Development across the life span 8th edition feldman test bank

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TOTAL ASSESSMENT GUIDE

Chapter Chapter 6 19

Social and Personality Development Death and Dying in Infancy

Topic LO 6.1: Discuss how children express and experience emotions in the first two years of life.

LO 6.2: Differentiate stranger anxiety from separation anxiety.

LO 6.3: Discuss the development of social referencing and nonverbal decoding abilities.

LO 6.4: Describe the sense of self that children possess in the first two years of life.

LO 6.5: Summarize the theory of mind and evidence of infants’ growing sense of mental activity by the age of two.

LO 6.6: Explain attachment in infancy and how it affects a person’s future social competence.

LO 6.7: Describe the roles that caregivers play in infants’ social development.

LO 6.8: Discuss the development of relationships in infancy.

LO 6.9: Describe individual differences that distinguish an infant’s personality.

LO 6.10: Define temperament, and describe how it affects a child in the first two years of life.

Factual

Conceptual

Applied

Multiple Choice True/False Essay

3-5, 11 74-75

1

2, 10

Multiple Choice

6, 8

7, 9

True/False Essay Multiple Choice

12-15

16

True/False Essay Multiple Choice True/False Essay Multiple Choice

17

18, 20, 22

19, 21

True/False Essay

Multiple Choice True/False Essay

23, 25-30, 32-33 76

24 77-78

Multiple Choice True/False Essay

35, 37-38 79

34

Multiple Choice True/False Essay Multiple Choice True/False Essay

36, 40

41 80

39

42, 45, 48

43-44, 47 81

46

Multiple Choice

49-53, 55-57, 59-60, 62 82

54, 61

58, 63

True/False Essay

31

72

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TOTAL ASSESSMENT GUIDE

Chapter Chapter 6 19

Social and Personality Development Death and Dying in Infancy

Topic LO 6.11: Discuss how the gender of a child affects his or her development in the first two years of life.

LO 6.12: Describe twenty-first-century families and their consequence for children.

LO 6.13: Summarize how nonparental child care affects infants.

Factual

Conceptual

Multiple Choice True/False Essay

64 83

65

Multiple Choice

66-68

True/False Essay

84-85

Multiple Choice

71

70

True/False Essay

73

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Applied

69

Chapter 6 Social and Personality Development in Infancy

MULTIPLE CHOICE 6-1. Expressions of emotion called nonverbal ___________ are fairly consistent among people of all ages. a) b) c) d)

emergence discrimination encoding communication

Answer: C Level: Easy Page: 178 Skill: Conceptual LO 6.1: Discuss how children express and experience emotions in the first two years of life.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand 6-2. One-month-old Albert is upset and his facial expression shows that he is in distress. This is an example of a) b) c) d)

nonverbal specificity. nonverbal expression of emotion. communication. emergence.

Answer: B Level: Medium Page: 178 Skill: Applied LO 6.1: Discuss how children express and experience emotions in the first two years of life.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

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6-3. Which of the following is NOT a facial expression exhibited by babies who are one month of age? a) b) c) d)

interest disgust distress jealousy

Answer: D Level: Medium Page: 178 Skill: Factual LO 6.1: Discuss how children express and experience emotions in the first two years of life.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember 6-4. Who was the author of the 1872 book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals and argued that humans and primates have an inborn, universal set of emotional expressions? a) b) c) d)

Izard Darwin Benson Sroufe

Answer: B Level: Medium Page: 178 Skill: Factual LO 6.1: Discuss how children express and experience emotions in the first two years of life.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember 6-5. Infants display a wide range of emotional expressions. Research studies conducted with mothers of 1-month-old infants indicate a) b) c) d)

they observed little emotional expression in infants younger than 6 months old. only joy was observed. most mothers felt their child had expressed interest and joy. most infants had no recognizable emotions during the first 2 months.

Answer: C Level: Medium Page: 178 Skill: Factual LO 6.1: Discuss how children express and experience emotions in the first two years of life.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

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6-6. What is the term for the caution and wariness that is displayed by infants when encountering an unfamiliar person? a) b) c) d)

fear suspicion stranger anxiety distress

Answer: C Level: Medium Page: 180 Skill: Factual LO 6.2: Differentiate stranger anxiety from separation anxiety.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember 6-7. Baby Polly is usually a calm, happy baby when she is around her parents and siblings. When her parents take her to a family reunion, though, her behavior changes. Her face crinkles up in a frown and she stares at strangers with suspicion. Baby Polly is demonstrating a) b) c) d)

distress. nonverbal encoding. stranger anxiety. emotion.

Answer: C Level: Medium Page: 180 Skill: Applied LO 6.2: Differentiate stranger anxiety from separation anxiety.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply 6-8. What is the term for the distress displayed by infants when a customary care provider departs? a) b) c) d)

nonverbal encoding separation anxiety stranger anxiety nonverbal decoding

Answer: B Level: Medium Page: 180-181 Skill: Factual LO 6.2: Differentiate stranger anxiety from separation anxiety.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

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6-9. Baby Sally’s mother is dropping her off at preschool for the first time, and Sally’s behavior changes from a calm, happy baby, to a crying, cranky youngster who will not let go of her mother. Baby Sally is likely to be demonstrating a) b) c) d)

nonverbal encoding. stranger anxiety. separation anxiety. nonverbal decoding.

Answer: C Level: Medium Page: 180-181 Skill: Applied LO 6.2: Differentiate stranger anxiety from separation anxiety.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply 6-10. Four-month-old Baby Timmy is playing and smiling at his Dad. Baby Timmy is demonstrating a a) b) c) d)

social smile. nonverbal encoding. nonverbal decoding. communication.

Answer: A Level: Easy Page: 179-180 Skill: Applied LO 6.1: Discuss how children express and experience emotions in the first two years of life.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply 6-11. By what age are children purposefully using smiling to communicate positive emotions? a) b) c) d)

1 year 6 months 1.5 years 2 years

Answer: D Level: Medium Page: 179-180 Skill: Factual LO 6.1: Discuss how children express and experience emotions in the first two years of life.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

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6-12. When an infant uses his/her abilities to interpret others’ facial and vocal expressions that carry emotional meaning, this is called a) b) c) d)

nonverbal encoding. nonverbal decoding. social smile. communication.

Answer: B Level: Difficult Page: 182-183 Skill: Factual LO 6.3: Discuss the development of social referencing and nonverbal decoding abilities.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember 6-13. By what age do most infants demonstrate the ability to discriminate happy and sad vocal expressions in others? a) b) c) d)

3 months 12 months 5 months 9 months

Answer: C Level: Difficult Page: 182 Skill: Factual LO 6.3: Discuss the development of social referencing and nonverbal decoding abilities.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember 6-14. What is the term that means the intentional search for information about others’ feelings to help explain the meaning of uncertain circumstances and events? a) b) c) d)

social smile nonverbal decoding social referencing nonverbal encoding

Answer: C Level: Difficult Page: 181-182 Skill: Factual LO 6.3: Discuss the development of social referencing and nonverbal decoding abilities.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

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6-15. At approximately what age does a baby begin to demonstrate social referencing? a) b) c) d)

12 months 6 months 18 months 8 or 9 months

Answer: D Level: Difficult Page: 182 Skill: Factual LO 6.3: Discuss the development of social referencing and nonverbal decoding abilities.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember 6-16. Baby Lilly is watching her other siblings as she plays in her playpen. Her siblings begin to squabble and shove each other on the floor. Baby Lilly looks to her mother and notices that her mother is smiling as she watches the other siblings, so Baby Lilly begins to smile, too. This is an example of a) b) c) d)

nonverbal decoding. social referencing. nonverbal encoding. social smile.

Answer: B Level: Medium Page: 182 Skill: Applied LO 6.3: Discuss the development of social referencing and nonverbal decoding abilities.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

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6-17. Eight-month-old Elisha’s crib is located near a large mirror on her dresser, yet Elisha barely ever stops to look at herself in the mirror. On the other hand, her 18-month-old sister, Amanda, stops regularly to gaze at herself as she crawls around on the floor near the full-length bathroom mirror. What is the likely reason that Amanda looks at the mirror but Elisha does not? a) Amanda has developed self-awareness, or knowledge of herself. b) Amanda’s self-awareness has begun to develop into narcissism. c) Elisha has developed self-awareness, but is too interested in other things to look at herself. d) Amanda’s mother has given her more attention than she’s given Elisha.

Answer: A Level: Medium Page: 183 Skill: Applied LO 6.4: Describe the sense of self that children possess in the first two years of life.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply 6-18. What is the term that refers to knowledge and beliefs about how the mind works and how the mind affects behavior? a) b) c) d)

learning theory social referencing theory of mind self-awareness

Answer: C Level: Difficult Page: 184 Skill: Factual LO 6.5: Summarize the theory of mind and evidence of infants’ growing sense of mental activity by the age of two.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

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6-19. When 18-month-old Jarrod realizes that he can ask his mother to give him a cookie, and that his mother will behave under her own power and will respond to his request, then Jarrod sees his mother as a(n) a) b) c) d)

good parent. compliant agent. social reference. independent agent.

Answer: B Level: Medium Page: 184 Skill: Applied LO 6.5: Summarize the theory of mind and evidence of infants’ growing sense of mental activity by the age of two.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply 6-20. At what age are infants capable of demonstrating empathy for others, such as comforting and showing concern for others? a) b) c) d)

12 months 24 months 14 months 6 months

Answer: B Level: Difficult Page: 185 Skill: Factual LO 6.5: Summarize the theory of mind and evidence of infants’ growing sense of mental activity by the age of two.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

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6-21. Two-year-old Baby Duane and his older brother are eating lunch, and both boys are given cookies for dessert. Duane’s older brother accidentally drops his cookie on the floor and begins crying, so Duane offers to share his cookie with his brother. Duane has reached the point where he is able to demonstrate a) b) c) d)

empathy. trust. self-awareness. kindness.

Answer: A Level: Medium Page: 185 Skill: Applied LO 6.5: Summarize the theory of mind and evidence of infants’ growing sense of mental activity by the age of two.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply 6-22. What is the term for an emotional response that corresponds to the feelings of another person? a) b) c) d)

caring pity emotion empathy

Answer: D Level: Easy Page: 185 Skill: Factual LO 6.5: Summarize the theory of mind and evidence of infants’ growing sense of mental activity by the age of two.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

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6-23. What is the term for the positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual? a) b) c) d)

parent caregiver attachment reliance

Answer: C Level: Medium Page: 186 Skill: Factual LO 6.6: Explain attachment in infancy and how it affects a person’s future social competence.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember 6-24. When a child experiences pleasure with a person, or experiences comfort from that person when in distress, it is said that the child has a) b) c) d)

made a friend. formed an attachment. found a parental figure. learned not to be lonely.

Answer: B Level: Medium Page: 186 Skill: Conceptual LO 6.6: Explain attachment in infancy and how it affects a person’s future social competence.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand 6-25. The experiment involving newborn goslings, which have an innate tendency to follow the first moving object they see after being hatched, was developed by what developmental researcher? a) b) c) d)

Ainsworth Skinner Bowlby Lorenz

Answer: D Level: Difficult Page: 186 Skill: Factual LO 6.6: Explain attachment in infancy and how it affects a person’s future social competence.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

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6-26. What is the term for a sequence of eight staged episodes that illustrates the strength of attachment between child and (typically) his/her mother? a) b) c) d)

secure attachment pattern Harlow experiment Ainsworth Strange Situation Bowlby caregiver theory

Answer: C Level: Medium Page: 187 Skill: Factual LO 6.6: Explain attachment in infancy and how it affects a person’s future social competence.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember 6-27. When a child demonstrates the kind of attachment where the mother is used as a “home base” and the child is at ease when she is present, but the child gets upset when she leaves, and then the child goes to the mother as soon as she returns, this is called the a) b) c) d)

Bowlby safety and security pattern.

Ainsworth safety and security pattern. secure attachment pattern. strange situation pattern.

Answer: C Level: Difficult Page: 187 Skill: Factual LO 6.6: Explain attachment in infancy and how it affects a person’s future social competence.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember 6-28. A child who does not seek proximity to the mother, and, after she leaves the room, the child who does not look distressed is exhibiting a) b) c) d)

avoidant attachment pattern. secure attachment pattern.

Ainsworth Strange Situation. anxious situation pattern.

Answer: A Level: Difficult Page: 187-188 Skill: Factual LO 6.6: Explain attachment in infancy and how it affects a person’s future social competence.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

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6-29. What is the term that refers to a style of attachment in which children do not seek proximity to the mother and, after the mother has left, seem to avoid her when she returns as if they are indifferent to her behavior? a) b) c) d)

Bowlby safety and security pattern avoidant attachment pattern secure attachment pattern Ainsworth Strange Situation

Answer: B Level: Difficult Page: 187-188 Skill: Factual LO 6.6: Explain attachment in infancy and how it affects a person’s future social competence.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember 6-30. Which attachment pattern describes a style of attachment in which children display a combination of positive and negative reactions to their mothers? They show great distress when the mother leaves, but upon her return they may simultaneously seek close contact but also hit and kick her. a) b) c) d)

ambivalent attachment pattern avoidant attachment pattern secure attachment pattern disorganized-disoriented attachment pattern

Answer: A Level: Difficult Page: 187-188 Skill: Factual LO 6.6: Explain attachment in infancy and how it affects a person’s future social competence.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

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6-31. Alex is playing in a room where his mother is sitting nearby. Alex becomes distressed when a stranger enters the room and hardly leaves his mother’s side. Later, when his mother and the stranger leave the room for a moment, Alex begins to wail and cry. However, when his mother returns, he runs up to her, and instead of giving her a hug/kiss, he begins to punch her in the arm. This would be a description of what type of attachment pattern? a) b) c) d)

avoidant attachment pattern secure attachment pattern ambivalent attachment pattern disorganized-disoriented attachment pattern

Answer: C Level: Difficult Page: 187-188 Skill: Applied LO 6.6: Explain attachment in infancy and how it affects a person’s future social competence.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply 6-32. What percentage of 1-year-olds fall into the ambivalent classification? a) b) c) d)

10–15% 15–20% 5–10% 5–15%

Answer: A Level: Difficult Page: 187-188 Skill: Factual LO 6.6: Explain attachment in infancy and how it affects a person’s future social competence.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

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6-33. Children who show the _____________ attachment pattern show inconsistent, contradictory, and confused behavior, such as approaching the mother when she returns but not looking at her. a) b) c) d)

ambivalent disorganized-disoriented avoidant secure

Answer: B Level: Difficult Page: 187-188 Skill: Factual LO 6.6: Explain attachment in infancy and how it affects a person’s future social competence.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember 6-34. What is considered the hallmark of children who are securely attached to their mothers? a) The child never cries and is secure enough to not demand face-to-face interactions with the mother. b) The mother responds to the child constantly to the point of being overlyresponsive. c) The mother is sensitive to the child’s needs, is aware of the child’s moods, can discriminate the infant’s signals, and is responsive, warm, and affectionate. d) The child has no fear of strangers and demonstrates that he/she is equally comfortable with unfamiliar adults and the mother.

Answer: C Level: Medium Page: 189 Skill: Conceptual LO 6.7: Describe the roles that caregivers play in infants’ social development.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

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6-35. When a caregiver responds appropriately to an infant, and the caregiver and the child’s emotional states match, this is called a) b) c) d)

secure attachment. ambivalent attachment pattern. face-to-face interactions. interactional synchrony.

Answer: D Level: Medium Page: 188-189 Skill: Factual LO 6.7: Describe the roles that caregivers play in infants’ social development.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember 6-36. What research could a developmental psychologist rely on when explaining to parents infant interaction and adult attention to children’s faces? a) Attachment represents a reaction to people around the infant. b) Infants’ sociability is expressed in primitive ways during the first 6 months. c) Behaviors and cognitive imitation are essential for the positive recognition of interactions. d) Brain scanning techniques have found that the facial features of infants activate a specialized structure in the brain called the “fusiform gyrus” within an interaction.

Answer: D Level: Difficult Page: 192 Skill: Factual LO 6.8: Discuss the development of relationships in infancy.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember 6-37. When applying the Strange Situation, which child is most likely to demonstrate avoidant attachment? a) b) c) d)

children from Germany children from Japan children from the United States children from Canada

Answer: A Level: Difficult Page: 191 Skill: Factual LO 6.7: Describe the roles that caregivers play in infants’ social development.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

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6-38. When applying the Strange Situation, which child is most likely to demonstrate the appearance of being less securely attached to his/her mother? a) b) c) d)

children from the United States children from Germany children from Canada children from Japan

Answer: D Level: Difficult Page: 191 Skill: Factual LO 6.7: Describe the roles that caregivers play in infants’ social development.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember 6-39. Nine-month-old Baby Luke and ten-month-old Baby Simone are sitting in the play area together at the day care center. They smile at each other and present and accept toys from each other. This behavior is called a) b) c) d)

modeling. infant sociability. reciprocal socialization. the mutual regulation model.

Answer: B Level: Medium Page: 193 Skill: Applied LO 6.8: Discuss the development of relationships in infancy.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply 6-40. What part of the brain is activated whenever a child enacts a particular behavior, but also whenever that child simply observes others around him/her who are carrying out the same behavior? a) b) c) d)

neural ganglia cerebral cortex cerebellum mirror neurons

Answer: D Level: Difficult Page: 194 Skill: Factual LO 6.8: Discuss the development of relationships in infancy.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

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6-41. The dysfunction of ______________ may be related to the development of disorders involving theory of the mind as well as autism. a) b) c) d)

attachment mirror neurons the cerebral cortex the cerebellum

Answer: B Level: Difficult Page: 194 Skill: Conceptual LO 6.8: Discuss the development of relationships in infancy.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand 6-42. What is the sum total of the enduring characteristics that differentiate one individual from another? a) b) c) d)

the differences in the lives they lead differences based on gender and race personality the nature of the families in which they grew up

Answer: C Level: Medium Page: 195 Skill: Factual LO 6.9: Describe individual differences that distinguish an infant’s personality.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember 6-43. Erikson’s approach to personality development suggests that an infant’s early experiences (nurturing, feeding, cuddling, etc.) are responsible for shaping whether or not they become ____________ individuals later in life. a) b) c) d)

agitated trusting lazy motivated

Answer: B Level: Medium Page: 195 Skill: Conceptual LO 6.9: Describe individual differences that distinguish an infant’s personality.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

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6-44. Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development considers a) how an adult can maintain memories from when he/she was an infant that affect life as an adult. b) how an infant’s perception of self can be assessed. c) how children develop independence from their parents. d) how individuals come to understand themselves and the meaning of others’ and their own behavior(s).

Answer: D Level: Difficult Page: 195 Skill: Conceptual LO 6.9: Describe individual differences that distinguish an infant’s personality.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand 6-45. According to Erikson, when do we all pass through the trust-versus-mistrust stage? a) b) c) d)

first 18 months of life first 12 months of life first 2 years of life first 5 years of life

Answer: A Level: Easy Page: 195 Skill: Factual LO 6.9: Describe individual differences that distinguish an infant’s personality.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

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6-46. Mary is planning to take a year and a half leave from her job because she wants to stay home and care for the needs of her newborn child. Mary believes that during the first 18 months of a child’s life, it is critical that she make herself available to her child to meet his needs and give him the attention he deserves. Erikson would say that Mary’s decision comes at a good time to address what stage of her child’s development? a) b) c) d)

Erikson’s critical attachment stage Erikson’s trust-versus-mistrust stage Erikson’s autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt stage Erikson’s temperament behavior stage

Answer: B Level: Easy Page: 195 Skill: Applied LO 6.9: Describe individual differences that distinguish an infant’s personality.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply 6-47. Erikson believed that we all enter the autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt stage at what time in our lives? a) b) c) d)

beginning of infancy when we are around 5 years old when we turn to adolescents at the end of infancy around 18 months to 3 years

Answer: D Level: Medium Page: 195 Skill: Conceptual LO 6.9: Describe individual differences that distinguish an infant’s personality.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

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6-48. What is Erikson’s term for the period during which toddlers (aged 18 months to 3 years) develop independence and autonomy if they are allowed the freedom to explore, or shame and self-doubt if they are restricted and overprotected? a) b) c) d)

Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt stage temperamental stage trust-versus-mistrust stage

Answer: B Level: Medium Page: 190 Skill: Factual LO 6.9: Describe individual differences that distinguish an infant’s personality.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember 6-49. Patterns of arousal and emotionality that are consistent and enduring characteristics of an individual are called a) b) c) d)

personality. temperament. genetic predisposition. inherited characteristics.

Answer: B Level: Difficult Page: 195-196 Skill: Factual LO 6.10: Define temperament, and describe how it affects a child in the first two years of life.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember 6-50. According to Thomas and Chess, who carried out a large-scale study of infants in the New York Longitudinal Study, what percentage of children were found to be “easy babies”? a) b) c) d)

40% 50% 25% 35%

Answer: A Level: Difficult Page: 196 Skill: Factual LO 6.10: Define temperament, and describe how it affects a child in the first two years of life.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

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6-51. What is the term that Thomas and Chess used to describe babies who have a positive disposition, whose bodily functions operate regularly, and who are adaptable? a) b) c) d)

difficult babies easy babies slow-to-warm babies low intensity babies

Answer: B Level: Medium Page: 196 Skill: Factual LO 6.10: Define temperament, and describe how it affects a child in the first two years of life.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember 6-52. According to Thomas and Chess, who carried out a large-scale study of infants in the New York Longitudinal Study, what percentage of children were found to be “difficult babies”? a) b) c) d)

20% 10% 30% 5%

Answer: B Level: Difficult Page: 196 Skill: Factual LO 6.10: Define temperament, and describe how it affects a child in the first two years of life.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember 6-53. What is the term that Thomas and Chess used to describe babies who have negative moods, are slow to adapt to new situations, and tend to withdraw when confronted with a new situation? a) b) c) d)

slow-to-warm babies easy babies difficult babies low intensity babies

Answer: C Level: Difficult Page: 196 Skill: Factual LO 6.10: Define temperament, and describe how it affects a child in the first two years of life.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

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6-54. Which of the following are examples of temperament in babies? a) b) c) d)

how well-attached the baby is to its mother the baby’s appetite the quality of the baby’s mood the presence of both parents

Answer: C Level: Difficult Page: 196-197 Skill: Conceptual LO 6.10: Define temperament, and describe how it affects a child in the first two years of life.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand 6-55. When discussing the dimensions of temperament, what is the term used to refer to the proportion of active time periods to inactive time periods that are demonstrated by a baby? a) b) c) d)

rhythmicity intensity of reaction distractibility activity level

Answer: D Level: Easy Page: 196 Skill: Factual LO 6.10: Define temperament, and describe how it affects a child in the first two years of life.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember 6-56. When discussing the dimensions of temperament, what is the term used to refer to the baby’s response to a new person or object, based on whether the child accepts the new situation or withdraws from it? a) b) c) d)

quality of mood intensity of reaction approach-withdrawal rhythmicity

Answer: C Level: Medium Page: 196 Skill: Factual LO 6.10: Define temperament, and describe how it affects a child in the first two years of life.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

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6-57. Babies who do not adapt quickly to new situations and have a generally negative mood, though are also relatively calm, are described as _____________ babies. a) b) c) d)

slow-to-warm easy babies difficult babies inconsistent

Answer: A Level: Easy Page: 197 Skill: Factual LO 6.10: Define temperament, and describe how it affects a child in the first two years of life.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember 6-58. Manuel and Sarah keep a daily log of the times that their baby eats, sleeps, remains awake, and even the baby’s excretions. They are keeping track of the baby’s a) b) c) d)

threshold of responsiveness. rhythmicity. activity level. adaptability.

Answer: B Level: Difficult Page: 196 Skill: Applied LO 6.10: Define temperament, and describe how it affects a child in the first two years of life.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply 6-59. According to Thomas and Chess, who carried out a large-scale study of infants in the New York Longitudinal Study, what percentage of children were found to be “slow-to-warm babies”? a) b) c) d)

10% 25% 15% 5%

Answer: C Level: Difficult Page: 197 Skill: Factual LO 6.10: Define temperament, and describe how it affects a child in the first two years of life.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

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6-60. What is the term that Thomas and Chess used for babies who are inactive, show relatively calm reactions to their environment, have moods that are generally negative, and withdraw from new situations, adapting slowly? a) b) c) d)

difficult babies distractible babies slow-to-warm babies limited-response babies

Answer: C Level: Difficult Page: 197 Skill: Factual LO 6.10: Define temperament, and describe how it affects a child in the first two years of life.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember 6-61. With regard to a child’s temperament, the child’s long-term adjustment depends on the __________ of their particular temperament and the nature and demands of their environment. a) b) c) d)

adaptability goodness-of-fit intensity of reaction quality

Answer: B Level: Medium Page: 197 Skill: Conceptual LO 6.10: Define temperament, and describe how it affects a child in the first two years of life.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand 6-62. What is the term used to refer to the notion that a child’s development is dependent on the degree of match between the child’s temperament and the nature and demands of the environment in which they are being raised? a) b) c) d)

Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development trust-versus-mistrust stage autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt stage goodness-of-fit

Answer: D Level: Medium Page: 197 Skill: Factual LO 6.10: Define temperament, and describe how it affects a child in the first two years of life.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

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6-63. Maria has a predisposing factor to depression and anxiety. She is concerned that her newborn child may develop these disorders. A developmental psychologist informs her that a) high reactivity to unfamiliar situations in infants has been linked to greater susceptibility to depression and anxiety disorders in childhood. b) there is no correlation to predisposing factors and anxiety disorders. c) infants may develop depression but not necessarily anxiety. d) the sex of her child will correlate with the type of emotion developed.

Answer: A Level: Difficult Page: 198 Skill: Applied LO 6.10: Define temperament, and describe how it affects a child in the first two years of life.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply 6-64. What is the term that relates to one’s sense of being male or female? a) b) c) d)

social perceptions gender sex gender roles

Answer: B Level: Medium Page: 198 Skill: Factual LO 6.11: Discuss how the gender of a child affects his or her development in the first two years of life.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember 6-65. Research suggests that by ___ years of age, boys behave more independently and less compliantly than girls. a) b) c) d)

5 6 2 3

Answer: C Level: Difficult Page: 199 Skill: Conceptual LO 6.11: Discuss how the gender of a child affects his or her development in the first two years of life.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

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6-66. What percentage of children up to age 17 live with two married parents? a) b) c) d)

just under one-half about one-third just under one-fifth about two-thirds

Answer: D Level: Difficult Page: 200 Skill: Factual LO 6.12: Describe twenty-first century families and their consequences for children.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember 6-67. The average family size today is ___________ persons per household. a) b) c) d)

3.5 3.1 2.5 1.8

Answer: C Level: Difficult Page: 200 Skill: Factual LO 6.12: Describe twenty-first century families and their consequences for children.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember 6-68. Almost one in _______ children under the age of 18 lives in a low-income household in the United States. a) b) c) d)

two three eight twenty

Answer: A Level: Difficult Page: 200 Skill: Factual LO 6.12: Describe twenty-first century families and their consequences for children.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

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6-69. Two-year-old Baby Angela attends day care five days a week because she has a single mother who works. This means that Angela falls into the group of close to _____ of children between the ages of 4 months and 3 years who are cared for by other adults. a) b) c) d)

50% 75% 25% 66%

Answer: D Level: Difficult Page: 201 Skill: Applied LO 6.13: Summarize how nonparental child care affects infants.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply 6-70. Which of the following is considered a benefit of child care? a) b) c) d)

peer learning less parental responsibility increased disruptiveness greater dependence

Answer: A Level: Easy Page: 201 Skill: Conceptual LO 6.13: Summarize how nonparental child care affects infants.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand 6-71. Children who spend __________ a week in group child care for a year or more have a(n) ____________ probability of being disruptive in class, and that effect continues through the sixth grade. a) b) c) d)

30 hours or more; decreased 25 hours or more; decreased 10 hours or more; increased 15 hours or more; increased

Answer: C Level: Difficult Page: 202 Skill: Factual LO 6.13: Summarize how nonparental child care affects infants.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

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ESSAY QUESTIONS 6-72. Describe the stages of Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development.

Answer: The first 18 months of life involve resolving issues around trust during the trust vs. mistrust stage. Infants learn whether or not to trust that their needs will be met by caregivers. If their needs are met, they often experience a sense of hope, but if mistrust develops, there can be difficulties in forming close bonds with others. Between 18 months and 3 years, children enter the autonomy-versus shame and doubt stage. During this stage, children develop independence and autonomy so long as parents encourage exploration and freedom. However, children who are overly protected often feel shame, self-doubt, and unhappiness.

Level: Difficult Page: 195-196 Skill: Factual LO 6.9: Describe individual differences that distinguish an infant’s personality.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember 6-73. Briefly highlight the concerns of how infant childcare affects later development.

Answer: The newest research from a long-term Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development suggests that there may be unanticipated consequences to long-term participation in day care as follows: 1) Infants placed in low-quality child care may be somewhat less secure.

2) Children who spend long hours in child care have a lower ability to work independently and have less effective time-management skills. 3) Children who spend 10 or more hours a week in group child care for a year or more have an increased probability of being disruptive in class, and this continues through the sixth grade.

Level: Difficult Page: 200-202 Skill: Factual LO 6.13: Summarize how nonparental child care affects infants.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

TRUE/FALSE 6-74. Babies across diverse cultures express basic facial expressions.

Answer: True Level: Easy Page: 178 Skill: Factual LO 6.1: Discuss how children express and experience emotions in the first two years of life.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

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6-75. Chinese infants are generally more expressive than European, American, and Japanese infants.

Answer: False Level: Medium Page: 178 Skill: Factual LO 6.1: Discuss how children express and experience emotions in the first two years of life.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember 6-76. Mary Ainsworth devised the “Strange Situation” that contains four categories.

Answer: False Level: Difficult Page: 187 Skill: Factual LO 6.6: Explain attachment in infancy and how it affects a person’s future social competence.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember 6-77. The quality of attachment style in a child has nothing to do with the quality of relationships the child forges as an adult.

Answer: False Level: Easy Page: 188 Skill: Conceptual LO 6.6: Explain attachment in infancy and how it affects a person’s future social competence.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand 6-78. Ainsworth argued that attachment depends upon how the infant acts upon the mother’s emotional cues.

Answer: False Level: Difficult Page: 187 Skill: Conceptual LO 6.6: Explain attachment in infancy and how it affects a person’s future social competence.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

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6-79. Research has shown that human attachment is not as culturally universal as Bowlby predicted.

Answer: True Level: Medium Page: 187 Skill: Factual LO 6.7: Describe the roles that caregivers play in infants’ social development.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember 6-80. Infants are unable to demonstrate the capacity for socialization.

Answer: False Level: Medium Page: 192 Skill: Conceptual LO 6.8: Discuss the development of relationships in infancy.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand 6-81. When we speak of personality, we mean that from the time a baby is born until he/she grows up, there will be stable traits and behaviors that lead to their development as distinct individuals.

Answer: True Level: Easy Page: 195 Skill: Conceptual LO 6.9: Describe individual differences that distinguish an infant’s personality.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand 6-82 Temperament refers to what children do and why they do it.

Answer: False Level: Medium Page: 196 Skill: Factual LO 6.10: Define temperament, and describe how it affects a child in the first two years of life.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

387 Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

6-83. The term “gender” means the same thing as “sex.”

Answer: False Level: Easy Page: 198 Skill: Factual LO 6.11: Discuss how the gender of a child affects his or her development in the first two years of life.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember 6-84. The size of the average American family is growing.

Answer: False Level: Easy Page: 200 Skill: Factual LO 6.12: Describe twenty-first century families and their consequence for children.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember 6-85. The number of adolescents giving birth has increased over the last 5 years.

Answer: False Level: Medium Page: 200 Skill: Factual LO 6.12: Describe twenty-first century families and their consequence for children.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

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REVEL QUIZ QUESTIONS EOM Quiz Question 6.1.1 The nonverbal expression of emotion, called ________________________, is fairly consistent across cultures and ages. a) b) c) d)

stranger anxiety nonverbal encoding separation anxiety nonverbal attachment

Answer: B Difficulty: 1 Topic: Developing the Roots of Sociability Skill: Factual LO 6.1: Discuss how children express and experience emotions in the first two years of life EOM Quiz Question 6.1.2 __________________ anxiety typically appears around six months, while separation anxiety usually begins at about seven or eight months. a) b) c) d)

Stranger Personal Attachment Social

Answer: A Difficulty: 1 Topic: Developing the Roots of Sociability Skill: Factual LO 6.2: Differentiate stranger anxiety from separation anxiety.

389 Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

EOM Quiz Question 6.1.3 __________________, which first occurs around the age of eight or nine months, is the intentional search for information about others’ feelings to help explain the meaning of uncertain circumstances and events. a) b) c) d)

Self-awareness Social gauging Self-assessment Social referencing

Answer: D Difficulty: 1 Topic: Developing the Roots of Sociability Skill: Factual LO 6.3: Discuss the development of social referencing and nonverbal decoding abilities.

EOM Quiz Question 6.1.4 The realization that we exist independently from others and the larger world, called _________________, begins to develop around the age of 12 months. a) b) c) d)

self-awareness identity-formation self-concept identity-concept

Answer: A Difficulty: 1 Topic: Developing the Roots of Sociability Skill: Factual LO 6.4: Describe the sense of self that children possess in the first two years of life.

390 Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

EOM Quiz Question 6.1.5 A child’s ______________ is his or her knowledge and beliefs about the mental world. a) b) c) d)

empathy self-awareness theory of mind self-concept

Answer: C Difficulty: 1 Topic: Developing the Roots of Sociability Skill: Factual LO 6.5: Summarize the theory of mind and evidence of infants’ growing sense of mental activity by the age of two.

EOM Quiz Question 6.2.1 __________ is the positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular, special individual. a) b) c) d)

Security Recognition Dependency Attachment

Answer: D Difficulty: 1 Topic: Forming Relationships Skill: Factual LO 6.6: Explain attachment in infancy and how it affects a person’s future social competence.

391 Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

EOM Quiz Question 6.2.2 One-year-olds show four major attachment patterns: _______, avoidant, ambivalent, and disorganized-disoriented. a) b) c) d)

content organized secure dependent

Answer: C Difficulty: 1 Topic: Forming Relationships Skill: Factual LO 6.6: Explain attachment in infancy and how it affects a person’s future social competence.

EOM Quiz Question 6.2.3 Communication that involves __________________________, in which the mother and child experience matching emotional states, helps to produce a beneficial attachment pattern. a) b) c) d)

interactional synchrony intermittent reinforcement secure attachment mutual symmetry

Answer: A Difficulty: 1 Topic: Forming Relationships Skill: Factual LO 6.7: Describe the roles that caregivers play in infants’ social development.

392 Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

EOM Quiz Question 6.2.4 According to the _____________________ model, infants and parents learn to communicate emotional states to one another and to respond appropriately. a) b) c) d)

reciprocal socialization mutual regulation secure attachment emotional interaction

Answer: B Difficulty: 1 Topic: Forming Relationships Skill: Factual LO 6.8: Discuss the development of relationships in infancy.

EOM Quiz Question 6.2.5 At ______ months of age, infants generally learn to present and accept toys. a) b) c) d)

4–6 6–9 9–12 12–15

Answer: C Difficulty: 1 Topic: Forming Relationships Skill: Factual LO 6.8: Discuss the development of relationships in infancy.

EOM Quiz Question 6.3.1 According to Erikson, during the first 18 months of life, infants pass through the _______________________ stage. a) b) c) d)

trust-versus-mistrust concrete-operational autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt formal-operational

Answer: A Difficulty: 1 Topic: Differences among Infants Skill: Factual LO 6.9: Describe individual differences that distinguish an infant’s personality.

393 Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

EOM Quiz Question 6.3.2 __________ encompasses patterns of arousal and emotionality that are consistent and enduring characteristics of an individual. a) b) c) d)

Attitude Moodiness Temperament Personality

Answer: C Difficulty: 1 Topic: Differences among Infants Skill: Factual LO 6.10: Define temperament, and describe how it affects a child in the first two years of life.

EOM Quiz Question 6.3.3 _________ is one’s sense of being male or female. a) b) c) d)

Sex Identity Gender Self-awareness

Answer: C Difficulty: 1 Topic: Differences among Infants Skill: Factual LO 6.11: Discuss how the gender of a child affects his or her development in the first two years of life.

394 Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

EOM Quiz Question 6.3.4 ______ percent of U.S. children under the age of 18 live with two married parents, down from 77 percent in 1980, and _______ percent live in low-income households. a) b) c) d)

64; 45 45; 65 62; 56 70; 40

Answer: A Difficulty: 1 Topic: Differences among Infants Skill: Factual LO 6.12: Describe twenty-first-century families and their consequences for children.

EOM Quiz Question 6.3.5 The main factor in whether outside-the-home child care will be beneficial or not is the _________ of the child-care provider. a) b) c) d)

personality experience attitude quality

Answer: D Difficulty: 1 Topic: Differences among Infants Skill: Factual LO 6.13: Summarize how nonparental child care affects infants.

EOC Quiz Question 6.1 According to developmentalists, an infant’s grimace of disgust is an example of __________. a) b) c) d)

facial-directed emotion nonverbal encoding nonverbal emotion advanced behavior

Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Topic: Developing the Roots of Sociability Skill: Conceptual LO 6.1: Discuss how children express and experience emotions in the first two years of life.

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EOC Quiz Question 6.2 Mary brought her eight-month-old daughter Diana to work one morning. She had done so before, and the baby had loved all the attention. But this time, Diana wouldn’t look at anyone and clung tightly to Mary. What is Diana experiencing? a) b) c) d)

separation anxiety stranger anxiety social anxiety disorder social distancing

Answer: B Difficulty: 3 Topic: Developing the Roots of Sociability Skill: Applied LO 6.2: Differentiate stranger anxiety from separation anxiety.

EOC Quiz Question 6.3 Martin is visiting a daycare center with his mom. He has never seen so many children together, and now they are playing a loud clapping game. He doesn’t know what to think and is ready to cry, but he feels better when he uses __________ to look at mom and sees her smiling. a) b) c) d)

guided attention social cueing social referencing infant-directed behavior

Answer: C Difficulty: 3 Topic: Developing the Roots of Sociability Skill: Applied LO 6.3: Discuss the development of social referencing and nonverbal decoding abilities.

396 Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

EOC Quiz Question 6.4 _________ is the intentional search for information about others’ feelings to help explain the meaning of uncertain circumstances and events. a) b) c) d)

Sympathy Reciprocity Social referencing Cueing

Answer: C Difficulty: 1 Topic: Developing the Roots of Sociability Skill: Factual LO 6.4: Describe the sense of self that children possess in the first two years of life.

EOC Quiz Question 6.5 The understanding that people think about things and can plan actions to achieve an outcome is called __________. a) b) c) d)

theoretical awareness theory of mind empathy theory of cognition

Answer: B Difficulty: 1 Topic: Developing the Roots of Sociability Skill: Conceptual LO 6.5: Summarize the theory of mind and evidence of infants’ growing sense of mental activity by the age of two.

397 Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

EOC Quiz Question 6.6 What social characteristic developed in infancy can influence the quality of our relationships throughout life? a) b) c) d)

stranger anxiety attachment reciprocal socialization temperament

Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Topic: Forming Relationships Skill: Conceptual LO 6.6: Explain attachment in infancy and how it affects a person’s future social competence.

EOC Quiz Question 6.7 An infant who is distressed when his mother leaves but may embrace or shun her when she returns is displaying the __________ attachment pattern. a) b) c) d)

ambivalent avoidant secure disorganized-disoriented

Answer: A Difficulty: 1 Topic: Forming Relationships Skill: Factual LO 6.6: Explain attachment in infancy and how it affects a person’s future social competence.

398 Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.