Vaccination schedules for cats and dogs
(Metro)
Preventative veterinary medicine is a cornerstone of pet health. Vaccinations are a major part of that care that protect pets from highly contagious and potentially fatal diseases. Vaccines tend to be the safest and most cost-effective ways to protect companion animals from preventable diseases.
Specific schedules will vary based on the type of pet and the advice of a vet, but there are standard protocols recommended by most professionals. Hereās a look at common core and non-core vaccinations, courtesy of The Spruce: Pets and PetMD. Core vaccinations provide immunity against the most dangerous and widespread diseases, while non-core are recommended for pets who may be exposed to certain diseases due to geographical location or outdoor lifestyle.
CATS
FVRCP: Kittens receive the feline viral rhinotracheitis, calcivirus, and panleukopenia generally between six and eight weeks of age. It is repeated every three to four weeks until
around 16 weeks of age
FeLV: Feline leukemia virus is non-core in lowrisk adult cats but often is considered core for all cats less than a year old. Kittens will get the first FeLV vaccine between nine and 11 weeks of age, then a booster three or four weeks later. Adult cats who spend time outdoors should get this vaccine booster annually.
FIV: Feline immunodeficiency virus is spread through bite wounds. It is no longer considered core, nor available in North America.
DOGS
DA2PP/DHPP/DAPP: Canine distemper/adenovirus-2 is commonly given as one vaccine referred to by these acronyms. The first dose of this vaccine tends to be administered between six to eight weeks of age, then boosters again between 10 and 12 weeks, and 14 and 16 weeks of age. From then on, it is an annual vaccine.
Rabies: Around the age of 14 weeks, dogs will get a rabies virus vaccine. The rabies vaccine will be an annual shot unless the vet administers the three-year vaccine.
Leptospirosis: Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease caused by the leptospira bacteria. It affects dogs who come in contact with infected animal urine or contaminated water or soil. The leptospirosis vaccine will protect against the bacteria and symptoms.
Bordetella: Also known as kennel cough, bordetella is a highly contagious respiratory infection. Dogs who spend a lot of time in social settings are recommended to get this vaccine, first between age six and eight weeks, and later as an annual vaccine.
Lyme: Vets recommend that dogs who live in areas where Lyme disease is prevalent receive the Lyme vaccine at around age 10 weeks, and yearly thereafter.
Canine influenza: This vaccine is recommended for dogs who go to daycare, boarding facilities, the groomer, or any places where they will spend time among other dogs.
Various vaccinations are recommended for companion cats and dogs to keep them safe and healthy. Pet owners are urged to speak with their animalsā veterinarians to get pets on the right vaccination schedule.
Pitfalls that can compromise dog training
(Metro)
Dogs are not just pets, they often become cherished family members who share in all of the joys and accomplishments of a household. Training a dog thatās new to a home can be deeply rewarding, but various pitfalls can slow the progress of training and potentially contribute to confusion or even lead to behavioral problems. Pet parents can get a leg up on what can go wrong and why, and adjust to help make the training process go more smoothly.
Problem #1: Inconsistency
Everyone in the family may want to take part in training the new pet and this can create confusion if everyone isnāt on the same page. People who use different commands or allow different behaviors may confuse the dog. To fix the issue, itās important that everyone use the same commands and consistently reinforce the same rules. Itās not alright for the dog to jump up on the furniture when the rule is no furniture lounging, for example.
Problem #2: Poor reward timing
Rewarding dogs for good behavior is one of the hallmarks of positive reinforcement training.
However, rewarding or correcting the pet even a few seconds too late can mean the animal may not connect the feedback to the action. Itās important to deliver rewards or corrections within one to two seconds of the desired behavior for the best results. Leerburg Training suggests using marker training, also known as clicker training, which affords trainers a way to immediately communicate with the dog the instant they do something favorable. Withholding the click/mark, tells the dog that you donāt like what they are doing without any punishment.
Problem #3: Overusing punishment
Positive reinforcement is the best method of training a dog, and the one that most professional trainers rely on. Still, it can be challenging to avoid yelling or using aversive tools to try to stop a behavior if other methods are slow to work. However, hitting an animal, yelling excessively or using shock collars can create fear or aggression. In some instances, such tactics may border on animal abuse. Advanced Canine Techniques says that dogs can sense a humanās energy level and confidence and any negative energy, which can be discouraging and adversely affect motivation. Taking a break while training until it can be more
fun and positive may stem stress and negative behaviors for both dog and person.
Problem #4: Unclear commands
Itās important that everyone utilize the same commands when training a dog. Saying ācome hereā one day and āget over hereā another can be confusing and result in slower learning. Dogs may respond better to visual cues along with verbal ones, so people can utilize hand gestures when setting commands as well.
Problem #5: Inconsistent results
Many people have dogs that behave wonderfully while in the house, but poorly at a dog park or elsewhere. A dog may not realize that commands and behavior expectations apply everywhere. Thatās why it is necessary to practice in different environments and only periodically introduce distractions.
Itās also important to know that a dog that is bored may exhibit restlessness or destructive behavior and wonāt be able to focus during training. Meeting the dogās physical needs first can help when training comes afterwards. After all is said and done, if training is not going as expected, consult a professional trainer for assistance.
FAQ about pet health insurance
(Metro)
Through the years veterinary medicine has become more technologically advanced and that has led to longer life expectancies for beloved pets. But as care offerings expand, the cost of such care increases. Pet health insurance is designed to offset many of the costs of keeping a pet happy and healthy.
Pet insurance wasnāt always as readily available as it is today. The first insured pet in the United States was Lassie, the famous television collie, who was insured back in 1982, according to the Insurance Information Institute (III). Today, there are 5.36 million insured pets in the U.S., according to Forbes, with 80 percent of them being dogs. The North American Pet Health Insurance Association says there was a 12.7 percent increase in the total number of insured pets from 2023 to 2024.
What does pet insurance do?
Pet insurance reimburses a person for a percentage of veterinary expenses relating to a petās illness or injury. While pet insurance isnāt required, it provides peace of mind to owners in case their companion animals need expensive treatment or routine care.
What is covered?
Policies vary regarding pet insurance. Some cover accidents and illnesses, others accidents only, and others will include wellness, which reimburses owners for routine and preventative care. Wellness plans typically are add-ons to other coverage, but increasingly they are becoming standalone policies, says U.S. News and World Report.
What is the cost?
Cost of coverage is based on the animalās age, health profile and the level of care chosen.
Older animals usually cost more to cover, and some companies place age limits on their policies, says the III. That being said, Forbes reports the average monthly premium for accident and illness pet insurance in the U.S. is about $53 per month for dogs and about $32 per month for cats. The North America Pet Health Insurance Association State of the Industry Report 2022 and 2023 indicated the top paid medical-related pet insurance claim for dogs was $60,882.
Are there exclusions?
It is important to thoroughly research potential pet insurers before purchasing an insurance plan. Some may exclude preexisting conditions, including any disease and conditions the pet has now or has had in the past, advises the American Veterinary Medical Association. Pet owners are urged o learn how each provider defines
preexisting conditions. Also, in some cases providers will not insure a specific pet or breed of pet, or they may limit the number of pets one can insure, if the pets are considered āhigh risk.ā Individuals should make sure that they can choose their own veterinarians for pet care and that there isnāt a required provider.
How do you get paid?
Most pet insurance plans are reimbursement plans. That means the pet owner pays the bills up front and then is reimbursed by the insurance provider. The timeframe for reimbursement varies by provider. Itās best to know about the average time to process and pay out claims. Pet insurance can offer peace of mind to pet owners. While it isnāt a mandatory purchase, new pet parents may want to consider it to help manage the rising cost of pet care.
Tips when traveling with pets
(Metro)
Traveling with pets can be a rewarding experience that enables individuals to share new adventures with their companion animals. Bringing pets along on vacation has become quite popular. According to Top Dog Pet Travel, a central Florida agency specializing in pet-friendly bookings, there has been an uptick in people traveling with their pets since 2024. A report from the American Pet Products Association indicates 22 percent of both cat and dog owners reported taking their animals on at least three flights in 2024.
Although traveling with pets can be fun and cuts down on costs for pet boarding or alternative care, it also requires careful planing to keep pets safe, comfortable and free from stress throughout the trip. These practical tips can make traveling with pets a smooth experience, whether one is traveling by car, plane or just off on a weekend getaway.
ā¢ Plan ahead. Research any pet regulations and restrictions prior to traveling. Some hotels, airlines and rental properties have specific rules or fees for pets. Always confirm if companion animals are allowed, and determine if there are restrictions on size, breed or the number of pets. Every airline has different rules for in-cabin versus cargo travel for pets. International travel may require certain vaccinations or quarantine periods, so it pays to start planning well in advance.
ā¢ Visit the vet. A checkup with the petās vet is a good step prior to any trip. The vet will make sure the animal is current on vaccinations and well enough to travel. Getting a copy of the petās medical records and vaccination schedule is helpful, as some airlines or destinations may require it. Also inquire about medication for motion sickness or anxiety, if necessary.
ā¢ Bring familiar items. Animals like consistency and routine. Keeping familiar items
nearby can help reduce anxiety in unfamiliar environments. Bring along food, bowls, leashes, and preferred toys or bedding.
ā¢ Stick to routine. Give the pet time to adjust to the new surroundings and adhere to the same meal, walk and play schedules the animal is accustomed to at home. Regular feeding helps avoid stomach upset, as does bringing bottled water or water from home.
ā¢ Pack some patience. Even the most well-behaved pet may act out a little when in unfamiliar territory. Also, itās possible to encounter individuals who may not be as amenable to sharing surroundings with pets. Pets will take emotional cues from their owners, so projecting calm can be beneficial.
Traveling with pets is becoming increasingly popular. Planning ahead and working with pet-friendly venues can ensure that everyone in the family enjoys some time away.
What to know about walking certain breeds of dog
(Metro)
Walks are a useful and effective way for dog owners to help their dogs stay healthy and physically fit. But no two dogs are the same, so a walk thatās beneficial for one breed of dog may jeopardize the health of a different breed. The American Veterinary Medical Association also notes that changing conditions, such as weather, should affect the duration and timing of walks with a dog. With the safety and health of dogs in mind, dog owners can consider these tips for walking dogs, courtesy of the AVMA.
ā¢ Be especially careful with brachycephalic dogs. Brachycephalic dogs are those breeds with short noses. Some notable examples of brachycephalic dog breeds include Boston terriers, bullmastiffs, chihuahuas, English bulldogs, French bulldogs, pugs, and shih-tzus. Brachycephalic dogs tend to have a more difficult time walking in hot weather, and the AVMA recommends dog owners stop frequently to allow these dogs to rest on hot days. Short walks also may be all these breeds can handle when temperatures spike. In addition, alter the walking schedule if youāre accustomed to walking during midday, when temperatures tend to be especially hot in warm weather seasons. Walk in the early morning before the sun gets too high and/or evening when the sun has begun to set.
ā¢ Be careful when temperatures drop. Certain breeds may be vulnerable to cold weather as well. Small dogs, dogs that have short coats, dogs that lack body fat, and even some brachycephalic dogs may not fare well when temperatures drop. The AVMA notes that some dogs without long hair or body fat to protect them might get frostbite if cold weather walks go on too long. The short noses that are a hallmark of Brachycephalic dogs also can make it hard for these animals to regulate their body temperature, which can be dangerous in cold weather.
ā¢ Learn to spot the signs of struggle. Dogs exhibit some common symptoms when struggling with hot or cold temperatures during a walk. The AVMA notes that a dog exhibiting signs of heat stress may appear unexpectedly anxious or weak, be less responsive than usual to commands, pant heavily or frequently, or drool excessively. Dog owners also can check the dogās gums for discoloration, dryness or stickiness. Take any of these signs very seriously and get the dog indoors and even to a veterinarian immediately. Carry the animal home or to the vetās office, if necessary. The signs that something is awry in cold weather include shivering, weakness and/or diminished mental alertness. Muscle stiffness, shallow and slow breathing, and even collapse may be indicative of hypothermia, which requires immediate attention from a veterinarian. A dog that suddenly takes a wide-based stance also may be under duress.
ā¢ Know that weather isnāt the only walking hazard. Where a dog is walked also can pose a safety and health hazard. Avoid areas under construction, areas with uneven ground, icy surfaces, areas where wildlife is known to roam, and surfaces where de-icing products have been spread. Walking is great exercise for dogs. But dog owners must be mindful of weather and additional variables that can pose a safety risk and health hazard to dogs.
How to manage a pet emergency
(Metro)
When a person experiences a medical emergency, people may know the steps to take to get prompt assistance. Responding to an emergency typically involves administering first aid, calling trained emergency technicians and an ambulance, or driving to a hospital for care. But people may not know how to handle a situation when a pet experiences a medical emergency.
In a pet emergency, it is important for individuals to remain calm. Injured pets can be unpredictable and lash out when in pain or if they are frightened. A measured and cautious approach is essential, even for pets that are normally docile. According to Veg ER for Pets, the following steps should be followed during a pet emergency.
ā¢ Assess the situation. Look closely at your pet and see if you can identify what is
wrong. A severe injury or broken bone may be evident. If a pet is sick but you donāt know why, pay close attention to the symptoms and behavior so that information can be relayed to a veterinarian. The ASPCA says signs that emergency care may be necessary include pale gums, rapid breathing, weak or rapid pulse, changes in body temperature, difficulty standing, paralysis, seizures, excessive bleeding, and loss of consciousness.
ā¢ Call a poison hotline. Curious pets often get into all kinds of mischief, and that can include eating or drinking items that are unsafe. Even some plants can be toxic if ingested. Before administering care or inducing vomiting, itās important to discuss with a professional. The ASPCAās pet poison control number is 888-426-4435 or the Pet Poison Helpline is 866-764-7661.
ā¢ Try to calm your pet. Pets in pain may try
to run away or bite. Always approach the pet slowly. Muzzle a dog if necessary, and drape a thin towel over the catās head to keep the animal from biting you. Speak calmly and assuredly to the pet to help calm them down.
ā¢ Know your care options. If it is during business hours, you can call your veterinarian and see if they can check on the pet. If itās after hours, contact the nearest 24-hour pet emergency center in the area and take your pet there for care. In some instances, care can be administered at home. First aid like removing choking blockages or performing a modified Heimlich maneuver may be possible. You also may be able to administer CPR to help your pet until a vet can take over.
A suffering pet can make pet owners extremely nervous. But slowing down, assessing the situation and seeking care can typically result in a happy outcome.
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