Dewan Bahasa Dan Pustaka | Architecture culture and history report

DEWAN

&

ARCHITECTURE CULTURE & HISTORY II PROJECT II REPORT

BAHASA

PUSTAKA

TAYLOR'S UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGN

TUTOR

MR. KOH JING HAO GROUP MEMBERS

LEE SHI YIN 0324679 LIM MEN HORNG 0324530 LIM PEIDI 0324272 LIM ZHAO YIN 0329356 MASHRUK ASAD 0322188

TABLES OF CONTENTS

01

INTRODUCTION

05

SITE CONTEXT ANALYSIS

13

ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT OF BUILDING

23

Introduction to BDP Fast fact of DBP History of DBP The architect

| | | |

By, LIM PEIDI 0324272

02 03 03 04

Building accessibility Relationship of DBP to surroundings Response to climate

By, LIM ZHAO YIN 0329356 Plan to section-elevation analysis Circulation to use-space Organization analysis

By, LIM MEN HORNG 0324530

| 06 | 10 | 12

| 14 | 15 | 20

ARCHITECTURAL STYLE OF BUILDING Architecture style Characteristics Local influences

| 24 | 25 | 36

By, LIM PEIDI 0324272

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION & MATERIALS A N A L Y S I S By, MASHRUK ASAD 0322188 Materials and construction | 41 Comparison | 48

ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS/COMPONENTS A N A L Y S I S By, LEE SHI YIN 0324679 Elements and Components

| 53

40 52

CONCLUSION

76

REFERENCES

77

INTRODUCTION 01

INTRODUC TION

INTRODUCTION 02

INTRODUCTION by, LIM PEIDI

Dewan Bahasa Dan Pustaka is a Malaysia’s government building which accommodates the government body which is also named “Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka” (DBP). The main purpose of this government body is to coordinate the use of language and literature in Malay.

Balai Pustaka is established on 22nd June 1956. It is located in Johor Bahru. It was renamed “Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka” after the 3rd Malay Literary and Language Congress. (“GDP”, 2016). In 1957, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka was moved to Kuala Lumpur and was granted a cahrter with its own Board of Governors.

Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka moved to its own building at Jalan Dewan Bahasa which is formerly known as Jalan Lapangan Terbang Lama (“GDP”, 2016). New offices open in Kota Kinabalu and Kuching in 1977. 3 more offices established later in 3 areas which are Bukit Mertajam and Kota Bahru in 1999 and Johor Bahru in 2003. Besides, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka also has a lot of talented novelists that contributed in Malay literature such as Siti Habsah and Syed Satahkatullah.

INTRODUCTION 03

FAST FACT

HISTORY

Building Name: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Year Constructed: 1962 & 2002 Location: Jalan Dewan Bahasa, Kuala Lumpur Function: Office, Administration Office & Assembly Hall

1960 1961

hose

ma ha ra ja lel a

The construction of Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka started on 4th of May. Mural art designed by En Ismail bin Mustam was adapted. The mural is made of 10mm x 10mm mosaic tiles.

1962

jalan

ja la n

At a cost of RM1.2 million, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka was built on one-acre land at Jalan Dewan Bahasa which was formerly known as Jalan Lapangan Terbang Lama. The building is designed by Mr. Lee Yoon Tim.

The building is completed. On 31st January, it is officiated by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong.

2003 1997

wisma mirama

(“GDP�, 2016)

Construction of Menara Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka started.

DBP

diagram 1.2.1 Map of Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka

picture 1.2.1 Photo of DBP by Lim Peidi

2008

jalan bukit petali ng

Menara Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka was completed and fully furnished. It serves as an office tower.

Under the National Heritage Act 2005, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka is declared as a heritage site.

2014

jalan d ewan bahas a

jala nw ism ap utr a

rumah pustanita

Renovation of existing building to restore and conserve the historical features old Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka

INTRODUCTION 04

THE ARCHITECT Dato’ Lee Yoon Thim (1905-1977) was a local Chinese Architect. He had his training is overseas and came back to Malaysia to have is apprenticeship to get qualified as an architect. (Jun,2014) He was active in the 1950s and 1960s in Kuala Lmpur. He was one of the important architects who bring modernism into Malaysia after Malaysia’s independence. He is one of the architect to shape the young country’s global image. There are several landmarks in Kuala Lumpur such as Federal Hotel and Chon Woo Stadium were designed by him.

He was also a politician. He held some positions in National Government and he’s an active member in MCA. SIGNIFICANT BUILDINGS BY DATO’ LEE YOON THIM:

Federal Hotel

Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka

Chin Woo Stadium

Picture 1.4.1 Lee Yoon Thim retrieved from Slideshare

Picture 1.4.2 Federal Hotel retrieved from Kuala Lumpur Guide

Picture 1.4.3 Chin Woo Stadium retrieved from Wikimedia

SITE CONTEXT ANALYSIS 05

SITE CONTEXT ANALYSIS

SITE CONTEXT ANALYSIS 06

BUILDING ACCESSIBILITY by, LIM MEN HORNG

Dewan Bahasa Dan Pustaka is located at Jalan Dewan Bahasa, Bukit Petaling, 50460 Kuala Lumpur, and Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur which is in the heart of Kuala Lumpur.

picture 2.1.1 Location of DBP from Google Map

picture 2.1.2 Location of DBP from Google Earth

SITE CONTEXT ANALYSIS 07

The old building is one of the landmark of that area because of its beautiful artwork on the wall.

The building is divided into 2 part which is the Dewan Bahasa Dan Pustaka (old building) that is facing north and the Menara Dewan Bahasa Dan Pustaka that is facing south west.

N

picture 2.1.3 Artwork at DBP by Lim Men Horng

diagram 2.1.4 Orientation of DBP

SITE CONTEXT ANALYSIS 08

ACCESS TO THE SITE To access to Dewan Bahasa Dan Pustaka with public transport such as taxi, monorail and LRT is a convenient choice.

/ LRT It only takes 11 minutes walk from Hang Tuah LRT station to the location. The walking distance is 800m. picture 2.1.5 Routes from LRT station to DBP by foot from Google Earth

/ MRT It is a 600m to 650m walk which takes about 7-8 minutes walk from Maharajalela monorail station to the location.

picture 2.1.6 Routes from MRT station to DBP by foot from Google Earth

SITE CONTEXT ANALYSIS 09

/ DRIVERS

/ ACCESSIBILITY

/ VEGETATION

For those who drive there, there is an underground carpark who serve the workers and visitors. The visitors parking fee is RM3 per entry.

There is a ramp for the disable and lift to access to each and every floor. Staircase is also accessible to the whole building.

Trees and scrub were planted around the area.

picture 2.1.7 Entrance of car park by Lim Men Horng

picture 2.1.8 Lift in DBP by Lim Men Horng

picture 2.1.9 Vegetation around DBP by Lim Men Horng

SITE CONTEXT ANALYSIS

EXISTING STRUCTURE The building around Dewan Bahasa Dan Pustaka are mostly government commissions and other office building.

The buildings located north side of Dewan Bahasa Dan Pustaka are Mahathir Mahzan & Company, Merdeka View Apartment and Jabatan Bomba Dan Penyelamat.

10

RELATIONSHIP OF BUILDING TO SURROUNDINGS

Institute of Diplomacy and Foreign Relations is in front of the entrance of Menara Dewan Bahasa Dan Pustaka.

Rumah Puspanita is an office building for Persatuan Suri Dan Anggota Wanita Perkhidmatan Awam Malaysia is located on the south-west side of Dewan Bahasa Dan Pustaka.

Besides Rumah Puspanita, there are also a private owned company and a head quarter of ambulance services for Red Crescent Society on the south-west side of the site.

Menara Dewan Bahasa Dan Pustaka is the tallest building around the area.

Followed by Wisma Mirama Ossoto and then Merdeka View Apartment. picture 2.2.1 DBP surroundings building from Google Map

SITE CONTEXT ANALYSIS

SURROUNDING

11

The entrance of the old building has more sound pollution due to the traffic from the main road

picture 2.2.2 DBP surroundings from Google Street View

The is facing a small road surrounded by trees which make it cooler and more quiet environment

picture 2.2.3 DBP surroundings from Google Street View

SITE CONTEXT ANALYSIS 12

RESPONSE TO CLIMATE The site embraces a similar climate condition as Kuala Lumpur since it is located among the district.

Kuala Lumpur experience 2 monsoon period from March to April and from October to November. It will be dry and hot the rest of the time.

The area around the building is surrounded by trees which provides a cooling ambiance towards the building. The interior of the building is fully air-conditioned to overcome the climate of Kuala Lumpur which is hot most of the time. In spite of having stripped windows running down the building, the windows are tinted to limit the heat penetrates inside the building.

However the material used to neutralize with tropical warmth that incorporates the structures is marble flooring and travertine slabs

picture 2.3.1 picture of DBP from wikimedia

ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT ANALYSIS

ARCHITEC TURAL LAYOUT ANALYSIS

13

ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT ANALYSIS

PLAN TO ELEVATION ANALYSIS

14

/ PLAN

diagram 3.1.2 Menara DPP first floor plan, not to scale.

/ ELEVATION

by, LIM ZHAO YIN

Dewan Pustaka dan Bahasa consists of two buildings, one of which is the old building (currently under renovation as of 2017) and the other is the new office tower. diagram 3.1.3 Front elevation of old building, not to scale

diagram 3.1.4 Menara DPB North West elevation, not to scale

ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT ANALYSIS 15

C

IRCULATION TO USE-SPAC

E

Circulation refers to the user-space interaction relating to the movement of users through or around a building in architectural terms. The path taken by users can be perceived as a thread that links the spaces within a building, or any series of interior and exterior spaces, together.

Circulation elements consist of the element of approach, the entrance, the configuration of the path, the path-space relationship, and the form of the circulation space. The circulation system affects users’ perception towards the form and spaces of a building.

ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT ANALYSIS 16

/ ENTRANCE An entrance is a circulation element that connects distinguishing spaces separated by a vertical plane.

It provides users with the act of entering, be it a building, or a room within a building. In everyday situations, walls are used to define and enclose a space, or a series of spaces. An entrance is accommodated by an opening in the vertical plane of the wall, where the form of the opening may vary from just a hole in the wall, to a distinctive gateway.

(Ching, 2014, p.262) Entrances can be classified into three categories: flush, projected and recessed, whereby in this case, the three entrances to Menara Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka are projected. The three entrances consist of the main, one from the auditorium and another at the bookstore. (Ching, 2014, p.263)

picture 3.2.1 Front view of main entrance of Menara DPB

by Lim Zhao Yin

picture 3.2.2 Side view of main entrance of Menara DPB

by Lim Zhao Yin

ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT ANALYSIS 17

picture 3.2.3 Entrance from auditorium by Lim Zhao Yin

picture 3.2.4 Entrance from book store by Lim Zhao Yin

The projected entrances form transitional spaces, announce their function to the approach, and provide overhead shelters.

ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT ANALYSIS 18

/ CONFIGURATION OF PATH The configuration of path refers to the linking sequence of spaces that users are taken through to reach a specific destination from a chosen starting point.

The nature of the configuration of a path influences or is influenced by the organizational pattern of the space that it is linked to. The configuration of path can be separated into six types: linear, radial, spiral, grid, network, and composite. (Ching, 2014, p.277) From the first floor plan of Menara Dewan Pustaka dan Bahasa, a grid configuration can be seen. A grid configuration consists of two sets of parallel paths that intersect at regular intervals and create square and rectangular space. (Ching, 2014, p.277)

diagram 3.2.5 Grid configuration in first floor plan of Menara DPB

ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT ANALYSIS 19

/ PATH-SPACE RELATIONSHIPS Paths may be related to the spaces they link to in the three ways: by passing by the spaces, by passing through the spaces, and by terminated in a space. (Ching, 2014, p.290) In this case, the path is passing through spaces. It passes through a space axially, obliquely, or along its edge, whilst creating a pattern of rest and movement within it.

(Ching, 2014, p.290)

diagram 3.2.6 Path-space relationship in first floor plan of Menara DPB

ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT ANALYSIS 20

/ FORM OF CIRCULATION SPACE The spaces for movement form a fundamental part of any building organization and occupy a significant amount of volume in a building. The form of circulation of space varies according to how its boundaries are defined; how its form relates to the form of the space it links; how its qualities of scale, proportion, light and view are articulated; how entrances are opened to it; and how it handles changes in level with stairs and or ramps. (Ching, 2014, p.294) A circulation space may be enclosed or opened to one side, or to two.

The circulation spaces in Menara Dewan Pustaka dan Bahasa are opened to both sides. This forms a colonnaded passageway that becomes a physical extension of the space it passes through and merging it. (Ching, 2014, p.294)

diagram 3.2.7 Form of circulation space in first floor plan of Menara DPB

ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT ANALYSIS 21

ORGANIZATION ANALYSIS / SYMMETRY AND BALANCE An axis of symmetry can be drawn and a symmetrical balance can be seen. A bilateral symmetry and balance can be found in the external views of the architecture of Menara Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.

picture 3.3.1 Distance view of the office tower from Wikimedia Commons

diagram 3.3.2 Diagrammatic analysis of symmetry and balance of office tower

ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT ANALYSIS 22

/ GEOMETRY The architecture of Menara Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka consists of varying geometrical shapes. A triangular form that somewhat represents an opened book can be seen from the external view of the top roof, and the body of the tower which is made up cuboid forms of varying sizes.

picture 3.3.4 Close-up view on the top floors of the building by Lim Zhao Yin

diagram 3.3.4 Diagrammatic analysis on geometry of building

picture 3.3.5 Perspective view of building from ground by Lim Zhao Yin

picture 3.3.6 Perspective view to relative height of the office tower by Lim Zhao Yin

ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT ANALYSIS 23

/ HIERARCHY The astonishing difference in size and articulation of Menara Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka shows its degree of importance to the building in a whole. These differences play a formal, functional, and symbolic role in the organization. (Ching, 2014, p.370) The administrative and office tower are emphasized in the organization, which explains the difference is height and in form and design, when compared to the other blocks of the building.

diagram 3.3.7 Diagrammatic analysis of hierarchy of building

ARCHITECTURAL STYLE ANALYSIS 24

ARCHITEC TURAL STYLE ANALYSIS

ARCHITECTURAL STYLE ANALYSIS 25

STYLE OF ARCHITECTURE by, LIM PEIDI

Dewan Bahasa Dan Pustaka is built right after the independence of Malaysia in 1957. The style of Architecture used for this building is modernism. Modernism started in the late 19th and ended at the early 20th century. Modernism architecture is architecture that reconcile the design elements and principles in the building design with the growth of technology and modernization of society.

Modernism architecture emphasis on “Form follows function�

CHARACTERISTICS

ARCHITECTURAL STYLE ANALYSIS 26

FORM FOLLOWS F U N C T I O N (Singh,2014) Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka is a building for the body which is also named “Dewan) Bahasa dan Pustaka” to coordinate the use of Malay language and literature in Malaysia. Each spaces designed in this building serves a purpose.

/AREAS IN DBP Each area serves a purpose

/RECTANGULAR FORM To maximize the usable volume in the building

diagram 4.2.2, 4.2.3 Side Elevations of DBP

by Lim Peidi

diagram 4.2.1 Analysis diagram of DBP section by Lim Peidi

ARCHITECTURAL STYLE ANALYSIS 27

SIMPLICITY ( Singh,2014)

picture 4.2.4 Perspective view of DBP by Lim Peidi

ARCHITECTURAL STYLE ANALYSIS 28

diagram 4.2.5 Analysis Diagram of Simplicity by Lim Peidi

/ NO DECORATIVE MOLDINGS OR OTHER UNNECESSARY ELEMENTS only regular repetitive shapes

the regular shapes created by lines gives clean & aesthetic feeling to the users.

/ SIMPLE & NEAT

ARCHITECTURAL STYLE ANALYSIS 29

EMPHASIS ON RECTANGULAR FORMS AND STRAIGHT LINES (“a2modern”, 2011)

picture 4.2.6 Perspective view of DBP by Lim Peidi

ARCHITECTURAL STYLE ANALYSIS 30

/ RECTANGULAR FORM

/ STRAIGHT LINES

Made by 2 rectangular forms.

Simple, clean look for the users.

Straight lines such as horizontal lines, vertical lines and diagonal lines are used to create patterns and it creates a visual emphasis to the users.

diagram 4.2.8 Analysis Diagram of Lines

DI A GO NA L LI NE

VERTICAL LINE

diagram 4.2.7 Analysis Diagram of form

HORIZONTAL LINE

Patterns created by lines.

ARCHITECTURAL STYLE ANALYSIS 31

LOW, HORIZONTAL MASSING (“a2modern”, 2011)

picture 4.2.9 Perspective view of DBP by Lim Peidi

ARCHITECTURAL STYLE ANALYSIS 32

6

diagram 4.2.11 Analysis Diagram of flat roof diagram 4.2.11 Analysis Diagram of flat roof

/ FLAT ROOF diagram 4.2.10 Analysis Diagram of low massing

/ LOW MASSING There’s maximum 6 floors height for Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.

Flat roof to emphasize on horizontal plane and create shades to the bottom.

ARCHITECTURAL STYLE ANALYSIS 33

HONESTY OF MATERIALS (“a2modern”, 2011)

/ BRICKS Using bricks as traditional material. The texture & character of the material is remained instead of turning it into something else.

picture 4.2.12 Views of Brick wall by Lim Peidi

ARCHITECTURAL STYLE ANALYSIS 34

/ CONCRETE To create a modern aesthetic for the building

/ STONE Natural appearance remained.

picture 4.2.13 Outdoor View of DBP by Lim Peidi

ARCHITECTURAL STYLE ANALYSIS 35

picture 4.2.14 Hall of DBP by Lim Peidi

OPEN, FLOWING INTERIOR SPACES & NATURAL LIGHTS (“a2modern”, 2011)

ARCHITECTURAL STYLE ANALYSIS 36 diagram 4.2.15 Analysis Diagram of Open, Flowing Interior Space & Natural Lights

by Lim Peidi

diagram 4.2.10 Analysis Diagram of low massing

/ CONTIGUOUS INTERIOR SPACE To create a more casual and relax feeling by bringing the lights in and allow users to view the scenery outside the building.

/ NATURAL LIGHTS Allow lights to emit through the glass windows into the building Allow partial lights into the building to create shades.

picture 4.2.16 View of shades by Lim Peidi

ARCHITECTURAL STYLE ANALYSIS 37

LOCAL INFLUENCE As Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka is a building served for Malay literature, the building has some influences from the Malay houses. Besides, Malaysia is also a Malay country with a lot of Malay traditional houses which has also influence the design of Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. picture 3.4.1 Sample of Malay Traditional House with vernacular roof from Wikipedia

ROOF

ARCHITECTURAL STYLE ANALYSIS 38

picture 3.4.2 DBP roof by Lim Peidi

Malaysia has hot and humid climate, this roof helps to reduce the heat in the building and provide shades to the surrounding.

/ VERNACULAR ROOF Provide shades and protection from heat and rain.

LEGEND

diagram 3.4.3 Analysis Diagram of DBP roof

Air ventilation Heat Rain

Shades created by the roof

/ VENTILATION THROUGH ROOF JOINTS Provide air ventilation in the building

ARCHITECTURAL STYLE ANALYSIS 39 picture 3.4.4 Sample traditional Malay house with Malay ornament from Wikipedia

picture 3.4.5 DBP Malay Ornament by Lim Peidi.

Malay Ornaments in traditional Malay house in symmetrical form

DECORATION / MALAY ORNAMENT

Show it serves as a purpose in Malay literature

/ SYMMETRICAL Gives a clean and neat feel

diagram 4.3.6 Analysis Diagram of Decoration at DBP

ARCHITECTURAL STYLE ANALYSIS 40

picture 3.4.7 Sample of Malay Traditional House showing stairs from Slieshare

Stairs in Malay traditional house which is enable house to be elevated

PROVIDE ADDITIONAL AIR VENTILATION

/ AVOID FLOOD

/ STAIRS picture 3.4.8 Stairs at DBP by Lim Peidi

Enable people to reach the elevated interior

As Malaysia always have heavy rain, the elevated stairs is to avoid the interior.

diagram 4.3.6 Analysis Diagram of stairs at DBP

STAIRS

CONSTRUCTION & MATERIAL ANALYSIS 41

CONSTRUCTI

&

MATERIAL ANALYSIS

N

CONSTRUCTION & MATERIAL ANALYSIS 42

MATERIALS & CONSTRUCTION by, Mashruk Asad

Menara DBP consists of two main buildings which are the Old DBP Office and the Office Tower of DBP. Some of the features of the Old DBP Office are concrete high hall with a steel ceiling and height of 19 feet. The building contains beautiful 25 feet mosaic wall on the upper front as well as verticallysegmented faรงade which are embedded on metal windows.

However, the Tower DBP is differently constructed with lightweight concrete walls and rectangular sized windows that includes frame made of aluminum.

The construction and materials will be discussed below in details.

CONSTRUCTION & MATERIAL ANALYSIS 43

/ MOSAIC TILES One of the most attractive features of Menara DBP is the mosaic tiles wall that is 65 by 25 feet. It is currently mounted on the auditorium wall of the old building.

Influenced by Picasso, the architect of this building, Ismail Mustam designed the auditorium wall with mural finished with glazed mosaic. This piece of work is durable, long lasting, colorful and eyecatching.

picture 5.1.1 Mural Art using Mosaic tiles by Lim Zhao Yin

CONSTRUCTION & MATERIAL ANALYSIS 44

/ REINFORCED CONCRETE Reinforced concrete is a type of material where the steel in embedded in such way that both steel and concrete works as a strong resisting force. The reinforcing steel that includes bars and rods protects the building by absorbing the tensile and strong compressions of the structure. Usually plain concrete does not demonstrate the durability like reinforced concrete and hence is wind proof, earthquake proof and preventable from other strong pressures.

This material became more common during the 19th when the construction industry became popular.

Therefore it can be observed that Menara DBP kept in mind the protection and strength of the building using strong materials like reinforced concrete while constructing.

diagram 5.1.2 Reinforced Concrete from Technology Student

CONSTRUCTION & MATERIAL ANALYSIS 45

/ METAL AND MODULAR GLAZED PANEL This building also made the use of metal frames that supported the glazed panels of the old Menara DBP’s rectangular sized windows.

The benefits of metal and glazed panel windows are that it allows light to pass through easily and at the same insulates from blazing sun and keeps the building cool.

picture 5.1.3 Window panels at DBP by Lim Zhao Yin

CONSTRUCTION & MATERIAL ANALYSIS 46

diagram 5.1.4 Perspective view of DBP by Lim Zhao Yin

/ STEEL Another strong material that is used for the construction of this building is steel. One of the advantage of using steel as a construction material is its’ flexibility. Steel can be shaped and designed in any way and hence it is clearly portrayed in Menara DBP. Another advantage is its cost effective, meaning it is lightweight compared to timber and easier to transport that reduces the transportation cost.

Besides, steel is famous for its’ ductility and durability since it is rust proof and is unaffected my bugs, mold, fungi. Steel can also be hurricane, tornado and snow proof. However, the most important reason steel was used in this building because of its’ flexibility and less maintenance cost.

This demonstrates the durability and flexibility of steel and the use of it in this structure.

diagram 5.1.5 Steel Structure from Prekons

CONSTRUCTION & MATERIAL ANALYSIS 47

DBP TOWER Now, the construction materials of DBP will be discussed below which are lightweight concrete and aluminum.

This building was built during the BOT project in 1999 until 2017. When the construction started the building financed, designed, constructed and operated by a concession contract. This type of contract helped the project to recover the investment and other costs such as the maintenance cost.

picture 5.1.6 Perspective View of DBP Tower by Lim Zhao Yin

picture 5.1.7 Perspective View of DBP Tower by Lim Zhao Yin

CONSTRUCTION & MATERIAL ANALYSIS 48

/ LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE Lightweight concrete is usually characterized by foamy concrete or autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC). This type of concrete us usually used in house construction, however in this case it was used the new building of DBP Tower. The advantages of lightweight structural concrete is that it reduces in savings and transporting the material, increases thermal protection and improved fire resistance

picture 5.1.8 Concrete from Civile blog

/ ALUMINUM The use of aluminum in construction began in the 1920s when metal became too expensive and was not being produced in mass production. The electrolysis process helped reduce the expense of aluminum by 80%.

One of the most first buildings that used aluminum in early 1931 was the famous New York skyscraper, Empire State Building.

Aluminum has changed the modern cities because of its’ attractive design and ability to construct skyscrapers. It is environmental friendly and compatible with present day architecture. Because of its’ modern influence DBP Tower constructed its’ building using aluminum. More specifically hollow bars were used for the frame of long glass windows that allows light to penetrate easily and insulates heat.

The advantages of aluminum is it its’ light weight of 2.7g/cm3 which is one third weight of steel. It is also corrosion resistance as it has a protective oxide coating. It is also famous for its electrical and thermal conductivity.

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CONSTRUCTION & MATERIAL ANALYSIS 49

picture 5.2.1 UNAM Central Library from ADIP

COMPARISON Comparison between Old DBP Office and UNAM Central Library.

Both buildings have mosaic murals that demonstrate life, color and common language.

It demonstrates the diversity and rich culture of Malaysia.

picture 5.2.2 DBP by Lim Zhao Yin

Murals and mosaic also demonstrates the history of Mexico. It is covered in 4 walls that explain the past and provides a patriotic movement across the place.

UNAM CENTRAL LIBRARY

CONSTRUCTION & MATERIAL ANALYSIS 50

10 stories central library in Mexico which is covered by 400 meter squared mosaic stoned murals Circuito Interior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Coyoacรกn, CDMX, Mexico

OLD DBP OFFICE

LOCATION Jalan Dewan Bahasa, Bukit Petaling, 50460 Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Architect: Gustavo Saavedra and Juan Martine de Velasco

DESCRIPTION 5 storied government building that has mosaic painted auditorium which stand 25 feet in height.

Architect was Lee Yoon Thim

Reinforced concrete Steel Mosaic Murals

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS Reinforced Concrete Steel & Metal framing Aluminum Mural mosaic

The roof is flat shaped

DIFFERENCES The roof shape: curves The spanned bowstring steel truss that creates 63 feet wide auditorium

Comparison between New DBP Tower and The Element residential condominiums, Texas.

Both building have full glass panels for windows.

picture 5.2.2 DBP by Lim Zhao Yin

THE ELEMENT, TEXAS

COMPARISON

51

It is located in Dallas, Texas

LOCATION

NEW DBP TOWER

picture 5.2.1 the element Texas from Yelp

CONSTRUCTION & MATERIAL ANALYSIS

Jalan Dewan Bahasa, Bukit Petaling, 50460 Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

CONSTRUCTION & MATERIAL ANALYSIS 52

This building is 15 story 153-unit residential condominiums.

It was designed by Mercantile Place on Main.

It was completed in 1009

DESCRIPTION This building is also a government institution that is 37 stories high.

It was built by GDP Architect and built from 1996 to 2002.

It is built with reinforced concrete, steel and glazed glass panels.

This building is tall and rectangular shaped with modern architectural elements.

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

DIFFERENCES

It is made with lightweight concrete and aluminum glass panels

It has a triangular plan which comprises of podium, auditorium and 37 storey government office.

ARCHITECTURE ELEMENTS/COMPONENTS ANALYSIS 53

ARCHITECTURE

ELEMENTS CO ANALYSIS

ARCHITECTURE ELEMENTS/COMPONENTS ANALYSIS 54

MPONENT

ARCHITECTURE ELEMENTS/COMPONENTS ANALYSIS 55

ELEMENTS AND COMPONENTS by, LEE SHI YIN

COLUMNS Column is one of the essential elements of architecture, to support a roof or a beam.

In this building, the columns that are mainly used are in Circular shapes. They are used as decoration pieces at the entrance and also act as support for the building at other areas of the building.

picture 6.1.1 Circular columns of DBP by Lee Shi Yin

picture 6.1.2 Big cylindrical columns at the entrance of DBP by Lee Shi Yin

ARCHITECTURE ELEMENTS/COMPONENTS ANALYSIS 56

ROOF The building has different roof lines at different areas to show the complexity of the design and the unique silhouette of the structure.

picture 6.1.3 butterfly roof of DBP by Lee Shi Yin

ARCHITECTURE ELEMENTS/COMPONENTS ANALYSIS 57

/ BUTTERFLY ROOF A butterfly roof is a V-shaped roof constructed of two tandem pieces which are angled up towards the edges. (roofcostestimator,2017) It is to resemble the lines, angles and wingspan of a butterfly. (Downer, n.p), but in this building, the butterly roof is inspired from the shape of an open book. It gives the building a unique silhouette which is easy to recognise.

PROTRUDES UPWARDS OPEN BOOK The butterfly roof resembles an open book.

EMPTY FLOORS There are two floors underneath the butterfly roof. According to the workers in DBP, the floors are empty and unused, it simply acts as support and to heighten the butterfly roof.

diagram 6.1.4 Analysis Diagram of DBP roof

ARCHITECTURE ELEMENTS/COMPONENTS ANALYSIS 58

/ GABLE ROOF Gable roofs are the most commonly used roof. It has two sloping sides and gables at the end. (roofcostestimator,2017) The usage of gable roofs can be seen at the Auditorium of Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. It was constructed with three gable roofs overlapping each other to achieve its own unique look.

NO OPENING IN BETWEEN There is no opening in between each stacked gable roof. The roofs act as shading, and to resemble Malaysia vernacular roof.

There is no air ventilation through the roof.

picture 6.1.5 DBP roof by Lim Peidi

WIND FLOW OBSTRUCTED

DECORATIVE MOTIVES Floral motives cravings on the faรงade of the roof.

diagram 6.1.6 Analysis Diagram of DBP roof

ARCHITECTURE ELEMENTS/COMPONENTS ANALYSIS 59

/ ROOF COMPARISON picture 6.1.7 Menara Maybank from megaconstrucciones.net

The similar roofing can be seen from another modern building in Malaysia, which is Menara Maybank.

Menara Maybank has a slanted roof which slants downwards towards the edges, different from the butterfly roof of Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka which is angled upwards towards the edges.

diagram 6.1.8 slanted roof of Maybank tower.

diagram 6.1.9 butterfly roof of Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.

ARCHITECTURE ELEMENTS/COMPONENTS ANALYSIS 60

The entrance of Maybank Tower has similar roofing style with the auditorium of Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. It also has stacked gable roofs to resemble the roof of typical Malay house.

Good air ventilation, air gets to flow into the building through opening of roof.

The stacked gable roofs of Maybank tower have big opening in between each roof to allow good air ventilation, whereas the gable roofs of Dewan Bahasa and Pustaka has no opening.

No opening between roof.

No air flow.

No overhanging roof.

Huge roof overhang to prevent rain entering through the openings. diagram 6.1.10 Diagrammatic analysis of the roofing for Menara Maybank.

diagram 6.1.11 Diagrammatic analysis of the roofing for DBP.

picture 6.1.12 Entrance of Menara Maybank from diary.frozenlite.

ARCHITECTURE ELEMENTS/COMPONENTS ANALYSIS 61

picture 6.1.13 Bay Windows by Lee Shi Yin

WINDOWS Window is an opening in a wall that allows light to penetrate. It also creates lines and patterns in a building.

ARCHITECTURE ELEMENTS/COMPONENTS ANALYSIS 62

/ BAY WINDOWS Bay window adds architectural flare to the building which it allows more light in, and accentuating outdoor visibility. It creates a sense of spaciousness to the lobby of the building.

Secured with steel frame

Allow natural lighting into the building

Glass Maximise visibility

picture 6.1.16 Bay Windows by Lee Shi Yin diagram 6.1.14, 6.1.15 Diagrammatic analysis of bay windows by Lee Shi Yin

ARCHITECTURE ELEMENTS/COMPONENTS ANALYSIS 63

/ DOUBLE CASEMENT WINDOWS

Air flow from outside.

Double casement windows allow maximum air ventilation while it is opened outward to allow fresh air inside. The casement windows were built verticallysegmented which creates a strong linear pattern in this building.

diagram 6.1.18 Diagrammatic double casement window opening outwards

picture 6.1.17 Double casement windows arrangement by Lee Shi Yin

diagram 6.1.19 Diagrammatic arrangement of double casement window

picture 6.1.20 Zoomed in double casement window by Lee Shi Yin

ARCHITECTURE ELEMENTS/COMPONENTS ANALYSIS 64

/ GLASS CURTAIN WALL The glass curtain wall forms a facade for Menara Bahasa and Pustaka. It was built using double glass panel, and creates horizontal and vertical features from this facade. It brings in natural lighting, and provide a great view of the Kuala Lumpur city.

Horizontal and vertical lines created from glass panels.

picture 6.1.17 Bay Windows by Lee Shi Yin

picture 6.1.21 Diagrammatic facade of DBP by Lee Shi Yin

picture 6.1.22 Glass curtain wall by Lee Shi Yin

ARCHITECTURE ELEMENTS/COMPONENTS ANALYSIS 65

LIGTHING Light is an important architectural element. The usage of huge windows in this buildings allows natural light to shine in. It also uses electrical light as another source of lighting.

NATURAL LIGHT Broad usage of windows and glass curtain wall in DBP brings natural lighting into the building and minimize the use of electric light.

picture 6.1.23 Natural Light in the building by Lee Shi Yin

ARCHITECTURE ELEMENTS/COMPONENTS ANALYSIS 66

ELECTRIC LIGHT

/ CEILING PENDANT

/ RECESSED LIGHTING Recessed lighting is one of the most versatile sources of light in this building. It is mounted and can be installed into a hollow opening in a ceiling.

Round and small recessed lighting is mostly used in the building, while the old book store uses long and wide recessed light. Both types of recessed lights use flourescent tube bulb.

Pendant light is a lone light fixture that hangs from the ceiling, suspended by a metal rod. It is a single statement piece that draws viewer attention to the centre.

A simple semi sphere pendant light can be found at the entrance of DBP Tower. diagram 6.1.25, 6.1.26 diagrammatic recessed light by Lee Shi Yin

picture 6.1.24 Pendant light in DBP by Lee Shi Yin

picture 6.1.27 Long recessed light in DBP uses fluorescent tube

by Lee Shi Yin

picture 6.1.28 round recessed light in DBP by Lee Shi Yin

ARCHITECTURE ELEMENTS/COMPONENTS ANALYSIS 67

ORNAMENTATION / MOSAIC TILES MURAL The building was declared as a heritage site in 2008. The mural was made of 10mm x 10mm mosaic tiles which were adapted from a painting from Painter En. Ismail bin Mustam in 1961. The mural is one of the activity to renovate and conserve the historical features and value of the building.

picture 6.1.29 Mural Art using Mosaic tiles by Lee Shi Yin

ARCHITECTURE ELEMENTS/COMPONENTS ANALYSIS 68

/ PLASTER CRAVINGS Plaster carvings were used on the exterior of the building – the façade of the gable roofs, and also on top of windows. The carvings are inspired from floral motives to showcase the language of Malay architecture.

picture 6.1.31 Plaster Cravings on top of windows by Lee Shi Yin picture 6.1.30 Plaster Cravings on roof by Lee Shi Yin

ARCHITECTURE ELEMENTS/COMPONENTS ANALYSIS 69

Plaster carvings were used on the exterior of the building – the façade of the gable roofs, and also on top of windows. The carvings are inspired from floral motives to showcase the language of Malay architecture.

/ FLOOR TILES By using different colour of floor tiles, a palm tree – like pattern was shown on the floor. It attracts viewer attention as this will be the first thing they see when they enter the lobby on the building.

picture 6.1.32 Patterns created on the floor by using different floor tiles colour at DBP by Lee Shi Yin

ARCHITECTURE ELEMENTS/COMPONENTS ANALYSIS 70

picture 6.1.33 Wood carving ornamentation on top of lift door in DBP by Lee Shi Yin

/ WOOD CARVING Most of the wooden interior elements like doors, or wooden furniture in the building were carved with floral motives.

Similar to the plaster carvings, this enhances the Malay architecture ambience.

picture 6.1.35 details of wood carving by Lee Shi Yin picture 6.1.34 Wood carving ornamentation around door in DBP by Lee Shi Yin

picture 6.1.31 Patterns created on the floor by using different floor tiles colour at DBP by Lee Shi Yin

ARCHITECTURE ELEMENTS/COMPONENTS ANALYSIS 71

FENESTRATIONS

/ TRIANGULAR PATTERN Triangular pattern can be shown from both sides of the auditorium. It was inspired from abstracted traditional sarong motive - Pucuk Rebong embroidered on ceremonial kain songket.

The V-shaped diagonal struts from the triangles symbolized "outspread umbrellas and national dignity". (Vasu, 2014)

picture 6.1.36 Triangular patterns on DBP auditorium by Lim Zhao Yin

ARCHITECTURE ELEMENTS/COMPONENTS ANALYSIS 72

Patterns abstracted from sarong motive.

diagram 6.1.37 Diagrammatic triangular patterns of DBP auditorium.

picture 6.1.38 Pucok Rebung embroidery on sarung from Imgrum.

ARCHITECTURE ELEMENTS/COMPONENTS ANALYSIS 73

/ RECTANGULAR PATTERNS Rectangular patterns can be seen from the arrangement of windows, and also on the plastering work on the walls of the auditorium.

picture 6.1.39 rectangular patterns on the wall by Lee Shi Yin.

ARCHITECTURE ELEMENTS/COMPONENTS ANALYSIS 74

FROM THE PLASTERING WORK ON THE WALLS Different sizes of rectangular are formed from the plastering work.

The arrangement of smaller and thinner rectangles in between the bigger rectangles creates a sense of lengthening and lowering the building.

diagram 6.1.40 Diagrammatic analysis on the rectangular patterns..

A sense of verticality is formed from the arrangement of thin and long vertically arranged rectangles, which create a sense of heightening the building.

ARCHITECTURE ELEMENTS/COMPONENTS ANALYSIS 75

FROM THE ARRANGEMENT OF WINDOWS Different sizes of rectangular are formed from the arrangement of windows, and the alternation of materials.

metal paneled walls glass windows a repetitive pattern is created by alternating windows and walls.

Different sizes of rectangles are formed.

diagram 6.1.42 DBP tower from wikimedia. diagram 6.1.41 Diagrammatic analysis on the rectangular patterns.

CONCLUSION 76

CONCLU SION

Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka is one of the earliest Malaysia building to adopt modernism which apply the characteristics “Forms follow function�. After having a few visit to Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka and by producing this report, we have an in depth understanding of the Modernism architecture and its characteristics.

Besides, by producing this report, we did a lot of research that allow us to have more understanding towards modernism architecture style and the factors that this architecture style is adopted in Malaysia. We also know more about the architecture elements and principles that are applied to Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka by having a deep case study on it.

Through the effort of each group members, we are able to produce this report and achieve the learning outcomes of this project such as have more understanding on Malaysia’s architecture and what influenced the architecture style, able to analyze the building and documented it into a report.

REFERENCES 77

REFER ENCES

B

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• Ching,F. (2014). Architecture: form, space & order. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley

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• Chin Woo Stadium [Photograph]. (n.d.). https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commo ns/6/6b/Kuala_Lumpur_Malaysia_Chin-WooStadium-01.jpg

• DBP [Photograph]. (n.d.). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kuala_Lumpur_M alaysia-Dewan-Bahasa-Dan-Pustaka-11.jpg • DBP Google Earth [Photograph]. (n.d.). https://www.google.com/maps/place/Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka/@3.134024,101.703486,3188m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x 0:0x6fb6f14a29cf56d5!8m2!3d3.134024!4d101.703486 • DBP Google Map [Photograph]. (n.d.). https://www.google.com/maps/place/Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka/@3.134024,101.703486,15z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0x6fb6f1 4a29cf56d5? sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiS4MGjrLLUAhWHOY8KHcpiBLAQ_BIIjAEwCw • Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Old [Photograph]. (n.d.). http://archives.thestar.com.my/archives/2007/11/10/central/p16bu ilding.jpg

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• Federal hotel [Photograph]. (n.d.). http://www.streetdirectory.com/stock_images/malaysia/simg_sh ow/my_11568348390556/1/the_federal_hotel/ • Lee Yoon Thim [Photograph]. (n.d.). https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chinwoostadium-140705035923phpapp02/95/chin-woo-stadium-9-638.jpg?cb=1404532850 • Light Weight Concrete [Photograph]. (n.d.). http://www.civileblog.com/wpcontent/uploads/2015/08/lightweight-concrete.jpg • Malay House Stairs [Photograph]. (n.d.). http://radioritas.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/greattraditional-malay-house-with-high-stairs.jpg • Malay Traditional House [Photograph]. (n.d.). https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c4/Rumah_kedah.gi f • Menare DBP [Photograph]. (n.d.). https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Kuala_Lu mpur_Malaysia-Dewan-Bahasa-Dan-Pustaka-11.jpg • Reinforced Concrete [Photograph]. (n.d.). http://www.technologystudent.com/joints/cement2a.png • Riau Pavilion [Photograph]. (n.d.). https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/T MII_Riau_Pavilion_Malay_House_01.jpg/220px-TMII_ Riau_Pavilion_Malay_House_01.jpg

WEBSITE

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