Solution Manual for Elements of Ecology Canadian 1st
Edition by Smith Robert Smith and Waters ISBN0321512014
9780321512017
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Elements of Ecology, Cdn. Ed. (Smith/Smith/Havelka)
Chapter 7 Animal Adaptations to the Environment
7.1 Short Answer Questions
1) An organism that obtains its energy and most nutrients from consuming plants or animals is called a(n) ________.
Answer: heterotroph
Type: SA
Topic: Introduction to Chapter 7
2) The predictable change in morphological and physiological features as a function of body size is referred to as ________.
Answer: scaling
Type: SA
Topic: Section 7.1
3) The relationship between surface area and ________ imposes a critical constraint on animal form.
Answer: volume
Type: SA
Topic: Section 7.1
4) Animals that feed exclusively on plant tissue as food are called ________.
Answer: herbivores
Type: SA
Topic: Section 7.2
5) Herbivores are unable to digest ________ and thus rely on the help of specialized bacteria and protozoa living in their digestive tracts.
Answer: cellulose
Type: SA
Topic: Section 7.2
6) Herbivores with compartmentalized digestive systems that house microbes that facilitate the breakdown of cellulose are known as ________.
Answer: ruminants
Type: SA
Topic: Section 7.2
7) ________ amino acids are those that animals are unable to synthesize for themselves and thus, must be supplied by the diet.
Answer: Essential
Type: SA
Topic: Section 7.3
8) The highest-quality plant food for herbivores is high in ________.
Answer: nitrogen
Type: SA
Topic: Section 7.3
9) ________ is often the least available nutrient in terrestrial environments.
Answer: Sodium
Type: SA
Topic: Section 7.3
10) Oxygen is required in ________, a cellular process that releases energy through the breakdown of organic compounds.
Answer: respiration
Type: SA
Topic: Section 7.4
11) In what environment would you expect an organism with evaginated organs to live? Why?
Answer: Aquatic. Water loss would be extensive in a terrestrial environment.
Type: SA
Topic: Section 7.4
12) ________ is the maintenance by an animal of a relatively constant internal environment in a varying external environment.
Answer: Homeostasis
Type: SA
Topic: Section 7.5
13) ________ is the ability to transmit heat.
Answer: Conductivity
Type: SA
Topic: Section 7.6
14) Animals that maintain a fairly constant internal temperature independent of external temperatures are called ________.
Answer: homeotherms
Type: SA
Topic: Section 7.6
15) Amphibians and reptiles can quickly raise their body temperature by ________ in the sun.
Answer: basking
Type: SA
Topic: Section 7.7
16) What are the risks associated with basking? How can they be mitigated?
Answer: Two major ones are predation and evaporative loss, which are mitigated through camouflage, colour change, and being close to an 'escape' route.
Type: SA
Topic: Section 7.7
17) The ________ zone is a range of environmental temperatures within which homeothermic metabolic rates are minimal.
Answer: thermoneutral
Type: SA
Topic: Section 7.8
18) Environmental sources of heat control the rates of metabolism and activity among most ________.
Answer: poikilotherms
Type: SA
Topic: Sections 7.8 and 7.9
19) Large reptiles (e.g., alligators) are all restricted to ________ environments.
Answer: warm tropical
Type: SA
Topic: Section 7.9
20) The smaller a homeotherm, the ________ the loss of heat to the surrounding environment.
Answer: greater
Type: SA
Topic: Section 7.9
21) ________ is a long, seasonal torpor characterized by a cessation of activity.
Answer: Hibernation
Type: SA
Topic: Section 7.10
22) ________ of body fluids takes place when the body temperature falls below the freezing point without actually freezing.
Answer: Supercooling
Type: SA
Topic: Section 7.11
23) A process of temporarily dropping body temperature to the temperature of the environment for part of the day is called ________.
Answer: torpor, or daily torpor
Type: SA
Topic: Sections 7.11 and 7.13
24) Birds and reptiles reabsorb water from the ________ back into the body.
Answer: cloaca
Type: SA
Topic: Section 7.13
25) Many insects undergo ________, a stage of arrested development in their lifecycle from which they emerge when conditions improve.
Answer: diapause
Type: SA
Topic: Section 7.13
26) Aquatic organisms that have a lower salt concentration in their bodies than the surrounding water are considered ________.
Answer: hypoosmotic
Type: SA
Topic: Section 7.14
27) Living tissue is ________ dense than water.
Answer: more
Type: SA
Topic: Section 7.15
28) ________ are less dense than seawater and are present in fish that lack swim bladders.
Answer: Lipids
Type: SA
Topic: Section 7.15
29) In animals, a cycle of physiological activity that occurs within a 24-hour period is called a ________.
Answer: circadian rhythm
Type: SA
Topic: Section 7.16
30) The circadian rhythm of an animal is controlled by ________.
Answer: light
Type: SA
Topic: Section 7.16
31) The reproductive, or seasonal, activity is unaffected by day length in ________ organisms.
Answer: day neutral
Type: SA
Topic: Section 7.16
32) The circadian rhythm of many intertidal species is determined by ________.
Answer: tides, or tidal cycles
Type: SA
Topic: Section 7.16
33) That organisms rely on multiple environmental cues to determine circadian rhythms is known as ________.
Answer: redundancy, or redundancies
Type: SA
Topic: Section 7.16
34) If the value of Hconduction of the body core is positive, then the direction of heat flow is ________.
Answer: outward
Type: SA
Topic: Quantifying Ecology 7.1
7.2 Multiple-Choice Questions
1) An organism that derives energy and most nutrients through the consumption of plants and animals is a(n)
A) autotroph.
B) heterotroph.
C) organotroph.
D) detritivore.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Topic: Introduction to Chapter 7
2) The isometric scaling exponent (0.67) represents the interaction of
A) body weight and length.
B) body length and volume.
C) body surface area and weight.
D) body volume and surface area.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Topic: Section 7.1
3) What factor is known to constrain animal body shape and size?
A) access to water
B) atmospheric pressure
C) oxygen diffusion rate
D) nitrogen availability
Answer: C
Type: MC
Topic: Section 7.1
4) Which of the following is a feature that allows for long-distance transport of oxygen to animal cells?
A) brain
B) heart
C) stomach
D) mouth
Answer: B
Type: MC
Topic: Section 7.1
5) Detritivores
A) feed exclusively on live plant material.
B) eat other live animals.
C) drink only water.
D) feed on dead plant and animal material.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Topic: Section 7.2
6) Which of the following is incorrect?
A) A grazer has a high cellulose diet.
B) By itself, a browser is unable to extract all the nutrients from woody material.
C) An herbivore may also be a frugivore.
D) A granivore feeds on fruits.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Topic: Section 7.2
7) Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A) Carnivores usually have longer intestines and more complex stomachs than herbivores.
B) Some fish access nutrients in algal cells by having a low stomach pH.
C) Seed-eating birds rely on chewing alone to mechanically process seeds.
D) Fatty acids produced in the rumen are later absorbed in the omasum.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Topic: Section 7.2
8) Which of the following is an incorrect match of animal nutrient and nutrient role?
A) fluorine: a basic constituent of proteins
B) phosphorus: important for bone and tooth formation
C) calcium: gives rigidity to the skeletons of vertebrates
D) cobalt: required by ruminants for the synthesis of vitamin B12
Answer: A
Type: MC
Topic: Section 7.3
9) ________ is concentrated in the growing tips, new leaves, and buds of plants.
A) Carbon
B) Hydrogen
C) Nitrogen
D) Oxygen
Answer: C
Type: MC
Topic: Section 7.3
10) All the following minerals are provided to animals at a mineral-lick, EXCEPT
A) sulfur.
B) sodium.
C) magnesium.
D) calcium.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Topic: Section 7.3
11) Which of the following animals does NOT use lungs to acquire oxygen?
A) whale
B) frog
C) bird
D) butterfly
Answer: D
Type: MC
Topic: Section 7.4
12) Invagination of structures is characteristic of adaptations to a(n) ________ environment.
A) terrestrial
B) aquatic
C) hostile
D) unpredictable
Answer: A
Type: MC
Topic: Section 7.4
13) Water flows over gills in the opposite direction as blood flow in a process known as
A) inhalation.
B) respiration.
C) diffusion.
D) countercurrent exchange.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Topic: Section 7.4
14) The maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment in a varying external environment is called
A) thermoregulation.
B) diapause.
C) acclimatization.
D) homeostasis.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Topic: Section 7.5
15) Which of the following is NOT expected in response to an increase in human body temperature?
A) sweating
B) cooling due to evaporation of water from skin
C) shivering
D) increased blood flow to the skin
Answer: C
Type: MC
Topic: Section 7.5
16) Which of the following factors does NOT influence animal heat exchange?
A) oxygen diffusion rate
B) conductivity of fat
C) movement of blood to the body's surface
D) fat thickness
Answer: A
Type: MC
Topic: Section 7.6
17) The regulation of body temperature in an animal by internal metabolism is called
A) endothermy.
B) ectothermy.
C) poikilothermy.
D) homeostasis.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Topic: Section 7.6
18) The regulation of body temperature in an animal by the external environment is called
A) heterothermy.
B) ectothermy.
C) endothermy.
D) homeostasis.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Topic: Section 7.6
19) For every ________ rise in temperature, the poikilothermic metabolic rate approximately doubles.
A) 1°C
B) 2°C
C) 5°C
D) 10°C
Answer: D
Type: MC
Topic: Section 7.7
20) Sharks and tuna are able to maintain a higher internal body temperature than the surrounding water because they possess
A) lungs.
B) a rete.
C) smaller fins.
D) a swim bladder.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Topic: Section 7.7
21) The homeothermic respiration rate is proportional to
A) surface area to volume ratio (SA/V).
B) nitrogen availability.
C) body mass.
D) air temperature.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Topic: Section 7.8
22) Which of the following is unique to some small mammals in order to increase heat production?
A) fur
B) brown fat
C) shivering
D) evaporative cooling
Answer: B
Type: MC
Topic: Section 7.8
23) The basal metabolic rate per unit of body mass is highest in a
A) large endotherm.
B) small endotherm.
C) large ectotherm.
D) small ectotherm.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Topic: Section 7.9
24) Which of the following is an advantage of homeothermy?
A) high caloric intake
B) maximum allocation of energy to growth
C) activity regardless of external temperature
D) wide fluctuations in body temperature
Answer: C
Type: MC
Topic: Section 7.9
25) The dropping of body temperature to approximately ambient temperature for part of a day is called
A) diapause.
B) hibernation.
C) behavioural thermoregulation.
D) torpor.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Topic: Section 7.9
26) Colder climates tend to have larger-sized homeotherms. This trend is stated as
A) the rule of diminishing returns.
B) temperature/size trade-off.
C) Bergmann's rule.
D) Hardy-Weinberg principle.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Topic: Section 7.9
27) Immediately prior to flight in cool temperatures, some insects
A) must consume hundreds of calories.
B) increase heat production by shivering flight muscles of the thorax.
C) seek shade.
D) increase anaerobic respiration.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Topic: Section 7.10
28) The seasonal cessation of activities accompanied by a reduction in metabolism in response to cold temperatures during winter is called
A) hibernation.
B) torpor.
C) heterothermy.
D) diapause.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Topic: Section 7.10
29) All of the following characterize a hibernating homeotherm, EXCEPT
A) low blood pH.
B) high CO2 level in blood.
C) increased heart rate.
D) decrease in body temperature.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Topic: Section 7.10
30) Which solute is known to provide protection against freezing damage in some animals?
A) glucose
B) glycerol
C) salt
D) sucrose
Answer: B
Type: MC
Topic: Section 7.11
31) Which of the following is NOT a known countercurrent heat exchange mechanism?
A) porpoise fluke
B) beaver tail
C) African desert antelope sinus
D) primate hands
Answer: D
Type: MC
Topic: Section 7.11
32) ________ can cool nasal membranes enough to cause condensation from inhaled air.
A) Spadefoot toads
B) African ungulates
C) Small desert rodents
D) Kangaroos
Answer: C
Type: MC
Topic: Section 7.13
33) Which of the following is a major problem for animals that live in hyperosmotic environments?
A) preventing heat loss
B) access to mineral nutrients
C) preventing water loss
D) obtaining enough oxygen
Answer: C
Type: MC
Topic: Section 7.14
34) A freshwater fish is ________ and ________ water to/from the environment.
A) hyperosmotic; gains
B) hyperosmotic; loses
C) hypoosmotic; gains
D) hypoosmotic; loses
Answer: A
Type: MC
Topic: Section 7.14
35) Which of the following is NOT a mechanism used by some animals to stay afloat?
A) swim bladder
B) rete
C) lungs
D) lipid deposits
Answer: B
Type: MC
Topic: Section 7.15
36) Secretion of ________ from the pineal gland peaks at night and declines during the day.
A) melatonin
B) melanin
C) carbon dioxide
D) glucose
Answer: A
Type: MC
Topic: Section 7.16
37) Parietal eyes are found in all the following animals, EXCEPT
A) frogs.
B) lizards.
C) tuna.
D) birds.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Topic: Section 7.16
38) An organism's response to seasonal change in spring and fall is determined by both critical day length and
A) direction of light.
B) temperature.
C) rainfall.
D) food availability.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Topic: Section 7.16
39) In seasonal breeders (e.g., sheep) an increase in melatonin
A) occurs in the summer.
B) causes the anterior pituitary to release luteinizing hormone.
C) increases the sensitivity of the pituitary gland to negative feedback.
D) corresponds with a reduction in fertility.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Topic: Section 7.16
40) Which of the following will always decrease an organism's thermal conductivity (k)?
A) fur
B) density
C) fat
D) feathers
Answer: B
Type: MC
Topic: Quantifying Ecology 7.1
41) The transfer of heat energy between a solid and a moving fluid (air or water) is known as
A) conduction.
B) evaporation.
C) convection.
D) radiation.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Topic: Quantifying Ecology 7.1
7.3 True/False Questions
1) As the surface area of a body increases, the surface-area to volume ratio (SA/V) also increases.
Answer: FALSE
Type: TF
Topic: Section 7.1
2) An omnivore feeds primarily on dead plant or animal matter.
Answer: FALSE
Type: TF
Topic: Section 7.1
3) Coprophagy is common among detritus-feeding animals.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Topic: Section 7.2
4) Ruminants regurgitate food to further break food down into smaller pieces.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Topic: Section 7.2
5) The primary problem for carnivores is to digest enough cellulose.
Answer: FALSE
Type: TF
Topic: Section 7.2
6) Herbivores can detect the nitrogen content of plants by odour and/or taste.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Topic: Section 7.3
7) During spring, vegetation is higher in potassium relative to calcium and magnesium.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Topic: Section 7.3
8) All marine animals lack lungs.
Answer: FALSE
Type: TF
Topic: Section 7.4
9) Air flow through bird lungs is a continuous circuit; the air flows in one direction only.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Topic: Section 7.4
10) Homeostasis refers to the maintenance of a fluctuating internal environment, varying in response to changes in the external environment.
Answer: FALSE
Type: TF
Topic: Section 7.5
11) A living organism must maintain each internal condition (e.g., body temperature) to a fixed set point.
Answer: FALSE
Type: TF
Topic: Section 7.5
12) Terrestrial animals are usually subjected to more radical changes in their thermal environment than aquatic animals.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Topic: Section 7.6
13) The regulation of body temperature by internal metabolism is called ectothermy.
Answer: FALSE
Type: TF
Topic: Section 7.6
14) Poikilotherms exploit microclimates to regulate temperature.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Topic: Section 7.7
15) Some aquatic poikilotherms (e.g., sharks) are able to maintain a higher internal body temperature than the surrounding water.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Topic: Section 7.7
16) Homeotherms can sustain a higher level of physical activity for longer periods of time than poikilotherms.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Topic: Section 7.8
17) Only animals with sweat glands can take advantage of evaporative cooling.
Answer: FALSE
Type: TF
Topic: Section 7.8
18) The smallest animals are endotherms.
Answer: FALSE
Type: TF
Topic: Section 7.9
19) An ectotherm has a lower caloric requirement than an endotherm of similar size.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Topic: Section 7.9
20) Flying insects have a high metabolic rate when flying and can produce as much or more heat than homeotherms.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Topic: Section 7.10
21) Countercurrent heat exchange is an adaptation for both conserving body heat in a cold environment and losing body heat in a hot environment.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Topic: Section 7.11
22) Liquid water is the sole source of water for terrestrial animals.
Answer: FALSE
Type: TF
Topic: Section 7.13
23) Freshwater aquatic organisms are faced with the problem of preventing excessive uptake or retention of water.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Topic: Section 7.14
24) Seabirds cannot drink saltwater but are able to obtain water directly from the food they eat.
Answer: FALSE
Type: TF
Topic: Section 7.14
25) Most fish control their buoyancy by regulating the amount of gas in their gills.
Answer: FALSE
Type: TF
Topic: Section 7.15
26) The 24-hour cycle of activities in animals is called a circannual rhythm.
Answer: FALSE
Type: TF
Topic: Section 7.16
27) Melatonin is secreted by the pineal gland at greater levels during the day.
Answer: FALSE
Type: TF
Topic: Section 7.16
28) Seasonal changes in the behaviour of animals are usually stimulated by changing critical daylengths.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Topic: Section 7.16
29) Fiddler crabs are still dependent on tidal cycles for circadian rhythms of body colour in a controlled lab setting.
Answer: FALSE
Type: TF
Topic: Section 7.16
30) Convective heat transfer is the movement of heat through solids or between two solids that are in direct contact.
Answer: FALSE
Type: TF
Topic: Quantifying Ecology 7.1
7.4 Essay Questions
1) Discuss and describe several different strategies that herbivores use to extract nutrients from a cellulose-rich diet.
Type: ES
Topic: Section 7.2
2) Describe the physiological consequences suffered by ruminants when the mineral content of vegetation is low (e.g., springtime).
Type: ES
Topic: Section 7.3
3) Compare and contrast the mechanisms used by animals for the uptake of oxygen from the terrestrial and aquatic environments.
Type: ES
Topic: Section 7.4
4) Explain the importance of negative feedback to the maintenance of homeostatic plateaus in animals.
Type: ES
Topic: Section 7.5
5) Use an example to explain how poikilotherms change behaviour and exploit microclimates to regulate body temperature.
Type: ES
Topic: Section 7.7
6) Contrast the advantages of a fur coat on a camel and a squirrel.
Type: ES
Topic: Section 7.8
7) Explain the relationship between the surface area and volume of a body as it increases in size. How have some animals adapted to the constraints imposed by cellular respiration and delivery of oxygen?
Type: ES
Topic: Section 7.9
8) Discuss the trade-offs between ectothermy and endothermy. Under what conditions is each strategy beneficial and why?
Type: ES
Topic: Section 7.9
9) Use an example to explain the strategy used by a temporal heterotherm.
Type: ES
Topic: Section 7.10
10) Compare and contrast the torpor states of a bat, chipmunk, and black bear.
Type: ES
Topic: Section 7.10
11) Explain the countercurrent heat exchange mechanism. How does this mechanism serve opposite purposes for animals in cold and hot environments?
Type: ES
Topic: Section 7.11
12) Discuss the distinctions between ectothermy, endothermy, poikilothermy, and homeothermy.
Type: ES
Topic: Sections 7.8, 7.9, 7.10, and 7.11
13) Outline the benefits and disadvantages of heavy snow cover. Describe various adaptations animals have made for coping in the Canadian winter.
Answer:
Benefits: insulating effect helps small bodied animals - warmer area near ground under snow cover, helps protect plants for herbivores, small animals can reach higher food sources, shelter from predators.
Disadvantages: reduces oxygen supply near ground level, harder to move through - expenditure of energy.
Adaptations: camouflage (turn white seasonally), large furry feet to move across surface, changes in behaviour and food preference, hibernation and torpor.
Type: ES
Topic: Sections 7.10 and 7.12
14) Describe two animal adaptations for conserving water in arid environments.
Type: ES
Topic: Section 7.13
15) Describe and contrast the osmotic challenges faced by marine and freshwater animals.
Type: ES
Topic: Section 7.14
16) Explain the pathway involved to determine an animal's circadian rhythm. Include the following terms in your explanation: critical day length, light, melatonin, photoperiod, photoreception, pineal gland, and pituitary gland.
Type: ES
Topic: Section 7.16