80% for zone level.

STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE DAYLIGHT:

Light shelves with optimim WWR: Due to neighbouring buildings and no direct sunlight for zones like Dining, Play and Bedroom 2 it highly important to penetrate diffused daylight to the zones through neighboring building with the help of light shelves and increasing the window wall ratio can help achieve optimum daylight for those zones and help improve the overall UDI. As suggested in this paper by (Umberto Berardi and Hamid Khademi Anaraki, 2015) that by Adding light shelves improves the zone's UDI by reducing effects away from windows. Additionally, the shading devices have minimal impact on the room's central UDI. Full-height windows allow deep light penetration, with UDI above 50% in the back zone in all cases (even 25% WWR). WWR over 35% never improves daylighting (Umberto Berardi and Hamid Khademi Anaraki, 2015).

Reduced WWR and Shading devices: As observed the results shows that on the ground zones Dining and living has more than recommended daylight factor as per NCC causing access glare to the zones. Hence measure need to be taken to avoid the glare and perceive visual comfort. By implementing reduced window wall ratio (WWR) and incorporation of shading devices for those zones can significantly reduce the glare and achieve optimum visual comfort and daylight through the daytime. External blinds, shutters, or pergola shading can be used. These provide summer sun protection and winter sun access. (Victoria, n.d.)

Fig 6.1 & 6.2. Ground & first floor Daylight factor.

Source:(Design Builder,2024)

Fig 6.3 & 6.4. Ground & first floor UDI. Source:(Design Builder)

Table 6.1. Daylight factor. Source:(Design Builder,2024)

Table 6.1. UDI.

7.1. BASE CASE SCENARIO:

Construction Materials:

Use of Concrete was observed for foundation and slabs

Steel columns has been implemented to transfer the lateral loads of the building.

Following are different types of external wall assemblies implemented for the building:

• 110mm Brickwall

• 270mm Brick wall with plasterboard finish

• 270 face Brickwall

• 350 face Brick wall with Concrete block wall

• 250 mm INSITU concrete

• 140 mm Rendered Concrete block wall

For internal walls 90mm Timber Stud wall with 13mm plasterboard was seen

7.3. BASE CASE RESULTS:

Fig. 2.2 shows section-wise upfront carbon intensity. Due to concrete foundations and slabs, carbon intensity is significant. Staircase and exterior walls also emit a lot of carbon, resulting in a 2.5-star carbon rating. Thus, further strategies are needed to reduce upfront carbon and get a high carbon rating.

Tiber flooring was incorporated for all ground and first floor levels.

for the roof system.

Lysaght Kliplok 406 roof sheet was used for roofing with insulation

7.2. Carbon Breakdown:

Fig.7.2. shows comparison with Benchmark for Base Case. Source:(Footprint calculartor,2024).

Fig 7.3. Top 5 Materials. Source:(FootprintCalculator,2024)

Fig.7.1. Carbon breakdown for Base Case. Source:(Footprint calculator, 2024).

According to base case results, most upfront carbon was from concrete slabs and foundations, so an alternative carbon mitigation strategy was implemented. External windows were also in the top five carbon impact materials because they were the second alternative. Ancillary concrete works also affected carbon emissions. Thus, carbon improvement was necessary. Selecting these top five materials would significantly reduce the building's upfront carbon footprint.

7.7. XLam CLT Panel:

Holcim ECOPact Zero concrete with Recycled reinforcement was introduced for Foundation in replacement of Ordinary Portland concrete as Holcim ECOPact Zero concrete has low lifecycle carbon emissions. Supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), optimal mix design, recycled aggregates, and new manufacturing procedures minimize energy consumption and increase efficiency. Holcim takes certified carbon credits in greenhouse gas-reducing projects to offset some unavoidable carbon emissions. Lifecycle evaluations and Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) and LEED credits are used to evaluate the product's environmental impact. Suitable for various building projects, ECOPact Zero supports sustainability and regulatory compliance. Sustainable building practices boost corporate social responsibility (CSR) profiles. ECOPact Zero promotes concrete and building innovation, matches customer demand, and helps companies remain ahead of laws. Holcim ECOPact Zero conists sustainable construction materials and supports worldwide climate change efforts. (Holcim (Australia) Pty Ltd , 2022)

7.6. Geopolymer concrete:

Geopolymer concrete was chosen for Slabs and Concrete walls with recycled reinforcement as an alternative to OPC since Infrastructure projects use high-value geopolymer concrete manufactured from low-calcium fly ash and blast furnace slag. Its compressive strength and environmental protection make it appropriate for structural applications. The research suggests mixture proportions based on the similar characteristics of hardened concrete and reinforced concrete structural components to Portland cement concrete. Sulfate, fire, acid, creep, and drying shrinkage resistance are also features of geopolymer concrete. Therefore, making it a better alternative to ordinary Portland concrete. (B. Vijaya rangan, 2014).

To mitigate the carbon for stairs, Xlam CLT panel was recommended as it would help in reducing the carbon impact and create a sustainable approach for future structures. XLam CLT panels are layers of solid-sawn lumber boards glued together. These panels are strong, stable, and rigid, making them perfect for construction. Cross-lamination gives panels a strong connection and uniform thickness, Strength, stability, load-bearing capacity, fire resistance, thermal and acoustic insulation, sustainability, carbon sequestration, and waste reduction are all advantages of CLT panels. They are increasingly employed in residential, commercial, institutional, and prefabricated construction. CLT panels are also perfect for hybrid construction due to their design freedom, architectural innovation, and versatility.

7.8. 50% flyash Cement mortar ratio (5:1) :

External walls with brick work and OPC mortar were replaced with 50% fly ash and 5:1 mortar to lower carbon intensity. Since the base case's upfront carbon was considerable, replacing it with fly ash will reduce carbon impact. Replacement of OPC mortar with 50% fly ash cement mortar has environmental, structural, economic, and practical implications. This change improves construction project performance and cost-effectiveness while supporting sustainability goals. Fly ash in mortar promotes greener building practices and meets modern environmental and resource efficiency standards.

7.9. Recycled Aluminium:

Use of recycle materials plays an important role is circular economy since to reduce intensity of carbon for window system use of recycled aluminum was considered as it’s impact on the carbon footprint shows better results in achieving lower carbon profile.

7.5. Holcim ECOPact Zero concrete:

Fig.7.5. Carbon emission for Xlam CLT Source:(EPD Australasia, 2021)

Fig 7.4.GWP of Holcim ECO pact zero. Source:((Holcim (Australia) Pty Ltd , 2022).

7.11.Critical Inferences

Improved Case: The implementation of above discuss strategies help overall reduction in Upfront carbon and achieved and a rating of Five star for the building, Thus by use of alternative materials like Holcim concrete, introducing some amount of Fly ash to concrete and extensive use of recycled materials helped improve the carbon profile by making a sustainable and energy efficient building contributing the adaptability of alternative and regenerative construction design.

The improved case results for top five materials in fig 1.1 shows, that strategies suggested helped reduce carbon footprint for concrete, which was higher in base case and had a significant to overall upfront carbon as it was seen an impact in contribution for top five materials by excluding carbon output and lowering embodied carbon.

08. COST COMPARISON:

8.1. Inferences on Cost comparison: Although the alternative materials have high initial cost comparison to traditional methods but it implications can give longterm benefits by reducing the energy demands, maintenance cost government regulatory fines, rebates etc.

Fig.7.6. Carbon breakdown for Improved Case. Source:(Footprint calculator, 2024).

Fig.7.8. Top 5 Materials. Source:(FootprintCalculator,2024)

Fig.7.7.

The indoor environment quality impact of recycled materials was not calculated.

11. CONCLUSION:

• To achieve high BASIX standards, it is important to adopt sustainable materials at the design level helping achieve high standards

• Selection of Passive design strategies boosts long term benefits and promote renewable energy by discarding grid-based energy usage.

New technologies are not yet standardized and may not be benchmarked, making building approvals difficult.

Alternative materials may be expensive upfront but has low-maintenance over time.

Plans and online data were used to quantify units for the analysis, but building quantification may vary.

The analysis was conducted for conceptual level and understanding purposes, its practical application may differ in results.

• Implementation of Light shelves, Optimum Window wall ratio and Shading devices for zone levels helped achieve a great visual comfort and improving energy usage for daytime hours.

• Low-Carbon Concrete Options: Holcim EcoPact Zero Concrete reduces carbon emissions, providing long-term regulatory compliance and sustainable building incentives.

• Geopolymer Concrete uses industrial by-products and reduces Portland cement use, making it expensive but environmentally friendly

• Using 50% Fly Ash Cement Mortar reduces the carbon footprint of traditional concrete and improves durability.

• Using Sustainable Materials: XLam CLT Panels are easy to assemble and cost-effective.

• Recycling and Reusing Materials: Recycled aluminum is cheaper and greener than primary aluminum.

Long-term cost savings and environmental benefits:

The use of recycled materials is completely subjected to proximity and availability to site.

10. LIMITATIONS:

Cost assemblies are subject to supplier and availability and are not completely accurate.

• Lower Operational Costs: Energy efficiency and building maintenance savings.

• Compliance: Avoiding fines and using tax incentives.

• Sustainable buildings are more valuable and attract eco-conscious tenants and buyers.

• Futureproofing: Early implementation of sustainable materials helps firms meet compliance requirements and avoid future costs.

In conclusion the report demonstrates use of alternative materials suggested helps improved the BASIX standards and mitigate the upfront carbon making sustainable building. If strategies discussed implemented at design level helps achieve long term benefit to the company’s approach to high standard and cost effectiveness by avoiding fines, taxes and maintenance cost for the project.

Although design builder was used for daylight analysis the result of analysis may differ with respect to surroundings and location.

Material carbon emissions were calculated unanimously by averaging country output, location-specific data, and locally sourced material. The approach is very standardized and cannot be calculated easily.

Virgin materials may be less emissive than recycled materials and plot location is not specific.

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