OUR CORRUPT PLANET DESIGNING FOR CITIZENS O F T H E N O N - D E M O C R AT I C WORLD
A T H E S I S I N V E S T I G AT I O N T H AT E X P L O R E S E S C A L AT I N G C A S E S O F P O L I T I C A L C O R R U P T I O N I N B O L I V I A A N D E S TA B L I S H E S ARCHITECTURAL AND URBAN DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR A T R A N S PA R E N C Y A N D C O R R U P T I O N I N T E R V E N T I O N
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Research for this thesis investigation was undertaken at Universidad Privada de Santa Cruz De La Sierra, Bolivia. Throughout the production and writing of this publication, I have received a great deal of support and assistance. I would like to thank Katherine Brunn, our exchange co-ordinator. You formed a great part in organising the international exchange programme, introducing us to the university and Bolivia, collected us from the airport and assisted on the search for our accommodation in Bolivia. I would like to thank Claudia Canedo Velasco, Professor of Architecture and Urbanism, whose expertise was valuable in formulating research topics and resources. You helped us gain a better understanding of the city through your publications and analysis. I would like to thank Dr. Victor Hugo, Master of Architecture (History and Theory) and Doctor in Educational Science, for teaching Bolivian history and the origins of Santa Cruz De La Sierra. I would also like to thank you for giving us a tour around the city and showing us valuable and historical sites. PAG E | 2
D E C L A R AT I O N
S H AW N K AY PGDIP / MARCH ADV ANCED ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
AB 964 Design Studies 5A MArch/Pg Dip Advanced Architectural Design MArch Architectural Design International Declaration “i hereby declare that this submission is my own work and has been composed by myself. It contains no unacknowledged text and has not been submitted in any previous context. All quotations have been distinguished by quotation marks and all sources of information, text, illustration, tables, images etc. have been specifically acknowledged. I accept that if having signed this Declaration my work should be found at Examination to show evidence of academic dishonesty the work will fail and I will be liable to face the University Senate Discipline Committee.�
Name: SHAWN CLARK KAY
Signed:
Date: 17.01.2020 PAG E | 3
ABSTRACT Did you know your ignorance on corruption is a dictator’s power? Irish musician, Bono, defines the solution to government corruption rather well by claiming “the worst
“
PEOPLE SHOULD BE CONSCIOUS T H AT T H E Y CAN CHANGE A CORRUPT SYSTEM
”
disease in the world today is corruption. And there is a cure: transparency.” Other vocabulary that may pose a threat to a dictatorship could be; exposure, democracy, accountability, ethics; to name a few. If corruption is a disease, then yes, almost the majority of the world is certainly dying. An eighteenth century English writer, Charles Caleb Colton, believed “Corruption is like a ball of snow, once it’s set a rolling it must increase”. This is a thesis investigation that explores architectural and urban cures to the ‘disease’ of corruption, as well as finding the epidemic… and Bolivia is the guinea pig.
PETER EIGEN
FOUNDER OF TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL
Corruption in Bolivia had been escalating like a ‘ball of snow’ since the beginning of the Morales regime in 2006. Current president, Evo Morales, flees Bolivia after committing election fraud in 2019, sparking political tensions and the rise of a coup. Morales is granted asylum in Mexico and the ‘ball of snow’ has stopped ‘rolling’ - for now. It is only a matter of time before it rolls again as Morales threatens to return soon with “strength and power”. Now, more than ever, as architectural designers and urban planners, we can intervene to establish a cure for corruption
“
PEOPLE’S INDIFFERENCE IS THE BEST BREEDING GROUND FOR CORRUPTION TO GROW.
”
through a design intervention. Will we move Bolivia into a warm democratic climate with a systematically transparent design where corruption will forever fail to ‘roll’ again. Or do we move Bolivia into an even more colder, corrupt climate that spreads the epidemic into a state of authoritarian regime? One that forbids the practice of democratic rights and protest - to end conflictual opposition and violent confrontation once and for all?
FIGURE ABSTRACT | INFLUENCERS AGAINST CORRUPTION PAG E | 4
DELIA FERREIRA RUBIO CHAIR OF TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL
“
“ “
WE NEED TO TELL EACH OTHER OUR WITHOUT STRONG STORIES. WE NEED WATCHDOG TO SHOW THAT INSTITUTIONS, NONE OF THE MAIN EVERYONE - OUR IMPUNITY ISSUES WHICH NEIGHBOURS, OUR BECOMES THE VERY HUMANITY IS FACING FAMILIES, OUR FOUNDATION UPON COMMUNITY LEADERS WILL BE RESOLVED WHICH SYSTEMS OF WITHOUT - EVERYONE WE CORRUPTION ARE KNOW IS TOUCHED BY ACCESS TO BUILT. INFORMATION CORRUPTION
CORRUPTION IS PA I D BY THE POOR
“
”
POPE FRANCIS
”
RIGOBERTA MENCHU TUM
JENNIFER LAWRENCE
NOBEL PRIZE LAUREATE
“
“
CHRISTOPHER DELOIRE
REPORTERS WITHOUT BORDERS, SECRETARY GENERAL
CORRUPTION IS A CANCER: INTEGRITY, A CANCER THAT EATS TRANSPARENCY AWAY AT A AND THE FIGHT THERE ARE CITIZEN’S FAITH AGAINST CORRUPTION S T I L L T H O S E O F IN DEMOCRACY, HAVE TO BE PART OF US WHO WORK DIMINISHES THE THE CULTURE. THEY TO OVERCOME INSTINCT FOR HAVE TO BE THOUGHT CORRUPTION INNOVATION AND AS FUNDAMENTAL A N D B E L I E V E I T I S CREATIVITY. VALUES POSSIBLE
“
”
JOE BIDEN
”
”
”
ANGEL GURRIA
FORMER VICE PRESIDENT OF USA OECD SECRETARY GENERAL
“
THE DUTY OF YOUTH IS TO CHALLENGE CORRUPTION
”
PADME AMIDALA
”
KURT COBAIN PAG E | 5
PAG E 0 8
LIST OF FIGURES
PAG E 1 2
INTRODUCTION
CONTENTS SECTION I - RESEARCH
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION TO GOVERNMENT CORRUPTION PAG E 1 5
CHAPTER INTRODUCTION
PAG E 1 6
GOVERNMENT CORRUPTION
PAG E 1 8
P R I VAT E A N D P U B L I C S E C T O R
PAG E 1 9
CORRUPTION REFINED
PAG E 2 0
CONSEQUENCES OF CORRUPTION
PAG E 2 2
FORMS AND CONSEQUENCES
PAG E 2 4
OUR CORRUPT PLANET
PAG E 2 6
HOW CORRUPTION IS MEASURED
PAG E 2 7
T H E D E M O C R AT I C I N D E X
PAG E 2 8
EXAMPLES OF DEMOCRACY AND REGIME
PAG E 3 0
CORRUPTION IN SOUTH AMERICA
PAG E 3 4
W H AT I S H A P P E N I N G I N V E N E Z U E L A ?
PAG E 3 6
I S B O L I V I A O N T H E S A M E P AT H A S V E N E Z U E L A ?
C H A P T E R T W O : B O L I V I A’ S P O L I T I C A L C O N T E X T PAG E 3 9
CHAPTER INTRODUCTION
PAG E 4 0
R E G I O N S , C I T I E S A N D P O P U L AT I O N
PAG E 4 2
S E AT O F G O V E R N M E N T
PAG E 4 4
SUPREME TRIBUNAL OF JUSTICE
PAG E 4 6
ELECTION HISTORY 1985 - 2019
PAG E 4 8
2019 GENERAL ELECTION
PAG E 5 0
CITY PROFILE: SUCRE
PAG E 5 2
C I T Y P R O F I L E : L A PA Z
PAG E 5 4
CITY PROFILE: COCHABAMBA
PAG E 5 6
C I T Y P R O F I L E : S A N TA C R U Z D E L A S I E R R A
PAG E 5 8
PROBLEM CONCLUSION
C H A P T E R T H R E E : R I S E T O D I C TAT O R , T H E L E G A C Y A N D D O W N FA L L OF EVO MORALES PAG E 61
CHAPTER INTRODUCTION
PAG E 6 2
2 0 0 2 E L R I VA L C O C A L E R O
PAG E 6 4
2003 OCTUBRE NEGRO
PAG E 6 6
2 0 0 6 E L E S TA D O I N D Í G E N A
PAG E 6 8
2006 SOMOS PUEBLOS, SOMOS MAS
PAG E 70
2007 LA GUERRA DE COCA
PAG E 7 2
2008 EVO ASESINO DE DEMOCRACIA
PAG E 74
2011 EL SACRIFICIO
PAG E 76 PAG E | 6
2012 RETIRADA
[ T H E C O C A G R O W E R R I VA L ]
[BLACK OCTOBER] [ T H E I N D I G E N O U S S TAT E ]
[ TH E CO C A WA R ]
[THE SACRIFICE]
[ W I T H D R AWA L ]
[WE ARE THE PEOPLE, WE ARE MAS (MORE)]
[EVO, ASSASSIN OF DEMOCRACY]
PAG E 7 8
2017 UNO MAS?
PAG E 8 0
2017 BOLIVIA DICE NO
PAG E 8 2
2 0 1 8 P A L A C I O D E L D I C TA D O R
PAG E 8 4
2 0 1 9 D I C TA D U R A !
PAG E 8 6
CHAPTER TIMELINE CONCLUSION
[ONE MORE?] [ B O L I V I A S AY S N O ] [ D I C TAT O R P A L A C E ]
[ D I C TAT O R S H I P ! ]
S E C T I O N I I - A N A LY S I S CHAPTER FOUR: MANIFESTO PAG E 8 9
CHAPTER INTRODUCTION
PAG E 9 0
P R O B L E M S TAT E M E N T
PAG E 9 4
P R O B L E M A N A LY S I S : S O L U T I O N S
PAG E 9 6
P R O B L E M A N A LY S I S : T H E S O L U T I O N S T O F O R M S O F C O R R U P T I O N
PAG E 9 8
THE MOST EFFECTIVE SOLUTION
PAG E 1 0 0
H Y P OT H E S I S : A CO R R U P T B O L I V I A O R A T R A N S PA R E N T B O L I V I A?
PAG E 1 0 2
A N A LY S I S R E S E A R C H Q U E S T I O N S
PAG E 1 0 4
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
C H A P T E R F I V E : G U I D E L I N E S F O R D E M O C R A C Y, A N A LY S I S O F D E M O C R AT I C A N D C O R R U P T I N S T I T U T I O N S PAG E 1 07
CHAPTER INTRODUCTION
PAG E 1 0 8
NEW ZEALAND
PAG E 1 1 0
UNITED KINGDOM
PAG E 1 1 2
SCOTLAND
PAG E 1 1 4
WA L E S
PAG E 1 1 6
SOUTH AFRICA
PAG E 1 1 8
U R U G U AY
PAG E 1 2 0
VENEZUELA
PAG E 1 2 2
SAUDI ARABIA
PAG E 1 2 4
RUSSIA
PAG E 1 2 6
NORTH KOREA
PAG E 1 2 8
E S TA B L I S H E D G U I D E L I N E S
PAG E 1 3 0
TRANSITIONAL CASE STUDY: EAST AND WEST GERMANY
SECTION III - BRIEF C H A P T E R S I X : D E S I G N B R I E F, D E S I G N I N G F O R C I T I Z E N S O F T H E N O N D E M O C R AT I C W O R L D PAG E 1 4 1
CHAPTER INTRODUCTION
PAG E 1 4 2
L A PA Z P O L I T I C A L P R O F I L E
PAG E 1 4 4
S I T E A N A LY S I S
PAG E 1 5 4
D E S I G N S T R AT E G I E S
PAG E 1 6 4
L A N U E VA A S A M B L E A
PAG E 1 6 8
CASA GRANDE DEL PUEBLO
PAG E 1 76 PAG E 1 8 4 PAG E 1 8 6
DESIGN BRIEF
FURTHER RESEARCH BIBLIOGRAPHY
PAG E | 7
LIST OF FIGURES SECTION / CHAPTER
Pa ge
Figure Number 3.11
Figure Title
Source
Casa grande del pueblo touches down at plaza murillo
Author’s Own
Front Cover
1
Acknowledgements
2
UPSA group photo
Author’s Own
Abstract
3
Influencers against corruption
Author’s Own
Introduction
5
Thesis structure in hourglass
Author’s Own
S1.C1.
17
1.1
Forms of corruption
Author’s Own
S1.C1.
18
1.2
Corruption in public and private sector
Author’s Own
S1.C1.
19
1.3
Corruption refined
Author’s Own
S1.C1.
20
1.4.1 - 1.4.4
Costs of corruption
Author’s Own
S1.C1.
22
1.5
Forms and consequences of corruption
Author’s Own
S1.C1.
24
1.6
Corruption Index
Map is Author’s Own. Data from Transparency International (2019)
S1.C1.
26
1.7
Map of democracies and regimes
Map is Author's Own. Date from The Economist (2018)
S1.C1.
28
1.8.1 - 1.8.4
Examples of democracies and regimes
Author’s Own
S1.C1.
30
1.9
Corruption map of South America
Author's Own
S1.C1.
31
1.10
Democratic map of South America
Author’s Own
S1.C1.
32
1.11
Transparency international survey results of 17,000 people
Author's Own
S1.C1.
35
1.12
Corruption in Venezuela
Author's Own
S1.C1.
37
1.13
Bolivia protest collage
Author's Own
S1.C2
40
2.1.1
Population distribution
Author’s Own
S1.C2
41
2.1.2
Population concentration, regional map of Bolivia
Author's Own
S1.C2
42
2.2.1
La Paz figure ground
Author's Own
S1.C2
43
2.2.2
La Paz government quarter
Google Maps, Author edited
S1.C2
44
2.3.1
Sucre figure ground
Author's Own
S1.C2
45
2.3.2
Supreme tribunal of justice map
Google Maps, Author edited
S1.C2
46
2.4
Political voting history
Author's Own
S1.C2
48
2.5.1 - 2.5.4
Election candidates
Sonneland, H. (2019).
S1.C2
50
2.6
Sucre city profile
Author's Own
S1.C2
52
2.7
La Paz city profile
Author's Own
S1.C2
54
2.8
Cochabamba city profile
Author's Own
S1.C2
56
2.9
Santa Cruz city profile
Author's Own
S1.C2
59
2.10
Concerns for Bolivia
Author's Own. Data from Sonneland, H. (2019).
S1.C3.
63
3.1
Plurinational legislative assembly seat formations
Author's Own
S1.C3.
65
3.2
The Caravans of Death
Author's Own graphic, images from Achtenberg, E. (2013)
S1.C3.
67
3.3
Morales and the pre-inca temple
Author's Own
S1.C3.
69
3.4
Plaza Murillo site plan
Author's Own, image from skyscrapercity.com. (2016) - Author edited
PAG E | 8
SECTION / CHAPTER
Pa ge
Figure Number
Figure Title
Source
S1.C3.
71
3.5
La Guerra de Coca
Author’s Own graphic, images from Clandestin, C. (2015) and
S1.C3.
73
3.6
Supreme Tribunal of Justice assembly formation
Author's Own
S1.C3.
75
3.7
The route of protest
Google Maps, Author edited
S1.C3.
77
3.8
United Nations assembly formation
Htoo, s. (2017). - Author edited
S1.C3.
79
3.9
Constitutional take over
Author's Own
S1.C3.
81
3.10
Map of protest routes, meeting points, & sites in Santa Cruz
Author's Own
S1.C3.
83
3.11
Casa grande del pueblo touches down at plaza murillo
Author's Own
S1.C3.
85
3.12
Portrait of Evo Morales
platonphoto.com. (2014) - Author edited
S1.C3.
86
3.13
Political milestone timeline
Author's Own
S2.C4
90
4.1
Corruption timeline of Bolivia
Author's Own
S2.C4
92
4.2
Consequence timeline
Author's Own
S2.C4
94
4.3
Solution aspirations
Author's Own
S2.C4
95
4.4
Anti-corruption solutions
Author's Own
S2.C4
96
4.5
Solution of corruption forms
Author's Own
S2.C4
98
4.6
The most effective solution
Author's Own
S2.C4
100
4.7
Corrupt Bolivia
Author's Own
S2.C4
101
4.8
Transparent Bolivia
Author's Own
S2.C4
102
4.9
Research questions for analysis
Author's Own
S2.C4
103
4.10
Case study structure
Author's Own
S2.C4
104
4.11
Objective diagram
Author's Own
S2.C5
109
5.1
New Zealand assembly building profile
Google Maps, parliament.nz. (2020), Martin, J. (2012), Farrar, D. (2016), The Beehive - Concept and Function. (1979), Author edited all
S2.C5
111
5.2
United Kingdom assembly building profile
Google Maps, Unknown (2020), Syal, R. (2017), baselinearts.co.uk. (2020), Author edited all
S2.C5
113
5.3
Scotland assembly building profile
Google Maps, Parliament.scot. (2020), architectureweek.com. (2005), Author edited all
S2.C5
115
5.4
Wales assembly building profile
Google Maps, redbox, R. (2005), both Author edited
S2.C5
117
5.5
South Africa assembly building profile
Google Maps, parliament.gov.za. (2020). both Author edited
S2.C5
119
5.6
Uruguay assembly building profile
Google Maps, Parlamento.gub.uy. (2020) both Author edited
121
5.7
Venezuela assembly building profile
Google Maps, Caracas del valle al mar. (2020). Melgar, A. (2019), Author edited all
S2.C5
123
5.8
Saudi Arabia assembly building profile
Google Maps, Program, Y. (2018), WhatsAnswer. (2020), Author edited all
S2.C5
125
5.9
Russia assembly building profile
Google Maps, Archi Maps (2016), Titt, C. (2020), Mir, R. (2018), Author edited all
(background is figure 2.2.1)
(background is figure 2.2.1)
PAG E | 9
SECTION / CHAPTER
Pa ge
S2.C5
127
S2.C5
Figure Title
Source
5.10
North Korea political profile
Google Maps, history.com Editors (2017), KCNA (2016), Author edited all
131
5.11
Berlin and the map of Germany before 1990
Map - Author’s own Images - CNN (2019)
S2.C5
133
5.12
West Germany assembly building profile
Google Maps - Author edited. Images alchetron.com. (2018)
S2.C5
135
5.13
East Germany assembly building profile
Google Maps - Author edited. Images Schindler, K. (1990), thelocal.de. (2006)
S2.C5
137
5.14.1
Germany assembly building profile
Google Maps - Author edited. Images Boecker, H. (2020), Deutscher Bundestag. (2020)
S2.C5
139
5.14.2
Reichstag drawings
www.fosterandpartners.com, F. (2020)
S3.C6
143
6.1
La Paz assembly building profile
Google Maps - Author edited. Images Cámara de Diputados. (2019). Floor plans Mamani, F. (2020)
S3.C6
144
6.2
Factual analysis poster
Author’s Own
S3.C6
145
6.3
La Paz topography map
legacy.lib.utexas.edu. (2020).
S3.C6
146
6.4
Potential sites
Google maps, Author edited
S3.C6
148
6.5
Potential sites and avenues
Google maps, Author edited
S3.C6
150
6.6
Street analysis
Google street view, Author edited
S3.C6
152
6.7
Assembly building existing plans and elevations
Drawings - Mamani, F. (2020).
S3.C6
154
6.8.1
Transparent urban strategy
Author’s Own
S3.C6
155
6.8.2 - 6.8.5
Urban visuals
Author’s own and Google Street view
S3.C6
156
6.9.1
Corrupt urban strategy
Author’s Own
S3.C6
157
6.9.2 - 6.9.5
Urban visuals
Author’s own and Google Street view
S3.C6
158
6.10
Transparent site sections
Author’s Own Sketch
S3.C6
159
6.11
Transparent site plan
Author’s Own Sketch
S3.C6
160
6.12
Corrupt site sections
Author’s Own Sketch
S3.C6
161
6.13
Corrupt site plan
Author’s Own Sketch
S3.C6
162
6.14
Transparent assembly sketch
Author’s Own Sketch
S3.C6
163
6.15
Corrupt assembly sketch
Author’s Own Sketch
S3.C6
164
6.16
New assembly building profile
RUBAU (2016), Mendoza, L. (2018)
S3.C6
167
6.17
New assembly building internal visuals
El Diario Politica (2017), Aline, Q. (2018)
S3.C6
169
6.18
Indigenous art work, interior
paginasiete.bo. (2018), skyscrapercity.com. (2016)
S3.C6
170
6.19
Photos of model
skyscrapercity.com. (2016)
S3.C6
171
6.20
Floors of the palace
Fuentes, F. (2018)
S3.C6
172
6.21
Floor plan models
skyscrapercity.com. (2016)
S3.C6
173
6.22
Construction of the palace
Sur, C. (2018)
S3.C6
174
6.23
Casa grande del pueblo floor plans
Peñaranda, R. (2018
S3.C6
180
6.24
A corrupt Bolivia
Author's Own
S3.C6
182
6.25
A transparent Bolivia
Author's Own
S3.C6
185
6.26
Further research idea
Author's Own
PAG E | 1 0
Figure Number
PAG E | 1 1
INTRODUCTION In accordance with the Organisation of America States Report in 2019, the October 2019 general elections in
In accordance to a survey by Transparency International that
Bolivia were so fraudulent that an investigation commenced
was distributed to 17,000 citizens across South America,
immediately after the president claimed victory (OAS, 2019).
75% of people believe that if they speak against political
The current president, Evo Morales, committed election fraud
corruption then they will face life threatening consequences
to maintain power, and plummet Bolivia down a dictatorial
(e.V., T. 2019). Extraordinarily, more people (77%) believe
path similar to their South American neighbour, Venezuela.
that ordinary citizens are capable of defeating corruption by speaking up against it (e.V., T. 2019). I speak more about this
This is a thesis investigation that explores an identified
survey in chapter one.
global concern of Government Corruption in a society were vulnerable citizens dream of equality and welfare in
These statistics introduce two directions for the outcome
a sustainable world. The establishment of the Sustainable
of this thesis proposal. The first, is that if three-quarters
Development Goals (SDGS) in 2015 by the United Nations
of South Americans fear from speaking against powerful
provided a framework for equality, health and wealth. The
government bodies, then it is a matter of time until
2030 Agenda proposed a set of targets where all people
governments in the continent overcome the resistance into
from different habitats can live “productive, vibrant and
an absolute authoritarian regime. This scenario would result
peaceful lives in a transparent planet that supports diversity”
in hundreds and thousands of more civil confrontations,
(Un.org. 2019).
mass protests, casualties and deaths, should the resistance continue to battle for democracy. Thus, the outcome of
Corruption poses an alarming concern to vulnerable
this case would be to propose an institutional government
countries who struggle to reach this ambition. Violation of
intervention that prevents civil conflict and opposition to
basic human rights jeopardises the United Nations 2030
occur again through a design entirely fuelled by corrupt
agenda whilst acts of democracy are decaying in government
aspirations forcing citizens to obey under extreme left or
institutions. Our corrupt planet exists of high-profiled
right-wing authoritarian rule.
politicians with extractive and power-preserving greed. Leaders are manipulating constitutional laws to gain wealth,
The second outcome, is that if 77% of South Americans
status and maintain power at the expense of civilian rights.
believe that they, as ordinary working class or middle class civilians, believe they can make a difference and prevent
Corruption exists in both public and private sectors.
corruption through exposure, then civilians of the non-
Fundamentally, government institutions should be liable for
democratic world urgently require a stronger platform of
reinforcing absolute transparency and exposure of private
confrontation against their leader. This scenario would result
sector institutions to prevent corruption. Government bodies
in the encouragement of peaceful protests, accountability,
should embrace compliance and code of conduct as the
leadership confrontation and provide the leader with a
government is at the core when providing for public sector
huge amount of responsibility to please civilians. Thus, the
institutions.
outcome of this case would be to propose an institutional government intervention that reinforces responsibility and
So what is being done to fight against corruption?
accountability through an exposed design entirely inspired
Transparency international define themselves as the “global
by transparency and forcing citizens to be involved in the
coalition against corruption.” An organisation that creates an
outcome of their future.
impact by giving vulnerable citizens and victims of corruption a voice on an international platform. “No country can ignore
The latter, I assume, we would all prefer. But for either
its reputation for corruption. That means no country can
outcome to be considered successful, architectural and urban
ignore Transparency International” - The Economist. José
guidelines must be established to accommodate a strict and
Ugaz, Chair of Transparency International believes “we
particular list of transparent and corrupt qualities.
have a message to the corrupt: Your days of impunity are numbered.” (e.V., T. 2015). PAG E | 1 2
Therefore, this thesis investigation is structured almost like
as the existing assembly building and the presidential palace
an hourglass: beginning by exploring the various forms of
are included in case they may be considered for a design
corruption until it is refined enough to identify where it
intervention in the next design phase. This section concludes
exists and who is to blame for the problem. Chapter one
with a design brief that outlines the purpose, motivation,
explores where corruption exists, least exists and where
intentions and timescale for the next design phase.
emerging cases are occurring. Its purpose is to identify the problem at a global scale before narrowing it to the context
Evo Morales evacuates Bolivia during the rise of a coup that
of Bolivia in Chapter two where contextual research provides
threatens his regime. He flees to Mexico where he is granted
the setting of the abuse of government power. Chapter
asylum and promises to return to Bolivia with “strength
three demonstrates significant political milestones through
and energy�. Now, more than ever, is the perfect time to
historical research and is designed to learn the habits of
intervene before Morales returns. Will the return of Morales
civilian political activists in Bolivia in response to corrupt
and his allies be welcoming and forgiving through a corrupt
events. This chapter studies the influential qualities that
intervention? Or will his return be greeted with an arena of
established the outcome of the corrupt event to be noted
accountability and confrontation where thousands can watch
to guide the output of either outcome one or outcome two.
his disposal, perhaps, the inauguration of transparency?
Chapter three, essentially funnels the research of a global problem and the identified case of Bolivia into a manifesto for both outcomes. The manifesto (chapter four) performs as the transition stages that form section two of this publication. It concludes the research and commences the paths of investigation that establish the guidelines. Chapter four identifies solutions to forms of corruption and visually presents them so we can see either, what solution is the most effective for achieving democracy, or, what solution is the most threatening to a corrupt regime.
INTRODUCTION
SECTION I - RESEARCH
between the research stages in section one, with the analysis
CHAPTER ONE CHAPTER TWO CHAPTER THREE
In chapter five, solutions and forms of corruption are translated into architectural and urban qualities through of democratic and corrupt institutions and are entirely presented graphically to be able to visualise the guidelines. The case studies are all precedents that demonstrate success in fully democratic nations and the strength and manipulation of a deeply corrupt authoritarian regime. Of course, before establishing a design brief, the feasibility of established guidelines from these precedents are tested in a case study of the newly reformed Reichstag that made two
CHAPTER FOUR: MANIFESTO
SECTION II - ANALYSIS
an exhaustive list of case studies. These case studies are
CHAPTER FIVE: A N A LY S I S
Germanys become one.
O TW E S A H
FIGURE INTRO | THESIS STRUCTURE PAG E | 1 3
O
of Bolivia might hold. Case studies of existing structures such
TW
or transparent outcome and visually presents what the future
SE
an intervention for the next design phase for either a corrupt
A
intervene. Chapter six illustrates design strategies to kickstart
H
advantages and disadvantages of potential sites for where to
P
is selected through urban and site analysis and discusses the
CHAPTER SIX: DESIGN BRIEF
P
brief. This chapter provides the context of whatever outcome
SECTION III - BRIEF
Chapter six is the only chapter in section three - the design
GUIDELINES
SECTION I
CHAPTER ONE I N T RO D U C T I O N TO G OV E R N M E N T C O R R U P T I O N
CHAPTER CONTENTS PAG E 1 6
GOVERNMENT CORRUPTION
PAG E 1 8
P R I VAT E A N D P U B L I C S E C T O R
PAG E 1 9
CORRUPTION REFINED
PAG E 2 0
CONSEQUENCES OF CORRUPTION
PAG E 2 2
FORMS AND CONSEQUENCES
PAG E 2 4
OUR CORRUPT PLANET
PAG E 2 6
HOW CORRUPTION IS MEASURED
PAG E 2 7
T H E D E M O C R AT I C I N D E X
PAG E 2 8
EXAMPLES OF DEMOCRACY AND REGIME
PAG E 3 0
CORRUPTION IN SOUTH AMERICA
PAG E 3 4
W H AT I S H A P P E N I N G I N V E N E Z U E L A ?
PAG E 3 6
I S B O L I V I A O N T H E S A M E P AT H A S V E N E Z U E L A ?
INTRODUCTION TO CHAPTER This chapter identifies a global concern: Government Corruption, and performs as the chapter that stresses the importance and significant purpose of this thesis research investigation. The chapter begins with defining the various forms of corruption and will then categorise these into different scales to visualise the most damaging forms. The chapter continues to refine this definition and improve the understanding of corruption by visually demonstrating the origins of the different forms, wether that be in the public or private sector, and concludes with a clarified definition. Consequences of corruption introduces the different types of outcomes that these offences cause, and are then expressed as a visualisation to gain a greater understanding of where corruption happens and how it can harm. This research builds the context to illustrate where corruption occurs in our world and compares this to how democratic countries are to tie the research together and form the relationship between corruption and government involvement. This chapter aims to identify the global problem of government corruption and frame this into the escalating case of South America. The objective is to stress alarming concern on the recent case study of Venezuela as an example of authoritarian rule, and pose this as a threat to neighbouring countries who may be encouraged to follow a similar regime. It concludes by identifying Bolivia as potentially the next nation in South America to erupt and, consequently, become irreversibly corrupt.
PAG E | 1 5
GOVERNMENT CORRUPTION
HOW TO DEFINE CORRUPTION Defined as “the abuse of entrusted power for private gain”
A growing form of corruption is Political corruption.
(e.V., T. 2018). Corruption has three defined scales. There are
This is the manipulation of constitutional procedures and
Grand Corruption, Petty Corruption, and Political Corruption.
the transformation of governmental policies to favour the
There are multiple forms of corruption that vary in scale,
political party in power. Leaders abuse their role to sustain
but can be categorised into one or more of the appropriate
their regime and wealth, and view themselves as a superior
scales. First we will look at the definition of the three
to the general public. A branch from Political corruption
different types of Corruption.
can be labelled as ‘institutional corruption’ which is typically distinguished from bribery for the intention of stubborn
Grand Corruption has recently had a legal definition
and personal gain that is performed in a manipulative
developed by Transparency International as a situation that
manner. Political corruption is far more alarming than
occurs when:
Petty corruption, and if occurs frequently, it is suggesting
“A public official or other person deprives a particular social group or substantial part of the
that governmental bodies are directing a State into grand corruption.
population of a State of a fundamental right; or causes the State or any of its people a loss greater than
Political corruption can be funded from tax-avoiding
100 times the annual minimum subsistence income of its
billionaires to fund a campaign for a party that does not
people;
act against their tax-evasion. These are people who corrupt
as a result of
the institution, using temptation by offering large sums of
bribery, embezzlement or other corruption offence.” (e.V., T.
money to political representatives, without the individual
2016)
members being corrupt themselves. Corruption as such, happens in modern times in Britain. The Conservative Party,
It can consist of large scale acts committed by high
for example, has been proven to be funded millions of
authoritarian governments, enabling the governmental
pounds from Russian Nationals (Says, R. 2019) recognised
head’s of state to legally violate the human rights of an
as Political Contribution - a form of cash contribution to
entire nation. Grand Corruption is the abuse of high-
promote campaigns using media to endorse a political party.
authority power, that only seems beneficial for some highlevel minority. Consequently, this damages a majority of
Transparency International have identified 30 different forms
individuals and society as grand corruption is often played
of corruption in an effort to shed light on corruption crimes
through legal rules.
that violate human rights and our trust in governmental organisations. The motive is to encourage societies,
Petty Corruption, a smaller scale act of corruption
organisations and citizens to be able to identify when
that is often utilised on a daily basis. This normally abuses
corruption occurs, recognise that this is a violation against
basic public goods and services such as healthcare, education
their human rights, and consequently, speak out and act
and emergency services for the benefit of manipulating
upon the corrupted event. I have categorised the 28 different
opinion, or perhaps, sustaining silence.
forms of corruption and organised them under the three types: Grand, Petty, and, Political (Figure 1.1).
PAG E | 1 6
GRAND CORRUPTION POLITICAL CORRUPTION PETTY CORRUPTION
BASE EROSION & PROFIT SHIFTING
BRIBERY
BENEFICIAL OWNERSHIP SECRECY
COLLUSION
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
EMBEZZLEMENT
FRAUD
GRAND CORRUPTION
MONEY LAUNDERING
OFFSHORE FINANCIAL CENTRES
REVOLVING DOOR
SECRECY JURISDICTION
SHELL COMPANY
TAX EVASION
TAX HAVEN
TRANSFER (MIS)PRICING
BRIBERY
CLIENTELISM
COLLUSION
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
FRAUD
ILLICIT FINANCIAL FLOWS
LOBBYING
PATRONAGE
POLITICAL CONTRIBUTION
POLITICAL CORRUPTION
POLITICALLY EXPOSED PEOPLE
STATE CAPTURE
BRIBERY
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
EMBEZZLEMENT
EXTORSION
FACILITATION PAYMENTS
NEPOTISM
NOMINEE
PETTY CORRUPTION
SOLICITATION
FIGURE 1.1 | FORMS OF CORRUPTION
INDICATES FORM OF CORRUPTION APPEARS IN ONE OR MORE CATEGORIES PAG E | 1 7
P R I VAT E S E C T O R
PUBLIC SECTOR
BASE EROSION & PROFIT SHIFTING
BENEFICIAL OWNERSHIP SECRECY
BRIBERY
CLIENTELISM
BRIBERY
CLIENTELISM
COLLUSION
EMBEZZLEMENT
COLLUSION
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
EXTORSION
FACILITATION PAYMENTS
EXTORSION
FACILITATION PAYMENTS
FRAUD
GRAND CORRUPTION
FRAUD
ILLICIT FINANCIAL FLOWS
LOBBYING
MONEY LAUNDERING
ILLICIT FINANCIAL FLOWS
LOBBYING
NEPOTISM
PATRONAGE
NEPOTISM
NOMINEE
OFFSHORE FINANCIAL CENTRES
PATRONAGE
PETTY CORRUPTION
POLITICAL CONTRIBUTION
POLITICAL CORRUPTION
POLITICALLY EXPOSED PEOPLE
POLITICAL CONTRIBUTION
POLITICALLY EXPOSED PEOPLE
REVOLVING DOOR
SECRECY JURISDICTION
REVOLVING DOOR
SOLICITATION
STATE CAPTURE
TAX HAVEN
TAX EVASION
TAX HAVEN
TRANSFER (MIS)PRICING
SHELL COMPANY
SOLICITATION
MANY ‘FORMS OF CORRUPTION’ OCCUR IN BOTH PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTORS. FORMS OUTLINED IN RED ARE UNIQUE TO THEIR OWN PRIVATE, OR, PUBLIC SECTOR.
F I G U R E 1 . 2 | C O R R U P T I O N I N P U B L I C A N D P R I VAT E S E C T O R
PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SECTOR Forms of Corruption can be categorised into public
Public Sector is the government and it’s subdivisions.
and private sector so we can see where these events
This includes healthcare and educational institutions,
occur.
the emergency services, the military and everything that is funded by the general public. Public Sector
Private Sector is any institution, company or a type
bodies are not designed to make a profit, but rather
of accommodation that has a purpose to gain private
are only intended to make a convenience to the lives
profit. It is important that all private sector bodies
of citizens.
commit to preventing corruptive abuse of entrusted power. PAG E | 1 8
GRAND CORRUPTION
P R I VAT E S E C T O R
POLITICAL CORRUPTION
BASE EROSION & PROFIT SHIFTING
BENEFICIAL OWNERSHIP SECRECY
BOTH SECTORS
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
MONEY LAUNDERING
OFFSHORE FINANCIAL CENTRES
SECRECY JURISDICTION
SHELL COMPANY
TAX EVASION
TRANSFER (MIS)PRICING
BRIBERY
COLLUSION
REVOLVING DOOR
TAX HAVEN
BRIBERY
CLIENTELISM
COLLUSION
FRAUD
ILLICIT FINANCIAL FLOWS
LOBBYING
PATRONAGE
POLITICAL CONTRIBUTION
POLITICALLY EXPOSED PEOPLE
BRIBERY
FACILITATION PAYMENTS
PETTY CORRUPTION
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
NOMINEE
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
FIGURE 1.3 | CORRUPTION REFINED
NEPOTISM
FRAUD
SOLICITATION
PUBLIC SECTOR
EMBEZZLEMENT
GRAND CORRUPTION
POLITICAL CORRUPTION
STATE CAPTURE
EMBEZZLEMENT
EXTORSION
PETTY CORRUPTION
INDICATES FORM OF CORRUPTION APPEARS IN ONE OR MORE CATEGORIES
CORRUPTION REFINED We can have an refined understanding of where
The Political Sector raises great concern. There are
corruption occurs by dividing the type of corruption
9 forms of corruption that happen in both sectors.
(horizontally) and categorising wether it happens in
Essentially, this concludes that there are at least 18
The Private Sector, The Public Sector, or, Both Sectors
different scenarios of Political Corruption, 9 in the
(vertically) (Figure 1.3).
Private Sector, and, 9 in the Public Sector. Events
Evidently, and perhaps, suspiciously, Grand
like so are alarming, as it abuses our trust in public
Corruption mostly occurs behind closed doors within
services. Lastly, Petty Corruption appears equally
the Private Sector. Few cases in the Public Sector and
common amongst both sectors, with only few
some cases happen in both sectors.
scenarios in Public or Private Sectors. PAG E | 1 9
FIGURE 1.4.1 | POLITICAL COST
FIGURE 1.4.2 | ECONOMICAL COST
CONSEQUENCES OF CORRUPTION Corruption is fundamentally a violation of human
Political Corruption is often a violation of democracy
right, code of conduct, law and morality. Benefiting
and amending the law for leadership gain. In
a minority by sacrificing freedom, health, or money,
developed democracies such as Denmark, this would
consequently agitates a Nation. Corruption can
appear damaging as corruption is rare. Corruption is
suddenly escalate to violence and can cost lives.
the norm in states such as North Korea, the situation
Transparency International categories consequences
is, of course, worrying and threatening, however,
of corruption into Political, Economical, Social, and,
the corruption is expected. It is, however, harmful
Environmental Consequences.
in newly emerging corrupt countries as the type of violation and change can quickly spark violence.
PAG E | 2 0
FIGURE 1.4.3 | SOCIAL COST
F I G U R E 1 . 4 . 4 | E N V I R O N M E N TA L C O S T
Economic Corruption is harmful for developing
Sparking a rebellion to get their voice heard, in an
wealth for working-class and middle class individuals.
effort to over through any threats that citizens view as
Tax Havens and Tax Evasions disrupts the income
violation.
tax figure and can encourage leaders to increase tax. Billionaires tax-avoiders should contribute to society
Brazil for example, is a major example of supporting
for the benefit of the majority. Corrupt politicians
environmental harm through bribery and
prioritise investment in private sector master projects
embezzlement. The suspect of the deforestation of
and consume the profit from investment instead of
the Amazon Rainforest, purely to allow unrestricted
funding healthcare, education and infrastructure.
destruction for the growth of industrial farming. This upsets environmentalists who protest for the
Corruption decays the trust in society. Forming
well-being of our planet, and the progress of The
bitter relationships between leadership and citizens.
Sustainable Development Goals. PAG E | 2 1
P R I VAT E S E C T O R
BOTH SECTORS
PUBLIC SECTOR
BOTH SECTORS
PUBLIC SECTOR
PETTY CORRUPTION
POLITICAL CORRUPTION
GRAND CORRUPTION
POLITICAL COST
P R I VAT E S E C T O R
PETTY CORRUPTION
POLITICAL CORRUPTION
GRAND CORRUPTION
ECONOMICAL COST
FIGURE 1.5 | FORMS AND CONSEQUENCES OF CORRUPTION
FORMS AND CONSEQUENCES To develop a deeper understanding of the outcomes
consequences resulting that this consequence
of corruption, I have allocated the forms of corruption
is, in fact, more harmful than the other forms of
to their consequence. Forms of Corruption without
corruption. Fewer forms have a bolder red border
a red border indicate that this form of corruption
around their icon, to stress that this form of
is unique to its consequence - demonstrating that
corruption has more consequences than almost of all
its only outcome is the consequence it has been
of the other ones.
allocated to.
For instance, “Grand Corruption” has the thickest red
Forms of Corruption with a RED border indicate
border as it appears in all 4 categories of outcomes.
that this form of corruption appears in one or more
Suggesting that Grand Corruption is the most
PAG E | 2 2
P R I VAT E S E C T O R
BOTH SECTORS
PUBLIC SECTOR
BOTH SECTORS
PUBLIC SECTOR
PETTY CORRUPTION
POLITICAL CORRUPTION
GRAND CORRUPTION
SOCIAL COST
GRAND CORRUPTION
P R I VAT E S E C T O R
PETTY CORRUPTION
POLITICAL CORRUPTION
E N V I R O N M E N TA L COST
dangerous and consequential of all other forms.
Corruption formed through Private Sectors to blame,
Second to that, Fraud appears 3 times in Political,
followed by few cases that involve both Public and
Economical and Social outcomes. The remaining dual
Private Sectors.
consequences appear just in 2 categories.
Interestingly, Social Outcomes are rather overspread from the 3 categories of Corruption.
Political Consequences from corruption illustrate
Implying that all scales have a harmful effect on civil
that, as predicted, would be an outcome of mostly
society.
politically corrupt scenarios. There is no solely Private Sector originated form of corruption that has
Environmental outcomes have the fewest forms of
consequential effects with Politics.
corruption to blame for its consequences. Damaging effects derive mainly from petty acts of bribery as a
Economical consequences predominately have Grand
result of Grand Corruption. PAG E | 2 3
LEAST CORRUPT COUNTRIES 1 8 0 TH
DENMARK
1 7 9 TH
NEW ZELAND
1 7 8 TH
FINLAND
1 7 7 TH
SINGAPORE
1 7 6 TH
SWITZERLAND
EMERGING CORRUPTION 4 8 TH
BOLIVIA
1 2 TH
VENEZUELA
MOST CORRUPT COUNTRIES 5 TH
NORTH KOREA
4 TH
YEMEN
3 RD
SOUTH SUDAN
2 ND
SYRIA
1 ST
SOMALIA
• VENEZUELA • BOLIVIA
VERY CORRUPT
VERY CLEAN
FIGURE 1.6 | CORRUPTION INDEX
OUR CORRUPT PLANET Transparency International released a corruption
be in a state of severe and dangerous corruption (dark
rating for 180 countries. The results reveal where
blue).
corruption occurs the most and we can compare this to countries considered ‘clean’ that have some or no
Evidently, the countries who are least corrupt appear
cases of corruption at all (e.V., T. 2019).
to be those considered in ‘The Western World’. Europe, Australia and parts of North America are the
The map reveals that the majority of countries are
least corrupt countries are considered to be ‘clean’.
corrupt to a concerning extent (green/blue shade),
From the rating system (e.V., T. 2019), the least
and in some alarming cases, few countries appear to
corrupt country is Denmark, closely followed by
PAG E | 2 4
LEAST CORRUPT COUNTRIES MOST CORRUPT COUNTRIES
New Zealand, Finland, Singapore and Switzerland.
As mentioned, there are few cases across the globe
Therefore, least corrupt government bodies are
where corruption occurs the most such as North
usually found in Europe. The most unfair country of
Korea in East Asia where a Dictatorship has existed
all, and considered to be the most corrupt country in
since the Korean War. Interestingly, South America
the world is Somalia in Eastern Africa. This is closely
has one country that is a ‘dark blue shade’ indicating
followed by Syria, South Sudan, Yemen and North
extreme corruption. Venezuela is ranked the 12th
Korea. From the rating list and by viewing the map,
most corrupt country on the planet. The remainder of
we can see that the most corrupt countries exist in
the South American continent is dark shade of green/
Central, Eastern and Northern Africa and The Middle
blue which could indicate that corruption is emerging
East.
in these countries. Followed by Venezuela, Bolivia is the second most corrupt country in South America ranking 48th. PAG E | 2 5
D E M O C R AT I C S C O R E : A country’s democracy is measured and then rated a score between 0 and 10. Countries rated between 6 and 10 are considered Democratic (blue). - Norway scored the highest democratic score, Countries rated between 0 and 5.99 are considered a Regime (Orange). - North Korea scored the least score. Countries in a lightter shade of blue are considered as a flawed democracy such as South Africa. Hybrid Regimes are in a lighter shade of orange such as a Bolivia. FULL DEMOCRACY 9.0 - 10.0 8.0 - 8.99 F L AW E D D E MO C R AC Y 7.0 - 7.99 6.0 - 6.99 HYBRID REGIME 5.0 - 5.99 4.0 - 4.99 A U T H O R I TA R I A N R E G I M E 3.0 - 3.99 2.0 - 2.99 0.0 - 1.99 FIGURE 1.7 | MAP OF DEMOCRACIES AND REGIMES
HOW CORRUPTION IS MEASURED Transparency International developed a Corruption
There are obviously no country that would score a
Perceptions Index (CPI) to expose the level of a
perfect 100 on the CPI as there is no such thing as a
country may have. The ratings range between 0 and
‘Full Democracy’ (e.V., T. 2019).
100. A country with a 0 rating would be the most clean whereas a country with 100 would be the most
The results from all countries are measured and their
corrupt. Grand, Political and Petty forms of corruption
score is categorised into their form of government,
are taking into account and their frequency and
wether that be a Democracy or a Regime.
scale of consequences is measured to form a result. Denmark scored 88 whereas Somalia scored 10. PAG E | 2 6
E X A M P L E S O F D E M O C R A C I E S D E M O C R AT I C AND REGIMES: SCORE: N O R W AY
9.87 / 10.0
SOUTH AFRICA
7.24 / 10.0
BOLIVIA
5.70 / 10/0
NORTH KOREA
1.08 / 10/0
THE DEMOCRATIC INDEX The Economist Intelligence Unit measured the
countries have frequent forms of corruption are
state of democracy for 167 and categorised their
considered as ‘Flawed Democracy’. The most corrupt
outcome into two categories: democracy and regime.
countries are all extreme forms of ‘Authoritarian
Each country’s democracy is measured against five
Regime’ other authoritarian governments have
categories: electoral process and pluralism, civil
fewer corruption in their countries. Countries
liberties, the functioning of a government, political
where democracy has low intensity or are illiberally
participation, and political culture (The Economist,
democratic are considered as a “Hybrid Regime”
2019). Some states have a ‘Full Democracy’ and these
and often appear to be countries with emerging
are the least corrupt countries. Other democratic
corruption. PAG E | 2 7
N O R W AY
WOULD
YOU
SOUTH AFRICA
WEAR
YOUR
FIGURE 1.8.1 | FULL DEMOCRACY
F I G U R E 1 . 8 . 2 | F L AW E D D E MO C R AC Y
A fully democratic country has governmental
Governments with flawed democracies are still
procedures and structures that reinforce civil liberty
considered to be democratic, but only to a certain
and standard political freedom rights. These nations
extent. They, of course, share many rights to fully
are so democratically strong, that their government
democratic regions, however, significant faults exist
is constructed and designed so democracy is forever
in their society that is uncontrollable to the general
a priority and will never be damaged. Problems and
public. (Baber, W. and Bartlett, R. 2015). Media is often
forms of corruption are limited as their governments
biased and funded by high-profiled individuals in the
are so transparent that democratic principles thrive.
private sector for the benefit of political interest.
EXAMPLES OF DEMOCRACY
Public and Private sectors are trusted by society. PAG E | 2 8
COAT
BOLIVIA
IF
IT
WERE
NORTH KOREA
DIRTY?
FIGURE 1.8.3 | HYBRID REGIME
F I G U R E 1 . 8 . 4 | A U T O C R AT I C R E G I M E
Hybrid Regimes actually consider themselves to be a
Usually in the form of an absolute monarchy or
democratic region, but in reality, this is false. Nations
dictatorship, authoritarian regimes disallow political
like so, do share most civil rights to democratic
involvement for the general public and have severely
countries; they have the right to vote and right to
violated basic human rights (The Economist, 2019).
free speech etc. However, there are usually many
These nations are grandly corrupt and oppositional
forms of political and petty corruption with frequent
parties rarely exist so the political body will always be
outcomes of electoral fraud, non-independent
in power - therefore, extremely difficult to intervene
judiciaries and a biased constitution. Rules of Law are
to propose democratic change.
EXAMPLES PRIVATE AND OFPUBLIC REGIMESECTOR
often amended for the favour of politicians. PAG E | 2 9
SOUTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES LISTED FROM LEAST CORRUPT 01 U R U G U AY CORRUPTION RANK: D E M O C R AT I C S C O R E :
1 5 7 TH 8.38
02 CHILE CORRUPTION RANK: D E M O C R AT I C S C O R E :
1 5 3 RD 7.97
03 ARGENTINA CORRUPTION RANK: D E M O C R AT I C S C O R E :
9 5 TH 7.02
04 G U YA N A CORRUPTION RANK: D E M O C R AT I C S C O R E :
9 3 RD 6.67
05 COLOMBIA CORRUPTION RANK: D E M O C R AT I C S C O R E :
8 1 ST 6.96
06 BRAZIL CORRUPTION RANK: D E M O C R AT I C S C O R E :
7 5 TH 6.97
07 PERU CORRUPTION RANK: D E M O C R AT I C S C O R E :
7 5 TH 6.60
08 ECUADOR CORRUPTION RANK: D E M O C R AT I C S C O R E :
6 6 TH 6.27
09 P A R A G U AY CORRUPTION RANK: D E M O C R AT I C S C O R E :
4 8 TH 6.24
10 BOLIVIA CORRUPTION RANK: D E M O C R AT I C S C O R E :
4 8 TH 5.70
11 VENEZUELA CORRUPTION RANK: D E M O C R AT I C S C O R E :
1 8 TH 3.16
11
4
5 8
6
7
10
9 2
1 3
VERY CLEAN
VERY CORRUPT
FIGURE 1.9 | CORRUPTION MAP OF SOUTH AMERICA
CORRUPTION IN SOUTH AMERICA Transparency International performed an
An expected relationship we can make from the
investigation into South America as corruption
corruption and democratic maps of South America
increased in the past decade but escalated in the past
is that the most corrupt governments are the
12 months (Pring, C. and Vrushi, J. 2019). The global
least democratic ones. Venezuela has of the least
report interviewed almost twenty thousand citizens
democratic nations in the world and is doomed by
in the continent and concluded that 53% believe
an authoritarian government. On the other hand,
corruption increased in the past year and 29% are to
Uruguay is in the top 25 cleanest countries in the
believe it has stayed the same. - Findings from the
world.
report expressed visually on the next page. PAG E | 3 0
VENEZUELA A state under control by an authoritarian regime. The most corrupt and least democratic state in South America.
BOLIVIA A country where democracy is limited - Bolivia is a nation governed by a hybrid regime. Bolivia is joint second with Paraguay on the corruption scale but far less democratic. Bolivia is the second most corrupt and least democratic state in South America.
U R U G U AY Uruguay is the only fully democratic nation in South America and least corrupt. The remaining South American countries are considered to be democratically flawed states. F I G U R E 1 . 1 0 | D E M O C R AT I C M A P O F S O U T H A M E R I C A
From the map we can discover great concern for
Alarmingly as mentioned, Bolivia is a state of hybrid
one country in particular, Bolivia. A state that shares
regime - Could Bolivia become the next highly
second place with Paraguay as the second most
corrupt state and how can we prevent this? Firstly, we
corrupt countries in South America. However, Bolivia
will look at its most corrupt neighbour - Venezuela -
stresses more concern as this is a hybrid regime and
to review the recent riots and undemocratic events
has potential to dig itself deeper into an authoritarian
that caught the eye of the world and, perhaps,
state should corruption continue. Paraguay is a
sparked ideas for some.
‘flawed democratic’ nation and, therefore, should have the governmental structure and capability to heal its own self from corruption. PAG E | 3 1
% of people who think corruption increased or decreased in the previous 12 months
=
53% 29% 16% % of citizens who think most or all people in the following institutions are corrupt:
% of people who think government corruption is:
only
1
A BIG PROBLEM 85% in 5 people has
trust
and
NOT A PROBLEM 13% confidence in their government
% of people who think their government their government is tackling corruption:
POORLY 57%
RATHER WELL 39%
F I G U R E 1 . 1 1 | T R A N S P A R E N C Y I N T E R N AT I O N A L , R E S U LT S O F 1 7 , 0 0 0 P E O P L E
OPINIONS
PAG E | 3 2
OF
CORRUPTION
1
in
56%
65%
4
people
think
think
fake
their
have
news
been
often
government
offered
spreads
is
bribes
around
operated
in
exchange
during
by
for
votes.
election
time,
private
interests
over 1 in 5 people who used a public service in the previous 12 months paid a bribe.
THAT IS ABOUT AS MANY PEOPLE AS THE POPULATION OF BOLIVIA, URUGUAY, PARAGUAY, CHILE, GUYANA + ECUADOR
COMBINED!
75% of people think they will sufer retaliation if they report corruption.
IN
SOUTH
77% think ordinary people can make a difference in the fight against corruption
AMERICA
2019
PAG E | 3 3
WHAT IS HAPPENING IN VENEZUELA?
POLITICAL TENSIONS Venezuela was once one of the richest countries in the world
In 2019, the value of the Venezuelan currency plummeted
and the richest country in Latin America (Hoge, W. 1983).
and has become basically worthless. The rate is about
The nation contains the largest oil reserves in the world
12,000 times more than it was in 2017 (AS/COA. 2019).
and the left wing socialist government generously used the
However, Maduro introduced an “official government rate”
profits to fund health, education, housing and a social welfare
worth to what it had normally been in 2017 that is only
programme to help the poor and establish a middle class
accessible to government officials and the military. This is a
society.
form of Bribery introduced so the government bodies are still
However, shortly after the president died and was replaced
loyal to Maduro, and worryingly, so the military are loyal to
by current president, Maduro, the price of oil dropped.
Maduro and will not betray the president by forming a coup.
Profits from oil were lower than ever, and President Maduro
This lucrative bribe is to a certain extent, an exaggerated form
failed to adjust. Hyperinflation escalated the prices for food
of Extortion as the constitution and the military are betraying
and medicines and suddenly became unaffordable. Thus,
the millions of Venezuelans who suffer from what is now, an
Venezuela rapidly became very poor and the general public
Authoritarian Regime in a nation predominately fuelled by
of Venezuela wanted Maduro to resign, and this is when
Grand Corruption.
Maduro’s political ambition became evident.
OUTCOMES In 2015, the opposition party won two thirds of the National Assembly resulting in Maduro having a minority government.
The general public are left behind, betrayed, and are suffering
With instinct, Maduro immediately fired several Supreme
in an untrustworthy nation. 80% of Venezuelans now
Court Justices and replaced them with loyalists to his party
live below the poverty line. Those, who were rich enough
(e.V., T. 2019). Maduro committed Political Corruption as
to evacuate, became refugees in other South American
a result of Political Nepotism to strengthen his power by
countries, the U.S., or, Spain.
having the Supreme Court on his side.
The mass strikes and protests have sparked violence on the streets against Maduro funded police blockades. Violence
In March 2016, the Supreme Court voted in favour of
spirals out of control, there is law but no order, Venezuela
completely stripping the oppositional parties from the
has now became the murder capital of the world and many
National Assembly and all of their governmental powers. The
lives were lost during the protests. People are stranded in
Supreme Court commits Patronage by awarding full power
Venezuela, they cannot work, they cannot afford food, and
to the minority government.
they have not got enough money to evacuate. But, they continue to fight and protest even if it costs their lives.
In 2017, Maduro held a general election to elect governmental individuals. However, the only power the
Venezuela was once a hight regarded democratic state. Flaw
general public had was to re-elect individuals from Maduro’s
after democratic flaw, Venezuela falls into an authoritarian
party and having no option to elect an opposition party -
regime and scores a democratic score of 3.16. The damage
Venezuela has become a nation with limited democracy, a
may only be reversible if Maduro rewrites the constitution.
hybrid regime (e.V., T. 2019).
Until then, how does one intervene?
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2015 MARCH
BRIBERY
GRAND CORRUPTION
2015 SEPTEMBER
EXTORSION
POLITICAL CORRUPTION
PATRONAGE
NEPOTISM
FIGURE 1.12 | CORRUPTION IN VENEZUELA A map that shows the constitutional changes Maduro established in 2015 and resulting corruption offences. The trail attaches its consequences that effects Venezuela’s most vulnerable citizens. PAG E | 3 5
IS BOLIVIA ON THE SAME PATH AS VENEZUELA? SUMMARY OF POLITICAL TENSION Similar to Venezuela, Bolivia has recently alerted the
W H AT N E X T F O R B O L I V I A ?
democratic radar - but not to the same extreme extent. Recent political milestones have violated code of conduct
Since Bolivia is ranked the 48th most corrupt country in the
and the basic human rights of the general public. To
world, we often expect such acts of corruption to occur, and
summarise, the current president of Bolivia, Evo Morales,
whilst these acts are wrong, we particularly expect them to
held a referendum in 2016 to propose he extends his
happen during political tensions. What raises greater concern,
presidency to a 4th term (the current law states that a
is the fact that Bolivia scores 5.7 in the democratic score and
president can only rule for 2 terms in Bolivia). The result of
is a nation governed by a hybrid regime meaning that the
the referendum was ‘no’. Similar to Maduro, Morales had
general public do not have much power to intervene.
previously replaced the constitution with loyalists. Postreferendum, Morales challenged the constitution to run for
Democratic opportunities are indeed limited, and the
president under his human right, to witch the constitution
evidence from the Transparency International Survey
agreed to. Thus, becoming an act of Political Corruption as it
suggests that Bolivia has no trust in their government and,
violated the result of the referendum and upset the voices of
to a certain extent, are willing to risk their freedom to protest
millions of people.
and speak out. Evidently as the protests have a great turnout, Bolivia does believe that ordinary people can protest to fight
In 2019, the live stream of the result for the general elections
corruption.
had declined for 24 hours without an explanation after it was evident that Morales was failing. Once the live stream
Evo Morales has a political behaviour similar to that of
continued, the result of the election had obviously been
Maduro. In recent times, are the corrupt political milestones
dubbed in Morales’ favour and he declared victory.
paving the way to an authoritarian government like
CONSEQUENCES
Venezuela? Can we trace the forms of corruption in Bolivia’s political past
The consequences of the this act of corruption caused
to predict its doomed future?
outrage throughout the nation. Civic strikes lasted for weeks, civic blockades prevented public transportation, and the nation was in shutdown. Violent protests sparked in the major cities, causing disruption and in worst cases, deaths. These protests escalated when Morales was found guilty of election fraud. Causing outrage amongst the loyalists that is now developing into a civil war.
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Most importantly, Can we intervene before it is too late?
FIGURE 1.13 | BOLIVIA PROTEST COLLAGE
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SECTION I
CHAPTER TWO BOLIVIA’S POLITICAL CONTEXT
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R E G I O N S , C I T I E S A N D P O P U L AT I O N
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S E AT O F G O V E R N M E N T
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SUPREME TRIBUNAL OF JUSTICE
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ELECTION HISTORY 1985 - 2019
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2019 GENERAL ELECTION
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CITY PROFILE: SUCRE
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C I T Y P R O F I L E : L A PA Z
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CITY PROFILE: COCHABAMBA
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C I T Y P R O F I L E : S A N TA C R U Z D E L A S I E R R A
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PROBLEM CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION TO CHAPTER Chapter two is about Bolivia’s Political Context. The purpose of this chapter is to frame the identified world problem of government corruption into the context of South America’s second most corrupt country: Bolivia. Chapter two will provide a brief background on the geographical distribution of Bolivia to present an understanding of where the urban population live and where the rural population live. Introductions to main governmental institutions will provide an understanding of how the government structure operates. Historical analysis will illustrate the record of left wing and right wing regions of Bolivia to indicate where the main opposition was in the past, and where it progressed to in the present. The chapter concludes with city profiles of Bolivia’s four main cities, Sucre, La Paz, Cochabamba, and, Santa Cruz De La Sierra. It serves the purpose of illustrating hindsight of what each city has to offer with graphics that present an annotated figure ground of the city, the city’s skyline and culture, along with regional maps to remind the region this city belongs to. The aim of this section, is to visually present Bolivia’s political history and political values through maps and photo collages that specify exactly where the information provided exists. The objective is to acquire full clarification of context before this thesis investigation progresses. Visual presentation is more memorable and, therefore, more constructive as a whole for the remainder of this thesis investigation as context from this chapter will be referred to throughout.
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REGIONS, CITIES AND POPULATION
Pando Oruro
Beni Potosi
La Paz Chuquisaca
Cochabamba Tarija
5%
Santa Cruz
1% 4%
5% 8% 25% 5%
REGIONS OF BOLIVIA
REGIONAL POPULATION
The population of Bolivia in 2019 reached 11.51 million people (Geonames.org. 2019). Over one third of the population lives in Santa Cruz (34%) and if we include the regions of Beni and Pando, approximately 39% of Bolivia lives in the tropical
31%
16%
climates at the amazon basin that border with Brazil and Paraguay. The remaining 61% of the country reside in the high altitude regions of the Andes mountains that mostly range between two and four-thousand metres above sea level, bordering with Peru, Chile and Argentina. Most citizens live in the central regions of La Paz (20%) and Cochabamba (23%). Concluding that the regions of Santa Cruz, La Paz, and, Cochabamba contain 77% of Bolivia’s population (Geonames. org. 2019). - (Figure 2.1.1)
CITIES OF BOLIVIA Figure 2.1.2 annotates the largest cities in each region. The largest city in Bolivia is Santa Cruz De La Sierra, Santa Cruz Province, and has a population of 1,364,389 people. Cobija Oruro
Cochabamba follows second with 900,414 people and then
Trinidad Potosi
La Paz Sucre
Cochabamba Tarija
La Paz with 812,799 citizens (Geonames.org. 2019).
1%
4%
The capital of Bolivia is Sucre, this is where the seat of
6%
judiciary and the Supreme Court of Justice is located.
4%
However, all of the government legislative branches,
5%
Santa Cruz de la Sierra
3%
20%
including the presidential palace are located in La Paz. So the two Andean cities govern Bolivia together. URBAN POPULATION
Almost 8 million citizens form Bolivia’s urban population (Postero, N. 2017) totalling to 69% of people. The remaining 31% of citizens reside in rural areas in Bolivia’s tropical and wet regions, or, the dry and cold Andean desserts.
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34%
23%
F I G U R E 2 . 1 . 1 | P O P U L AT I O N D I S T R I B U T I O N
S I Z E O F C I R C L E D E N O T E S S I Z E O F U R B A N P O P U L AT I O N L A PA Z 812,799
COBIJA 55,692
COCHABAMBA 900,414
TRINIDAD 130,000
S A N TA C R U Z D E L A S I E R R A 1,364,389
PA N D O
BENI
L A PA Z
COCHABAMBA S A N TA C R U Z
ORURO
POTOSI
ORURO 208,684
POTOSI 141,251
CHUQUISACA TA R I J A
SUCRE 224,838
F I G U R E 2 . 1 . 2 | P O P U L AT I O N C O N C E N T R AT I O N , R E G I O N A L M A P O F B O L I V I A
TA R I J A 159,269 PAG E | 4 1
SEAT OF GOVERNMENT FUNCTION AND COMPOSITION The Plurinational Legislative Assembly (1) (Figure 2.2.2) is essentially the national congress of Bolivia and the debating chamber of the country’s decisions. The building is separated into two chambers: The Chamber of Deputies and the Chamber of Senators. The Chamber of Deputies holds 130 seats from the electoral districts. The Senate has 36 seats, where each of Bolivia’s 9 districts elects 4 Senators to represent their region. Adjacent to the assembly, exists the Palacio Quemado (2) which translates to ‘Burnt Palace’ and is the official residence of the elected president. This palace has gained a nickname as such since it had suffered several tragic fires and then had been renovated numerous times but the nickname stays with the Palace. In 2018, Evo Morales constructed a controversial 29-storey high-rise that looms above the original palace. The new luxury residence takes pride from his supports as a symbol for what Evo has achieved. For oppositional supporters, the tower is seen as a representation of violation and corruption. Beside Palacio Quemado is the Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Peace (4). The Roman Catholic Cathedral has existed in La Paz since the mid 19th Century and began to function again in 1925 to mark 100 years of Bolivian independence from Spain. These three important buildings surround Plaza Murillo (3) named after a highly regarded Bolivian figure: Pedro Murillo, he was captured by the Spanish Military during the battle of independence. This central plaza plays a significant role for establishing a relationship between the function and layout. Plaza Murillo signifies that religion and politics are at the heart of Bolivia and important for the progression of the country’s future. The fight for independence is a constant reminder of what Bolivia has achieved and this is portrayed in the centre of the plaza where the stature of Pedro Murillo exists.
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F I G U R E 2 . 2 .1 | L A PA Z F I G U R E G R O U N D
1 ASAMBLEA LEGISLATIVA PLURINACIONAL
2 PALACIO QUEMADO (BURNT PALACE))
3 PLAZA MURILLO (MURILLO PLAZA)
(THE PLURINATIONAL LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY)
4 CATEDRAL BASÍLICA DE NUESTRA SEÑORA DE LA PAZ (CATHEDRAL BASILICA OF OUR LADY OF PEACE)
2 4
1
3
F I G U R E 2 . 2 . 2 | L A PA Z G OV E R N M E N T Q UA RT E R
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SUPREME TRIBUNAL OF JUSTICE FUNCTION AND COMPOSITION The Supreme Tribunal of Justice (1) is located in Sucre and consists of one president and eleven Justices. Justices can be elected to serve a ten-year period by the Chamber of Deputies in La Paz but are carefully chosen by the Chamber of Senators. The Supreme Court takes the role to determine the laws that shape the constitution and proposed by The Plurinational Legislative Assembly in La Paz. Essentially, the Justices have the final say in the decisions made by the government and are considered the highest court in the country. The general public are, therefore, not involved in the decision process of who is to become the Justice and the judiciary acts an almost completely independent form of institution that governs Bolivia. Extending from the Supreme Tribunal of Justice exists Sucre’s largest park, Parque Símon Bolívar (2). The park is named after the freedom fighter and who had served a great input in the independence for Bolivia so much that the Bolivia is named after Símon Bolívar (Arana, M. 2014). The spatial relationship between Justice and Independence suggests significant values must be preserved for the modern general public of Bolivia. The presence of the large park reminds the Justices to preserve the values intended by what Bolivia’s founder had fought for. They must value their role and never violate it to remain a democratic nation.
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FIGURE 2.3.1 | SUCRE FIGURE GROUND
1 TRIBUNAL SUPREMO DE JUSTICIA
2 PARQUE SÍMON BOLÍVAR (SÍMON BOLÍVAR PARK)
(SUPREME TRIBUNAL OF JUSTICE)
2
1
FIGURE 2.1 | SUPREME TRIBUNAL OF JUSTICE MAP
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ELECTION HISTORY 1985 - 2019
TOP CANDIDATES: RNM NDA
M A I N G OV E R N M E N T PA R T I E S PARTY NAME
REVOLUTIONARY NATIONALIST MOVEMENT (RNM)
POLITICAL POSITION RIGHT - WING (FORMALLY LEFT WING DURING 1985 AND 1989 ELECTION ).
PODEMOS / NATIONALIST DEMOCRATIC ACTION (NDA)
RIGHT WING
REVOLUTIONARY LEFT MOVEMENT (RLM)
LEFT WING
CONSCIENCE OF FATHERLAND (CF)
LEFT WING
NATIONAL UNITY (NU)
LEFT WING
TOP CANDIDATES: CF NDA RLM
1997 GENERAL ELECTION
TOP CANDIDATES:
MOVEMENT FOR SOCIALISM (MAS) CURRENT PARTY
LEFT WING
CIVIC COMMUNITY (CC)
CENTRE
MAS NDA
DEMOCRATIC SOCIAL MOVEMENT (DSM)
CENTRE - RIGHT WING
CHRISTIAN DEMOCRATIC PARTY (CDP)
RIGHT WING
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1985 GENERAL ELECTION
2009 GENERAL ELECTION
FIGURE 2.4 | POLITICAL VOTING HISTORY
TOP CANDIDATES:
TOP CANDIDATES:
RNM
RNM
NDA
NDA
RLM CF
1989 GENERAL ELECTION
1993 GENERAL ELECTION
TOP CANDIDATES:
TOP CANDIDATES:
MAS
C U R R E N T PA R T Y MAS
RNM
NDA
RLM
2002 GENERAL ELECTION
2005 GENERAL ELECTION
TOP CANDIDATES:
TOP CANDIDATES:
MAS
MAS
NU
CC DSM CDP
2014 GENERAL ELECTION
2019 GENERAL ELECTION
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MOVEMENT FOR SOCIALISM
CIVIC COMMUNITY
FIGURE 2.5.1 | EVO MORALES
FIGURE 2.5.2 | CARLOS MESA
According to the Organisation of American States
president is. Shortly before the pause, it was clear
Report (OAS, 2019) following the October General
that Carlos Mesa (figure 2.5.2) - the lead opposition
Elections, numerous flaws in the transmission of
of President Evo Morales (figure 2.5.1) - was gaining
systems of revealing the result of the election were
enough votes for their to be a second general election
discovered and a legal investigation was underway.
later in the year as Morales no longer had 10 clear
2019 GENERAL ELECTION
percent above other candidates. The transmission system was paused without explanation for a total time of 24 hours leaving Bolivia
Once the transmission system resumed, Morales
curious and without knowledge of who the elected
miraculously gained extra points that put him
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DEMOCRATIC SOCIAL MOVEMENT
CHRISTIAN DEMOCRATIC PARTY
FIGURE 2.5.3 | OSCAR ORITZ
FIGURE 2.5.4 | CHI HYUN CHUNG
overwhelmingly above the 10% margin and declared
to and betrayed. Oppositional voters declared
victory.
violation against their human right and accused the government of committing acts of political corruption
The OAS report concludes that, from its preliminary
to pro-long the presidency of Morales.
investigation, that plenty irregularities were detected. Statistically speaking, the OAS report states that it
This commenced one of the longest civic strikes and
‘unlikely’ that Evo Morales gained a miraculous 10%
political tensions in Bolivian history.
margin above other opponents in order to proceed with a second round (OAS, 2019). The statement from the OAS caused outrage and the people of Bolivia felt like they were lied PAG E | 4 9
CITY PROFILE: SUCRE
CHIQUISACA AIRPORT
FIGURE 2.6 | SUCRE CITY PROFILE PAG E | 5 0
SUPREME COURT
Ø 5KM
Ø 0. 6 K
M CITY CENTRE
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CITY PROFILE: LA PAZ
L A PA Z
F I G U R E 2 . 7 | L A PA Z C I T Y P R O F I L E PAG E | 5 2
PLAZA MURILLO
Ø 12KM
Ø 1.5 K M
CITY CENTRE
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Ø 10K M
CITY PROFILE: COCHABAMBA
Ø 1. 5 K M
COCHABAMBA
CITY CENTRE
AIRPORT
FIGURE 2.8 | COCHABAMBA CITY PROFILE PAG E | 5 4
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M F I G U R E 2 . 9 | S A N TA C R U Z C I T Y P R O F I L E PAG E | 5 6
17
K S A N TA C R U Z
Ø
CITY PROFILE: SANTA CRUZ DE LA SIERRA
Ø 8.5KM
Ø 2.
5K M
CITY CENTRE
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PROBLEM CONCLUSION
CONCERNS FOR BOLIVIA Our map of our corrupt planet visually conveys the extent
But first, we must trace back significant political milestones
of the identified global problem of world corruption and
that aid the rise of the dictatorship of Evo Morales so we
stresses the rise of regimes. We know corruption, and we are
can note architectural and urban influences that promote
aware of its many forms. We understand the consequences
corruption tailored to Bolivia. This information will be
of corruption and the majority of communities that this
used to our advantage for when designing an anti-corrupt
harms.
intervention so we are able to realise what design aspects
Corruption in South America is increasing at an alarming rate.
encourage corruption that can then be avoided or repaired.
Citizens are worried, anxious, desperate and furious - but they are fighting back. With one country in the continent that
Another highly regarded study that should be explored is
has came under authoritarian rule, Venezuela, dictatorship is
the platforms of protest in Bolivia that were utilised as a
on the rise in Bolivia, and perhaps, this ideology of reduced
voice for citizens who recognised corruption and fought
democracy is encouraging other South American leaders to
for the transparency and full exposure of the corrupted
do the same and follow the path of corruption.
incidents to be amplified. Architectural and urban qualities that influenced the protest, the opposition and the resilience
Like many other South Americans, Bolivians have concerns
should be noted for the advantage of enhancing such
of their future. In democratic societies, concerns such as
influential qualities and to be included in an anti-corruption
health, education, employment and costs of living are the
intervention.
norm. However, in Bolivia, most citizens believe corruption is the biggest worry (figure 2.10) as they want to live in a society
The research gathered can now progress to finding the issues
with an efficient government institution and justice that
and roots to the problem so we note influential guidelines
abides the constitution. Bolivia wants to live in trust with their
that can prevent corruption so we can design a successful
government.
intervention for citizens of the non democratic world.
With this research so far, we know how to identify corruption and we know where to find the routes of the problem. We are able to visualise if corruption occurs in public sector, private sector, or both sectors and draw connections to the direct consequences of the particular form of corruption. Now, it is important to look at solutions that prevent the problem by studying governmental institutions in fully democratic nations. With the research gathered in the initial two chapters, we can now apply it to a practical level and explore methods of anti-corruption design strategies for an intervention.
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CORRUPTION 22%
DRUG TRAFFICKING 5%
JUSTICE 8%
CONCERNS FOR BOLIVIA
CRIME 19%
HEALTH & EDUCATION 8%
EMPLOYMENT 16%
PUT BOLIVIA IN SAFE HANDS
FIGURE 2.10 | CONCERNS FOR BOLIVIA
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SECTION I
CHAPTER THREE R I S E T O D I C TAT O R : T H E L E G A C Y A N D D O W N FA L L OF PRESIDENT E VO M O R A L E S
CHAPTER CONTENTS PAG E 6 2
2 0 0 2 E L R I VA L C O C A L E R O
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2003 OCTUBRE NEGRO
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2 0 0 6 E L E S TA D O I N D Í G E N A
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2006 SOMOS PUEBLOS, SOMOS MAS
PAG E 70
2007 LA GUERRA DE COCA
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2008 EVO ASESINO DE DEMOCRACIA
PAG E 74
2011 EL SACRIFICIO
PAG E 76
2012 RETIRADA
[ W I T H D R AWA L ]
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2017 UNO MAS?
[ONE MORE?]
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2017 BOLIVIA DICE NO
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2 0 1 8 P A L A C I O D E L D I C TA D O R
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2 0 1 9 D I C TA D U R A !
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CHAPTER TIMELINE CONCLUSION
[ T H E C O C A G R O W E R R I VA L ]
[BLACK OCTOBER]
[ T H E I N D I G E N O U S S TAT E ]
[WE ARE THE PEOPLE, WE ARE MAS (MORE)]
[ TH E CO C A WA R ]
[EVO, ASSASSIN OF DEMOCRACY]
[THE SACRIFICE]
[ B O L I V I A S AY S N O ]
[ D I C TAT O R P A L A C E ]
[ D I C TAT O R S H I P ! ]
INTRODUCTION TO CHAPTER Chapter 3 concludes the problem investigation and section one of the thesis exploration. After identifying government corruption as a global problem and specifying Bolivia as a regime on high alert, we now explore the roots of problem and show how it escalated over the recent years. Corruption in Bolivia began to escalate ever since Evo Morales came to power after winning the general elections in 2005, so this chapter will begin analysing events from when Evo first appeared on the political scene as an oppositional candidate in 2002.
A S S E M B LY
This chapter is structured as a historical timeline which summaries crucial information of political milestones from 2002 up until 2019, and includes short summaries of the outcome of the event. A graphic - in the form of maps, photographs, drawings and diagrams - are presented along side each political milestone and manipulated to express the extent of the outcome written on that page. The graphic goes hand in hand with a section on architectural and urban influences, that deconstructs the graphic and notes design guidelines that contributed to the democratic, or, corrupt outcome of the event. Therefore, the aim of this chapter is to study how politically active Bolivian
STREETS AND PLAZAS
citizens are in response to democratic and corrupt events. This chapter poses the question: To what extent has architectural and urban qualities influenced political outcomes and aid the country to an authoritarian regime? The political milestones in this chapter are each presented with a blue ribbon stretching down the left side of the page containing contextual information. Information includes, the year of the event, title, subtitle, region, city, and political category. The political category indicates specifically where the political event occurred in order to convey the extent of the form and political behaviour. There are 3 categories; Assembly, Streets and Plazas, and, Non
NON POLITICAL ARENA
Political Arena. The first, Assembly, suggests the event had taken place in the dignified seats of the formal public sphere where decisions are taken and scrutinised. The second, Streets and Plazas, represents where people come to engage with their leaders, not only to press public claims on them but also to share in public rituals. The third is more diffuse, Non Political Arena, locations that are not strictly for political purposes, but that nonetheless mater to a group of people and is symbolic to an extent.
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2002 E L R I VA L COCALERO
SUMMARY OF POLITICAL EVENT The general election in 2002, was when Evo Morales emerged into Bolivia’s attention at a national scale when he was running for presidency against a right-wing party known as the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement. Morales’ left-wing party: Movement for Socialism [Movimiento al Socialismo] or otherwise known as MAS has lost the election but only by just a few points.
[THE COCA GROWER RIVAL] EVO MORALES IN THE PUBLIC EYE
MAS were recognised as the party that supported the indigenous people of Bolivia and represented a party he thought would propose rights to the indigenous population and fought against Bolivia’s elite.
OUTCOME OF EVENT The future in the millennium seemed uncertain for the indigenous people they lost the election. Are their rights as citizens going to be underprivileged again up until the next presidency term ends and hope that they can have another chance again? Or will their voices suffer jeopardy? Fortunately, Morales holds a strengthened opposition.
L A PA Z
ARCHITECTURAL INFLUENCE This political milestone is included in the timeline chapter because it was the last democratic defeat of Morales and is important to mention because it was the final era of right-wing rule that prioritised the elites. Therefore, since this was a democratic event, we will introduce and analyse the form of the Plurinational Legislative Assembly, to discuss the nature of the political influence the Chamber of Deputies and the Chamber of Senates reinforce at present. Architectural influences include: • The single mass of seating in the lower house suggests unity as there is no division
L A PA Z
• Those who sit in the Chamber of Deputies are elected by the general public. • The seat formation is a theatre shape - suggesting they are an audience who obey the president of the chamber, and; • Therefore, minimal confrontation is encouraged. • The elected party decides the Senators, not the general public. Their seating composition suggests direct confrontation similar to Westminster. • The Senators are above the Chamber of Deputies, they act as the middle man between the Seat of Government, and The Supreme Tribunal of Justice. • The Chamber of Senators being in the “Upper House” suggests they hold
A S S E M B LY PAG E | 6 2
more authority to the representatives of the general public below. • Confrontation and debate appears encouraged amongst the few Senators.
“THE UPPER HOUSE” CAMARA DE SENADORES CHAMBER OF SENATORS
“THE LOWER HOUSE” CAMARA DE DIPUTADOS CHAMBER OF DEPUTIES
F I G U R E 3 . 1 | P L U R I N AT I O N A L L E G I S L AT I V E A S S E M B LY S E AT F O R M AT I O N S The Plurinational Legislative Assembly is divided into two seperate houses: The Upper House and The Lower House. The Chamber of Deputies is in The Lower House and The Chamber of Senators is in The Upper House. PAG E | 6 3
2003 OCTUBRE NEGRO
SUMMARY OF POLITICAL EVENT The Right-Wing government established trading agreements with Chile and the United States to export Bolivia’s natural gas. This sparked mass protests across the country as citizens argued that the natural resources extracted from the country should be nationalised as oppose to being privatised and sold internationally. This extractive political behaviour had the purpose of
[BLACK OCTOBER] THE MASSACRE AND SUBSEQUENT DOWNFALL
government wealth that would benefit the elite at the expense of Bolivia’s majority who live in poverty. The resistance took to the streets and were confronted against the military and the subsequent famous violent massacre became known as La Guerra del Gas [The Gas War] (Postero, N. 2017).
OF RIGHT-WING RULE
OUTCOME OF EVENT Martial law was declared in El Alto, La Paz, and more than 80 people who acted as the resistance by blocking the streets from military entering La Paz, were shot dead by state helicopters above. President Sánchez de Lozada resigned and was replaced by Vice President Carlos Mesa who subsequently ended the massacre by putting the trade deal to a referendum in which Bolivia voted against (Postero, N. 2017).
L A PA Z
ARCHITECTURAL INFLUENCE • The military (carrying resources on trucks) travelled down the main avenue from El Alto to La Paz annotated in blue in figure 3.2 • Main avenues encourage occasional activism as it attracts attention. For instance, the open pubic street was used to gather and engage as many people as possible - not just to gather government attention. • The strikes and demonstrations on the avenue caused inconvenience to the government. They viewed the blockage as an invasion. There was an obvious option to avoid conflict by travelling alternative routes annotated in black,
L A PA Z
dashed lines in figure 3.2. • However, attacking citizens in the avenue from choppers in the sky, and tanks on the ground, seemed a cowardly act of violence to remind the resistance of those who are in power. • The right to protest was violated with maximum impact by attacking the most vulnerable citizens who were simply exercising their democratic rights.
STREETS AND PLAZAS PAG E | 6 4
F I G U R E 3 . 2 | T H E C A R AVA N S O F D E AT H Citizens are confronted by the military and as seen in the images, protest turned very violent. The black lines on the map indicate obvious alternatives the military could have taken to avoid casualties. PAG E | 6 5
2006 E L E S TA D O INDÍGENA
SUMMARY OF POLITICAL EVENT Following the downfall and lack of trust of a right-wing government, Evo Morales had won the 2005 general election and was sworn in as the first president of Bolivia that identified himself as indigenous. The Socialist were now in power. Morales had two inauguration ceremonies that took place in two very different locations (Postero, N. 2017). The first was symbolic in the sense
[THE INDIGENOUS STATE] A PROMISE TO THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE
of whom Morales intends to represent and defines his political attitude for the remainder of his presidency. A ceremony took place in a pre-Inca site outside La Paz at Tiwanaku where he was blessed by high authority indigenous figures of an ancient Andean religion.
OUTCOME OF EVENT Morales walks barefoot over coca leaves that lead to the platform viewed by thousands of supports. He declares “A new millennium has arrived for the original peoples [pueblos originarios] of the world” (La Rázon, 2006). This was a symbolic event that represents the end of elite power and colonisation - a new era for the indigenous people who had been fighting centuries for equality and justice.
L A PA Z
ARCHITECTURAL INFLUENCE • Using the pre-inca temple as a political platform expresses native identity. Refusal of traditional inauguration ceremonies - usually in Plaza Murillo around political buildings - is a direct rejection to the surrounding Spanish colonial architecture. • Triggers a sense of identification and indigenous recognition, which in turn impacts political efficacy. • The raised platform where the religious Andean blessing and ceremony takes place forms a relationship of religious trust and a political promise to the
T I WA N A K U
indigenous people. • The exposure of the platform symbolises worship and loyalty. • The path of coca leaves demonstrates that the interests of the indigenous population is protected. • This symbolic ceremony, has many connotations that portray justice, the end of colonial rule, and right-wing elite power. This ceremony tells us that not only Evo Morales has risen to power, but also the indigenous people - forming the birth of a new Bolivia and an indigenous state.
NON POLITICAL ARENA PAG E | 6 6
FIGURE 3.3 | MORALES AND THE PRE-INCA TEMPLE Layout elevation.
of
the The
pre-Inca temple
is
temple an
is
ancient
displayed house
on of
the worship
blue for
ribbon an
above
ancient
the
temple’s
Andean
religion.
PAG E | 6 7
2006 SOMOS PUEBLOS SOMOS MAS
SUMMARY OF POLITICAL EVENT The following day, in January 2006. Morales’ second inauguration took place in front of the Plurinational Legislative Assembly at Plaza Murillo. Morales began the ceremony with a moments silence for the indigenous who were slaughtered during colonial periods, all those who lost their lives, and those who lost their loves ones during the 2003 massacre, and the cocaine growers
[WE ARE THE PEOPLE, WE ARE MAS (MORE)] A NEW BOLIVIA
who were killed during drug eradications from the far right (Postero, N. 2017). Morales uses this political platform in Plaza Murillo to express sympathy and, therefore, announce plans for a “cultural and democratic revolution” in a new Bolivia (Khol, 2010).
OUTCOME OF EVENT A President should be a representative to all, and not just for a particular ethnic group. Plaza Murillo is used as a stage to inaugurate his presidency to the full population of Bolivia. So why is this public political act second best? Of course, the historical genocides and recent urban violence are sympathetic events. But will taking the stage of an ancient Inca site appear an act of authoritarian rule over Bolivia for the years to come?
L A PA Z
ARCHITECTURAL INFLUENCE • A statue of Pedro Murillo is in the centre of the Plaza Murillo - a freedom fighter for Bolivia, captured by the Spanish and held as a prisoner until his death (Khol 2010). • The Plaza is formed as an arena as you have to access the centre via stairs. • Surrounding political buildings (The Assembly and Presidential Palace) and the Cathedral, encourage the plaza to be used a platform for citizens to be heard,
L A PA Z
however, the boundaries form containment using trees, walls and fences, limiting any attempt of full exposure. • The surrounding Spanish Colonial facades creep over the 200,000 Morales supporters (Bolivia.com, R. 2019) gathered in the square. The silence of the indigenous people paying their respects to the massacre within in the square surrounded by the Colonial architecture, suggests an end to its intimidation • Morales uses this political platform as a second inauguration arena. To
STREETS AND PLAZAS PAG E | 6 8
encourage suggestive political behaviour of his political position, which is that he will perform and satisfy his promise to the indigenous people at the expense of the enemy: ‘Democratic Politics’.
FIGURE 3.4 | PLAZA MURILLO SITE PLAN (EXISTING) A drawing of Plaza Murillo is in the centre of figure 3.4. Surrounding this drawing is a panoramic visual of surrounding buildings that enclose Plaza Murillo. You can see the Assembly Building on the East elevation. PAG E | 6 9
2007 LA GUERRA DE COCA
SUMMARY OF POLITICAL EVENT The rise of Indigenous power was evident in 2007 when the local government of Cochabamba came head to head with Morales loyalists. The elected autonomy government that governed Cochabamba was, in fact, a major opponent of the policies set out by Morales’ party: MAS. Cocaine farmers and Morales loyalists established a local government in parallel with the existing
[ T H E C O C A WA R ]
autonomy government who saw this bold statement as an annoyance.
AN A N T I - D E M O C R AT I C BEGINNING
OUTCOME OF EVENT The two governments came clashed in a face off against demonstrators in the streets of Cochabamba leaving hundreds injured and two dead. Morales ironically accused the existing oppositional government of corruption and violation of human rights. The president imposes a totalitarian regime by favouriting the rebels who won victory following their demonstrations. This was corrupt incident was the first of many anti-democratic events to follow in Morales’ regime.
COCHABAMBA
ARCHITECTURAL INFLUENCE • The existing autonomy government building has had a historic presence in Cochabamba since the Spanish Colonial era as shown in Figure 3.5 where a collage illustrates existing and historic images of the building. • Morales supporters are seen to attack this historic building with petrol bombs, resulting in fires. His influence as president, has sparked a revolution where the indigenous people are now attacking buildings that resemble Spanish rule. • As oppose to democratically being elected into the Spanish Colonial styled
COCHABAMBA
government building, the rebels form an independent government in a poorly structured informal settlement (shown above the overthrown governor in Figure 3.5). • By supporting this rebel movement, Morales has demonstrated corruption by awarding power to favourable forms of government that originated by those who were not elected. This is a form of patronage that violates the code of democratic practice through favouritism for his supporters at the expense of the opposition.
STREETS AND PLAZAS PAG E | 70
FIGURE 3.5 | LA GUERRA DE COCA Images of the civil war are presented on the left. The overthrown governor, appears behind the historical
collage
of
the
autonomy
government
building
of
Cochabamba
and
appears
on
fire.
PAG E | 7 1
2008 E VO AS E S I N O D E D E M O C R AC I A
SUMMARY OF POLITICAL EVENT Morales makes controversial constitutional changes to the Supreme Court which brought troubling concerns to citizens who felt the action was antidemocratic (Postero, N. 2017). Until 2008, amendments to constitutional laws had to be approved by two-thirds of the Constituent Assembly. Morales adapts the passing of laws to a complete majority meaning only 50% of the Assembly
[E VO, AS SAS S I N O F D E M O C R AC Y] C H A N G E S TO T H E CONSTITUTION
is required to approve an amendment to law. This act means that Morales has full power of both the Plurinational Legislative Assembly, La Paz, and The Constituent Assembly, Sucre. Effectively, Morales now has the authority to confidently propose laws with his majority government in La Paz, and have them always approved by a majority of loyal justices in Sucre.
OUTCOME OF EVENT This act of political corruption is a form of clientelism and favouritism that contributes to the durability of an authoritarian regime. The controversial constitutional amendment is an abuse of power to perpetuate Morales’ political position. The MAS party has full control to favour their interests at the expense of the political opposition. Many Bolivians fear the rise of a dictatorship, through this established hybrid regime.
ARCHITECTURAL INFLUENCE CHIQUISACA
The Assembly formation in the Supreme Court of Justice takes the shape of a theatre, angled towards a rostrum. If a member of the Supreme court wished to be heard, they must take the stage on the raised platform on the rostrum alongside the justices. Previously, when two-thirds of the constitution had to agree to any alterations of amendments to law, the position to challenge an amendment had to be presented on a podium in front of an audience where you had to satisfy 66.6% of members. Intimidating, as it should be, as the supreme court excludes itself from the general public and, therefore, democratically must overwhelmingly pass with its two-thirds majority to please the majority of the general public.
SUCRE
Alterations in 2008 that allowed just a 50% majority now make it easier to pass amendments and the theatre shaped assembly makes it difficult for democratic actions to take place. For instance, the South African parliament reformed their assembly from a horse-shoe style formation to a fan-shaped one similar to Bolivia’s government specifically to encourage more cross party debates (case study showin in chapter five). However, Parkinson, J. (2012) states that this was an absolute failure as members of the assembly now prefer to observe the rostrum in silence, like at a school assembly, listening to the voice preaching to them from the podium. The theatre-shaped assembly is designed for listening to a preacher, or
A S S E M B LY
perhaps, a dictator, where members are to listen and observe, and use the podium once invited. For democracy, the Supreme Court of Justice requires
PAG E | 7 2
one a lot more confrontational.
THE SYSTEM BEFORE INTERVENTION ROSTRUM 3 3 . 3 % L O YA L I S T S 66.6% OPPOSITION
THE SYSTEM AFTER INTERVENTION ROSTRUM 5 0 % L O YA L I S T S 50% OPPOSITION
F I G U R E 3 . 6 | S U P R E M E T R I B U N A L O F J U S T I C E A S S E M B LY F O R M AT I O N The assembly formation inside the Supreme Court is a theatre styled seating formation. This diagram illustrates the percentage of votes required to pass a law, before and after a corrupt intervention. PAG E | 7 3
2011 E L SAC R I F I C I O
SUMMARY OF POLITICAL EVENT Morales announced a new infrastructure project that proposed a highway from Villa Tunari, district of Cochabamba, to San Ignacio, district of Beni. The project was rather controversial for its lack of sensitivity to environmental tropical reserves as the highway intersected a national park. Indigenous communities opposed the proposition of the 190 mile highway and marched from Rural
[T H E SAC R I F I C E] M O R A L E S AT TA C K S HIS OWN PEOPLE
parts of the region to La Paz. Morales refused to negotiate with the protestors and instructed police to violently assault the indigenous marchers, to beat them, to fire tear gas which resulted in many injuries. Morales later withdrew from the proposal after amounting to human rights violations (Achtenberg, E. 2012).
OUTCOME OF EVENT This act of betrayal led to public anger and confusion. After all, Evo Morales had always been recognised as the saviour to the indigenous majority and he attacked his own people. Morales then took over a representative organisation of indigenous people known as the CIDOB (included citizens who would be effected by the highway) and through clientelism, successfully defected the organisation to win a vote to proceed with the highway project.
B E N I - L A PA Z
ARCHITECTURAL INFLUENCE • Morales proves an act of cowardliness by attacking peaceful protestors in rural areas out of the public eye. The attack in the rural scene establishes the impression that Morales wanted to greatly diminish the impact of their protest before gaining an urban audience. • Demonstrators proceed with the march, few that were still injured (Achtenberg, E. and Currents, R. 2011) continue to march through the highlands, the outskirts of La Paz and eventually to the heart of government, Plaza Murillo.
RURAL
• The once Morales loyalists, appear in the public plaza in front of the legislative assembly and adjacent to the presidential residence. The indigenous protestors use this political platform for direct confrontation with Morales. • The Bolivian people respond to their corrupt leader in a brave manner, proving their resistance is still evident after their government attacks them in a rural setting. • Morales once used Plaza Murillo as a platform to preach hope, promise and challenge for the indigenous people. Now, the indigenous people use this
STREETS AND PLAZAS PAG E | 74
political platform to convey their resistance against their Leader.
GOVERNMENT ATTACKS
MARCH ROUTE
PROPOSED HIGHWAY
SAN IGNACIO
NATIONAL PARK
VILLA TUNARI
PLAZA MURILLO
LA PAZ
PLAZA MURILLO
FIGURE 3.7 | THE ROUTE OF PROTEST The black line indicates the route from San Ignacio to La Paz. Notice how the map zooms from a national scale, to an urban scale, and eventually to a scale appropriate for Plaza Murillo. PAG E | 7 5
2012 RETIRADA
SUMMARY OF POLITICAL EVENT President Evo Morales defends the illegal narcotic drug at a United Nations Assembly. Bolivia experiences high pressures from western countries to stop the growth of the illegal plant as they are extremely against drug trafficking. Growth of coca leaves in Bolivia was reduced in the early millennium under the right-wing government (Postero, N. 2017). However, tracing back to Morales’
[ W I T H D R AWA L ] A B S E N C E AT T H E U N I T E D N AT I O N S
inauguration ceremony in 2005, this indigenous tradition of chewing the leaves was promised to be protected under Morales’ regime. The purpose of coca leaves was to prevent temporary hunger and relief from altitude sickness.
OUTCOME OF EVENT The United Nations held a convention on Narcotics and Bolivia temporarily withdraw its presence with the UN. This was an act of protest against classification of coca leaves as an illegal drug. This convention happened at the UN headquarters in New York, so this milestone will study the formation of UN assembly and how it encourages democratic outcomes and compare this to Bolivia’s Plurinational Legislative Assembly in La Paz.
I N T E R N AT I O N A L
ARCHITECTURAL INFLUENCE The centre of the United Nations Assembly shows a theatre shaped assembly where all 193 member countries (UN.org, 2019).are seated and are directed towards a rostrum. Surrounding the theatre assembly forms an audience of Press, World Health Organisations, World Bank, Commonwealth etcetera. This formation allows global attention to any member who needs to make a speech on the podium at the rostrum. Interestingly, the voting system in the
NEW YORK CITY
UN General Assembly is strictly succeeded by a two-thirds majority similar to Bolivia’s Supreme Court of Justice prior to amendments made in 2008. Morales withdrawing Bolivia from this particular conference on narcotics is an act of stubbornness for refusing to risk defeat on banishing the roles of coca growers. It is also, somewhat hypocritical to deny participation in an assembly formed similar to Bolivia’s Supreme Court - is Morales familiar with the UN assembly layout and recognises the intimidation of a theatre-shaped form? Withdrawing from democratic institutions like the United Nations, Morales
A S S E M B LY
rules a hybrid regime in Bolivia where conflict of interest is used a powerpreserving tactic to maintain status and power in Bolivia.
PAG E | 76
F I G U R E 3 . 8 | U N I T E D N AT I O N S A S S E M B LY F O R M AT I O N The seating
plan is
(top)
shows
composed
the as
a
seating unity
formation to
of
represent
the
theatre
styled
‘One
World’
and
assembly. global
The
progress. PAG E | 7 7
2017 UNO MAS?
SUMMARY OF POLITICAL EVENT The maximum duration a president is allowed to serve in Bolivia is two terms. Morales succeeded a third term permitted by the constitution because this rule was introduced during his presidency and therefore did not count. Morales held a referendum to the general public to amend a constitutional law which would allow Morales to run for a fourth term in the 2019 general elections. The result
[ONE MORE?] C O N T ROV E R S I A L POWER PRESERVING
of the referendum was a defeat with 51.27% voting “No” (Casey 2016). Meaning that not all 60% of his supporters (win from the 2009 referendum) had agreed with this anti-democratic proposal.
AMENDMENT
OUTCOME OF EVENT Following the rejection of the amendment, Evo Morales seeks permission from the Supreme Court in Sucre. Morales invoked that it was his human right to campaign for a fourth term for leadership. Of course, this was approved by the supreme court, as previous amendments to the constitution in 2008 allowed a 50% majority to approve laws. Bolivian citizens now pose the question: is the president’s human right more important than theirs?
CHUQUISACA
ARCHITECTURAL INFLUENCE At the top of Parque Bolivar, The Supreme Court of Justice crowns the promenade of adjacent Spanish Colonial styled architecture that establish government institutions, monasteries and mansions of Bolivian’s elite. The constitution first and foremost; is a monumental piece of architecture that represents the controversial influence against indigenous people in the capital Sucre - the violent and gory past in the war with Spain blessed by an arc of triumph.
SUCRE
Morales ends that blessing of triumph in 2017. Morales visualises the constitution, secondly is a place of work and government. The violation of refusing to respect the vote entirely had the intention of preserving his power and refusal to fail the indigenous people. What was once a style of architecture encouraged to attack (Guerra de Coca, Cochabamba 2007), Morales taste for authoritarian regime upgrades to complete an absolute take over of the constitution and state. And, of course, with such acts of political corruption, results in violence, threats, intimidation from resistance attack indigenous people (Postero, N. 2017).
POLITICAL C AT E G O R Y PAG E | 7 8
Morales strengthening power tactics puts his desires ahead of the safety of his supporters.
F I G U R E 3 . 9 | C O N S T I T U T I O N A L TA K E O V E R An
elevation
orange
bars
of
spanish
represent
colonial
mansions
imprisonment.
(top)
Indigenous
symbolically culture
represent
takes
over
defeat Parque
as
the
Bolivar.
PAG E | 7 9
2017 BOLIVIA DICE NO
SUMMARY OF POLITICAL EVENT Since the controversial constitutional amendment to preserve power, Bolivian citizens exercised their right to protest and demonstrate the value of their human rights. The “BOLIVIA DICE NO” movement had been growing ever since Morales announced his candidacy for the 2019 elections. Mass protests took places in major cities of Cochabamba, La Paz and Santa Cruz.
[ B O L I V I A S AY S N O ] FIGHTING FOR D E M O C R AC Y:
In Bolivia’s lead opposition city, Santa Cruz de La Sierra, public demonstrations took place in the independence plaza (main plaza) and around El Cristo signifying the effort to gain the attention from politics and religion.
T H E R E S I S TA N C E
OUTCOME OF EVENT From 2017 - 2019, these events gradually occurred. During my exchange experience in Santa Cruz in 2019, these events escalated as the general elections were approaching. We participated in a “BOLIVIA DICE NO” march from our university to El Cristo (figure 3.10). The protests were peaceful. Many people protested that Bolivia is not an authoritarian regime like Cuba or Venezuela - suggesting fears that Bolivia has entered a dictatorship.
S A N TA C R U Z
ARCHITECTURAL INFLUENCE Santa Cruz De La Sierra holds the most opposition to the government and is recognised as a threat to Morales’ leadership. The court of justice is recognisable from many parts of Santa Cruz, one of the tallest buildings in the city, this concrete and glass mega-structure towers over El Cristo. El Cristo, positioned in the centre of the northern second-ring/main avenue and intersecting with the main route to the Main Plaza and Cathedral, is greeted with an inca-styled alter.
S A N TA C R U Z D E LA SIERRA
Massive demonstrators gather around El Cristo to convey their democratic views, their voice, and their annoyance at the refusal for Morales to accept the result of the referendum. Bolivia says ‘No’, and El Cristo influentially portrays the symbol of reason and hope. The flat lowlands city strikes huge differences to that of the harsh terrain in the highlands. Santa Cruz De La Sierra has differing cultures to La Paz and Sucre. Its all year tropical climate is drastically different to the freezing high-altitude temperatures in the highlands. Citizens have a different lifestyle than the rest of Bolivia. The Urban form is strictly grid-locked and compact into radial avenues. The ring avenues are transformed into a pedestrian highway to direct
STREETS AND PLAZAS PAG E | 8 0
demonstrators to El Cristo and establish political, democratic unification with religious belief.
URBAN FORM OF EL CRISTO EL CRISTO
ALTER OF EL CRISTO
EL MICRO
SANTA CRUZ SECTION FROM CATHEDRAL TO EL CRISTO
CATHEDRAL
SANTA CRUZ COURT OF JUSTICE
ATM MACHINES
UNIVERSIDAD PRIVADA DE SANTA CRUZ DE LA SIERRA F I G U R E 3 . 1 0 | M A P O F P R O T E S T R O U T E S , M E E T I N G P O I N T S & S I T E S I N S A N TA C R U Z Urbanism and
is
in
Santa
capable
of
Cruz
is
collecting
generous citizens
for
during
accommodating a
march
to
protest. areas
of
Circulating principal
is
efficient
manifestations. PAG E | 8 1
2018 PA L A C I O D E L D I C TA D O R
SUMMARY OF POLITICAL EVENT 2018 saw the completion of Bolivia’s new US$34 million, 29-storey, glass facade, presidential residence towering over the original Spanish colonial styled residence below (now transformed into a museum) (GENTE, 2018). For Morales and the indigenous majority, this is a representation of the death of colonisation, and subsequently a new Bolivia. For the opposition, the tower is
[ D I C TAT O R PA L A C E ] M A I N TA I N I N G W E A LT H & S TAT U S
an unavoidable eye-sore, painfully marking its territory in La Paz’s skyline and a symbol of political corruption, institutional manipulation and dictatorship. The luxury residence includes a gym, sauna, heliport and a jacuzzi and is viewed as a “national insult” by Bolivian political analyst, Carolos Toranzo.
OUTCOME OF EVENT This architectural statement further antagonises the “Bolivia Dice No” movement. Completed through violating the human rights of Bolivia’s citizens, the funding for this tower was unnecessary and could have went to better causes. This form of extractive political corruption enriches the president at the expense of public interests. The symbolic purpose of this skyscraper is a method to maintain wealth and status.
L A PA Z
ARCHITECTURAL INFLUENCE An unrecognisable spaceship lands above the Spanish Colonial ‘Palacio Quemado’ where previous presidents once called a residence. This architectural statements that intended to resemble a ‘New Bolivia’ is a humiliation to democracy. Power preserving tactics of violation and disrespect have successfully allowed Morales to slap citizens of the this non-democratic world with a monumental inca-inspired skyscraper. Badged on the glass facade with murals that represent indigenous pride and culture, this statement declares that dictatorship has landed in La Paz.
L A PA Z
Morales loyalists admire in awe as their mothership, their saviour, announces touchdown in 2018 - the promise made in 2006 is complete. Fury explodes from the opposition who view the intervention as an act of authoritarian regime. ‘It should be used as a Cancer Treatment Hospital’, claimed Carlos Mesa, the leader of the opposition. Floor plans had leaked of the interior by Gente Magazine (2018) that show jacuzzi, sauna rooms and massage rooms inside this luxury tower. I will discuss the floor plans later in Chapter 6, but this extractive form of corrupt political
NON POLITICAL ARENA PAG E | 8 2
behaviour is rather right-wing. This is not exactly an act of socialism, but rather, serves the purpose of wealth and to enrich oneself.
F I G U R E 3 . 1 1 | C A S A G R A N D E D E L P U E B L O T O U C H E S D O W N AT P L A Z A M U R I L L O Reflective is
in
facades charge,
and and,
the through
huge
massing
of
monumentalism,
this
tower
the
Morales
reminds regime
Bolivia is
that
here
Morales to
stay.
PAG E | 8 3
2019 D I C TA D U R A !
SUMMARY OF POLITICAL EVENT The general elections of October 20th, 2019, were so fraudulent that even the Organisation of American States (OAS) announces a statement immediately after the election result. OAS began an investigation into election fraud after Evo Morales claims victory regardless of these irregularities. Following the general election, there were 19 days of intense fighting, violence and civic
[ D I C TAT O R S H I P ! ] GENERAL ELECTION FRAUD OF 2019
strikes. Public services and public institutions had closed across the nation as a demonstration of resistance from the Bolivian people. Tensions had risen as the opposition demanded the resignation of Morales and protests escalated when he refused to step down.
OUTCOME OF EVENT Civil war began on the streets, opposition supporters fighting against Morales loyalists. Tragically, few deaths were recorded and many injured in the most violent demonstration since the 2003 massacre. The police eventually went on strike. Morales blames western governments and foreign nationals for the rise of a coup that plans to over-through the president out of power. International road borders were closed and curfews were introduced. For a short while, Bolivia was a rather dangerous country on lockdown.
N AT I O N A L
W H AT N E X T ? Morales resigns after being found guilty of election fraud on 11th November 2019. Morales flees on a private jet on route to Mexico City, where he had been granted asylum and promises he will return to Bolivia with ‘strength and energy’ (Collyns, D. and Borger, J, 2019). Meanwhile, after weeks of street blockades, civil strikes and unrest, Bolivia is temporarily taken over by Bolivian Senator named Jeanine Anez from the
N AT I O N A L
opposition. As expected, this lead to outrage from Morales Royalists. However, Anez promises to soon hold another truthful and honest general election. The people of Bolivia have proven strong in their resistance to government corruption and rise to dictatorship, they are capable of overthrowing a leader at the expense of their safety in order to protect their democratic human rights. Now and in the near future, Bolivia should focus on getting itself back on its feet and return to normality after a harsh regime leadership. Later, Bolivia should worry about the ‘strength and energy’ that Morales vows
STREETS AND PLAZAS PAG E | 8 4
to return with in the future.
YOU CAN’T RULE FOREVER
FIGURE 3.12 | PORTRAIT OF EVO MORALES Son, Enemy,
Father, Dictator,
Husband,
Farmer,
Democratic-Assassin,
Spokesman, Refugee,
Politician, Criminal,
Leader, Saviour
Traitor,
Hero,
and
Threat. PAG E | 8 5
2002 E L R I VA L C O C A L E R O
2006 E S TA D O I N D Í G E N A
2003 OCTUBRE NEGRO
SOMOS PUEBLOS, SOMOS MAS
2006
2007 LA GUERRA DE COCA
2008
EVO ASESINO DE DEMOCRACIA
FIGURE 1.13 | POLITICAL MILESTONE TIMELINE
CHAPTER TIMELINE CONCLUSION Morales certainly had many achievements in his
the indigenous people. Spanish Colonial architecture
leadership. Awarding equality and recognition for
sustained Morales’ ambition; its presence in Plaza
the indigenous majority who had very few rights
Murillo, La Paz, and at the Supreme Court, Sucre,
during previous right-wing leaderships. The socialist
served Morales’ intimidation and doubt that fuelled
movement embarked a fair and equal Bolivia - to
his motivation.
begin with. His loyalty to indigenous people was at the heart of his motives. Democracy was sacrificed in favour of PAG E | 8 6
2011 EL SACRIFICIO
2017 UNO MAS?
2018 P A L A C I O D E L D I C TA D O R
2012 RETIRADA
2017 BOLIVIA DICE NO
2019 D I C TA D U R A !
YOU CAN’T RULE FOREVER
However, his power quickly turned dark and went
resistance and succeeded in 2019 - DICTADURA!
down a path of betrayal in 2011 - El Sacrificio. Global intimidation patronised him in 2012 - Retirada.
You can’t rule forever… But Morales will return with
Anxiety of being overthrown terrified him in 2017
‘strength and energy’. Who is the ‘strength and
- Uno Mas? Demonstrations were ignored for two
energy’? An external, foreign body? The military of
years, citizens turned to faith in 2017 - Bolivia Dice
Mexico? Cuba, Perhaps?
No. Corruption succeeded and dictatorship landed in 2018 - Palacio Del Dictador. And Fascinatingly,
Morales’ last threat to democracy remains without
the general public of Bolivia never gave up their
conclusion. How do we prevent this? PAG E | 8 7
SECTION II
CHAPTER FOUR M A N I F E STO
CHAPTER CONTENTS PAG E 9 0
P R O B L E M S TAT E M E N T
PAG E 9 4
P R O B L E M A N A LY S I S : S O L U T I O N S
PAG E 9 6
P R O B L E M A N A LY S I S : T H E S O L U T I O N S T O F O R M S O F C O R R U P T I O N
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THE MOST EFFECTIVE SOLUTION
PAG E 1 0 0
H Y P OT H E S I S : A CO R R U P T B O L I V I A O R A T R A N S PA R E N T B O L I V I A?
PAG E 1 0 2
A N A LY S I S R E S E A R C H Q U E S T I O N S
PAG E 1 0 4
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
INTRODUCTION TO CHAPTER Chapter Four performs as a transitional chapter between sections one and two of the thesis investigation. The manifesto chapter concludes the research investigation and introduces the analysis stage of the thesis exploration. It concludes section one with a problem statement that graphically presents a concerning relationship of the political milestone timeline in chapter three with occurring forms of corruption identified in chapter one. The problem statement is analysed further as we discover solutions that can be applied to forms of corruption that promote inclusion, diligence, excellence, accountability and sustainability. These are further analysed and separated into a similar format in figure 1.3 ‘corruption defined’ to quickly identify wether we intervene in the public sector, private sector, or both sectors and to which scale this may be applied to - grand, political or petty. From this information we can visualise the most effective solution for an anti-corruption intervention. The manifesto suggests a direction for the analysis. A commitment in the form of an abstract summary that emphasises the extent of the problem and suggests a purpose of the direction of the analysis study. Chapter Four is an introduction to section two of the thesis exploration: the analysis stage. This is where identified research questions come to light to guide and structure chapter five that will establish guidelines for democracy and corruption. The aims and objective section of the manifesto will inset the information and research gathered about Bolivia’s forms of corruption and connect the forms directly to their anti-corrupt solutions. This conveys the importance of the exploration as solutions suited to Bolivia are clarified.
PAG E | 8 9
2002 E L R I VA L C O C A L E R O
2006 E S TA D O I N D Ă? G E N A
2003 OCTUBRE NEGRO
SOMOS PUEBLOS, SOMOS MAS
POLITICAL CORRUPTION
POLITICAL CORRUPTION
PATRONAGE
CLIENTELISM
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
2007 LA GUERRA DE COCA
2008
2006
GRAND CORRUPTION
EVO ASESINO DE DEMOCRACIA
CLIENTELISM
POLITICAL CORRUPTION
NEPOTISM
PROBLEM STATEMENT Bolivia saw a temporary decline to corruption from
Evidently, the acts to grab onto power became
right-wing rule once Morales stepped in as President
more violent as Morales abused more civilian rights
in 2006, however, suspicions against his trust as a
to cling onto power. Acts of patronage placed non-
leader became evident. Corruption began to escalate
elected loyalist parties in charge. Nepotism tamed
in 2007 and accelerated to the downfall of his legacy.
the opposition, and almost eliminated its power
The political milestones note the forms of corruption
entirely. Grand corruption saw the betrayal against
performed to maintain leadership that took Bolivia
his own people. Conflict of Interests proved Morales
from a once democratic state down a path of
as a cowardly leader. Political Corruption amended
authoritarian regime.
constitutional laws into a regime state. Demonstrators ignored and teased with a monumental palace to
PAG E | 9 0
humiliate their powerlessness.
POLITICAL CORRUPTION
GRAND CORRUPTION
POLITICAL CORRUPTION
GRAND CORRUPTION
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
POLITICAL CONTRIBUTION
NEPOTISM
CLIENTELISM
CLIENTELISM
2011 EL SACRIFICIO
2017 UNO MAS?
2018 P A L A C I O D E L D I C TA D O R
2012 RETIRADA
2017 BOLIVIA DICE NO
2019 D I C TA D U R A !
POLITICAL CORRUPTION
FRAUD
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
FIGURE 4.1 | CORRUPTION TIMELINE OF BOLIVIA
GRAND CORRUPTION
STATE CAPTURE
PATRONAGE
POLITICAL CORRUPTION
PAG E | 9 1
PROBLEM STATEMENT Octube Negro, 2003, lost the trust in right-wing government who displayed their powers by brutally murdering peaceful protestors and Bolivia grew a taste for left-wing rule. It was soon when petty forms and few political forms of corruption began to amend the rules that sparked social and political consequences for the opposition. The opposition were effected initially in 2007 and 2008 with weakened powers and distrust for their leader. In 2011, loyalists lost their trust in Morales as his corrupt actions lead to the environmental consequences that harmed natural habitat. From then, escalating social and
2002 E L R I VA L C O C A L E R O
2006 E S TA D O I N D Í G E N A
2003 OCTUBRE NEGRO
SOMOS PUEBLOS, SOMOS MAS
political consequences occurred from the Morales regime. As the nation lost trust in their leadership the opportunity for the opposition to intervene gradually became more difficult.
2006
The dictatorial monumental presidential palace had economical costs for a country in such poverty. The most vulnerable citizens in poverty - who ironically the majority are Morales loyalists - needed this money far more than the so claimed ‘Socialist’ leader required it to construct his luxury residence. Election fraud in 2019 fuelled distrust in the Morales Regime. Political costs sparked outrage across the nation as this act of grand corruption established a coup who attempted to capture Morales.
PAG E | 9 2
POLITICAL CORRUPTION
GRAND CORRUPTION
SOCIAL COST
FIGURE 4.2 | CONSEQUENCE TIMELINE
SOCIAL COST
POLITICAL CORRUPTION
E N V I R O N M E N TA L COST
PATRONAGE
POLITICAL CORRUPTION
GRAND CORRUPTION
SOCIAL COST
POLITICAL CORRUPTION
ECONOMICAL COST
GRAND CORRUPTION
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
CLIENTELISM
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
2007 LA GUERRA DE COCA
2008
EVO ASESINO DE DEMOCRACIA
CLIENTELISM
POLITICAL CORRUPTION
POLITICAL COST
POLITICAL CONTRIBUTION
NEPOTISM
CLIENTELISM
CLIENTELISM
2011 EL SACRIFICIO
2017 UNO MAS?
2018 P A L A C I O D E L D I C TA D O R
2012 RETIRADA
2017 BOLIVIA DICE NO
2019 D I C TA D U R A !
NEPOTISM CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
SOCIAL COST
POLITICAL CORRUPTION
STATE CAPTURE
POLITICAL COST
FRAUD
GRAND CORRUPTION
POLITICAL COST
POLITICAL CORRUPTION
PATRONAGE
PAG E | 9 3
PROBLEM ANALYSIS: SOLUTIONS
INCLUSION
ANTI-CORRUPTION SOLUTIONS Transparency International believe that fighting corruption should not be a confrontational process. Civilian
DILIGENCE
confrontation against government powers is dangerous, and can lead to casualties as seen in Bolivia. This global coalition against corruption agency are certain that the most appropriate manner to tackle corruption is a steady process that eliminates the frequency of corruption and progresses partnerships amongst institutions.
EXCELLENCE
Fundamentally, Transparency International hold government bodies and wealthy private sector companies accountable for committing acts of grand, political and petty corruption. Civil society are capable of speaking out against corruption. It is their political system that often lets them down. Perhaps, it is because that their government and constitutional systems are designed to be democratically flawed. To resolve the problem of government corruption in Bolivia, we must design
A C C O U N TA B I L I T Y
an intervention of absolute transparency for civil society. Transparency International launched twenty-five anticorruption solutions. If a government institutions abide to these rules then it is rare corruption will occur. These solutions inspire a transparent vision to solve Bolivia’s problem. A Bolivia with inclusion, diligence, excellence, accountability and sustainability.
PAG E | 9 4
S U S TA I N A B I L I T Y
F I G U R E 4 . 3 | S O L U T I O N A S P I R AT I O N S
ACCESS TO INFORMATION
ACCOUNTABILITY
ASSET RECOVERY
AUDIT
AUTOMATIC EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION
CODE OF CONDUCT
COMPLIANCE
CONVENTIONS
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
COUNTRY BY COUNTRY REPORTING
DEBARMENT
DISCLOSURE
ENHANCED DUE DILIGENCE
ETHICS
GOVERNANCE
INTEGRITY
KNOW YOUR CUSTOMER
MUTUAL LEGAL ASSISTANCE
NATIONAL INTEGRITY SYSTEM
OVERSIGHT
PACTS
POLITICAL WILL
RULE OF LAW
TRANSPARENCY
WHISTLEBLOWING
FIGURE 4.4 | ANTI-CORRUPTION SOLUTIONS
PAG E | 9 5
P R I VAT E S E C T O R
GRAND CORRUPTION
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
ACCESS TO INFORMATION
ENHANCED DUE DILIGENCE
COMPLIANCE
REVOLVING DOOR
BASE EROSION & PROFIT SHIFTING
TAX EVASION
MONEY LAUNDERING
BENEFICIAL OWNERSHIP SECRECY CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
OVERSIGHT
OVERSIGHT
TRANSPARENCY
KNOW YOUR CUSTOMER
MUTUAL LEGAL ASSISTANCE
BRIBERY
DISCLOSURE
PACTS
INTEGRITY
TRANSPARENCY
RULE OF LAW
ETHICS
TRANSPARENCY
SECRECY JURISDICTION
CODE OF CONDUCT
DISCLOSURE
GOVERNANCE
TRANSPARENCY
OFFSHORE FINANCIAL CENTRES
CODE OF CONDUCT
ACCOUNTABILITY
COUNTRY BY COUNTRY REPORTING
ETHICS
ACCESS TO INFORMATION
COMPLIANCE
NATIONAL INTEGRITY SYSTEM
PACTS
WHISTLEBLOWING
INTEGRITY
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
POLITICAL CORRUPTION
CODE OF CONDUCT
WHISTLEBLOWING
MUTUAL LEGAL ASSISTANCE
ACCOUNTABILITY
SHELL COMPANY
TRANSFER (MIS)PRICING
RULE OF LAW
ETHICS
COLLUSION
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS CODE OF CONDUCT
CODE OF CONDUCT
ACCESS TO INFORMATION
ETHICS
BRIBERY
PACTS
PETTY CORRUPTION
COMPLIANCE
DEBARMENT
COMPLIANCE
INTEGRITY
ETHICS INTEGRITY
BRIBERY
WHISTLEBLOWING
NATIONAL INTEGRITY SYSTEM
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS WHISTLEBLOWING
NOMINEE
PROBLEM ANALYSIS: THE SOLUTIONS TO FORMS OF CORRUPTION F I G U R E 4 . 5 | S O L U T I O N O F C O R R U P T I O N F O R M S
NEPOTISM
DISCLOSURE
PAG E | 9 6
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
POLITICAL WILL
BOTH SECTORS
PUBLIC SECTOR
MUTUAL LEGAL ASSISTANCE
AUTOMATIC EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION
ACCESS TO INFORMATION
ACCOUNTABILITY
ACCESS TO INFORMATION
ACCOUNTABILITY
ASSET RECOVERY
AUDIT
AUTOMATIC EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION
CODE OF CONDUCT
COMPLIANCE
CONVENTIONS
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
COUNTRY BY COUNTRY REPORTING
DEBARMENT
DISCLOSURE
ENHANCED DUE DILIGENCE
ETHICS
GOVERNANCE
INTEGRITY
KNOW YOUR CUSTOMER
MUTUAL LEGAL ASSISTANCE
NATIONAL INTEGRITY SYSTEM
OVERSIGHT
PACTS
POLITICAL WILL
RULE OF LAW
TRANSPARENCY
WHISTLEBLOWING
POLITICAL WILL
ACCOUNTABILITY COMPLIANCE
CODE OF CONDUCT
AUDIT
FRAUD
TAX HAVEN TRANSPARENCY
INTEGRITY
WHISTLEBLOWING
AUTOMATIC EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION
EMBEZZLEMENT
COMPLIANCE
DEBARMENT
COMPLIANCE
COLLUSION
TRANSPARENCY
ACCESS TO INFORMATION
ENHANCED DUE DILIGENCE
GRAND CORRUPTION
COMPLIANCE
POLITICAL WILL
POLITICAL WILL
CLIENTELISM
COMPLIANCE
CONVENTIONS
COUNTRY BY COUNTRY REPORTING
ACCESS TO INFORMATION
COMPLIANCE
ACCOUNTABILITY
RULE OF LAW
GOVERNANCE
TRANSPARENCY
CODE OF CONDUCT
FRAUD DISCLOSURE
ILLICIT FINANCIAL FLOWS
ACCESS TO INFORMATION
DISCLOSURE
POLITICAL CORRUPTION
LOBBYING
TRANSPARENCY
INTEGRITY ETHICS
ASSET RECOVERY TRANSPARENCY
POLITICAL CONTRIBUTION
POLITICALLY EXPOSED PEOPLE
RULE OF LAW
POLITICAL WILL
POLITICAL WILL
PATRONAGE
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
TRANSPARENCY
ENHANCED DUE DILIGENCE
INTEGRITY
CODE OF CONDUCT
CODE OF CONDUCT
OVERSIGHT
CONVENTIONS
STATE CAPTURE
ENHANCED DUE DILIGENCE
ETHICS
EMBEZZLEMENT
FACILITATION PAYMENTS
AUTOMATIC EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION
INTEGRITY
SOLICITATION
NATIONAL INTEGRITY SYSTEM
CODE OF CONDUCT
WHISTLEBLOWING
AUDIT
PETTY CORRUPTION
EXTORSION CODE OF CONDUCT
NATIONAL INTEGRITY SYSTEM
WHISTLEBLOWING
COMPLIANCE
INDICATES FORM OF CORRUPTION APPEARS IN ONE OR MORE CATEGORIES PAG E | 9 7
PROBLEM ANALYSIS: THE MOST EFFECTIVE SOLUTION
LINE DIRECTS PROGRESSING EFFECTIVE SOLUTIONS
ASSET RECOVERY
AUDIT
PAG E | 9 8
RULE OF LAW
OVERSIGHT
NATIONAL INTEGRITY SYSTEM
MUTUAL LEGAL ASSISTANCE
DEBARMENT
GOVERNANCE
KNOW YOUR CUSTOMER
PACTS
CONVENTIONS
COUNTRY BY COUNTRY REPORTING
FIGURE 4.6 | THE MOST EFFECTIVE SOLUTION
ACCESS TO INFORMATION
TRANSPARENCY
AUTOMATIC EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
COMPLIANCE
ENHANCED DUE DILIGENCE
CODE OF CONDUCT
ETHICS
WHISTLEBLOWING
INTEGRITY
POLITICAL WILL
ACCOUNTABILITY
DISCLOSURE
PAG E | 9 9
HYPOTHESIS: A CORRUPT BOLIVIA “In art there are only fast or slow developments. Essentially it is a matter of evolution, not revolution.” - Bela Bartok, “The biggest disease is corruption. The vaccine is Transparency.” Bono, Ted Talks. “Power doesn’t corrupt people. People Corrupt Power” - William Gaddis, American Novelist. For Bolivia to heal itself from the absent leader of an authoritarian regime, a revolutionary plot to overthrow Morales and assume presidency evidently appears a relief for few, but controversial for many. Morales threats to return to Bolivia with ‘strength and energy’, however, the Bolivia he will be returning to will most certainly be an unstable state of tension, conflict and exclusion. This ‘strength and energy’ is likely to be the power of international allies. Should they interfere with Bolivia, then
“I will return to Bolivia with Strength and Energy”
a confrontational war with civilians and the national coup against Morales will prove the most aggressive, horrifying and violent war since Simon Bolivar freed Bolivia from Spanish rule.
FIGURE 4.7 | CORRUPT BOLIVIA PAG E | 1 0 0
- Evo Morales
OR A TRANSPARENT BOLIVIA? “Integrity, the transition of Morales to rebound to his homeland? transparency and So he can declare, once again, a dictatorship in a Palace designed to never allow civil acts of democracy to threat his the fight against leadership. corruption have Or, are we able to propose an intervention to be part of designed to never allow acts of corruption to happen again through a transparent design inspired by democracy and the culture. absolute exposure? A design that is not revolutionary in the slightest, but rather, a design that evolves the current They have to political institution that leads Bolivia through a process of reaching transparent democracy from a corrupt regime. be thought as fundamental Without intervening soon, many more lives could be lost through violent demonstrations and conflict. A values.” revolutionary response is, perhaps, appropriate to support Should an intervention be proposed to establish a
‘Palacio de la Corrupcion’ [Palace of Corruption] that eases
the left-wing dictatorship. One that facilitates powerpreserving qualities but leads Bolivia into a non-democratic
- Angel Gurria. OECD Secretary General
trap of authoritarian regime and obey to their dictator. Alternatively, an immediate political intervention is essential for Bolivia to ensure that if Morales returns and succeeds as president, the new design will prevent corruption and ease his defeat. One that heals Bolivia from its political darkness and provides an exposed platform for citizens of the non-democratic world.
F I G U R E 4 . 8 | T R A N S PA R E N T B O L I V I A
PAG E | 1 0 1
THESIS RESEARCH QUESTIONS
TO ESTABLISH GUIDELINES FOR DEMOCRACY AND CORRUPTION, WE MUST BEGIN ANALYSING BY STUDYING PRECEDENTS OF VARIOUS POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS
DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS
CORRUPT INSTITUTIONS
• New Zealand • Uruguay • United Kingdom • Scotland • South Africa
• North Korea • Saudi Arabia • Russia • Venezuela
ARCHITECTURAL AND URBAN QUALITIES TO ANALYSE: colonial? Exposure
historic?
Transparency
ARCHITECTURAL FORM
pride?
revolutionary? Influence
Massing
interactive?
modern?
Composition
welcoming?
statues
Sociability
art
monuments
historic
symbolic
Comfort and Image STREETS AND PLAZAS (URBAN)
Accessibility public?
connected?
proximity
Use & Activities private?
adjacency to government buildings
Confrontational?
Theatre? ASSEMBLY FORMATION
Horse-Shoe Shaped?
Fan Shaped?
CONCLUSION: ESTABLISHED GUIDELINES FOR DEMOCRACY ESTABLISHED GUIDELINES FOR CORRUPTION
PAG E | 1 0 2
F I G U R E 4 . 9 | R E S E A R C H Q U E S T I O N S F O R A N A LY S I S
TO TEST THE FEASIBILITY OF THE ANALYSIS, WE LOOK AT A CASE STUDY THAT SUCCESSFULLY TRANSITIONS A STATE FROM CORRUPT TO DEMOCRATIC
TRANSITIONAL CASE STUDY
WEST GERMANY
EAST GERMANY
CAPITAL: BONN
CAPITAL: EAST BERLIN
ARCHITECTURAL FORM
ARCHITECTURAL FORM
STREETS AND PLAZAS (URBAN)
STREETS AND PLAZAS (URBAN)
ASSEMBLY FORMATION
ASSEMBLY FORMATION
TRANSITION FROM REGIME TO DEMOCRACY THE GERMAN PARLIAMENT AFTER UNIFICATION IN BERLIN
ARCHITECTURAL FORM STREETS AND PLAZAS (URBAN) ASSEMBLY FORMATION
FIGURE 4.10 | CASE STUDY STRUCTURE
PAG E | 1 0 3
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES •
The objective of section two of the thesis
exploration is to analyse democratic and corrupt government institutions to establish guidelines for democracy and corruption. •
The study will investigate precedents from
democratic and regime states and particularly pay close attention to the architectural form, the urban form and the assembly formation within the debating chamber (if any). •
The purpose of this study is to find design guidelines
that could have been implemented to prevent the rise to a
2002 E L R I VA L C O C A L E R O
2006 E S TA D O I N D Í G E N A
2003 OCTUBRE NEGRO
SOMOS PUEBLOS, SOMOS MAS
dictatorship as discussed in chapter three. •
To apply these guidelines to practice by contributing
the guidelines in a design intervention to prevent a regime,
2006
and to allow democracy to flourish, or corruption to strengthen. •
To establish a relationship between architectural/
urban qualities, with the form of the assembly and its democratic flavour. •
Investigating qualities that support inclusion,
diligence, excellence, accountability and sustainability. POLITICAL CORRUPTION
•
GRAND CORRUPTION
Noting compelling transparent features within the
function, form and accessibility of a design; •
Alternatively, noting any non-transparent features
that promote corruption
PAG E | 1 0 4
FIGURE 4.11 | OBJECTIVE DIAGRAM
POLITICAL CORRUPTION
PATRONAGE
POLITICAL CORRUPTION
GRAND CORRUPTION
POLITICAL CORRUPTION
GRAND CORRUPTION
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
CLIENTELISM
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
2007 LA GUERRA DE COCA
2008
EVO ASESINO DE DEMOCRACIA
CLIENTELISM
POLITICAL CORRUPTION
POLITICAL CONTRIBUTION
NEPOTISM
CLIENTELISM
CLIENTELISM
2011 EL SACRIFICIO
2017 UNO MAS?
2018 P A L A C I O D E L D I C TA D O R
2012 RETIRADA
2017 BOLIVIA DICE NO
2019 D I C TA D U R A !
NEPOTISM CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
POLITICAL CORRUPTION
STATE CAPTURE
POLITICAL CORRUPTION
FRAUD
GRAND CORRUPTION
PATRONAGE
PAG E | 1 0 5
SECTION II
CHAPTER FIVE G U I D E L I N E S FO R D E M O C R AC Y A N A LY S I S O F D E M O C R AT I C A N D C O R R U P T INSTITUTIONS
CHAPTER CONTENTS PAG E 1 0 8
NEW ZEALAND
PAG E 1 1 0
UNITED KINGDOM
PAG E 1 1 2
SCOTLAND
PAG E 1 1 4
WA L E S
PAG E 1 1 6
SOUTH AFRICA
PAG E 1 1 8
U R U G U AY
PAG E 1 2 0
VENEZUELA
PAG E 1 2 2
SAUDI ARABIA
PAG E 1 2 4
RUSSIA
PAG E 1 2 6
NORTH KOREA
PAG E 1 2 8
E S TA B L I S H E D G U I D E L I N E S
PAG E 1 3 0
TRANSITIONAL CASE STUDY: EAST AND WEST GERMANY
INTRODUCTION TO CHAPTER Chapter five concludes section two, the analysis section of the thesis exploration. The objective of this chapter is to establish an exhaustive list of architectural and urban design guidelines for both a corrupt and transparent design intervention. The analysis is entirely presented graphically and is annotated to withdraw qualities that were considered in the establishment of the guidelines. Similar to chapter three, this section contains a blue ribbon that includes immediate context of the precedent that is being analysed. Information within this blue ribbon includes, Country name, democratic situation, location of capital city, leader, corruption rank, democratic score and assembly seat formation. The guidelines are withdrawn from architectural and urban aspects within the parliament and surrounding context which have been closely studied. Studies of the precedent’s symbolic intentions, stages of rituals, debating chambers, committee rooms, public galleries, publicity and general security have been investigated for establishing architectural guidelines. The spaces available for public protest, proximity to obvious centre, size and accessibility of public space of each precedent establishes the urban guidelines to intervene. This chapter is significant as it effectively creates the schedule of accommodation for a political intervention. Both democratic and corrupt guidelines are important as the opposite must be carefully avoided for the selected approach. For instance, guidelines of democracy can be studied for a corrupt intervention so we are certain of what design aspects to completely avoid. This chapter includes with a case study to evaluate the feasibility of the established guidelines by reviewing the success story of the Reichstag and what it represents. The case study examines the parliaments in both East and West Germany and concludes with the unified parliament that maintains democracy and transparency.
PAG E | 1 07
L O C AT I O N O F P A R L I A M E N T
NEW ZEALAND D E M O C R AT I C S TAT E
AV E N U E S T H AT A I D T H E R O U T E TO PA R L I A M E N T:
WELLINGTON
179
OPPORTUNITY FOR DIRECT P U B L I C C O N F R O N TAT I O N
TH
NO BOUNDARY WITH PA R L I A M E N T A N D P U B L I C S PAC E
MOST CORRUPT
COUNTRY IN THE WORLD P U B L I C S PAC E IS EQUAL TO SIZE OF PA R L I A M E N T
PA R L I A M E N T
V E G E TAT I O N DOES NOT BLOCK VIEWS
ACCESSIBLE
LEADER J AC I N DA A R D E R N
9.26/ 10.0
D E M O C R AT I C S C O R E
OVERSIGHT
A S S E M B LY F O R M : HORSE-SHOE
RULE OF LAW
HORSESHOE SHAPED A S S E M B LY
WHISTLEBLOWING
THE BEEHIVE SYMBOLISES COMMUNITIES, IT IS T H E M O N U M E N T T H AT REPRESENTS THE COUNTRY’S D E M O C R A C Y. JACINDA ARDERN DESCRIBES IT LIKE ‘WORKING IN A MUSEUM’
GOVERNANCE
M U LT I P L E C O M M I T T E E R O O M S O F VA R I O U S S I Z E S COMMITTEE ROOMS WITH A D J U S TA B L E S I Z E S
CONVENTIONS
R E P R E S E N TAT I O N S O F I N D I G E N O U S P AT T E R N S O N WA L L S
DISCLOSURE
TRANSPARENCY
CIRCULAR FORM SUGGETS UNITY - A SYMBOL FOR THE CENTRE OF NEW ZEALAND’S SPHERE
G L A S S , T R A N S P A R E N T , C I R C U L A R FA C A D E I S WELCOMING AND IS A VISUAL LINK TO THE SENSE O F N AT I O N
THE BEEHIVE
F I G U R E 5 . 1 | N E W Z E A L A N D A S S E M B LY B U I L D I N G P R O F I L E PAG E | 1 0 9
L O C AT I O N O F P A R L I A M E N T
L A R G E P R O T E S T S U S U A L LY TA K E P A R T AT : H Y D E PA R K T R A FA L G A R S Q U A R E SOUTHBANK
UNITED KINGDOM D E M O C R AT I C S TAT E
AV E N U E S T H AT A I D T H E R O U T E TO PA R L I A M E N T:
LONDON
169
L AC K S L A R G E O P E N S PAC E
TH
S E G R E G AT I O N O F PA R L I A M E N T F R O M P R OT E S T
MOST CORRUPT
COUNTRY IN THE WORLD
PA R L I A M E N T SQUARE IS E S S E N T I A L LY A ROUNDABOUT
LEADER: BORIS JOHNSON
8.53/ 10.0
STREET FORMS A BOUNDARY WITH PA R L I A M E N T A N D PEOPLE
D E M O C R AT I C S C O R E
O N LY L A R G E O P E N S P A C E I S AT T H E R E A R O F PA R L I A M E N T H I D D E N BY T R E E S
A S S E M B LY F O R M : C O N F R O N TAT I O N A L
MEMBERS ARE CAUTIOUS OF VIEWING GALLERY ABOVE V I S U A L R E M I N D E R T H AT T H E PUBLIC ARE IN CHARGE OVERSIGHT
C O N F R O N TAT I O N A L C H A M B E R
WHISTLEBLOWING
TA L L F E N C E S P R I VAT I S E T H E PA R L I A M E N T F R O M P U B L I C REALM
I S O L AT E D P R O T E S T S H AV E N O S E N S E O F I M PAC T
ANACHRONISTIC ARCHITECTURE STRESS C O N S E R VAT I V E P R I N C I P L E S
NO OPPORTUNITY FOR P U B L I C C O N F R O N TAT I O N
C O M M I T T E E R O O M S A R R AY FROM THE CHAMBERS IN ORDER OF SIZE, SECURING THE CHAMBER IN THE CENTRE
L AT E G O T H I C A R C H I T E C T U R E A R T I C U L AT E S A H I E R A R C H I C A L I M A G E O F S O C I A L A N D P O L I T I C A L O R D E R (PA R K I N S O N , J . 2 0 1 2 ) .
WESTMINSTER PALACE
F I G U R E 5 . 2 | U N I T E D K I N G D O M A S S E M B LY B U I L D I N G P R O F I L E PAG E | 1 1 1
L O C AT I O N O F P A R L I A M E N T
SCOTLAND D E M O C R AT I C S TAT E
AV E N U E S T H AT A I D T H E R O U T E TO PA R L I A M E N T:
C A P I TA L C I T Y
169
TH
PA R L I A M E N T I S A N U R B A N AMENITY OF EDINBURGH’S R O YA L M I L E
MOST CORRUPT
COUNTRY IN THE WORLD
LANDSCAPE OF PA R L I A M E N T RELAXES WITH THE URBAN REALM
P U B L I C S PAC E EQUAL TO PA R L I A M E N T SIZE
LEADER: NICOLA STURGEON
8.53/ 10.0
LANDSCAPE IS DESIGNED TO I N T E G R AT E PROTEST TO REALISE PRESENCE
D E M O C R AT I C S C O R E GOVERNANCE
NO BOUNDARY OF PA R L I A M E N T W I T H P U B L I C
A S S E M B LY F O R M : FA N
FEW TREES INCREASE EXPOSURE FOR PROTEST
WHISTLEBLOWING
CONVENTIONS
DISCLOSURE
EXPOSED STRUCTURE S YM B O L I E S T R A N S PA R E N C Y
TRANSPARENCY
FA N - S H A P E D A S S E M B LY ENCOURAGES UNITY AND C O N F R O N TAT I O N O F I S S U E S AMONGST ONE BODY
OVERSIGHT
PUBLIC VIEWING GALLERIES ARE NOT DISTURBING THE CHAMBER
T H E A S S E M B LY
P U B L I C E N T E R S B E N E AT H T H E A S S E M B LY
E N T R A N C E I S M O N U M E N TA L AS WELL AS WELCOMING
M O D E R N A R C H I T E C T U R E I S A S Y M B O L I C I N T E N T I O N O F M O D E R N VA L U E S
THE SCOTTISH PARLIAMENT F I G U R E 5 . 3 | S C O T L A N D A S S E M B LY B U I L D I N G P R O F I L E PAG E | 1 1 3
L O C AT I O N O F P A R L I A M E N T
WALES D E M O C R AT I C S TAT E
AV E N U E S T H AT A I D T H E R O U T E TO PA R L I A M E N T:
CARDIFF
169
TH
OPEN BOUNDARIES OF PA R L I A M E N T A N D P U B L I C REALM
OPPORTUNITY TO ACHIEVE A S E N S E O F I M PAC T
MOST CORRUPT
COUNTRY IN THE WORLD
LEADER: MARK DRAKEFORD
8.53/ 10.0
N O S E G R E G AT I O N O F PA R L I A M E N T AND PUBLIC S PAC E
ABILITY TO P U B L I C LY CONFRONT LEADERS
D E M O C R AT I C S C O R E
GOVERNANCE
A S S E M B LY F O R M : FA N
N O V E G E TAT I O N A L L O W S FULL EXPOSURE OF PROTEST S U R R O U N D I N G PA R L I A M E N T
ANGLED MASSING PROVIDES R E L AT I O N S H I P W I T H P U B L I C S Q U A R E A N D I N T E G R AT I O N T O W AT E R F R O N T
G L A S S S U C C E S S F U L LY CALMS ANY DIVIDE BETWEEN P R I VAT E A N D P U B L I C POLITICAL WILL
ENTRANCE CANOPY IS LARGE S H E LT E R , S Y M B O L I S I N G C A R E FOR ITS PEOPLE DISCLOSURE
P H Y S I C A L T R A N S PA R E N C Y O F T H E D E B AT I N G C H A M B E R
PUBLIC HIGHER THAN C H A M B E R R E M I N D I N G T H AT THEY ARE IN CHARGE
S E C U R I T Y I S P R E S E N T, N O T OVERPOWERING BUT SUBTLE
FA N - S H A P E D A S S E M B LY WITHOUT ANY CENTRAL S E AT S T R E S S E S E Q U A L I T Y AMONGST CONSTITUENTS CONVENTIONS WHISTLEBLOWING
E X P O S E D V I E W I N G P L AT F O R M I S A S Y M B O L O F B E I N G AT THE HEART OF THE WELSH SPHERE
PUBLIC OVERSIGHT OF CONGRESSIONAL WORK
OVERSIGHT
D E B AT I N G C H A M B E R
TRANSPARENCY
ETHICS
ACCOUNTABILITY
M O D E R N A R C H I T E C T U R E I S A S Y M B O L I C I N T E N T I O N O F M O D E R N VA L U E S
THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY FOR WALES F I G U R E 5 . 4 | W A L E S A S S E M B LY B U I L D I N G P R O F I L E PAG E | 1 1 5
L O C AT I O N O F P A R L I A M E N T
L A R G E P R O T E S T S U S U A L LY TA K E P A R T AT : O L D M I L I TA R Y P A R A D E
SOUTH AFRICA F L AW E D D E M O C R AT I C S TAT E
PROTESTS EXIST WITHOUT I M PAC T O R E X P O S U R E
CAPE TOWN
107
TH
ABSOLUTE PREVENTION OF PUBLIC C O N F R O N TAT I O N
MOST CORRUPT
COUNTRY IN THE WORLD
LEADER: CECIL RAMAPHOSA
7.24/ 10.0
PA R L I A M E N T GARDENS HIDE A N Y AT T E M P T OF PROTEST
PA R L I A M E N T IS HIDDEN AMONGST BUILDINGS
D E M O C R AT I C S C O R E
RULE OF LAW
A S S E M B LY F O R M : T H E AT R E
NO OPPORTUNITY TO ACHIEVE A SENSE OF I M PAC T
S E G R E G AT I O N O F P O W E R AND POWERLESS
D E B AT I N G C H A M B E R A D D E D S E AT S T O T H E C E N T E R T O F O R M A T H E A R E A S S E M B LY F R O M A O N C E H O R S E S H O E A S S E M B LY
F O R A D E M O C R AT I C S TAT E , THE ENTRANCE TO THE PA R L I A M E N T I S I N Q U I S I TO R I A L AND SUSPICIOUS
C O M P L E T E LY F E N C E D O F F AND UNACCESSIBLE FOR THE PUBLIC DOMAIN
F O R M AT I O N I S A W K W A R D A N D MEMBERS DO NOT SPEAK AMONGST O N E A N OT H E R (PA R K I N S O N , J . 2012).
PA R L I A M E N T G A R D E N S H I D E A N Y AT T E M P T O F P R O T E S T
IRONIC DESIGN FOR DEMOCRACY
S E C U R I T Y F O R T H E A S S E M B LY I S OVERWHELMING AND THEREFORE, A M B I VA L E N T
A F E N C E D G E O R G I A N H O U S E S T Y L E D P A R L I A M E N T S T R E S S E S C A P I TA L I S M , H AV I N G AN EMPHASIS ON ITS CORRUPT RANK
PARLIAMENT OF SOUTH AFRICA F I G U R E 5 . 5 | S O U T H A F R I C A A S S E M B LY B U I L D I N G P R O F I L E PAG E | 1 1 7
L O C AT I O N O F P A R L I A M E N T
URUGUAY D E M O C R AT I C S TAT E
AV E N U E S T H AT A I D T H E R O U T E TO PA R L I A M E N T:
MONTEVIDEO
157
TH
THE BEGINNING AND E N D O F M U LT I P L E AV E N U E S R E P R E S E N T S ITS CONNECTIVITY WITH CITIZENS
PLAZA ‘PRIMERO DE M AY O ’ I S I S O L AT E D F R O M PA R L I A M E N T
MOST CORRUPT
COUNTRY IN THE WORLD
GOVERNANCE
LEADER: T A B A R E VA Z Q U E Z
8.38/ 10.0
P U B L I C S PAC E DROWNS THE PA R L I A M E N T
PA R L I A M E N T, IN THIS CASE, IS THE ROUNDABOUT
D E M O C R AT I C S C O R E
A S S E M B LY F O R M : FA N
C E N T R A L L O C AT I O N S U G G E S T S I T S AT T H E H E A R T O F U R U G U AY ’ S INTERESTS
A B I L I T Y T O P U B L I C LY C O N F R O N T A C C O U N TA B I L I T Y
P U B L I C O V E R S I G H T T O A S S E M B LY IS RAISED AND DOES NOT DISTURB MEMBERS
P L A Z A ‘ P R I M E R O D E M AY O ’ I S I S O L AT E D F R O M P A R L I A M E N T TRANSPARENCY
OVERSIGHT
FA N - S H A P E D A S S E M B LY S Y M B O L I S E S C O N F R O N TAT I O N A L S P E E C H E S I N A U N I F I E D B O D Y, REPRESENTING INCLUSION
R O YA L I N T E R I O R D E S I G N AT A N I N C R E D I B L E H E I G H T E S TA B L I S H H I E R A R C H Y O F PA R L I A M E N T
WHISTLEBLOWING
M O N U M E N TA L S Y M B O L O F DEMOCRACY REPRESENTS U R U G U AY ’ S T R A N S P A R E N C Y
MARBLE AND COLUMNS STRESS POWER AND STRENGTH, PILLARS OF DEMOCRACY
S TA I R S C R E AT E R A I S E D A L L O W A P L AT F O R M F O R A C C O U N TA B I L I T Y
ACCOUNTABILITY
N E O C L A S S I C A L M O N U M E N TA L I S M I S A S Y M B O L O F U R U G U AY ’ S S T R E N G T H O F T R A N S PA R E N C Y A N D D E M O C R AC Y
ASAMBLEA GENERAL DE URUGUAY F I G U R E 5 . 6 | U R U G U AY A S S E M B LY B U I L D I N G P R O F I L E PAG E | 1 1 9
L O C AT I O N O F P A R L I A M E N T
VENEZUELA A U T H O R I TA R I A N REGIME
CARACAS
12
TH
DISGUISED BLOCK HAS H E AV Y S U R V E I L L A N C E A N D C O N TA I N M E N T , S U G G E S T I N G SUSPICION
NO EXPOSURE FOR PROTESTS IN PLAZA B O L I VA R
MOST CORRUPT
COUNTRY IN THE WORLD
NO C O N F R O N TAT I O N A L P U B L I C S PAC E
LEADER: NICOLAS MADURO
3.16/ 10.0
D E M O C R AT I C S C O R E
A S S E M B LY F O R M : T H E AT R E
PA R L I A M E N T I S D I S G U I S E D WITHIN THE URBAN BLOCKS
P O W E R I S I N T E G R AT E D A M O N G S T POWERLESS, BUT CLOSED ACCESSIBILITY SUGGEST STUBBORNNESS
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
NO OPPORTUNITY TO D E B AT E O R M E M B E R C O N F R O N TAT I O N
T I G H T LY C O M P A C T T H E AT R E F O R M AT I O N FOR COMPLETE AT T E N T I O N T O T H E LEADER GRAND CORRUPTION
T H E D E B AT I N G CHAMBER IS A RAISED PROSCENIUM
HEIGHT ABOVE MEMBERS STRESSES POWER
EXTREME SECURITY
NO PUBLIC OVERSIGHT I N T O A S S E M B LY
NO GRAND ENTRANCE, N O P L AT F O R M O F A C C O U N TA B I L I T Y
A S S E M B LY H A S ABSOLUTE PREVENTION O F T R A N S PA R E N C Y A N D PUBLIC
MARBLE AND COLUMNS STRESS POWER
GOLD DOME SYMBOLISES POWER-PRESERVING W E A LT H
N O S E N S E O F I M PAC T
P L A Z A B O L I VA R I S N O T FIT FOR EXERCISING D E M O C R AT I C P R O T E S T
I N T H I S C A S E O F V E N E Z U E L A , T H E C O N T E X T O F N E O C L A S S I C A L M O N U M E N TA L I S M S Y M B O L I S E S A U T H O R I TA R I A N R E G I M E
ASAMBLEA NACIONAL DE VENEZUELA F I G U R E 5 . 7 | V E N E Z U E L A A S S E M B LY B U I L D I N G P R O F I L E PAG E | 1 2 1
L O C AT I O N O F P A R L I A M E N T
SAUDI ARABIA A U T H O R I TA R I A N REGIME
NOT IN PROXIMITY OF OBVIOUS CENTRE
R I YA D H
122
ND
T H E PA R L I A M E N T I S N OT L O C AT E D I N T H E O B V I O U S C E N T R E O F R I YA D H , T H E R E F O R E N O T AT T H E HEART OF THE SAUDI’S SPHERE
NOT AN URBAN AMENITY T O R I YA D H
MOST CORRUPT
COUNTRY IN THE WORLD
SECRECY JURISDICTION
LEADER:
KING SALMAN BIN ABDULAZIZ
EXCLUDED FROM PUBLIC REALM
O N LY E N T R A N C E S TO THE ENCLOSED GOVERNMENT
1.93/ 10.0
ALSAUD
D E M O C R AT I C S C O R E
A S S E M B LY F O R M : T H E AT R E
S E G R E G AT I O N O F P O W E R A N D POWERLESS
NOT ADDRESSED WITH PUBLIC PLAZA
T H E AT R E A S S E M B LY H A L L
MEMBERS ARE AN AUDIENCE WHO OBEY A N D D O N O T D E B AT E
CLIENTELISM
LANDSCAPING APPEARS LUXURIOUS AND P R I VAT E , S T R E S S I N G T H E POWER OF MONARCH
C O M P L E T E LY B O U N D E D B Y A TA L L W A L L A N D RING ROAD
ABSOLUTE PREVENTION OF PUBLIC ACCESS
S Y M M E T R I C A L L AY O U T O F PA L AC E A N D LANDSCAPING STRESS W E A LT H A N D M O N A R C H Y
FORTRESS IS AN IRONIC REFLECTION ON T H E I R T R A N S PA R E N C Y A N D E S TA B L I S H E S A MENDACIOUS VIBE
E X T R E M E C O N S E R VAT I V E AND NON EXPOSED EXTERIOR REFLECT O N N O N D E M O C R AT I C VA L U E S
NO OPPORTUNITY FOR C O N F R O N TAT I O N NEPOTISM
A LT H O U G H A T R A N S P A R E N T K I N G D O M , S A U D I A R A B I A I S A M O N A R C H Y O F N O D E M O C R A C Y. R A R E P H O T O G R A P H S O F T H E S H U R A C O U N C I L A R E M A D E P U B L I C . G U I D E L I N E S F R O M T H I S P A R L I A M E N T A R E U R B A N A N A LY S I S G A I N E D F R O M S AT E L L I T E P H O T O G R A P H S .
CO N S U LTAT I VE AS S E M B LY O F SA U D I A RABIA
F I G U R E 5 . 8 | S A U D I A R A B I A A S S E M B LY B U I L D I N G P R O F I L E PAG E | 1 2 3
L O C AT I O N O F P A R L I A M E N T
RUSSIA A U T H O R I TA R I A N REGIME
AV E N U E S T H AT A I D T H E R O U T E TO PA R L I A M E N T:
MOSCOW
42
ND
BRIDGE CONSTRUCTS P H Y S I C A L S E G R E G AT I O N O F POWER AND POWERLESS
L A R G E P U B L I C S P A C E A D J A C E N T T O TA L L B O U N D A R Y W A L L S I S I N T I M I D AT I N G A N D C R E AT E S A H E S I TA N T A P P R O A C H T O PROTEST
MOST CORRUPT
COUNTRY IN THE WORLD
LEADER: VLADIMIR PUTIN
2.94/ 10.0
O N LY O B V I O U S ENTRANCE IS THROUGH A BRIDGE
A SYMBOL OF THE CENTRE OF THE RUSSIAN SPHERE
D E M O C R AT I C S C O R E
GRAND CORRUPTION
A S S E M B LY F O R M : T H E AT R E
O V E R W H E L M I N G S E C U R I T Y, F R OME D BY WA L L S , T R E E S , T H E R I V E R C R E AT E A S E N S E O F A M B I VA L E N C E
W A L L S V I S U A L LY E S TA B L I S H A N O N E X P O S E D R E L AT I O N S H I P W I T H G O V E R N M E N T T H AT G E N E R AT E S N O S E N S E O F I M PAC T
A T H E AT R E - S H A P E D A S S E M B LY D I R E C T E D T O THE LEADER
RELIGIOUS, EASTERN ORTHODOX ARCHITECTURE INSIDE THE FORT C A N B E A M A N I P U L AT I N G AT T E M P T OF MORAL PERSUASION TO OBEY W I T H A U T H O R I TA R I A N R U L E NEPOTISM
SOLICITATION
BRIDGE CONSTRUCTS P H S Y C I A L S E G R E G AT I O N OF POWER AND POWERLESS
R O YA L I N T E R I O R SYMBOLISES S U B O R D I N AT I O N A N D E X T R E M E C O N S E R VAT I V E VA L U E S
A N E S TA B L I S H M E N T O F AN NON EXPOSED ARENA CONFERS CHARISMA
VA R I O U S C O M M I T T E E R O O M S A N D D E PA RTM E N T S I N S I D E T H E FORTRESS SUGGESTS COLLECTIVE SECRECY AND EXTENT OF POWER
T H E WA L L S A R E I N T I M I D AT I N G LY H I G H
KREMLIN IS HIGHER THAN PUBLIC T O R E M I N D T H AT L E A D E R S H I P I S IN CHARGE
W A L L S V I S U A L LY E S TA B L I S H A N O N E X P O S E D R E L AT I O N S H I P W I T H G O V E R N M E N T T H AT G E N E R AT E S N O S E N S E O F I M PAC T
SECRECY JURISDICTION
COLLUSION
A S PA RT O F T H E W AT E R F R O N T , V I E W S F R O M A C R O S S T H E R I V E R E S TA B L I S H SYMBOLIC VIEWS OF CENTRE OF RUSSIAN SPHERE
T H E K R E M L I N I S T H E B U L L S E Y E O F M O S C O W , A R O YA L F O R T R E S S S I M L A R T O ASPECTS OF THE TOWER OF LONDON, THE KREMLIN STRESSES HIERARCHY FOR T H E A U T H O R I TA R I A N L E A D E R
THE MOSCOW KREMLIN F I G U R E 5 . 9 | R U S S I A A S S E M B LY B U I L D I N G P R O F I L E PAG E | 1 2 5
L O C AT I O N O F P A R L I A M E N T
NORTH KOREA A U T H O R I TA R I A N REGIME
P Y O N G YA N G
5
TH
I N T E G R AT I O N O F CORRUPT GOVERNMENT WITHIN URBAN AMENITY SUGGESTS OVERWHELMING M A N I P U L AT I O N
N E O C L A S S I C A L M O N U M E N TA L I S M B U I L D S A S TA G E T O T H E A U T H O R I T Y
MOST CORRUPT COUNTRY IN THE WORLD
SECRECY JURISDICTION
LEADER: KIM JONG-UN
P U B L I C S PAC E IS INCLUDED WITHIN PUBLIC REALM
1.08/ 10.0
HOWEVER, ANY AT T E M P T O F PROTEST IS DARING FOR YOUR LIFE
D E M O C R AT I C S C O R E
A S S E M B LY F O R M : T H E AT R E
N O B O U N DA R I E S TO PA R L I A M E N T SUGGEST THERE IS NO CIVIL T H R E AT
HUGE PUBLIC S P A C E F O R I N A U G U R AT I O N PERFORMANCE
RAISED PROSCENIUM ABOVE A C I N E M AT I C T H E AT R E S T R E S S E S A B S O L U T E D I C TAT O R S H I P GRAND CORRUPTION
D I C TAT O R I S P R E S E N T E D W I T H A D M I R AT I O N CLIENTELISM
UNINVITING FOR MEMBERS, D E M O C R AT I C S P E E C H E S A R E UNWELCOME POLITICAL CORRUPTION
MARBLE MONUMENTS CONVEY STRENGTH, AND THE SIZE STRESSES POWER.
NEPOTISM
L A R G E S PAC E F O R G R A N D M I L I TA R Y R I T U A L S T O D E M O N S T R AT E S T R E N G T H
M I L I TA R Y P A R A D E U S A G E I N P L A Z A D E M O N S T R AT E S L O YA LT Y A N D M E M B E R S H I P T O THE REGIME
S C A L E S H OW S I M PAC T O F (F O R C E D) PLEASURE WITH GOVERNMENT
RAISED AOBVE THE P L A Z A , R E M I N D S T H AT D I C TAT O R S H I P I S I N CHARGE
NO OPPORTUNITY OF C O N F R O N TAT I O N
E M P T Y A N D I N T I M I D AT I N G P L A Z A D A R E S C I V I L I A N S T O P R O T E S T A N D M E E T FATA L CONSEQUENCES
U R B A N A N D A R C H I T E C T U R A L Q U A L I T I E S S U S TA I N T H E K I M J O N G - U N R E G I M E T H E T H I R D G E N E R AT I O N O F T H E O N G O I N G D I C TAT O R S H I P I N N O R T H K O R E A .
THE SUPREME PEOPLE’S ASSEMBLY F I G U R E 5 . 1 0 | N O R T H K O R E A A S S E M B LY B U I L D I N G P R O F I L E PAG E | 1 2 7
ARCHITECTURAL GUIDELINES
•
An assembly formation which permits direct confrontation amongst members. Preferably a fan-shaped assembly to demote division and symbolise unification and equality
•
Public Viewing Galleries must have a visual and audible oversight into the assembly without disturbing debates
•
Height of Assembly is important, it must be below the public viewing gallery to remind that citizens are in charge
URBAN GUIDELINES
•
Security for the assembly must be subtle and not overwhelming to be ambivalent
•
Public space must accommodate presence, attention, membership and dignity
•
Circular structures are a monumental symbol for community and a focal point for central government
•
Public space must unified with the parliament without boundary;
•
Entrance must be welcoming, inviting and to a degree, culturally represent a sense of ownership for citizens
•
Vegetation must not hide protests and;
•
Parliament must have clearly defined public and private spaces
•
Walls must not provide containment of protest
•
Parliament must be accessible, appropriately raised above public space, as a structural symbol of accountability
•
Must be directly confrontational with parliament
•
Transparent facades portray honesty, trustworthy and disclosure
•
An opportunity to establish a sense of impact
•
Parliament must be accessible for public and journalists
•
Urban design of plaza should be a public amenity with the city
•
Parliaments should have an exhaustive amount debating rooms of various scales for committee spaces, workshops and discussions;
•
Must be an obvious symbol of proximity to the heart of nationalism and government
•
with different shapes. Rectangular rooms accommodate traditional question and inquiry meetings; Oval shaped rooms accommodate circular seating patterns for unified discussions and workshops
•
Accessible from various directions
•
Size of Committee rooms must be adjustable to accommodate appropriate sizes of different conventions
•
Functionally promote protest
•
Debating and Committee rooms must array from the chambers to prevent an abrupt transition of work space and visitor space
•
Security for the public space must be subtle and not overwhelming to be ambivalent
•
Exposed structural elements promote the ideology of transparency
•
The establishment of an arena where announcements of public interests are made
•
Entrance must be ethically functional to satisfy outlook of government democratic intentions
•
Public space must unite citizens with power and stress stability
•
Entrance must have clear ability to confront members at their places of work to reinforce their accountability
•
Parliament must be a monumental representation of dignity, venerability, culture and modern values
GUIDELINES FOR DEMOCRACY
PAG E | 1 2 8
ARCHITECTURAL GUIDELINES
•
An assembly formation which forbids debate amongst confrontation amongst members. A ‘theatre-shaped’ assembly to persuade members to observe and obey the Dictator
•
Absolute prevention of public and journalists into the Assembly
•
Height of assembly is important, it must be above surrounding context and urban space to remind citizens that the regime is in charge
•
Security of the assembly must be overwhelming to protect secrecy
•
Height of amount of assembly tiers must be less, or equal to, height of raised proscenium
•
Proscenium must be over blessed with nationalism and national pride
•
Obvious Entrance (if any) must be intimidating to remind citizens to
•
Parliament must include an unaccessible fortress to protect against threat and;
•
Boundary walls must intimidatingly large to segregate power from powerless
•
Parliament must be accessible, raised over public space to symbolise power
•
Must have threatening, marble facades over-blessed with nationalism
•
Must not be inquisitorial or misleading, must clearly intend to symbolise dictatorship to reinforce civilian loyalty
•
Must have a public platform for large inauguration events and celebrations
•
Parliament must have hidden evacuation routes in the event of a coup
•
Parliament must have safety procedures for complete lockdown in the event of an attempt to overthrow
•
Other government or religious institutions must be closely involved in the fortress, and/or, architecturally to comply with the authoritarian regime
GUIDELINES FOR CORRUPTION URBAN GUIDELINES
obey
•
Public plaza must be adjacent to the front of parliament entrance and contain no urban furniture to accommodate military parade and;
•
Remaining boundaries must be heavily hidden and protected with trees and vegetation
•
Public space must be an intimidating establishment of a threatening arena who dares civilians to protest
•
Must accommodate thousands of civilians to witness grand rituals and ceremonial inauguration events taken place at a raised platform
•
Must be the most significant plaza and urban amenity of the authoritarian nation
•
Streets must reinforce civilians to direct them to the parliament
•
Public space must be overwhelmingly secured and heavily apply surveillance
•
Monuments and statues of extremism must be enormous and constructed of marble as a reminder of government power, strength and achievement.
•
Must accommodate a sense of membership that obeys the dictator
•
Symmetrical composition stresses ordinance of dictatorship
PAG E | 1 2 9
1990 TRANSITIONAL C A S E S T U DY GERMAN R E U N I F I C AT I O N A N D THE FEASIBILITY
INTRODUCTION TO CASE STUDY The historical reunification event in 1990 saw East Germany reunite with West Germany and the demolition of the Berlin Wall. During the division, the capitalist West Germany’s economy blossomed and life on the west side of the world was free and opportunistic (Turner, H. 1993). However, the communist East Germany could not contrast any further with that of the West. Life was very different on the land that was occupied by the Soviets during the War. The economy was much weaker and a lot more citizens suffered in Poverty (Turner, H. 1993).
ST U DY O F T WO PA R L I A M E N T S
The process of reunification happened almost immediately with no reason of delay. On the first day of official reunification in 1990 - October 3rd 1990 - the governments of East and West Germany united in the Reichstag in Berlin as single government (Plato, A. 2015).
CONTENTS OF CASE STUDY PAG E 1 3 0
Case Study Introduction
EAST AND WEST
PAG E 1 3 2
Bundeshaus, Bonn, West Germany
GERMANY
PAG E 1 3 4
Volkskammer, East Berlin, East Germany
PAG E 1 3 6
Reichstag, Berlin, Germany
1949 - 1990
PURPOSE OF CASE STUDY • To analyse the established Guidelines of Democracy in a democratic West German parliament . • To analyse the established Guidelines of Corruption in a non democratic East
PROPOSAL BY HERMOT KOHL
German Parliament • To examine the democratic parliament that symbolises reunification. • To demonstrate the feasibility of the established guidelines to prove that democratic guidelines promote transparency and prevent corruption • To demonstrate the impact of an intervention that sustains democracy and transparency after satisfying the established guidelines for democracy
1 9 9 0 - P R E S E N T D AY R E U N I F I C AT I O N PAG E | 1 3 0
EAST BERLIN
BERLIN
EAST GERMANY WEST BERLIN
BONN
WEST GERMANY
FIGURE 5.11 | BERLIN AND THE MAP OF GERMANY BEFORE 1990 Photos
of
the
Berlin
before
unification.
Wall
Photos
that
show
once heavy
divided
the
surveillance
communist and
people
East
with
peaking
the to
capitalist
the
others
West side.
PAG E | 1 3 1
L O C AT I O N O F P A R L I A M E N T
P A R L I A M E N T I S T U C K E D A W AY FROM OBVIOUS CENTRE
WEST GERMANY D E M O C R AT I C S TAT E
BONN
NOT AN URBAN AMENITY OF M A I N AV E N U E
NO PUBLIC SQUARE TO ADDRESS THE ENTRANCE
WEST GERMANY
1949 1990
LEADER: HERMUT KOHL SERVED AS LEADER OF EAST GERMANY 1973 - 1990 FIRST LEADER OF UNIFIED GERMANY 1990 - 1998
A S S E M B LY F O R M : T H E AT R E
PUBLIC ACCESS IS NOT RESTRICTED
T H E T H E AT R E - S H A P E D A S S E M B LY H A S A S L I G H T C U R V E S I M I L A R T O A FA N
T R A N S P A R E N T FA C A D E S I N T O T H E A S S E M B LY H A L L
NO OPPORTUNITY TO ACHIEVE A N Y S E N S E O F I M PAC T
NOT A SYMBOLIC ENTRANCE TO REPRESENT WEST GERMANY
THE BUNDESHAUS
F I G U R E 5 . 1 2 | W E S T G E R M A N Y A S S E M B LY B U I L D I N G P R O F I L E PAG E | 1 3 3
L O C AT I O N O F P A R L I A M E N T
EAST GERMANY COMMUNIST S TAT E
EAST BERLIN EAST GERMANY
1949 1990
S I T U AT E D O N C E N T R A L ISLAND IN BERLIN KNOWN AS SPREEINSEL, B E S I D E C AT H E D R A L O F BERLIN
E X T E R I O R S PAC E I S A L A R G E C A R PA R K
LEADER: ERGON KENZ
SERVED AS THE LAST LEADER OF COMMUNIST GERMANY
A S S E M B LY F O R M : T H E AT R E
N O B O U N DA R I E S TO PA R L I A M E N T SUGGEST THERE IS NO CIVIL T H R E AT
N O O P P O R T U N I T Y T O C R E AT E A N I M PAC T BY P R OT E S T
T H E AT R E S T Y L E D E B AT I N G CHAMBER
NOT QUITE A PROSCENIUM B U T H E I G H T O F B L A N K WA L L REACHES HIGHER THAN THE A S S E M B LY
R A I S E D P L AT F O R M F O R L E A D E R S
SOVIET SYMBOL IN THE CENTRE TO REPRESENT COMMUNIST IS AT T H E C E N T R E
E X T E R I O R S PAC E I S A L A R G E C A R PA R K
NO WINDOWS IN THE INTERIOR
EXTERIOR WINDOWS ARE REFLECTIVE MIRRORS AND S U S TA I N T H E S E C R E C Y O F T H E PA R L I A M E N T
N O O P P O R T U N I T Y T O C R E AT E A N I M PAC T BY P R OT E S T
THE VOLSKAMMER
F I G U R E 5 . 1 3 | E A S T G E R M A N Y A S S E M B LY B U I L D I N G P R O F I L E PAG E | 1 3 5
L O C AT I O N O F P A R L I A M E N T
Accessible from various directions
GERMANY D E M O C R AT I C S TAT E
Must be an obvious symbol of proximity to the heart of nationalism and government
Urban design of plaza should be a public amenity with the city
BERLIN
169
TH
Public space must accommodate presence, attention, membership and dignity
Security for the public space must be subtle and not overwhelming to be ambivalent
MOST CORRUPT
COUNTRY IN THE WORLD
An opportunity to establish a sense of impact
LEADER: ANGELA MERKEL
8.68/ 10.0
Public space must unified with the parliament without boundary; Functionally promote protest
D E M O C R AT I C S C O R E
A S S E M B LY F O R M : FA N
Vegetation must not hide protests
The establishment of an arena where announcements of public interests are made
Public Viewing Galleries must have a visual and audible oversight into the assembly without disturbing debates
Parliament must be accessible for public and journalists
Transparent facades portray honesty, trustworthy and disclosure
Circular structures are a monumental symbol for community and a focal point for central government
Exposed structural elements promote the ideology of transparency
Entrance must be welcoming, inviting and to a degree, culturally represent a sense of ownership for citizens
THE REICHSTAG
F I G U R E 5 . 1 4 . 1 | G E R M A N Y A S S E M B LY B U I L D I N G P R O F I L E PAG E | 1 3 7
Debating and Committee rooms must array from the chambers to prevent an abrupt transition of work space and visitor space
Parliaments should have an exhaustive amount debating rooms of various scales for committee spaces, workshops and discussions;
Public space must unite citizens with power and stress stability
Must be directly confrontational with parliament
Parliament must be a monumental representation of dignity, venerability, culture and modern values
Height of Assembly is important, it must be below the public viewing gallery to remind that citizens are in charge
Parliament must be accessible, appropriately raised above public space, as a structural symbol of accountability
Parliament must have clearly defined public and private spaces
An assembly formation which permits direct confrontation amongst members. Preferably a fan-shaped assembly to demote division and symbolise unification and equality
F U N C T I O N A L LY P R O V I D E S VIEWS OF CITY
Entrance must have clear ability to confront members at their places of work to reinforce their accountability
Security for the assembly must be subtle and not overwhelming to be ambivalent
Entrance must be ethically functional to satisfy outlook of government democratic intentions
OVERWHELMING SECURITY FOR VISITORS E X I S T E X T E R N A L LY F R O M T H E R E I C H S TA G T H E R E F O R E D O E S N O T F E E L I N T I M I D AT I N G INSIDE
THE REICHSTAG
F I G U R E 5 . 1 4 . 2 | R E I C H S TA G D R A W I N G S PAG E | 1 3 9
SECTION III
CHAPTER SIX DESIGN BRIEF
DESIGNING FOR CITIZENS OF THE N O N - D E M O C R AT I C W O R L D
CHAPTER CONTENTS PAG E 1 4 2
L A PA Z P O L I T I C A L P R O F I L E
PAG E 1 4 4
S I T E A N A LY S I S
PAG E 1 5 4
D E S I G N S T R AT E G I E S
PAG E 1 6 4
L A N U E VA A S A M B L E A
PAG E 1 6 8
CASA GRANDE DEL PUEBLO
PAG E 1 76
DESIGN BRIEF
INTRODUCTION TO CHAPTER Chapter six introduces section three of the thesis investigation and also concludes the first phase of the thesis by launching a project brief that takes the project into phase two. This chapter begins with a similar format to chapter five by evaluating the legislative assembly in La Paz to provide direct context of what the design brief focuses on. Chapter six will frame the research and analysis into context by providing site analysis of La Paz, Bolivia. This chapter discusses the considered sites with their urban advantages and concludes with the existing assembly building as the desired site. The hypothesis from the manifesto suggests the exploration of two alternatives: corruption or transparency. Section three of this thesis investigation will explore design strategies for both types of intervention to establish how the design may be taken ahead in phase two. This will be analysed at an urban scale, a neighbourhood scale and citizen scale to explore how either concept may progress. Studies of the existing assembly building and the presidential palace are analysed as they may be considered for the design intervention in phase two. This chapter also includes a critical overview of the current design intervention by highlighting its flaws in an effort to stress the need for a stronger intervention for the benefit of both transparent and corrupt design proposals in phase two. Chapter six concludes with a Design Brief Which ultimately concludes sections one, two and three as a whole. The Design Brief will describe the motivation and purpose of the project in more detail while discussing aims and objectives of the final output at the end of phase two. The Design Brief concludes with a project timescale to realise the time management of the project and deadlines that determine that must be met to determine the success of the project.
PAG E | 1 4 1
L O C AT I O N O F P A R L I A M E N T
BOLIVIA HYBRID REGIME
L A PA Z
48
TH
A N A R E N A I S E S TA B L I S H E D IN THE PLAZA BUT IS HIDDEN BY TREES, THEREFORE, A LT H O U G H P R O T E S T M AY B E P R E S E N T; T H E S E N S E O F I M PAC T I S LO S T
P L A Z A I S B O U N D E D B Y V E G E TAT I O N , S TA I R S , W A L L S A N D F E N C E S A N D C O N TA I N S BENCHES, ABILITY TO PROTEST IN MASS N UMB E R S I S AW K WA R D A N D C H A L L E N G I N G
MOST CORRUPT
COUNTRY IN THE WORLD
LEADER: E VO M O R A L E S
PA R L I A M E N T IS INCLUDED WITHIN URBAN REALM
5.7/ 10.0
D E M O C R AT I C S C O R E
A S S E M B LY F O R M : T H E AT R E
S TAT U E O F S I M O N B O L I VA R S Y M B O L I S E S T H AT T H E DISCOVERY OF BOLIVIA I S AT T H E C E N T R E O F T H E BOLIVIAN SPHERE
N O G R A N D AV E N U E D I R E C T E D T O P A R L I A M E N T A N D G AT H E R C I T I Z E N S T O PROTEST
A S S E M B LY E A S I LY ACCESSIBLE FROM MAIN ENTRANCE
VA R I O U S COMMITTEE ROOMS AT O P P O S I T E S I D E OF THE BUILDING
S U B T L E S TA I R C A S E I S T O ADDRESS TOPOGRAPHIC D I F F I C U LT I E S A N D N O T A S Y M B O L O F A C C O U N TA B I L I T Y
INDIGENOUS ART W O R K I N A S S E M B LY ROOM
W I N D O W S A R E O N LY AT V I E W I N G G A L L E R Y S PAC E S ACC E S S I B L E F O R JOURNALISTS
FA N - S H A P E D A S S E M B LY I S C R A M P E D I N A S M A L L O VA L SHAPED ROOM
S TAT U E O F S I M O N B O L I VA R S Y M B O L I S E S T H AT T H E D I S C O V E R Y O F B O L I V I A I S AT THE CENTRE OF THE BOLIVIAN SPHERE
N EO C L A S S I C A L S PA N I S H COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE IS THE SETTING WHERE GRAND R I T U A L S TA K E P L A C E
N AT I O N A L F L A G S A N D R E G I O N A L FLAGS PROVIDE A SENSE OF OWNERSHIP AMONGST ALL PA RT S O F B O L I V I A
PLURINATIONAL LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY F I G U R E 6 . 1 | L A P A Z A S S E M B LY B U I L D I N G P R O F I L E PAG E | 1 4 3
LA PAZ FA C T S
L A PA Z S K Y L I N E
4000M
4245M
3650M
L A PA Z
3400M
A S PA R T O F A G OV E R N M E N T
3650M
4040M
1990S,
3980M
3900M
3860M
4000M
SINCE THE
E L A LTO
A LT I T U D E S E C T I O N N OT E D O N TO P O G R A P H Y M A P
SAFETY PROGRAM, PEOPLE DRESSED AS ZEBRAS KNOWN AS
‘ C E B R I TA S ’
HELP PEOPLE
CROSS THE STREET
AV E R A G E T E M P E R AT U R E I N L A PA Z EACH MONTH
C H O L E T S B Y F R E D DY M A M A N I A R E E X P LO R AT I O N S
C L I M AT E I S C O L D B E C A U S E O F
O F C U LT U R A L I D E N T I T Y I N A R C H I T E C T U R E FO U N D
E L E VAT I O N A B O V E S E A L E V E L
I N T H E E L A LTO R E G I O N O F L A PA Z
F I G U R E 6 . 2 | FA C T U A L A N A LY S I S P O S T E R
E L A LTO
L A PA Z
TOPOGRAPHYF I GMAP OF LA PAZ U R E 6 . 3 | L A PA Z TO P O G R A P H Y M A P PAG E | 1 4 5
4
1 2
PAG E | 1 4 6
3
POTENTIAL SITES
L A PA Z R EG I O N Selected sites for an intervention include the original site of the assembly (Plaza Murillo), and three additional
SITE 1:
PLAZA MURILLO
SITE 2:
P L A Z A D E L E S TA D I O
SITE 3:
AV E N I D A B R A Z I L
SITE 4:
PLAZA VILLAROEL
new sites that are identified as focal points of the main avenues in La Paz. These three sites benefit from taking advantage of the avenues to aid a march of protest and gathering as many people as possible. Plaza Murillo is an important consideration as it holds historical value. An intervention in Plaza Murillo will be viewed as a progressive approach to evolution rather than revolution.
FIGURE 6.4 | POTENTIAL SITES
PAG E | 1 4 7
SITE P OT E N T I A L S I T E S
SITE 4
DECIDING ON THE BEST SITE FOR A POLITICAL INTERVENTION
AVENIDA GERMAN BUSCH
CO
FI
I AC P L
DE
NI
ES
E AV
SITE 1
RA
DA
AV E
B DA
RO
HE
NID AI
SIL
I EN
AV
LLI MA
NI
SITE 2
CALLE CARRASCO
SITE 3
NID A
VE AA A
DR
PAG E | 1 4 8
AV E
AS IST
AR
T AU
GE
NT
B DA
NI
INA
E AV F I G U R E 6 . 5 | P O T E N T I A L S I T E S A N D AV E N U E S
SITE 1:
PLAZA MURILLO
SITE 2:
P L A Z A D E L E S TA D I O
Holds historical value and significance in relation to
Central point surrounding plazas, can use Avenida German
becoming a symbolic representation of Bolivia’s politics
Busch to attract protest from both north and south of La Paz.
Site has statue of Pedro Murillo in Plaza Murillo, and both are in proximity to the existing assembly, the presidential
Can use the stadium as an arena of protest for containment
residence, and, the cathedral.
and surveillance.
However, there is no avenue to guide the route to the heart
A direct route to the presidential palace.
of Bolivia. Avenida Illimani is too narrow.
SITE 3:
AV E N I D A B R A Z I L
SITE 4:
PLAZA VILLAROEL
Similarly to Plaza Del Estadio, this point of Avenida Brasil
Plaza Villaroel is placed at the top of the massive stretch
can benefit from Avenida German Busch
of Avenida German Busch and can gather thousands of
The stadium could be used again as an arena of protest,
citizens to create and impact
and use Calle Carrasco as a clear route for marching to government
Large open space
A direct route to the presidential palace but a tunnel beneath the stadium must be created
Established boundary
No public space surrounding the site Avenida Brasil already intersects site, there is potential to
Surrounding Site is too residential
pedestrianise Avenida Brasil and Avenida Argentina. By doing so will create public space around the site and the new pedestrianised Avenida Brasil can introduce citizens to a plaza adjacent to the site
PAG E | 1 4 9
ST R E E TS THE STREETS OF BOLIVIA
SITE 4
A N A LY S I S O F AV E N U E S A N D STREETS
AVENIDA GERMAN BUSCH
AV E . I L L I M A N I
CO
FI
I AC P L
DE
NI
ES
E AV
SITE 1
RA
DA
AV E
B DA
RO
HE
NID AI
SIL
I EN
AV
LLI MA
NI
SITE 2
CALLE CARRASCO
SITE 3
NID A
VE AA A
DR
PAG E | 1 5 0
AV E
AS IST
AR
T AU
GE
NT
B DA
NI
INA
E AV
F I G U R E 6 . 6 | S T R E E T A N A LY S I S
AV E . G E R M A N B U S C H
AV E . B R A S I L
AV E . A R G E N T I N A
AV E . B A U T I S TA S A AV E D R A
AV E . H E R O E S D E L P A C I F I C O
CALLE CARRASCO
PAG E | 1 5 1
SITE SELECTED SITE
SITE ONE IS THE MOST PROMISING, BUT IT REQUIRES AN URBAN T R A N S F O R M AT I O N
1 . P L A Z A M U R I L L O E L E VA T I O N Plaza Murillo is selected as the desired site as it culturally, historically and politically has performed as the political centre of Bolivia. Plaza Murillo is important as
CURRENT INTERVENTION
it gathers religion, politics, the leader’s residence and the statue of Pedro Murillo at its core. Essentially, it is too
2 : AV . I L L I M A N I E L E VA T I O N
good to lose for both a corrupt intervention and a transparent intervention. However, for the design
E L E VA T I O N 1
to be successful, great urban strategies must be considered to determine the success of the design.
PAG E | 1 5 2
E L E VA T I O N 2
A S S E M B LY ENTRANCE COMMITTEE ROOMS AND OFFICES OCCUPIED LAND
4 S U R FA C E
3 3
1
3 4 S U R FA C E 2
3 3
4 S U R FA C E
3
F I G U R E 6 . 7 | A S S E M B LY B U I L D I N G E X I S T I N G P L A N S A N D E L E VAT I O N S The and
Assembly Comercio
Building Street.
only It
shares
bounds a
with block
two with
streets: three
other
Ayacucho occupied
Street lots.
PAG E | 1 5 3
KEY 1 2 3 4
URBAN STRATEGY THE AXIS OF AV E N U E S FOR A T R A N S PA R E N T INTERVENTION F O R C I N G AT T E N T I O N THROUGH AN URBAN PROPOSAL
2 . E S TA B L I S H G AT H E R I N G P O I N T S WITHIN THE AXIS O F AV E N U E S
2.
3 . AV E N U E S U N I T E TO G AT H E R PEOPLE FROM DIFFERENT AXISES OF THE CITY AND MEET AT P L A Z A D E L E S TA D I O BEFORE M A RC H I N G TO 2 . T H E A S S E M B LY HALL
P O S S I B LY A N OT H E R P L A Z A T H AT CONCLUDES THE A X I S O F AV E N U E S
P L U R I N AT I O N A L L E G I S L AT I V E A S S E M B LY
PRESIDENTIAL PA L A C E
2.
2.
1 . W I D E N AV E N I D A I L L I M A N I TO C O N N E C T W I T H T H E A X I S O F AV E N U E S 2. 4. THE ARENA OF C O N F R O N TAT I O N
PAG E | 1 5 4
F I G U R E 6 . 8 . 1 | T R A N S P A R E N T U R B A N S T R AT E G Y
F I G U R E 6 . 8 . 2 | AV E N I D A I L L I M A N I
F I G U R E 6 . 8 . 3 | G AT H E R I N G P O I N T S
Avenida Illimani can become as narrow as 5 metres
Gathering
as it approaches the parliament. We must consider
marching in protest towards the assembly building.
to
demolish
urban
blocks
to
pave
the
del
Estadio
point
before
the
can unified
be
the
march
last to
allow
people
to
meet
before
route.
F I G U R E 6 . 8 . 5 | T H E C O N F R O N TAT I O N A R E N A
F I G U R E 6 . 8 . 4 | P L A Z A D E L E S TA D I O Plaza
spaces
gathering
government
The
stadium
leadership be
kind
can
that if
the
be
public
used
as
confrontation
government
threat
to
will
not
is not transparent PAG E | 1 5 5
URBAN STRATEGY T H E WA L L OF MORALES FOR A CORRUPT INTERVENTION
4. EXISTING BUILDINGS INSIDE TO B E T R A N S FO R M E D I N TO G OV E R N M E N T D E PA R T M E N T S
REINFORCING A D I C TAT O R S H I P THROUGH AN URBAN PROPOSAL
3. SURROUND THE FORT WITH V E G E TAT I O N F O R SECRECY
1. CONSTRUCT A KREMLIN-STYLED F O R T R E S S T H AT C O N TA I N S P O L I T I C S AND RELIGION WITHIN D I C TAT O R I N F L U E N C E
PAG E | 1 5 6
2. D E M O L I S H B LO C K S TO C R E AT E A G R A N D P L A Z A , FO R T R E S S AC C E S S I B L E VIA A BRIDGE
F I G U R E 6 . 9 . 1 | C O R R U P T U R B A N S T R AT E G Y
FIGURE 6.9.2 | THE FORTRESS The
fortress
must
be
an
FIGURE 6.9.3 | THE BRIDGE
intimidating
and
an
extraordinary size to clarify the border that acts as
the
segregation
of
power
and
protection only
must and
adjacent
surround secrecy,
public
it
space:
bridge
obvious
should entrance
symbolise to
the the
only fortress
powerless
F I G U R E 6 . 9 . 4 | V E G E TAT I O N Vegetation
A
FIGURE 6.9.5 | OTHER BUILDINGS
the must the
fortress
for
Other
shape
the
be
grand
plaza.
buildings converted
inside into
the significant
fortress
must
government
departments to contain the power within the walls. PAG E | 1 5 7
SECTION A-A
CONCEPT OF EXPOSURE AND FREEDOM
FOR A T R A N S PA R E N T INTERVENTION
B-B
THE DUAL PLAZA CONCEPT
SECTION
SITE STRATEGY
T R A N S PA R E N C Y THROUGH
ASSEMBLY BUILDING
ASSEMBLY BUILDING
CASA GRANDE DEL PUEBLO
PLAZA MURILLO
URBANISM
PLAZA OF CONFRONTATION AND ACCOUNTABILITY
PAG E | 1 5 8
F I G U R E 6 .1 0 | T R A N S PA R E N T S I T E S EC T I O N S
DUAL PLAZA PUTS PRESSURE ON THE GOVERNMENT, SURROUNDING THE BUILDING WITH PUBLIC SPACE WOULD CENTRALISE THE GOVERNMENT TOO MUCH
INTIMATE ENTRANCES AT THE NARROW SIDE OF THE SITE FOR CASUAL AND INFORMAL OCCASIONS
PLAZA MURILLO MAINTAINS ITS VALUE OF BEING A PUBLIC PEACE PLAZA THAT SYMBOLISES THE FOUNDING OF BOLIVIA AND MAINTAINS IT AS BOLIVIA’S CENTRAL CORE
VEGETATION AIDS THE ROUTE TO THE ASSEMBLY BUILDING WITHOUT BLOCKING IT
CONCLUDES THE AXIS OF AVENUES
ESTABLISH A PLAZA THAT EXTENDS FROM AVENIDA ILLIMANI
B
B
A
A REDIRECT THE ROAD NETWORK TO ALLOW ONLY NORTH-WEST AND SOUTH EAST FLOW OF TRAFFIC
THIS ALLOWS DIRECT LINK FOR THE ASSEMBLY BUILDING WITH THE PUBLIC SPACE
THE NEW PLAZA PERFORMS AS THE PLAZA OF CONFRONTATION AND ACCOUNTABILITY
AVENIDA ILLIMANI ENDS HERE
AVENUE GIVES ASSEMBLY BUILDING VIEWS OF MASS PROTEST
F I G U R E 6 .1 1 | T R A N S PA R E N T S I T E P L A N PAG E | 1 5 9
SECTION
A-A
URBANISM
PLAZA MURILLO
CASA GRANDE DEL PUEBLO
ASSEMBLY BUILDING
ASSEMBLY BUILDING
THE GRAND PLAZA
WALL (RED)
MONUMENT OF THE DICTATOR
FIGURE 6.12 | CORRUPT SITE SECTIONS
PAG E | 1 6 0
B-B
THE GRAND PLAZA
SECTION
SITE STRATEGY
FOR A CORRUPT INTERVENTION
CORRUPTION
THROUGH
MASSING MUST BE OF SIMILAR SIZE AND MATERIAL TO ESTABLISH LOYALTY TO THE GOVERNMENT HIGH WALLS AT INTIMATE NARROW STREETS TO CREATE INTIMIDATION
HEAVY VEGETATION AT THE CORNERS TO PREVENT PROXIMITY TO PLAZA MURILLO
PLAZA MURILLO BECOMES A PRIVATE INTERNAL PLAZA
SECRET EXIT AT PRESIDENTIAL PALACE
ESTABLISH A GRAND PLAZA THAT FRAMES THE ASSEMBLY AS A HIERARCHICAL MONUMENT
B
B
A
THE GRAND PLAZA IS SECURED WITH MASSING TO PROVIDE CONTAINMENT AND ALLOW SURVEILLANCE
A
REDIRECT TRAFFIC TO COMPLETELY SURROUND THE FORTRESS AND FIRST MASSING LAYER TO THE GRAND PLAZA FOR AN EXTRA LAYER OF SECURITY
BRIDGE WILL BE THE ONLY PHYSICAL LINK FROM POWER AND POWERLESS
A STATUE IN THE CENTRE, BUT RATHER DISTANT FROM THE ASSEMBLY WILL PROVIDE REASSURANCE OF POWER
FIGURE 6.13 | CORRUPT SITE PLAN PAG E | 1 61
ASSEMBLY STRATEGY THE BUBBLE CONCEPT FOR A T R A N S PA R E N T INTERVENTION T R A N S PA R E N C Y
CIRCULAR FORMATION AND ORB FORM SYMBOLISES HONESTY AND UNITY FOR AN EVOLVING BOLIVIA CIRCULATES ABOVE ASSEMBLY TO REMIND CITIZENS ARE IN CHARGE
THROUGH CONCEPTUAL DESIGN
ACCESSIBLE RAMP CIRCULATING THE BUBBLE
STAIRS OF ACCOUNTABILITY AT BOTH FACADES
FAN SHAPED ASSEMBLY SEAT FORMATION
INSPIRED BY EXPOSURE AND TRANSPARENCY
EXPOSED STRUCTURE
EXTERIOR GARDEN
ETHICAL ENTRANCE PROVIDING SHELTER IS WELCOMING
PLAZA MURILLO
F I G U R E 6 . 1 4 | T R A N S P A R E N T A S S E M B LY S K E T C H PAG E | 1 6 2
PLAZA OF CONFRONTATION AND ACCOUNTABILITY
ASSEMBLY STRATEGY THE CUBE CONCEPT FOR A CORRUPT INTERVENTION CORRUPTION THROUGH CONCEPTUAL
THEATRE STYLED ASSEMBLY SEAT FORMATION
REVOLUTIONARY DESIGN TO MAINTAIN DICTATORSHIP
CUBE OVERSHADOWS ENTRANCE TO CREATE INTIMIDATING EFFECT
WATCH TOWER AT BRIDGE TO PROVIDE OVERWHELMING SECURITY
DESIGN
RAISED ABOVE CITIZENS TO REMIND ABOUT POWERFUL GOVERNMENT
RAISED ABOVE EXISTING FACADE TO SYMBOLISE VICTORIOUS DICTATORSHIP FROM THE OLD DEMOCRACY
PODIUM WITH ADJUSTABLE HEIGHT ABOVE MEMBERS AND BEYOND PARLIAMENT
EXTERIOR PRESIDENTIAL PLATFORM FOR INAUGURATION RITUALS
APPROXIMATE HEIGHT OF WALL (1 STOREY) BRIDGE
PLAZA MURILLO
F I G U R E 6 . 1 5 | C O R R U P T A S S E M B LY S K E T C H
THE GRAND PLAZA
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LA NUEVA ASAMBLEA [THE NEW A S S E M B LY ]
The guidelines of democracy and corruption have been tested upon the current intervention of the assembly building. The purpose of this case study is to demonstrate that there are more pro-corruption guidelines than democratic ones. The few democratic qualities of this design prove that a corrupt design intervention may put the Morales regime at a threat, so this case study could be used in phase two to be adapted upon. For a transparent intervention, this design must be either heavily adapted or totally disregarded for Bolivia to see a democratic future.
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FIGURE 2.1 | TITLE OF IMAGE
R E F L E C T I V E FA C A D E I S T RY I N G TO A P P E A R T R A N S PA R E N T B U T EXPOSES NO INTERIOR Must be an obvious symbol of proximity to the heart of nationalism and government
Height of assembly is important, it must be above surrounding context and urban space to remind citizens that the regime is in charge
Must have a public platform for large inauguration events and celebrations
Parliament must be accessible, raised over public space to symbolise power
Parliament must be accessible, appropriately raised above public space, as a structural symbol of accountability
Monuments and statues of extremism must be enormous and constructed of marble as a reminder of government power, strength and achievement.
Obvious Entrance (if any) must be intimidating to remind citizens to obey
F I G U R E 6 . 1 6 | N E W A S S E M B LY B U I L D I N G P R O F I L E
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Entrance must be ethically functional to satisfy outlook of government democratic intentions
Entrance must have clear ability to confront members at their places of work to reinforce their accountability
THE ENTRANCE IS NARROW AND N OT AT A H U M A N SCALE - REINFORCES I N T I M I DAT I O N
ENTRANCE IS SCI-FI AND STRESSES SUPERIORITY B U T A L S O P ROV I D E S S H E LT E R
Must not be inquisitorial or misleading, must clearly intend to symbolise dictatorship to reinforce civilian loyalty
I N T E R E S T I N G F E AT U R E TO M A I N TA I N O R I G I N A L FA C A D E B U T T H E B L U R E S TA B L I S H E S THE IMPRESSION THE G OV E R N M E N T I S W E A R I N G A MASK
An assembly formation which forbids debate amongst confrontation amongst members. A ‘theatre-shaped’ assembly to persuade members to observe and obey the Dictator
Height of amount of assembly tiers must be less, or equal to, height of raised proscenium
Proscenium must be over blessed with nationalism and national pride
SYMMETRICAL I N T E R I O R H A S R O YA L C O N N O TAT I O N S
INTERIOR HAS MANY I N D I G E N O U S PAT T E R N S
THE NEW ASSEMBLY
F I G U R E 6 . 1 7 | N E W A S S E M B LY B U I L D I N G I N T E R N A L V I S U A L S PAG E | 1 6 7
CASA GRANDE DEL PUEBLO [BIG HOUSE OF THE PEOPLE]
The leader of the opposition, Carlos Mesa, suggested that ‘Casa Grande Del Pueblo’ should be a hospital to treat cancer patients. It can be viewed that the presidential palace is an unnecessary design intervention for ‘the people’ and only benefits Evo Morales. This is a short and graphical case study that is included in this chapter as it could be considered part of the intervention. It includes architectural content such as models, floor plans, construction and analysis of how the tower block is divided up. It may be that phase two only intervenes with this building at a masterplan scale and maintained for the benefit of a corruption design intervention. Or, it may be that this tower is transformed into a democratic institution that enables full transparency and exposure for the public.
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FIGURE 2.1 | TITLE OF IMAGE
FIGURE 6.18 | INDIGENOUS ART WORK, INTERIOR
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MAQUETA [MODEL]
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FIGURE 6.19 | PHOTOS OF MODEL
HELIPORT HELIPORT CONTROL
PRESIDENTIAL SUITE PRESIDENTIAL OFFICE CABINET ROOM MEETING ROOMS AND PRESS ROOM
MINISTRY OFFICES
SECURITY CONFERENCE ROOM WORK ROOMS COMMUNICATIONS OFFICES STAFF DINING ROOM SERVER ROOM SERVER ROOM CENTRAL AUDITORIUM
ENTRANCE, WAITING ROOMS
F I G U R E 6 . 2 0 | F LO O R S O F T H E PA L AC E
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12TH FLOOR WORK ROOMS
INTERIOR INSPIRED BY INCA SITE
FIGURE 2.21 | FLOOR PLAN MODELS PAG E | 1 7 2
3RD FLOOR ENTRANCE WAITING ROOMS
F I G U R E 6 . 2 2 | CO N S T R U C T I O N O F T H E PA L AC E PAG E | 1 7 3
13TH FLOOR CONFERENCE ROOM
23RD FLOOR PRESIDENTIAL
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EL E D I FICIO E S U N A “N E C E SIDAD DE L P U E BLO” [THE BUILDING IS A NECESSITY FOR THE PEOPLE]
24TH FLOOR PRESIDENTIAL SUITE
FIGURE 6.23 | CASA GRANDE DEL PUEBLO FLOOR PLANS
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DESIGN BRIEF (CONCLUSION) This thesis inception has identified government corruption
rule through frequent acts of corruption during the Morales
as a global concern and has explored the various forms of
Regime. Since his innocent presidential inauguration
corruption. By refining the definition of corruption, we can
in 2006, Morales has corrupted Bolivia’s constitution
begin to identify where each form takes place and to what
and legislative assembly to obey his commands and
scale (wether that be grand corruption in the private sector or
evidently places Bolivia in the lowest democratic category:
petty corruption in the public sector for example). Corruption
authoritarian regime. Until 2019, democratic hope and
has many consequences as explored in section one of this
transparency felt so distant for the citizens of Bolivia. The rise
investigation. Evidently it is a global issue as the majority of
of a coup forced Morales to evacuate the country. Although
citizens worldwide live under authoritarian rule where their
Morales still assumes presidency, he promises to return to
country’s leader establishes a non transparent environment
Bolivia with ‘strength and energy’.
that is difficult to practice acts of democracy and basic human rights.
His absence is the window to intervene.
In the previous 12 months, South America has saw corruption
In section two, solutions to forms of corruption was
accelerate which resulted in the rise of Venezuela’s
introduced to launch the analysis stage of this thesis
dictatorship with Maduro’s regime. The research from
investigation. It followed a similar format to chapter one by
section one demonstrates the alarming concern that
pinning solutions directly to forms of corruption (refined) so
Bolivia may be falling deeper down the non-democratic
we can view where to intervene. It was then clarified that
path of corruption. Bolivia is a hybrid regime, meaning that
transparency is the most effective solution.
democracy does exist but at a low intensity (Gagné, J. 2015).
The manifesto in chapter four acts as the turning point of
This suggests that there is small hope for Bolivia to self-heal
this thesis exploration and proceeds to explore alternative
itself from corruption and become a fully democratic state
methods of interventions so it never concludes with a
and, therefore, there is immediate pressure to intervene
particular solution. It proposes that we must explore both
now before political tensions trap Bolivia in Evo Morales’
alternatives to intervene with corruption or transparency
authoritarian regime.
so it can be decided in the next phase what path is most appropriate.
However, historical analysis in chapter three suggests that Bolivia has already fallen down that trap of authoritarian
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Corruption, or, Transparency?
Through graphical analysis, chapter five has annotated
determining on how corrupt or how transparent the final
a series of strong precedents of both democratic and
design may be.
authoritarian government institutions. It has established an exhaustive list of guidelines of democracy, and, guidelines of
A corrupt intervention should force dictatorship and enhance
corruption. Both democratic and corrupt guidelines will be
Evo Morales’ “strength and energy”. In the distant future, this
useful in whatever the intervention may be as they explain
may transform Bolivia into an extremist state of communism
what should and should not be included. For example,
where democratic rights may never be practiced due to the
guidelines of democracy can be studied for a corrupt
violent political tensions Bolivia once saw during the Morales
intervention so we are certain of what design aspects to
regime.
completely avoid. A case study concludes chapter five to evaluate the feasibility
A transparent intervention should cleanse Bolivia from
of the guidelines by proving the success of a government
corruption and deny the second coming of Morales. It
institutional intervention in Berlin.
should encourage peaceful protests and be designed to never violate human rights again by providing an honest,
Section three of this thesis investigation explored the
transparent design with exposure at the heart of its concept.
strategies for how to launch the next design phase. Beginning with a political profile of Bolivia and the legislative assembly,
The established guidelines of corruption and guidelines of
Chapter six introduces site analysis, and has suggested design
democracy in chapter five should be used as the schedule of
strategies of both corruption and transparency. This chapter
accommodation for this project. This is significant as these
has also included information of the existing legislative
guidelines will determine the success of the design proposal
assembly, the existing presidential palace and the flawed
in the next phase of this thesis.
intervention currently under construction, which may all be used useful for whatever intervention the next design phase
The next page presents the project timescale of this thesis.
progresses to.
The project timescale outlines the ambitions wished to be achieved on a weekly basis. The timescale is divided into five
With all things considered, this thesis investigation has
sections which are spread out to appropriately manage the
provided the purpose and motivation of this research and has
time and success of this project. The stages are Feasibility
stressed the concern that an intervention must be imminent
(weeks 1 and 2), Concept (weeks 3 and 4), Design (weeks 5,
to secure Bolivia’s future. This design brief proposes a political
6 and 7), Design and Technology (weeks 8,9 and 10), and
intervention on the site of the existing legislative assembly
Output (weeks11, 12 and 13). All stages must be documented
building La Paz, Bolivia. The intervention will prove successful
into the research publication on a daily basis.
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STAGE + WEEK Feasibility 1
Feasibility study of urban masterplanning and massing on site
Developed schedule of accommodation
Developed site analysis of La Paz, Bolivia and begin digital model
Feasibility 2
Developed feasibility study of masterplanning and massing on site
Developed urban plan of La Paz, Bolivia
Thorough site analysis of La Paz, Bolivia in model form
Precedent studies of transparent and/or corrupt institutions
Developed schedule of accommodation translated into conceptual deigns/diagrams
Finalised Urban Plan Finalised massing model and Site model (digitally) to begin the physical model
Concept 4
Precedent studies of chosen theme that reflects on the transparent or corrupt proposal
Testing of ideas on site, in plan, position of assembly hall, accessibility, circulation, entrance
Begin Site model of site in La Paz, Bolivia
Design 5
Conceptual design translated on to floor plans and section drawings
Testing the feasibility of design through sketches, a massing model on the site model and making amendments
Precedent studies of theme that reflects the structure of intended output of intervention
Design 6
Refined floor plans and sections to be adjusted and tested through sketches at 1:200
Integrating and enhancing structural methods to the design
Constructing models (physically or digitally) Digital is preferred to create visuals
Design7
Refined floor plans and sections to be adjusted and tested through sketches at 1:100
Structural elements Quick visuals of the integrated into the design design taken from a that reflect on the attitude refined digital model of the theme
Design + Technical 8
Refined floor plans and sections to be adjusted and tested through sketches at 1:50
Study of technical precedents and refinement to technical detail
Refined models and visuals
Design + Technical 9
Final floor plans and sections at 1:200/ 1:100/ 1:50
Final technical details
Refined models and visuals
Technical 10
Floor plans and sections finalised and at a presentation standard
3D digital Model finalised and final visuals are established for presentation
Completed Design proposal, site models and technical details
Output 11
Refined research publication ongoing from week one
Planning of exhibition space, list of models and drawings to be accommodated on space
Visual representation of drawings and visuals
Output 12
Refined research publication ongoing from week one
Visual representation of Drawings and visuals to be completed
Construction of exhibition design and physical models
Output 13
Finalised research publication is submitted and printed and includes all coursework, final drawings and final visualisations
Exhibition space is constructed, final banners are attached to the exhibition
Last minute tweaks to physical models and preparation of verbal presentation
Presentation 14
Final review and Verbal Presentation
Concept 3
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SO WHAT WILL IT BE? ...
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A CORRUPT BOLIVIA OR
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FIGURE 6.24 | CORRUPT BOLIVIA
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A TRANSPARENT BOLIVIA?
F I G U R E 6 . 2 5 | T R A N S PA R E N T B O L I V I A
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F U R T H E R S T U D Y ( I D E A S F O R T H E M A S T E R S T H E S I S P U B L I C AT I O N )
ESTABLISHING A FRAMEWORK FOR DEMOCRATIC INTERVENTION. KNOWING WHERE TO INTERVENE We have established that government bodies are the roots
So we have democratic categories and the various forms of
of corruption. They abuse their power for dictatorial power-
corruption that may limit the effectiveness of each category.
preserving reasons, and they abuse their power to maintain
This information will allow us to view a country’s weaknesses
wealth and gain political contribution from more wealthier
and identification of what needs to become transparent to
individuals.
achieve democracy. Next we translate the solutions into more thorough research that is tailored to each form of
Each country has their own corruption rank and democratic
corruption. This way we will be able to have full clarification
score. Therefore, each country requires a unique case to
on the exact guidelines required for a particular solution
overcome corruption and transition into a democratic
tailored to a particular form of corruption within a country’s
climate.
political profile.
An idea for the masters thesis dissertation could be to
The final outcome of the publication could be the production
establish a framework to visualise directly where an
of a map that shows the relationship of democracy and
intervention is necessary through the development of a list
corruption, and the gaps of the map point to the location of
of architectural and urban qualities that influence solutions
where to intervene with an appropriate solution.
for corruption. The objective of publication will allow the reader to visualise a country’s democratic and corrupt weakness and be able to draw attention to exact solutions to intervene. The visualisation of a country’s democratic and corrupt weaknesses could be conveyed with data researched in Chapter one’s corrupt and democratic maps (pages 24-27). We are aware of all the forms of corruption, they sizes of corruption, the consequences of corruption, but they need to be translated onto a scale so we can view in more detail the relationship it has with a country’s democratic score. The democratic Index in chapter one (page 27) states a country’s democracy is measured against five categories: (1) electoral process and pluralism, (2) civil liberties, (3) the functioning of a government, (4) political participation and (5) political culture (The Economist, 2019).
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FOR EXAMPLE...
THE DEMOCRATIC STAR REPRESENTS THE 5 DEMOCRATIC CATEGORIES
LINES STRETCHING FROM THE CORE OF THE STAR, ILLUSTRATE A SINGLE FORM OF CORRUPTION
THE STAR WILL HAVE VARIABLE POINTS (1-5) DEPENDING ON HOW EACH DEMOCRATIC CATEGORY WILL SCORE
THE LONGER A LINE IS, REPRESENTS THE SCALE OF FORM OF CORRUPTION
(1)
(2)
(5) BOLIVIA
(4)
WE CAN THEN DRAW RELATIONS WITH SOLUTIONS AND GUIDELINES IDENTIFIED IN SECTION 2.
(3)
IF THE STAR EXCEEDS A CORRUPTION LINE, THEN THERE IS NO NEED TO INTERVENE HERE, THIS CATEGORY IS ALREADY TRANSPARENT
IF CORRUPTION OVERWHELMS THE STAR, WE CAN IDENTIFY WHERE THERE NEEDS TO BE AN INTERVENTION
FIGURE 6.25 | FRAMEWORK OF INTERVENTION
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BIBLIOGRAPHY CHAPTER ONE 1. Baber, W. and Bartlett, R. (2015). Consensus and global environmental governance. 2. e.V., T. (2016). What is Grand Corruption and how can we stop it?. [online] www.transparency.org. Available at: https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/ what_is_grand_corruption_and_how_can_we_stop_it [Accessed 23 Nov. 2019]. 3. e.V., T. (2018). Transparency International - What is Corruption?. [online] Transparency.org. Available at: https://www.transparency.org/what-is-corruption#define [Accessed 22 Nov. 2019]. 4. e.V., T. (2018). 10 quotes about corruption and transparency to inspire you. [online] Medium. Available at: https://voices.transparency.org/10-quotes-about-corruption-and-transparency-to-inspire-you-cd107d594148 [Accessed 14 Jan. 2020]. 5. e.V., T. (2019). How corruption weakens democracy. [online] www.transparency.org. Available at: https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/cpi_2018_global_analysis [Accessed 25 Nov. 2019]. 6. Hoge, W. (1983). IN VENEZUELA, GOOD TIMES ARE GOING. The New York Times, p.18. 7. Pring, C. and Vrushi, J. (2019). Global Corruption Barometer Latin America & The Caribbean 2019. 8. Says, R. (2019). Rich donors hand Tories £5.7m election funding boost. The Guardian. [online] Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/nov/21/ rich-donors-hand-tories-55m-election-funding-boost [Accessed 23 Nov. 2019]. 9. The Economist (2019). EIU Democracy Index 2018 - World Democracy Report. [online] Eiu.com. Available at: https://www.eiu.com/topic/democracy-index [Accessed 26 Nov. 2019]. 10. Tengyuen, N. (2020). 42 Anti Corruption Quotes For Politicians On Greed And Power. [online] Geckoandfly.com. Available at: https://www.geckoandfly. com/22882/corruption-quotes/ [Accessed 14 Jan. 2020].
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CHAPTER THREE 21. Achtenberg, E. and Currents, R. (2011). Police Attack on TIPNIS Marchers Roils Bolivia. [online] NACLA. Available at: https://nacla.org/blog/2011/9/28/police-attack-tipnis-marchers-roils-bolivia [Accessed 3 Jan. 2020]. 22. Achtenberg, E. (2012). Bolivia: TIPNIS Protesters Launch National March, Seek Indigenous-Urban Alliance. [online] NACLA. Available at: https://nacla.org/ blog/2012/4/27/bolivia-tipnis-protesters-launch-national-march-seek-indigenous-urban-alliance [Accessed 15 Nov. 2019]. 23. Achtenberg, E. (2013). Bolivia’s Black October, Ten Years Later. [online] NACLA. Available at: https://nacla.org/blog/2013/11/8/bolivia%25E2%2580%2599s-black-october-ten-years-later [Accessed 19 Nov. 2019]. 24. Amundsen, I. (2019). POLITICAL CORRUPTION IN AFRICA. [S.l.]: EDWARD ELGAR PUBLISHING. 25. Bolivia.com, R. (2019). Así celebraron los bolivianos el día del Estado Plurinacional en Plaza Murillo. [online] Bolivia.com. Available at: https://www.bolivia.com/ actualidad/nacionales/sdi/176561/asi-celebraron-los-bolivianos-el-dia-del-estado-plurinacional-en-plaza-murillo [Accessed 31 Dec. 2019]. 26. Clandestin, C. (2015). Enero negro, entre la dignidad y el racismo. [online] Chaskiclandestino.wordpress.com. Available at: https://chaskiclandestino.wordpress. com/2015/01/17/enero-negro-entre-la-dignidad-y-el-racismo/ [Accessed 21 Nov. 2019].
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27. Collyns, D. and Borger, J. (2019). Bolivia’s Evo Morales flies to Mexico, but vows to return with ‘strength and energy’. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https:// www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/12/bolivias-evo-morales-says-he-is-leaving-for-mexico-but-will-return-with-energy [Accessed 3 Jan. 2020]. 28. GENTE (2018). La suite de Evo tiene 1.068 m2 e incluye sauna, jacuzzi y sala de masajes - Diario Pagina Siete. [online] Paginasiete.bo. Available at: https://www. paginasiete.bo/gente/2018/5/20/la-suite-de-evo-tiene-1068-m2-incluye-sauna-jacuzzi-sala-de-masajes-180564.html [Accessed 3 Jan. 2020]. 29. Khol (2010). Latin America Perspectives. 3rd ed. 30. Parkinson, J. (2012). Democracy and Public Space: The Physical Sites of Democratic Performance. Oxford Scholarship Online. 31. Postero, N. (2017). The indigenous state. Oakland, California: University of California Press. 32. UN.org (2019). General Assembly of the United Nations. [online] Un.org. Available at: https://www.un.org/en/ga/ [Accessed 6 Dec. 2019]. 33. Undisciplinedenvironments.org. (2017). Bolivia: the ever-expanding frontier of extractivism – Undisciplined Environments. [online] Available at: https://undisciplinedenvironments.org/2017/11/01/bolivia-the-ever-expanding-frontier-of-extractivism/ [Accessed 28 Nov. 2019]. 34. Unidad de Comunicacion (2017). Nuestra TIERRA. [online] Ftierra.org. Available at: http://www.ftierra.org/nuestraTIERRA/7/nt3.html [Accessed 29 Nov. 2019].
CHAPTER FIVE NEW ZEALAND CASE STUDY 35. Farrar, D. (2016). New Parliamentary Buildings Proposed. [online] Kiwiblog. Available at: https://www.kiwiblog.co.nz/2016/11/new_parliamentary_buildings_ proposed.html [Accessed 8 Jan. 2020]. 36. Martin, J. (2012). History of Parliament’s building and grounds. Parliament Research Paper. [online] Auckland. Available at: https://www.parliament.nz/media/2097/historyofparliamentsbuildingsandgrounds4.pdf [Accessed 4 Jan. 2020]. 37. Parliament.nz. (2020). The Beehive - Executive Wing - New Zealand Parliament. [online] Available at: https://www.parliament.nz/en/visit-and-learn/history-and-buildings/buildings-and-grounds/the-beehive-executive-wing/ [Accessed 8 Jan. 2020]. 38. The Beehive - Concept and Function. (1979). [film] Wellington: New Zealand National Film Unit. UNITED KINGDOM CASE STUDY 39. Baselinearts.co.uk. (2020). Parliament. [online] Available at: http://www.baselinearts.co.uk/parliament.html [Accessed 17 Jan. 2020]. 40. Syal, R. (2017). Replacement Commons chamber ‘approved’ in response to terror threat. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/ politics/2017/oct/09/replacement-commons-chamber-approved-in-response-to-terror-threat [Accessed 9 Jan. 2020]. 41. Unknown (2020). [online] Worldfloorplans.com. Available at: http://www.worldfloorplans.com/floorplans/London-Palace-Of-Westminster-Old.shtml?LMCL=j8MYfs [Accessed 10 Jan. 2020]. SCOTLAND CASE STUDY 42. Architectureweek.com. (2005). ArchitectureWeek - News - Scottish Parliament - 2005.1130. [online] Available at: http://www.architectureweek. com/2005/1130/news_3-4.html [Accessed 10 Jan. 2020]. 43. Parliament.scot. (2020). Parliamentary Business : Scottish Parliament. [online] Available at: https://www.parliament.scot/parliamentary-business.aspx [Accessed 9 Jan. 2020]. WALES CASE STUDY 44. redbox, R. (2005). National Assembly for Wales - Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners. [online] Rsh-p.com. Available at: https://www.rsh-p.com/projects/national-assembly-for-wales/ [Accessed 10 Jan. 2020]. SOUTH AFRICA CASE STUDY 45. Parliament.gov.za. (2020). Image Gallery - Parliament of South Africa. [online] Available at: https://www.parliament.gov.za/image-gallery [Accessed 10 Jan. 2020]. URUGUAY CASE STUDY 46. Parlamento.gub.uy. (2020). Parlamento. [online] Available at: https://parlamento.gub.uy/camarasycomisiones/representantes [Accessed 10 Jan. 2020]. VENEZEULA CASE STUDY 47. Caracas del valle al mar. (2020). Plaza Bolívar | Caracas del valle al mar. [online] Available at: http://guiaccs.com/obras/plaza-bolivar-2/ [Accessed 11 Jan. 2020]. 48. Melgar, A. (2019). Asamblea Nacional aprueba reincorporación de Venezuela al TIAR. [online] CNN. Available at: https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2019/07/23/ alerta-asamblea-nacional-aprueba-reincorporacion-de-venezuela-al-tiar/ [Accessed 11 Jan. 2020]. SAUDI ARABIA CASE STUDY 49. Program, Y. (2018). Shura Council Discuss Annual Reports of National Program, Royal Commission for Al-Ula. [online] My.gov.sa. Available at: https://www. my.gov.sa/wps/portal/snp/pages/news/newsDetails/CONT-news-17112019%201/!ut/p/z0/04_Sj9CPykssy0xPLMnMz0vMAfIjo8zivQIsTAwdDQz9LQwCXQ0CnV0MfYyNQgwM_M30g1Pz9L30o_ArAppiVOTr7JuuH1WQWJKhm5mXlq8f4ezvF6Kbl1perGtobmhoZGBoqWCoX5DtHg4ANkHEvQ!!/ [Accessed 11 Jan. 2020]. 50. WhatsAnswer. (2020). National Parliament Building of Saudi Arabia. [online] Available at: https://whatsanswer.com/national-parliament-building-of-saudi-arabia/ [Accessed 11 Jan. 2020]. RUSSIA CASE STUDY 51. Archi Maps (2016). Tumblr. [online] Archimaps.tumblr.com. Available at: https://archimaps.tumblr.com/post/142903747357/map-of-the-kremlin-russia [Accessed 11 Jan. 2020].
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52. Mir, R. (2018). Russian State Duma offers Anti-Latvian sanctions due to annihilation of education in Russian. [online] Russkiymir.ru. Available at: https://russkiymir.ru/en/news/239769/ [Accessed 11 Jan. 2020]. 53. Titt, C. (2020). Discovering Moscow’s grand Kremlin palace. [online] Regent-holidays.co.uk. Available at: https://www.regent-holidays.co.uk/blog/inside-moscows-grand-kremlin-palace/ [Accessed 11 Jan. 2020]. NORTH KOREA CASE STUDY 54. History.com Editors (2017). North Korea. [online] HISTORY. Available at: https://www.history.com/topics/korea/north-korea-history [Accessed 11 Jan. 2020]. 55. KCNA (2016). North Korea’s Kim Jong-un wants self-sufficiency and eradication of imports. [online] San Diego Union-Tribune en Español. Available at: https:// www.sandiegouniontribune.com/en-espanol/sdhoy-north-koreas-kim-jong-un-wants-self-sufficiency-2016may12-story.html [Accessed 11 Jan. 2020]. GERMANY CASE STUDY 56. Alchetron.com. (2018). [online] Available at: https://alchetron.com/Bundeshaus-(Bonn) [Accessed 11 Jan. 2020]. 57. Boecker, H. (2020). Referenz-Detailseite. [online] Architekturgewebe | HAVER & BOECKER OHG. Available at: http://www.tylerdesignmesh.com/en/project-gallery/details/reichstag-berlin-plenary-assembly-hall-and-press-lobby/ [Accessed 11 Jan. 2020]. 58. CNN (2019). Berlin Wall: The rise and fall in pictures. [online] CNN. Available at: https://edition.cnn.com/2019/11/09/europe/gallery/berlin-wall-rise-fall-grmintl/index.html [Accessed 11 Jan. 2020]. 59. Deutscher Bundestag. (2020). Deutscher Bundestag - Architektur. [online] Available at: https://www.bundestag.de/architektur [Accessed 11 Jan. 2020]. 60. Plato, A. (2015). The end of the Cold War?. 61. Schindler, K. (1990). Berlin, Volkskammer, Regierungserklärung. [image] Available at: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ 62. Thelocal.de. (2006). [online] Available at: https://www.thelocal.de/galleries/news/571/4 [Accessed 11 Jan 2020].File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-0419418,_Berlin,_Volkskammer_während_Regierungserklärung_von_Lothar_de_Maiziere.jpg [Accessed 11 Jan. 2020]. 63. TURNER, H. (1993). Germany from partition to reunification. Yale University Press. www.fosterandpartners.com, F. (2020). Reichstag, New German Parliament | Foster + Partners. [online] Fosterandpartners.com. Available at: https://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/reichstag-new-german-parliament/ [Accessed 11 Jan. 2020].
CHAPTER SIX 64. Adventures, G. (2020). 5 fascinating facts about La Paz, Bolivia. [online] G Adventures Blog. Available at: https://www.gadventures.co.uk/blog/la-paz-bolivia-travel-101/ [Accessed 13 Jan. 2020]. 65. Cámara de Diputados. (2019). Cámara de Diputados. [online] Available at: http://www.diputados.bo [Accessed 12 Jan. 2020]. 66. En.climate-data.org. (2020). La Paz climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, La Paz weather averages - Climate-Data.org. [online] Available at: https://en.climate-data.org/south-america/bolivia/la-paz/la-paz-764108/ [Accessed 12 Jan. 2020]. 67. Gagné, J. (2015). Hybrid regimes. 68. Leardi, L. (2017). New Documentary on Freddy Mamani Explores the Connection Between Architecture and Cultural Identity. [online] ArchDaily. Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/880450/new-documentary-on-freddy-mamani-explores-the-connection-between-architecture-and-cultural-identity [Accessed 13 Jan. 2020]. 69. Legacy.lib.utexas.edu. (2020). Bolivia Topographic Maps - Perry-Castañeda Map Collection - UT Library Online. [online] Available at: http://legacy.lib.utexas. edu/maps/topo/bolivia/ [Accessed 12 Jan. 2020]. 70. Mamani, F. (2020). Congressional capitol building, la paz, bolivia (1.69 MB) | Bibliocad. [online] Bibliocad. Available at: https://www.bibliocad.com/en/library/ congressional-capitol-building-la-paz-bolivia_67952/ [Accessed 12 Jan. 2020]. LA ASAMBLEA NUEVA CASE STUDY 71. Aline, Q. (2018). El nuevo edificio de la Asamblea tendrá íconos de los 36 pueblos indígenas - La Razón. [online] La-razon.com. Available at: http://www.la-razon. com/nacional/edificio-Asamblea-iconos-pueblos-indigenas_0_2869513096.html [Accessed 12 Jan. 2020]. 72. El Diario Politica (2017). Edificio Legislativo de Bs 436 millones estará listo en 2020. [online] www.eldiario.net. Available at: https://www.eldiario.net/noticias/2017/2017_11/nt171126/politica.php?n=28&-edificio-legislativo-de-bs-436-millones-estara-listo-en-2020 [Accessed 12 Jan. 2020]. 73. Mendoza, L. (2018). Hasta 2017 se gastaron Bs 151 millones en el nuevo Legislativo de Bolivia. [online] eju.tv. Available at: https://eju.tv/2018/04/hasta-2017se-gastaron-bs-151-millones-en-el-nuevo-legislativo-de-bolivia/ [Accessed 12 Jan. 2020]. 74. RUBAU (2016). RUBAU TO SEND 3,500 TONNES OF ROLLED STEEL FROM SPAIN TO BOLIVIA FOR THE CONSTRUCTION WORK ON THE BUILDING OF THE PLURINATIONAL LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY | Rubau. [online] Rubau.com. Available at: http://www.rubau.com/en/rubau-enviara-3-500-toneladas-de-acero-laminado-desde-espana-a-bolivia-para-las-obras-del-edificio-de-la-asamblea-legislativa-plurinacional-de-bolivia/ [Accessed 12 Jan. 2020]. CASA GRANDE DEL PUEBLO CASE STUDY 75. Fuentes, F. (2018). Gobierno boliviano alista su traslado al “Palacio de Evo” tras decir adiós al Palacio Quemado. [online] La Tercera. Available at: https://www. latercera.com/mundo/noticia/gobierno-boliviano-alista-su-traslado-al-palacio-evo-tras-decir-adios-al-palacio-quemado/266096/ [Accessed 13 Jan. 2020]. 76. Paginasiete.bo. (2018). Vajilla y persianas del nuevo Palacio costaron Bs 590.834 - Diario Pagina Siete. [online] Available at: https://www.paginasiete.bo/nacional/2018/11/25/vajilla-persianas-del-nuevo-palacio-costaron-bs-590834-201190.html#&gid=1&pid=1 [Accessed 13 Jan. 2020]. 77. Peñaranda, R. (2018). La suite de Evo tiene 1.068 m2 e incluye sauna, jacuzzi y sala de masajes - Diario Pagina Siete. [online] Paginasiete.bo. Available at: https://www.paginasiete.bo/gente/2018/5/20/la-suite-de-evo-tiene-1068-m2-incluye-sauna-jacuzzi-sala-de-masajes-180564.html [Accessed 11 Jan. 2020]. 78. Skyscrapercity.com. (2016). LA PAZ Casa Grande del Pueblo 28p - Page 20 - SkyscraperCity. [online] Available at: https://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=1748710&page=20 [Accessed 12 Jan. 2020]. 79. Sur, C. (2018). Cómo es la imponente y polémica “Casa Grande del Pueblo”, la nueva sede del gobierno de Bolivia construida por Evo Morales. [online] BBC News Mundo. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-45229290 [Accessed 12 Jan. 2020].
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OTHER 80. htoo, s. (2017). United Nations Interactive Seating Charts Web Page - Corel Discovery Center. [online] Corel Discovery Center. Available at: https://learn.corel. com/contest-entry/united-nations-interactive-seating-charts-7/ [Accessed 18 Nov. 2019]. 81. Platonphoto.com. (2014). platon. [online] Available at: http://www.platonphoto.com/gallery/stories/power-world-leaders/evomorales/ [Accessed 3 Dec. 2019]. 82. Sonneland, H. (2019). Poll Tracker: Bolivia’s 2019 Presidential Race | AS/COA. [online] AS/COA. Available at: https://www.as-coa.org/articles/poll-tracker-bolivias-2019-presidential-race [Accessed 17 Nov. 2019]. 83. Transparency International (2015). Fighting Corruption, Demanding Justice. [online] Available at: https://www.transparency.org/impact [Accessed 9 Jan. 2020].
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