TYPOLOGY REPORT OF GAYA'S POPOULATION

DAYALBAGH EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTE FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE

SKILL DEVELOPMENT CENTRE GAYA, BIHAR

by

GROUP 1 under the guidance of

Ar. Apeksha Jain Ar. Akansha Soni

SKILL DEVELOPMENT CENTRE, GAYA, BIHAR

Table of Contents Abstract

1

1. Introduction

2

2. Case Study 2.1 Introduction

3

2.2 Location

3

2.3 Academic Details

4

2.4 Green Initiatives

7

2.5 Infrastructure

7

2.6 Analysis

8

3. Study of Gaya 3.1 Aim of the Project

9

3.2 Implementation of the Project

9

3.3 Issues and Findings

22

3.4 Need of the Project in Gaya

22

3.5 Objectives of the Project

22

4. Proposed Skill Development Programs

23

5. Conclusion

45

6. Bibliography

46

SKILL DEVELOPMENT CENTRE, GAYA, BIHAR

List of Tables Table 2.1

5

Table 2.2

5

Table 2.3

6

Table 3.1

10

Table 3.2

11

Table 3.3

11

Table 3.4

12

Table 3.5

13

Table 3.6

13

Table 3.7

14

Table 3.8

14

Table 3.9

15

Table 3.10

16

Table 3.11

17

Table 3.12

18

Table 3.13

19

Table 4.1

25

Table 4.2

34

Table 4.3

35

Table 4.4

41

Table 4.5

42

SKILL DEVELOPMENT CENTRE, GAYA, BIHAR

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List of Figures Figure 2.1

7

Figure 2.2

7

Figure 2.3

8

Figure 2.4

8

Figure 3.1

9

Figure 3.2

9

Figure 3.3

12

Figure 3.4

12

Figure 3.5

16

Figure 3.6

20

Figure 3.7

21

Figure 3.8

21

Figure 4.1

23

Figure 4.2

24

Figure 4.3

24

Figure 4.4

24

Figure 4.5

25

Figure 4.6

25

Figure 4.7

27

Figure 4.8

27

Figure 4.9

28

Figure 4.10

28

Figure 4.11

29

2

Figure 4.12

29

Figure 4.13

30

Figure 4.14

30

Figure 4.15

31

Figure 4.16

32

Figure 4.17

33

Figure 4.18

37

Figure 4.19

37

Figure 4.20

48

3

ABSTRACT

4

1. Introduction Gaya is situated in Bihar, it is a typical rurban area with less literacy rate , no accessibility of current utilities regarding technology, education and other development aspects.

Gaya is currently undeveloped city of Bihar with literacy rate of 53.4% , as the people of this city believe more on fast earning rather than efficient earning as the most of the population in Gaya is poor so to meet their daily needs they do the work which provide them daily wages , those daily wages are not much but still these peoples themselves as well as ask their children to start working their at an early age because of which literacy rate of this city is down.

Further the government policies regarding education such as policies for universities can’t reach here as government focuses more on university like Nalanda University etc. therefore no exposure could be given to university in Gaya. Also in terms of technology Gaya is laid back as compared to other cities like in field of agriculture , currently also they are using the old methods and machinery because of which after doing the hard work also they couldn’t reach the goal they can achieve.

There are certainly many small scale industries in Gaya like weaving and handloom, sweet industries , stone carving shops which if got certain exposure can be converted into big profitable business. The people are involved in these industries but without proper guidance there work is not enough beneficial , the benefits are limited to daily wages.

SKILL DEVELOPMENT CENTRE, GAYA, BIHAR

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2. CASE STUDY on NATIONAL SKILL TRAINING INSTITUE JAIPUR 2.1 Introduction National Skill Training Institute (Women), Jaipur was established in October, 1994 under the aegis of the Directorate General of Training.

The Institute in expanded in 6.5 acres land having well equipped workshops and classrooms as well as hostel facility for trainees and residential facility for the staff.

The NSTIs organize regular training programme in trades having high employability. Training programme are designed on industrial pattern, which includes 8 hours of regular training each day 5 days a week with no vacations in between the training programmes, leaves, etc. are as per the rules of the Government of India.

Presently, under the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship, these are known as National Skill Training Institutes. The Vocational Training facilities have been established through a network of 14 NSTIs and 18 NSTIs (W) at NOIDA, Mumbai, Banglore, Trivandrum, Panipat, Kolkata, Tura, Indore, Allahabad, Vadodara, Jaipur, Rajpura, Shimla, Agartala, Patna, Goa, Jammu, and Trichy.

2.2 Location Sansthan Path, Jhalana Gram, Malviya Nagar, Jaipur, Rajasthan 302017.

It is connected with a single lane road which is further linked to NH21.

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2.3 Academic Details 2.3.1 Combination of Subjects: The subjects from given below covered as per syllabus of respective Trade.

1. Trade Theory 2. Trade Practical 3. Engineering Drawing 4. Workshop Calculation & Science 5. Employability Skills

2.3.2 Objectives 1. Identification of vocational skill training areas.

2. Organization of skill training programmes for women.

3. Maintaining industry- institute linkages.

4. All around development of Trainees.

2.3.3 Start of session: 1st August of every year.

2.3.4 Minimum Age: 14 years as on the first day of the academic session.

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2.3.5 Fee Details Table 2.1

S.No.

Particulars

General/OBC Fee

SC/ST Fee

1

Admission Fee

100/-

25/-

2

Registration Fee

50/-

Nil

3

Tuition Fee

1800/-(150/- per month)

600/- (50/-)

4

Caution Deposit (Refundable)

250/-

250/-

5

Examination Fee

100/-

25/-

6

Gymkhana Fee

100/-

Nil

Total (Rs.)

2400/-

900/-

2.3.6 Skills Provided 2.3.6.1 CRAFTSMEN TRAINING SCHEME (CTS) Table 2.2

S. No.

Trade

NSQF Level

Entry Qualification

Duration

Sanctioned Seat

1

Electronics Mechanic

5

10th or its equivalent.

2 years

24

2

Fashion Design & Technology

4

10th or its equivalent.

1 year

20

3

Electrician

5

10th or its equivalent.

2 years

20

4

Desktop Publishing Operator

4

10th or its equivalent.

2 years

24

SKILL DEVELOPMENT CENTRE, GAYA, BIHAR

8

5

Fruit & Vegetable Processor

4

10th or its equivalent.

2 years

24

6

Interior Design & Decoration

4

10th or its equivalent.

2 years

24

2.3.6.2 CRAFTSMEN INSTRUCTOR TRAINING SCHEME (CITS): Table 2.3

S.No.

Trade

Qualification

Sanctioned Seats

NSQF Level

Duration

1

Architectural Draughtsman

NCVT Certificate, Degree/Diploma

25

6

2 years

2

Cosmetology

NCVT Certificate, Degree/Diploma

75

6

1 year

3

Computer Software Application

NCVT Certificate, Degree/Diploma

25

6

1 year

4

Dress Making

NCVT Certificate, Degree/Diploma

75

6

1 year

5

Fashion Design & Technology

NCVT Certificate, Degree/Diploma

25

6

1 year

6

Office Management (English)

NCVT Certificate, Degree/Diploma

25

6

1 year

7

Secretarial Practices (Hindi)

NCVT Certificate, Degree/Diploma

50

6

1 year

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2.4 Green Initiatives 1. Many initiatives has been opted by the NSTI (W) Jaipur trainees and Staff as by distributing the cloth bags to the general public to stop the use of plastic bags.

2. Institute also surrounded by the lush green trees and plants. Every year many plants has planted by the trainees and staff.

3. For paper less work in office the Institute using various electronic ways like E-Office, Bio Matric Attendance, Recording of ACRs on Sparrow portal etc

2.5 Infrastructure The campus of National skill training institute, Jaipur was designed keeping two factors in mind i.e. single gender use campus and for physically handicapped people.

We can see these factors through, how the hostel and campus designed close to each other and how the residential unit for staff is designed near hostel. Residential unit near hostel helps to keep the safety of students and ease of accessibility for both staff and students both. In the campus for college guest there is a separate building called guest house made which have 2 rooms and a waiting area in between.

There are separate parking given for both staff residential unit and college. Inside the campus, the accessibility factors are facilitated according to physically handicapped people like in the corridors and halls tactile are placed to show way for blind people, in the side walls of corridors railings are given for ease of support for walking.

Figure 2.1

SKILL DEVELOPMENT CENTRE, GAYA, BIHAR

Figure 2.2

10

There is separate computer lab, libraries and seminar halls given for every department. There is also small cells given for instructor and there assistance other than staff rooms. Further the corridors have jaali work done which helps and natural ventilation and air flow. The building from outside looks in rectangular shape but from inside it is designed in a shape of octagon utilizing the space keeping air flow as main factor in mind.

Figure 2.3

Figure 2.4

2.6 Analysis  The campus is facilitated with every needs required by physically handicapped.  There is separate rooms provided in a form of small quarters as guest house.  Classrooms accommodate 30 – 40 students.  Separate rooms in form of small cells for professors and assistance.  Residential unit for staff is given in the campus only near hostel.  Hostel’s room is designed for accommodation of 2 students.

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3. Study of Gaya 3.1 Aim of the Project Aim of the project is to design a centre to impart training and skill upgradation of women and rural youth geared towards entrepreneurship development, and to help them in their effort to attain selfreliance, improve the quality of their lives, and thereby enhancing their contribution to the development of our country.

3.2 Implementation of the Project 3.2.1 Why Gaya?  This is also an alluvial plain lying in the south of river Ganges and is primarily an agricultural area.

Small quantities of minerals are also available in the region.



The main industries are stone quarries, rice mills and a few sugar factories. It has large concentration of hand looms and power looms. This region comprises of the following District.

 In the range of 60 to 100 km around Gaya there are many developed places with renowned universities e.g. Nalanda where for the further development government focuses more, providing different schemes to them for increasing literacy rate.



As a result, we can see the percentage of literacy rate 53.2 % in Gaya.



Further the literacy rate declined as more population focuses on agriculture, and pilgrimage sites where heavy tourist rush is present e.g. there are 45 sacred places present in gaya between Pretsil hill (NORTH) and Bodhgaya (SOUTH) so more youth population start working there and other traditional works which provide them bare minimum income without studying.

Figure 3.1

SKILL DEVELOPMENT CENTRE, GAYA, BIHAR

Figure 3.2 12

3.2.2 Demographic Details 3.2.2.1 Population Distribution The population of Gaya is 0.3% of total population India. It can be seen in the table below that the ratio of male to female population is almost equal.

Gaya is one of the biggest districts of the state. As per 2011 Census, the total population of the district is 43, 79,383 persons with a male population constituting 51.76% and female population 48.24%.

Table 3.1

All

Number

Percent

Total (2011)

4379383

100

Male (2011)

2266827

51.76

Female (2011)

2112518

48.24

Others (2011)

38

0.0

Chart 3.1

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The sex ratio of the district is 932 females per thousand males. The district is predominantly rural with 86.86% of its people residing in rural areas. The decade growth rate is 26.08 percent which is higher than the state (25.07%) and national average.

The Scheduled caste population comprises more than 29.6 percent which is highest in the state and the scheduled tribe population comprising less than 0.5 percent.

Table 3.2

Scheduled Caste (2011) Total (to All) (2011)

1334351

30.46

Male (2011)

683943

51.25

Female (2011)

650408

48.75

Scheduled Tribe (2011) Total (2011)

3098

0.08

Male (2011)

1635

52.77

Female (2011)

1463

47.23

3.2.2.2 Literacy The literacy rate according to 2011 census estimate of the district is 66.35 percent, which is lower than the national average. The female literacy rate is particularly a matter of concern as it is only 55.90 percent.

Table 3.3

Educational Level

Gaya

Illiterate

2093805

Literate

2297613

SKILL DEVELOPMENT CENTRE, GAYA, BIHAR

14

Literacy (%)’ Bihar

Gaya

Total

63.9

54.8

Male

73.4

63

Female

53.3

46.1

Public utilities like colleges and NGOs are not focused on. This is the reason why the city is lacking behind in terms of literacy rate. The youth doesn’t receive proper basic knowledge due to low quality of education and bad education infrastructure.

Figure 3.3

Figure 3.4

SKILL DEVELOPMENT CENTRE, GAYA, BIHAR

15

3.2.2.2 Workforce The factors that can probably explain this is the fact that the district is predominantly rural. The Total work Participation rate as per 2001 census is nearly 36.8 percent with main workers to total population comprising 28 percent and marginal workers comprising 8 percent.

Agriculture labourers to total workers is 43.8 percent and cultivators to total workers is 34.3 percent. Workers in non-agriculture sector are 22 percent and there are only 4.10 households.

The population density is 880 persons per sq. km compared to 1102 of state average.

Table 3.5

Total workers

1664062

Main workers

77.84

Number of HH below poverty line

360848

% of workers engaged in HH industry

3.72%

Total workers to total population (%)

36.80%

Agriculture labourers to total workers (%)

1.90%

Workers in HH industries to total workers (%)

3.72%

Main workers to total population (%)

77.84%

Table 3.6

Total Household

Rural

Urban

688425

598783

89642

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3.2.2.3 Economy  GAYA is a the districts headquarter due to which all district level offices are located in Gaya.  Gaya also has household industries and trade and commerce as its economic activities.  Occupational structure of the populance is the primary indicator of economic base of the town.  Workforce participation rate of Gaya is 24.5% which is much lower than state’s and district’s.

Table 3.7

Total Population

389192

Total Workers

WFPR

Main workers

Main Worker

Marginal Worker

Total

Male

Female

Total

82631

12966

95597

73148

9483

82631

86.4%

13.5%

100%

88.5%

11.5%

100%

Occupational structure is being classified into four classification Table 3.8

Category of Workers

Total Main Workers

Percentage%

Cultivators

2308

2.79

Agricultural labourers

3268

3.95

HH Industry Workers

7010

8.48

Other Workers

70045

84.8

82631

100

Total

In this, OTHER WORKERS includes workers engaged mainly in manufacturing industries ,trade and commerce, construction activities, transport and communication and other service activities.

SKILL DEVELOPMENT CENTRE, GAYA, BIHAR

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Thus majority of population is engaged in secondary and tertiary sector and only 6.7% are engaged in primary sector activities as agriculture labourers and cultivators.

Agriculture is the main occupation of the people - main crops are rice , wheat, maize, sugarcane, lintiles, jower and pulses.

3.2.2.4 Trade and Commerce Gaya act as a service centre for all the surrounding towns and villages.

There is no hierarchy of commercial centres in Gaya.

1. FORMAL MARKETS Formal markets are mainly concentrated all along the important roads and appox. 15000 shops are there in these markets.

Table 3.9

S.No.

Name of Markets

Type

Major Commodities

1

Kedar Nath Market

Retail & Wholesale

Cloth, Stationary, Vegetable, Fruit, etc

2

Khathotar Talab

Retail

Grossery, religious items

3

Hatu Godam

Retail & Wholesale

Food Grains, Spices, Sweets

4

G.B. Road

Retail

Grosser, Stationary

5

K.P. Road

Retail

Restaurants

6

Kachahari Road

Retail

Stationary

7

Tikri/Dak Bunglow Road

Retail & Wholesale

Vegetables, Hardwood, Automobile

8

Chowk Market

Retail

General Commercial

9

New Gaya College

Retail

Stationary, Computer

10

ANNMCH Market

Retail

Chemists

11

Station Road

Retail

Hotels, Restaurants

SKILL DEVELOPMENT CENTRE, GAYA, BIHAR

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Figure 3.5

Kachahari Market

Dak Bunglow

2. Informal Market Street vending is one of the means of informal marketing.

Large section of this comprises those people who migrated to town from rural areas in search of employment.

They normally setup thelas, mobile shops , thatch roofed kutcha shop etc.

Table 3.10

S.No.

Name of Market

Main Commodities

1

New Godown

Sweets

2

New Bus Stand

Sweets, Tea stalls, Eatables

3

Chand Chaura

Clothes, Sweets

4

Rajendra Road

Religious Items, Sweets

5

Sikaria Road

Tea Stalls

6

Station Road

Bags

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3.2.2.5 Industries There is no major industrial set up in the town.

Few toffee industries , oil mills , sugarcane mills are present which are degenerating.

There are few small scale and household industries in Gaya which includes handloom, aggarbatti, tilkut-lai , building material ( stone and window grill) , etc.

Table 3.11

S.No.

Unit Type

No. Of Units

Employees/unit

Total Employees

Location

1

Powerloom/Handloom

5000

2

12000

Manpur

2

Agarbati (Non-cented)

10000

100

100000

Aliganj, Khathora Talab, etc

3

Trading Perfumery

100

20

2000

Gaya Town

4

Stone Building Material

50 stone crushers

20

2000

Gaya-Patna Road

5

Tilkut/Lai

100

5

1000

Ramana Road

6

Sleepers (Railway)

2

37

75

Manpur

7

Building Material (Window Grill)

100

Direct Employment 5, Indirect employment - 10

1500

8

Wooden Furniture Material

50

Direct Employment 5, Indirect employment - 5

500

Gurudwara Road

9

Artesian (Statues/Clay)

100

6

600

Manpur

10

Carton Manufacturing

25

10

250

Manpur

SKILL DEVELOPMENT CENTRE, GAYA, BIHAR

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INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT OF GAYA, BIHAR MSME (MICRO MEDIUM AND SMALL ENTERPRISES) Table 3.12

Year-wise Trends of Units Registered

Up-to

Year

No. of Reg. Units

Employment

Investment(Rs.)

1984-2002

5562

18652

1749.72

2002-03

135

411

405.00

2003-04

150

558

435.40

2004-05

125

465

165.25

2005-06

128

375

105.01

2006-07

551

3306

2892.75

2007-08

131

703

468.60

2008-09

129

869

789.26

2009-10

140

775

1233

2010-11

204

1057

1417.20

2011-12

317

1360

2934.60

Total

7572

28531

12595.79

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There is no major industrial set up in the town. Few toffee industries, oil mills, sugarcane mills etc. present in Gaya are also degenerating.

Gaya is mainly dependent on small scale and household industries which include powerloom/handloom, non scented aggarbatti, tilkut, building material ‐stone and window grill, wooden furniture material, clay pieces, railway sleepers and stone crushers etc.

Table 3.13

Details of Existing Micro and Small Enterprises & Artisan Units in the District NIC Code No.

Type of Industry

No. of Units

Investment (Rs.)

Employment

20

Agro Based

983

1152.97

3055

22

Soda Water

34

238.66

184

23

Cotton Textile

900

5670.22

4851

24

Wooden, Silk & Artificial Thread based clothes

33

63.32

152

25

Jute & jute based

0

0

0

26

Ready made Garment & Embroidery

244

66.91

715

27

Wood based furniture

759

861.01

2534

28

Paper & Paper Products

138

157.21

511

29

Leather based

592

122.41

842

30

Chemical/Chemical based

737

658.78

2459

31

Rubber, plastic & petro based

115

250.73

461

32

Mineral based

380

626.38

5828

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3.2.2.6 Transportation Gaya is will connected with the regional road network within the state and to various metropolis in country. Gaya city is regionally connected with Patna via Jahanabad through NH‐83 towards the north of Gaya. Further Gaya is connected to Aurangabad, Sasaram to Delhi though NH‐2 which meets NH‐83 (passing from Gaya City) at Dobhi. Also Gaya is connected to Kolkata by SH‐8 and by NH‐2.

Gaya is also well connected to metropolis New Delhi, Kolkata and Mumbai through broad gauge railway line. It is the second most important station in Bihar after Patna. Gaya is directly connected to Guwahati and Chennai also. Gaya is also connected through other two broad gauge rail lines to Patna and Kiul showing fairly good regional rail connectivity of the city.

Gaya has one International Airport. Gaya Airport is the only international airport in Bihar and Jharkhand both. It is an international airport connected to Colombo, Sri Lanka through two airline operators; Bangkok, Thailand; Singapore, and Bhutan. Gaya Airport is served by Indian Airlines for domestic flights and Sri Lankan Airlines, Mihin Lanka, Drukair, Jet airways and Indian Airlines for international flights.

National Highways and State Highways passes from the Gaya city. (Map No. 10.1) Gaya is well connected by road network with surrounding areas through major roads of the city. NH‐83 passes through the heart of the city connects Gaya to Patna via Jahanabad on the north of the city. Further NH‐83 connects the Gaya to Bodhgaya and to Aurangabad and Sasaram through NH‐2. NH‐83 meets NH‐2 at Dobhi.

Figure 3.6

SKILL DEVELOPMENT CENTRE, GAYA, BIHAR

23

Figure 3.7

Figure 3.8

SKILL DEVELOPMENT CENTRE, GAYA, BIHAR

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3.3 Issues and Findings          

Presently economy of Gaya is thriving on service based industries.

Demand for commercial services is steadily increasing.

There is no commodity based and wholesale market in Gaya.

There is a need to facilitate the informal sector activities in the town.

There is major industrial setup in the town.

Gaya is mainly dependent on small scale and household industries.

There is a need for diversification of economy into technology based industries.

Gaya has huge potential for agro – based industries .

The town has many economic activities related to tourism and religion.

Some of the artisans in Gaya are engaged in hand embroidery, stone art-ware and wood inlay which is the plus point for increasing economic growth.

3.4 Need of the Project in Gaya  Poor Infrastructure  Inadequate financial Resources  Providing Training in Hard and soft Skills, Motivation and positive attitude in a cost effective and innovative manner.  Millions of unemployed youth who have next to zero technical skills, particularly from rural and semiurban background like Gaya, who could not get access to higher/professional education but oriented towards white-collar jobs are driven to despair for not finding a job.  Also, women education is a catch. This project must include areas of gender equality and access to education, and help them in their efforts to attain self-reliance, improve the quality of their lives.

3.5 Objectives of the Project  Socio-economic Development  Flourishment in the field of agricultural development, infrastructural development, cottage and smallscale industries and territory sector like processing and marketing units.  Full rural employment  To overcome gender based inequalities/discrimination.  To develop confidence in unemployed and uneducated youth.

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4.Proposed Skill Development Programs 4.1 AGRICULTURE 4.1.1 Workshops by agro based companies 4.1.2 Organic Farming: Organic Farming , a nascent practice in India 2.78 million hectare of farmland was under organic cultivation of March 2020 given by Union Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare where for organic farming is done over 2% of 190.1 million hectare.

According to WHO , total Global Organic Food Market presently is around 37 billion where India has more than 15,000 certified Organic Farms.

Modern Methods of Farming: 1. Hydroponics: The hydroponics method is a less-soil type of farming, and it doesn't require any type of soil.

Figure 4.1

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2. Aquaponics: Aquaponics is a closed-loop system that relies majorly on the symbiotic relationship between aquaculture and agriculture for fertilization.

Figure 4.2

3. Aeroponics: Aeroponics is the process where plants are grown in the air or mist environment without the use of soil.

Figure 4.3

4. Monoculture: This method is the raising of a single crop in a specific area of farming.

Figure 4.4

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Programs affiliated from ORGANIC FARMING Table4.1

PROGRAM PROVIDED

TIME PERIOD

Micro Irrigation Technician

6 months

Greenhouse Operator

6 months

Tractor Operator

6 months

Organic Grower

6 months

Dairy Farmer

6 months

Small Poultry Farmer

7 months

Animal Health Worker

10 months

Aquaculture Worker

6 months

Quality Seed Grower

6 months

Hydroponics

10 months

Aquaponics

3 months

Aeroponics

6 months

Figure 4.5

SKILL DEVELOPMENT CENTRE, GAYA, BIHAR

Figure 4.6 28

Advantages of Organic Farming              

Improvement in health levels Avoidance of soil pollution Less groundwater pollution Protection of insects More sustainable Organic garbage can be composted and reused Organic food may taste better Better nutrition values on average Saving money if you grow your own organic plants No use of GMOs (genetically modified organisms) Better for our climate Better for the health of farmers More original form of farming Pollination may be easier

Disadvantages of Organic Gardening           

Significant costs at the beginning May not be suitable for growing on a large scale Pest issues Products may be too expensive for poor people Regulatory standards may be hard to meet High certification costs Small farmers may go out of business Organic farming can be time-consuming Organic farming requires plenty of knowledge Unpleasant smell High variance in yield and quality

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4.2 ART & FASHION DESIGNING Art is a subject of “nuances”. And nuances can only be appreciated through close observation and inperson interaction which not only enhance the person personality but also help to make women independent that’s why we decided to shortlisted it in skill development programme.

4.2.1 Manjusha Paintings: This art form originated during the British rule in Bhagalpur district of Bihar. This art form was used to make merchandise products during the Bishahari festival of the state which is dedicated to the snake god. This art form started getting diminished in the mid 20s.

Figure 4.7

4.2.2 Meenkari Art: Just as the name suggests, this art form aims at embedding gems or Meena to the otherwise gold jewellery and then enamelising it to form beautiful pieces of art work and jewellery. This form of art originated from Rajasthan during the Mughal Empire.

Figure 4.8

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4.2.3 Parsi Embroidery: With declining Parsi communities, this art form also has declined and has reached the state of saturation in the modern times. This one of the important part of Indian textile preserves. It originates from Iran and 9 months was the time period in which artisans would weave in one such saree. The designs were influenced by European, Indian and Chinese cultures and the sarees were called as ‘Parsi Gara’ sarees.

Figure 4.9

4.2.4 Toda Embroidery: This art form originates from the Toda Tribe living in the Nilgiri hills in Tamil Nadu with a population sizing to about 2000 only. It is an embroidery on cloth with square formats of geometrical patterns. They also had merchandise like wallets, mobile pouches, bedsheets and stoles.

Figure 4.10

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4.2.5 Naga Handicrafts: Handicrafts from Nagaland of the North-East are made out of forest produce like wood, cane or horse shoes. These are then converted into furniture items liked benches, bowls, and décor. Also Nagaland is famous for its Naga shawls. Scarves and bags are also a part of the art merchandise.

Figure 4.11

4.2.6 Patachitra: This Odia folk art of painting on raw silk tableaus is slowly on the verge of being extinct due to lack of exposures to the tourists, promotions at exhibitions and fairs have discouraged many artisans to bring up the art. A particular reason being that the original silk version being very costly to art collectors at state emporiums or government regulated outlets.

Figure 4.12

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4.2.7 Terracotta Handicrafts: Terracotta clay sculptures and ornaments originate from West Bengal and Odisha, which are now in the edge of becoming extinct.

Figure 4.13

4.2.8 Wooden craft: The wooden craft of Gaya is not a normal product that use by the consumers. It has a huge religious importance for the Buddhist followers and pilgrims who come to visit Buddha’s enlightenment holy place Bodhgaya. It has a big ritual significance for them .This is not a wood product for them, it is god. They are emotionally and spiritually attached to this piece of wood that is carved by normal person in Gaya who is totally dependent on this art.

Figure 4.14

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4.2.9 Madhubani Paintings: The process of painting and the use of natural dyes and pigments provide an eye-catching finish to these paintings. Traditionally, the painting was done on freshly plastered mud walls and floors of huts; but over the years it has moved to varied mediums including cloths, handmade papers, and canvas. Madhubani Painting is done with fingers, twigs, brushes, nib-pens, and matchsticks, using natural dyes and pigments, and is characterized by eye-catching geometrical patterns. This is a unique craft, handcrafted by artisans. Madhubani Painting provides livelihood support to about 20000-25000 artisan’s family on regular basis in Madhubani district and other places of Bihar.

Figure 4.15

4.2.10 The Glory of Patna Kalam Painting (Lost in history): After the death of Mir Zafar, his son, Miran took over the Throne. He was not interested in art and craft. So, again the artists had to face the issue of relocation.

These painters migrated to Patna, Bihar. Like Machharhatta, Lodi Katra, Chowk, and Diwan Mohallain around 1760, and started a unique form of Painting which came to known as Patna Kalam.

The other artists moved to Danapur, Purnea, Ara, Bettiah, Darbhanga, and Gaya.

The colours and lines in Patna kalam were inspired by Mughal painting but their subject matter was totally different. s. In Patna Kalam Centre of focus was Subjects, like Local festivals, ceremonies, Bazar scenes, artisans working, local rulers, and domestic activities. One of the most important characteristics of this art form is that they don’t paint any background or foreground or any landscape in painting.

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FEATURES:           

It was the first time when any art form got recognition and popularity by showcasing the life of common people instead of the Royals. It was an art of commons.

The Patna Kalam Paintings are painted directly by the brush without making outlines by pencil and this technique of painting was known as ‘KajliSeahi‘.

The brushes and colours used in this art form were created by their artists only.

Colours used in the Patna kalam art form were mainly extracted from natural sources like minerals, flowers, fruits, the bark of trees, The Patna kalam painting was mainly done on paper, mica, elephant teeth, and cotton cloths. The paper used in these art forms was generally made up of waste paper (lugdhi) or bamboo sheets Some paintings of this form are also seen on Silk and Taant.

Figure 4.16

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4.2.11 Language: There is no specific and recognized language of this district. Generally spoken dialect is Magahi.

Generally people understand, speak, and write Hindi and Urdu. But in official communication they have to use Hindi/Urdu, which can be taught here in our skill development centre.

4.2.12 Environmental degradation: In recent studies by WHO it has been shown that Gaya’s AQI reading was 149 ( lies between very unhealthy-unhealthy) which is higher than even larger and more populated cities like patna and delhi.

Acc. To local municipality only action taken so far is ban of single use plastic.There’s a sharp drop was recorded in 2020 of 46.3 µg/m³ but this could be artificially lower due to the restrictions put into place because of the COVID-19 pandemic.But its just temporary.

This level is not constant throughout the year: Air pollution is governed by many variable factors such as temperature, wind speed and direction and the level and strength of sunlight.

So, There’s a sudden need to make people aware of this fact and Educate them how to control it.By introducing some Awareness Sessions in our institute.

Figure 4.17

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Table 4.2

S.No. Main Course

Sub-Course

Time Duration

Area Required

Eligibility(min )

1

Handicrafts & Painting

Stone Crafts, Madhubani Paintings, etc

1-6 months

Hall

Nil

2

Language

Foreign Language and English Fluency

3 months

1 classroom

10th/12th pass

3

Skill Upgradation

Pattal Making, etc

Up to 2 months

1 classroom and 1 hall

Nil

4

Dress Making

Needle work, Sewing, etc

1-3 months

Hall

8th

5

Diploma Courses

Fine Arts, Interior Designing, etc

1 year

2 classrooms and 2 labs

10th pass

Aims and Objectives:  The aim of social upliftment of the underprivileged who can avail the facility to join these skill development courses.  Helping youth to discover their interests, aptitudes and potentialities.  Guidance for choice of appropriate courses and future career.  Maximizing their potentialities and boosting self-confidence.  Offering vocational courses simultaneously with the regular degree courses.  Provide training in various trades that are in high demand in society and have good job prospects.  Preparing women for economic independence.

PROS:  Preservence Preservence of old and extinct art form and painting all over india. And to provide them a platform .  Social Interaction One of the greatest successes of traditional art classes, is that it fosters social interaction and peerlearning.

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 Individual Needs The ability to tailor open art classes to fit the needs of each individual student, is another reason why personalized instructor-led art classes are so effective and it is needed .  Financially independent This programme will make women independent they can earn and star their small business offline as well as online.  Provide employmentThis art-form will provide employment to those people who already these art-forms as they can teach them.

CONS:  To master the art-form it may take long time so may be many people may not be able to attend and do work on time and properly.  Artform and paintings cannot be learn online it needs proper teaching and learning in offline mode  Because of low literacy rate its difficult to motivate and influence them to learn this skill.

4.3 Computer Training Courses and Workshops 4.3.1 Computer Training Courses The collapse of networking industry, the world economic crisis of 2008-2011, and visa restrictions for international specialists and students changed dramatically the student population in colleges and universities nation-wide. Enrolment continues to decline dropout students, undergraduate and graduate students particularly for small computer science programs, which heavily depend on the international students’ enrolment. At the same time, companies still demand fewer, but better prepared computer engineers with solid knowledge and hands-on experience.

Table 4.3

Courses

Duration

Computer Basics

1 month

Network Technologies

1 month

Operating Systems

1 month

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Multimedia & Web Development

2 months

Knowledge based Systems

1 month

Reading & Research

2 months

Computer System Fundamental

2 months

Algorithm

1 month

PROS:  Introduce students to fundamental concepts in specific computer-science areas and some of their relevant applications.  Have students take an active role in their learning by experimenting with various techniques and software tools.  Instruct students in writing overview papers on modern computing technologies and in conducting their own research studies.

CONS:  Good time management skills necessary.  People with disabilities may need personal education.  Hard to get financial support for this course.

4.3.2 Workshops A workshop may introduce a new idea, inspire participants to further explore it on their own, or may illustrate and promote actual process practice. It is a great way to teach hands-on skills as it gives learners an opportunity to try out new methods and fail in a safe environment.

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Figure 4.18

Figure 4.19

PROS: 1. Assessment or Evaluation: Feedback can be difficult to make, but it is a big step in the process for professionals in building a career. Sincere, constructive criticism arising from attending a workshop will improve your work as a professional, especially when it comes to prominent instructors.

2. Novel Ways of Thinking: Everyone does not have the same view of the world, and their understanding of something may differ dramatically from yours. Attending a workshop serves just this. You can get a remarkably unique or new perspective altogether from other attendees. Sometimes you can even create something awesome in your career by asking their thoughts or inputs on something you might not even know or have heard of. To grow, we must be open to new ideas, new ways of doing things, or new ways of thinking. It is rightly said that you must learn a new way to think before you can master a new way to be!

3. Opportunities for Networking: Building new relationships and meeting new connections are important to personal growth. A workshop gives you as the professional the best opportunity to meet other people who share your interests. It is always a pleasure to meet someone with the same enthusiasm that you do. Attending a workshop is a great way to meet other people in your area with shared interests.

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4. Developing New Process: Attending a workshop is like gifting yourself a new possibility to learn something new from peers who have better experience and knowledge to share with you a new bee into the world. The environment is very competitive and to survive one must attend as many as workshops as possible to stay tuned to it or to stay ahead of the competition.

5. Inspired to Work Better: You are more inspired to finish your idea when you have an audience. It is great to be part of a workshop to provide such encouragement as it is a guarantee someone else will appreciate your work.

6. Having Fun While Learning: Most significantly, workshop is intended for development and enjoyment. Even if you think your job is not dramatically changing, you may still have a valuable attendance period. When you are happy, your productivity and innovation improve dramatically.

CONS: 1.

2.

3.

4.

The chance that the topics may not actively help your concerns.

The chance that attendees will expect too much from a workshops and thus be disappointed.

May be hard to fit everything that you want to cover into a single workshop.

Handling large crowd for hands-on practice may be difficult.

4.4 Business Management Business management focuses on the organizing, planning and analyzing of business activities that are required to efficiently manage and run a business.

4.4.1 Why it is Important  As We know that there are small scale industries in GAYA.  So the people here are just limited there  And these people are not able to take their business on a big scale  Because these people are not able to deal with big dealers and big scale industries.

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4.4.2 Our Task 1. Develop key management skills:       

Critical and Strategic Thinking Communication Skills Problem-Solving Organization Presenting Reporting Leadership

2. Employability:      

Management Monsultancy Marketing and Advertising Human Resources Retail and Sales Finance

3. Basic Knowledge Of Office Management:  Understanding the planning,  Understanding design, implementation of work in an organization and its offices.  Guiding and coordinating the activities of office personnel to achieve business goals.

4. Secretarial Practices: The term ‘Secretarial Practice’ has been used to include knowledge, skills, procedure and methods of work to be performed by a Private Secretary or Office Assistant.

This aims that    

Understand the nature of duties and responsibilities of a Secretary.

Develop essential skills in performing secretarial tasks.

Understand the forms of organization structure.

Develop skill in handling office machines and equipment.

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5.ACCOUNTING: Accounting is the process of recording financial transactions pertaining to a business.

The main objective of accounting is to keep a systematic record of financial transactions which helps the users to understand the day to day transactions in a systematic manner so as to gain knowledge about overall business.

Working on tally and basics of accounting software.

6.PAYROLL TRAINING: Provide in-depth knowledge of income tax calculations as per the income tax rules and regulations.

Provide in-depth understanding on various income tax components and retiral payments.

Pros: Independence. Entrepreneurs are their own bosses. They make the decisions. They choose whom to do business with and what work they will do.

Financial gain. Entrepreneurship offers a greater possibility of achieving significant financial rewards than working for someone else.

Control. It enables one to be involved in the total operation of the business, from concept to design to creation, from sales to business operations to customer response.

Equity. It gives an individual the opportunity to build equity, which can be kept, sold, or passed on to the next generation.

Opportunity. Entrepreneurship creates an opportunity for a person to make a contribution. Most new entrepreneurs help the local economy. A few—through their innovations—contribute to society as a whole.

CONS:

Time commitment. When someone opens a small business, it’s likely, at least in the beginning, that they will have few employees. This leaves all of the duties and responsibilities to the owner.

Risk. Even if the business has been structured to minimize the risk and liability to the owner, risk can’t be completely eliminated.

Uncertainty. Even though the business may be successful at the start, external factors such as downturns in the economy, new competitors entering the marketplace, or shifts in consumer demand may stall the businesses growth.

Financial commitment. Even the smallest of business ventures requires a certain amount of capital to start. For many people starting small businesses, their initial source of funding is personal savings,

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investments, or retirement funds. Committing these types of funds to a business venture makes them unavailable for personal or family needs.

4.4 Livelihood Opportunities: Livelihood Opportunities involve small skills such as welding, soldering, working with computer circuits, etc. These are jobs which require less amount of time to gt trained and start earning.

These skills development programs can help people start there own businesses or work at some good place.

Table 4.4

Sector

Types of Economic Activities

Agriculture & Agro Processing

Rice mill, Dal mill, Choodha mill, Oil extraction, Flour mill, Masala making, Papad making, Tilkut making, Bakery and confectionery, Potato chips, Tomato sauce, Jam and jelly making, Agriculture implements, etc

Animal husbandry & Dairy products

Animal fodder, Kukkutahaar, Ice cream, Bone mill, Leather products

Forest products based

Wooden furniture, cane basket and furniture, Bamboo products, Leaf plate

Mineral based

Stone sculpture, Statue making and arts, Chimnibatti, Ceramics, Hayum pipe

Textile based

Handloom, Power-loom, Blanket, Kaleen, ready made garments, etc

Chemical based

Detergent, Soap production, Polythene, Incense sticks, Medicines

Electronics based

Radio, TV, VCR assembling and servicing, Voltage stabilizer, Ceramic insulator, Laminate works

Engineering based

Steel cupboard, Trunk, Furniture, Gate, Grill, Re-rolling plant, Automobile Service Centre, Railway sleeper, Aluminium sheets, Vessels, etc.

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4.5 Workforce Generation in Carton & Shipping Industries 4.5.1 Introduction In developing countries and its cities, shipping, packaging, cargo have been evolving for as long as the industry existed. India is growing economy and GDP growth is more the 7% per year. Packaging industries is growing day by day and have very good opportunity for the new businesses.

Current market size of packaging industry is USD 14.5 billion and growing 15% per year and packaging is the fifth largest sector in India’s economy and is one of the highest growth sectors in the country. According to the Packaging Industry Association of India (PIAI), the sector is growing at 22% to 25% per annum.

Companies from all over the world use them to deliver their products from one place of the world to a completely different one, and indeed ,they are absolutely essential to business.

E-commerce business owners are also using cheap shipping more as it provides better security above as well as business friendly.

E-Consumers across the globe are going to be increasingly inclined to buy their products through different channels from those they used before the pandemic, leading to a strong acceleration of ecommerce shipments and other home-delivery services.

4.5.3 Importance in Gaya According to census 2011 , there are only 25 carton manufacturing industries running in GAYA and 150+ shipping transport companies currently running in picture.

As we know that future aspect and optimistic of this industry in a developing state or city.

Table 4.5

Unit Type

No. Of Units

Employees/unit

Total Employees

Location

Carton Manufacturing

25

10

250/4.68lac

Manpur

In semi-automatic plant minimum 12 to15 men power required for operation. In Fully Automatic plant men power depend on the speed and level of automation of plant.

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So there is a need of boost in packaging industries, as funding, or as skilled labour and workforce input.

Apart from this new and other small scale industries need packaging materials, E- commerce shipping companies for delivery of their goods .In this way its crucially beneficial for both.

4.5.4 Supporting Sectors  Retail packaging  Food packaging  Pharmaceutical packaging  E-commerce stakeholder  Improved small scale industries

4.5.5 Some leading packaging and shipping logistics companies active in GAYA  SHIVAM PACKAGING INDUSTRIES  RADHA INDUSTRIES Pvt. Ltd  SKY XPRESS LOGISTICS  MAA ANNPURNA TRANSPORT AGENCY Pvt. Ltd  DTDC /GDTA(Gaya Dobhi Transport Agency) By initiating Skill Workforce Generation Programs in these industries , we can produce lots of employment for youth like:  Unit line worker for raw material processing factory.  Data handling.  Packers and helpers  Lading and unloading team SKILL DEVELOPMENT CENTRE, GAYA, BIHAR

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 Machine operators  Field agents.  Supervisors

MERITS:  For bringing concern to these industries.  Course-based training offers many advantages, including growth in productivity and bridging the skills gap.  These courses are best to train employees in such a way that safety procedures are integrated into their actual job practices.  Teaching them about the basic safety guidelines,consequences of not following the SOPs, ways to respond during emergencies to protect themselves and others.  These industries and courses have caliber to boost any firm's work , by their optimistic visions and procedure of work.  It majorly creates employment in enormous amount and support its supporting sectors.

So that's why there's need to Boost for carton manufacturing industries, cargo, logistics, shipping industries.

DEMERITS:  Major negative point , comes in picture is that this model fails to create employment equality on the basis of gender.  These industries creates opportunities mostly for field work and exhausted jobs , so according to standards this partially promote gender inequality in work fields.

4.6 Medical Aid Courses: Healthcare has become one of India’s largest sectors - both in terms of revenue and employment.

Healthcare comprises hospitals, medical devices, clinical trials, outsourcing, telemedicine, medical tourism, health insurance and medical equipment. The Indian healthcare sector is growing at a brisk SKILL DEVELOPMENT CENTRE, GAYA, BIHAR

47

pace due to its strengthening coverage, services and increasing expenditure by public as well private players

Figure 4.20

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5.

Conclusion Providing NSTI in Gaya is beneficial for both the fields education as well as commercial. This program provides education, jobs etc helping to cultivate literacy, skills etc. in people.

Programs for agricultural knowledge helps them to do smart work and improve their financial condition , where as introducing programs like computer knowledge and personality development skills helps to improve there literacy rate as well as communication skills e.g. Bodhgaya is near Gaya , it have high tourism so the people of Gaya with good knowledge and communication skills can work as a tourist guide there.

Programs like business management and industrial working guidance programs can help them to convert small business like weaving and handloom industries and carton industry into a big scale business providing a space to use the skills they learn in NSTI at a close space only which provides benefits to them only.

Last but not the least programs for cultural activities like handloom, paintings , stone carvings etc provide a platform to the girls and women here who can’t have a platform to develop their skills as well as can’t study because of this orthodox society.

In the end providing NSTI in Gaya not only gives job opportunity to people their or helps to improve literacy rate but also give a full development to district from changing orthodox society by providing platform to girls and women for studies and improve there skills to improving agriculture practise by introducing organic farming and other new methods.

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6. Bibliography

Websites referred:  https://nstiwjaipur.dgt.gov.in/about-us  https://msde.gov.in/en  http://www.usewa.org/pmkvy-training-centre-registrationonline#:~:text=Training%20Centre%20Area%3A%20Usable%20area,ft.%20or%20more%20is%20reco mmended.  https://skillmissionbihar.org/domain-skilling/domain-based-fresh-skilling/sdcregistration/infrastructure-requirements  https://www.census2011.co.in/census/district/88-gaya.html  HYDROPONICS Certificate | Distance education  Farming in India - Introduction, Methods, Modern Methods, and FAQs  A Deep Look At Aeroponics | Trees.com  Electronics System Design & Manufacturing, Skill Development  Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Gaya  Bihar Skill Development Mission - Infrastructure Requirements  Drive link of a video in the NSTI, Jaipur Case Study: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1RfY4vPf0Chy6OLy9Ztie-SRg5BiIUdd4/view?usp=sharing PDF’s referred:  https://nagarseva.bihar.gov.in/udhd/cache/SHOW_DOCS/Final CDP Gaya.pdf  Accreditation Grading Metrics - Skills Ecosystem Guidelines16012017.pdf  Demographic details of Gaya: https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s358a2fc6ed39fd083f55d4182bf88826d/uploads/2018/03/2018031923. pdf  Final CDP, Gaya: https://nagarseva.bihar.gov.in/udhd/cache/SHOW_DOCS/Final%20CDP%20Gaya.pdf

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