THESIS - Football Stadium

UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University Dwarka Campus, Delhi

GURU GOBIND SINGH INDRAPRASTHA UNIVERSITY

THESIS 2015-16

FOOTBALL STADIUM DWARKA, DELHI

SHALINI SINGH ROLL No. – 07690701612 Fourth Year, Section B

GUIDE Ar. Charu Mathur

Acknowledgment It is a matter of great privilege and honor to express my sincere thanks and deep sense of gratitude to my guide Ar. Charu Mathur for her invaluable assistance throughout the semester that reinforced the development of all aspects of this study.

I would like to thank Ar. Vishal Rai, the academic coordinator for their continuous input and guidance.

I would also like to thank Ar. Avatar Singh for his critical assessment that helped in the improvement of the work.

Special thanks to my friend Harvinder Singh for his assistance and support, classmates Kiranjit Kaur and Neha Nigam for their motivation, all of which has helped me in the successful completion of the work.

No words are sufficient to express affection and regards to my late grandfather (whose sudden demise during the thesis work left me devastated), the memory of whom gave me the strength to continue and complete the work.

Finally, I convey immense gratitude to my parents and guardians for their unflinching words of encouragement that made me tide over moments of stress and enabled me to succeed in this endeavor.

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UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURAL AND PLANNING Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University Dwarka Campus, Delhi

Approval Thesis topic: Football Stadium, Delhi The following thesis is hereby approved as a creditable work carried out and presented in a manner sufficiently satisfactory to warrant its acceptance as a pre-requisite to the degree for which it has been submitted.

It is to be understood that by this approval, the undersigned does not necessarily endorse or approve any statement made, opinion expressed, or conclusion drawn therein, but approves the study and design for the purpose of which it is submitted and which satisfies the requirements laid down by the Thesis Committee.

Date:

Signature

Submitted by: SHALINI SINGH Roll No.: 07690701612

Guide: Ar. Charu Mathur Thesis Co-ordinator: Ar. Vishal Rai

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Table of Contents Acknowledgment…………………………………………………………..2 Approval………………………………………………………………………3 Table of Contents……………………………………………………………4 1. Introduction……………………………………………………………….7 1.1

Background – Problem statement, Research Questions………………….8

1.2

Objective – Sub-objective………………………………………………………11

1.3

Methodology………………………………………………………………………12

1.4

Scope and Parameters………………………………………………………….12

1.5

Expected Results………………………………………………………………….12

1.6

Significance of the Study...……………………………………………………..13

2. Literature Review…………………………………………………………14 2.1

Definitions and Descriptions…………………………………………………….14

2.2

Review of related literature……………………………………………………..14

2.3

Theoretical Framework…………………………………………………………..15

2.4

Methodology………………………………………………………………………16

3. Architectural Research………………………………………………….17 3.1

Factual data……………………………………………………………………….17

3.2

Case studies………………………………………………………………………..28

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4. Requirements and site analysis……..………………………………..40 4.1

Interpretation of design brief…………………………………………………..40

4.2

Site selection criteria, Site selection analysis………………………………..60

5. Design Proposal………………………………………………………….67 5.1

Design Concept………………………………………………………………….67

5.2

The Design…………………………………………………………………………68

6. Avenues for further research………....……………………………….72 7. References and Bibliography…………………………………………73 List of Figures…………………………………………………………………73

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1. Introduction

Rod Sheard, architect of the London 2012 Stadium, Populous, in “Stadiums, people, passions, stories”

Figure 1

“Sport is one of the few things we have created in our society that is not predictable, it is never the same. It can be unique. Sport supplies the stories that make life worth living for many people.''

-Rod Sheard, 2005 ‘Sports’ has a strong worldwide impact on people’s health, country’s economy and infrastructure, social and psychological development. It is an encouragement to a healthy competition necessary to inculcate in students’ and youngsters’ mindset in order to make the country competitive to the world. Sports at the domestic level still needs upliftment.

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Due to lack of proper facilities in the country, people don’t take up the sport of football.

There is a lack of stadiums. The existing stadiums are not up to the mark or are way too old.

Stadiums gather a large amount of people, create histories, are being ignored as ‘vital community and social buildings’. There is a need to provide facilities not committed just to sports so that a stadium does not only remain a building which will only be lively during an event. They should be part of daily lives of people as they are supposed to be big entertainment centers. They can give way to new friendly relationships. They have a lot of potential which, if taken further, can make the city a better place to live in and give a great architectural importance to the city globally.

1.1 Background Although Indian Football is about to rise from its ashes, Lack of quality football stadiums is a problem for India, considering the benefits of the sport for the country, both economically and politically.

Hockey is the national game of India, but the craze of cricket is still the wildest in India.

Even after that, football lovers are still living in the states like Goa, Kerala, West Bengal, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Manipur and Sikkim. As we know Indian footballers do not get the opportunity at national level because of lack of political support and facilities. Still the national football games are organised in Salt Lake Stadium, Kolkata (which is the biggest stadium in India and it attracts more tourists than any other sports event.

FIFA (Federation Nationale De Football Association) world cup is the highest level of competition of football and held every four years. It is the second largest sporting event in the world (Just below Olympics and above ICC world cup).

Under-17 FIFA World Cup in going to be held in India in the year 2017 which is the first major opportunity for India to demonstrate its positive image to the football world.

But, Football stadiums are scarce. The ones that are there are either not up to the mark or are way too old for such events in future.

All India Football Federation (AIFF) is trying to popularise the sport to other parts of country as well.

An Indian Super League has been formed which promises to draw large crowds to the stadium and rebirth of Indian football.

Good Infrastructure will help accelerate the growth of football in India.

Football as a sport, despite of having immense potential, has been a neglected area of study in our country. Study and research related sports architecture, football stadiums, infrastructure and the like can help highlight the issues and problems coming in the way 8

of the development of such an infrastructure and various inputs in this field are necessary to reach upto a solution of the above said problem.

Hence, it seems an extreme necessity to conduct one of such studies in order to throw some light on the area of sports, particularly football, and to find out what role can architecture play in spreading awareness and promoting a game which can be greatly beneficial for the country.

Historical Background As they had done all around the world, the British introduced football in India in the 19th century. Football in India was spread during the days of the British Empire. Many football clubs in India were created during this time, and pre-date many of the organisations and clubs, such as FIFA, which are predominant in the game today. Initially games were played between army teams, however clubs were soon set up around the country. Mohun Bagan Athletic Club was set up in what is now West Bengal and is considered the oldest football club in Asia. The club became famous in 1911 when it became the first Indian team to lift the IFA Shield, a tournament previously won only by British teams based in India. The national football team was also quite successful until the 1970s, qualifying for Olympic tournaments and the FIFA World Cup. The team qualified for the 1950 World Cup finals in Brazil, but could not appear as they still played in their bare feet at that time.

The Indian team also won the 1951 and 1962 Asian Games gold medals in football. In 1956 the team finished fourth at the Melbourne Olympics.

Football has never been a really popular sport throughout India. For most part of the century, the Indian sports scene had been dominated by hockey.

In the later part of the century, cricket was been popular. The popularity of cricket in India is analogous to the popularity of football in Brazil. Football is still popular in West Bengal, Goa and Kerala. Even today, players from these regions form the backbone of the Indian National side.

With youngsters like Sunil Chetri and the veteran presence of Bhutia, the future of Indian football looks bright.

Delhi’s Case: The game of football was started in 1886 in the state of Delhi. However, there is a lack of the state of the art stadiums in the city. The Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium is the only good stadium, that too after getting renovated in 2010 for Common Wealth Games. The Ambedkar Stadium has no roof and it is overshadowed by the huge Firoz Shah Kotla cricket stadium which the condition of football as compared to cricket.

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Structure of the game The game in India is administered by the All India Football Federation (AIFF) based in Dwarka near Delhi, which is affiliated to the regional Asian Football Confederation, as well as to the worldwide body FIFA. The Indian national team has entered into the regional Asian Cup competition as well as the World Cup. The Indian women’s national team has also played in various competitions. Youth football is administered by the governmental Sports Authority of India. The game is also administered at state levels by state football associations, some of which predate the AIFF. The Indian Football Association, which is responsible for the game in the state of West Bengal, used to be in de-facto charge of the game in India before they pushed for the creation of a national body in association with other state associations. Women’s football has its own separate inter-state and state competitions.

Better infrastructure, opportunities and training will encourage the younger generation to take up the game of football and excel in it worldwide and only then, can we hope for a much better world ranking.

Study Locale: The Dwarka sub city is one of the recently developed areas situated in South West Delhi District. It was named after the legendary Dwaraka Kingdom and lie in close proximity to the business hubs of Gurgaon.

Dwarka was recently named as the largest suburb in Asia. A few areas of this sub city fall under the colony of Pappan Kalan which is undergoing development under the 'Urban Expansion Projects' of the Delhi Development Authority. This sub city is also known as the one of the largest residential areas in Asia and has a ‘Zero Tolerance’ policy towards common misuses of land, encroachments or illegal usage of property which is predominant in most parts of Delhi. It is also referred to as the ‘Model Township’ owing to its most organized, well planned and ‘Clean & Green’ policies that makes it a preferred residential area of Delhi and nearby townships.

Dwarka sub city is known for its wide and well laid road network that easily connects to other parts of the Capital City. Unlike places like Gurgaon or Noida, Dwarka was mainly developed as a primary residential township; however, it also has its share of commercial complexes that cater to the business needs of people as well as well structured shopping arcades, restaurants and eating joints, departmental stores that cater to all the daily needs of the residents.

The fact that it has already been chosen as a site for an international standard football stadium by the Delhi Development Authority is infact, the primary reason for the selection of the this place as the thesis site as well. It is indeed a perfect location, looking at the strong connectivity it has to the international airport of Delhi and other major transport and infrastructural facilities.

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Wrapping up: The standard of Indian football (compared globally) is poor – the national team is ranked past 100th place in the world, and is said to struggle to qualify for both the World Cup and the Asian Cup. Part of this has been put down to the lack of opportunities for proper training and development of players in the country.

The situation demands that Delhi, being the capital of our country, must have a stateof-the-art football stadium and related infrastructure which can be an epitome for the success of the infamous game all over the country. Something which can be an inspiration for the generations to come.

Problem statement: The purpose of the thesis will be to study and come up with a world class stadium complex in Delhi and hence give emphasis to the problem of lacking infrastructure for the sport of football in India.

1.2 Objective Design intent: The Primary Intent is to design an Iconic and Futuristic stadium following the international standards that can be an inspiration to every person.

The idea is to provide an international standard iconic sports and community facility that reflects the spirit of football as a sport.

Sub- Objectives: - Integrated stadium complex - Iconic stadium - Futuristic and sustainable design - Monumental civic architecture - Multifunctional facilities for year round activities

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1.3 Methodology Research on the condition of football infrastructure in the country and the capital Conduct national and international case studies Choose a viable site and conduct a detailed site analysis Design a suitable stadium with the learning

1.4 Scope and Limitations Scope: The study will be specific to the design of stadium for the sport of football, which will be adhering to the FIFA Standards, at the site of Dwarka sector 19. It will include related case studies in which the site connectivity, the circulation design, the spectator-friendly architecture, anthropometrics, the stadium design and its roof structure will be looked into. It will be a combination of form and function based approaches.

Limitations: The study is limited to stadiums and the corresponding complex as there are time constraints and the site of Delhi has been carefully chosen because of the budgetary limits and travel constraints. Also, local case study examples have been taken into account in order to save time and avoid long traveling distances. Other national and international case studies have been done via internet and research papers/ books subject to easy accessibility.

1.5 Expected Results It is expected that with a rigorous study and its implementation, the design will come out to be iconic having various dimensions and fulfilling the very purpose of having a world class stadium in the capital city.

It can be an inclusive and sustainable design, one for all weather conditions with retractable roofing system, something that can be used anytime of the year, for other similar games and also as an auditorium for concerts and functions. It is expected to be a pedestrian friendly design with a play of levels in the complex.

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1.6 Significance of the Study Following are the advantages of a well designed sports stadium and related infrastructure, which can tell us why this study seems important:

Financial -revenue generation -boost to tourism -increasing regional economic growth

Political -keeping people happy and entertained -approach to bring nations together and to let locals unit and rejoice with the world

Geographical -an identity on map -boosting a city’s brand by signature stadium is one of the planning tools

Social -unites nations -increase the fans of football -increase in know how -motivates team and influences people

Future -India will host Under-17 FIFA World Cup in 2017 -AIFF (All India Football Federation) inspiring 2 states per year by organising youth development program Development -helps to develop infrastructure -brings the new culture of sports, football, fans and concerts and bars

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2. Literature Review 2.1 Definitions and Descriptions FOOTBALL Football is a family of team sports that involve, to varying degrees, kicking a ball with a foot to score a goal. If we see the etymology of the word football, it is widely assumed that the word "football" (or "foot ball") references the action of the foot kicking a ball.

There is a alternative explanation, which is that football originally referred to a variety of games in medieval Europe, which were played on foot.

STADIUM A stadium is a place or venue for outdoor sports, concerts, or other events which consists of a field or stage either partly or completely surrounded by a tiered structure designed to allow spectators to stand or sit and view the event.

FIFA FIFA (Federation Nationale De Football Association) world cup is the highest level of competition of football and held every four years. It is the second largest sporting event in the world (Just below Olympics and above ICC world cup).

2.2 Review of Related Literature Prior studies have identified that stadiums can be a place of ultimate joy for the visitors, if designed properly.

Stadiums cannot avoid the questioning of their existence. Before radio and television, the only way to experience was to go to the stadium. Now, going to a stadium must provide enough positive qualities to make up for the comforts visitors lose by leaving home.

A stadium is first and foremost the staging ground for spectacles for masses of people.

However, this utilitarian perspective is limited and it belies the bigger implications of a stadium’s effects on the individual visitor and on the community it serves. The influence of a stadium is tremendous in its immediate surroundings, and, in some cases, can be felt around the world.

Even the losingest teams have supporters. There must be more reasons to the experience of stadium-going than a winning team, and the architect must have some influence over some of these reasons.

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The first thing that draws a crowd is the experiential, theatrical nature of gameday and for at least that day, everyone shares a bond through their participation in the show.

This is where the architect comes in.

Given all the activities surrounding a game, it is appropriate to position and design the stadium to facilitate these various activities. Furthermore, the sheer size of a stadium automatically has a monstrous effect on the landscape in terms of its visibility, as well as the demands for space for the actual stadium and all the associated activities like parking. Therefore, the stadium’s realm of influence does not stop at its physical boundaries. The design must define a new landscape for the surrounding area.

An exploration of forms through the use of folded paper models and sketches begins to answer the question of how a stadium should look. (vtechworks lib)

Designing an Olympic stadium is not just about designing a building. It also means taking into account the immediate environment, and deciding what other provisions need to be made around the building itself. This is part of what makes the choice of location vital. (Tom schools)

Environmental compatibility is a prime consideration when selecting a site for a stadium. It is a changing, complex and politically charged subject that must be analysed carefully. For example, most of us would be very upset if we were suddenly confronted with the prospect of having our homes overshadowed by the walls of a large new football stadium. Proximity to existing residential areas is the most sensitive issue in the development of a new stadium and if possible this should be avoided. (FIFA Manual)

2.3 Theoretical Framework A stadium is a huge theatre for presentation of heroic feats and is an output of the rise in the popularity of sport. It is that building typology which can shape a town or a city. It represents a nation’s pride and aspiration.

Due to their ability to create synergy among the political, financial and administrative forces of a city, the FIFA and Olympic Games have always been a strong catalyst for urban development; they enhance tourism and the employment rate for the host country. The Olympic Games, World Cup and similar events often serve as catalysts for the regeneration of urban areas and for the construction of new infrastructure and sport facilities. These sport venues attract a variety of social and cultural activities; consequently, such venues, particularly the stadiums, have regained their importance as city icons.

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India lacks a stadium of international standards for FIFA and OLYMPICS and hence has never hosted either of the events.

AIM of the thesis is to design a stadium complex dedicated to football and athletic events meeting the international standards and thereby creating one of the major venues for global sports events taking place.

2.4 Methodology of Research The approach adopted here is that of learning from examples. Neglect of football infrastructure in the country has been identified as a problem and the solution has been derived at through constant research and improvements in the design.

The study has been carried out using both primary and secondary methods of research.

Primary method majorly includes discussions with the development authority which has proposed the site for the stadium, case studies, site analysis and studying roof structure designs by creating models similar to their forms.

The secondary method consists of data collection by reading books, studying similar theses and collecting information and imagery from the internet.

FIFA provides a stadium construction manual which has been of a great help in the study and the design.

Experiments with the form of the stadium, its structure and the latest technology used have been researched on.

In this study, site planning has been given the utmost importance. The master planning of the site includes the study of orientation of the stadium, the circulation pattern of all the visitors, thorough study of functions and building services. Traffic management and the site’s relationship with the surroundings have also been looked into.

Designing the complex consists of following up with the activities in a stadium complex from case studies, looking as their landscaping, transportation and parking pattern in order to avoid any wastage of space.

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3. Architectural Research 3.1

Factual data presentation

Master Plan Delhi : According to MPD-21 Social Infrastructure: Suitable area of about 200 hectares ( 494.2 acres)shall be reserved for international sports events wherever possible Sports Facilities: Development ControlsMaximum Ground Coverage = 20% including amenity structures Maximum F.A.R. = 40 Height = NR* (Subject to clearance from AAI, Fire Department etc) Parking = 2 ECS per 100 square metres of the floor area

Planning norms and standards: S. No.

Category

1.

2.

Divisional sports center District Sports center

Population/unit (approx.)

10 lakh 5 lakh

Plot area (Ha.) 10 to 30 & above 3 to 10 & above

Recreational land: Playground, stadium, sports complex Divisional sports center : An arena in which teams compete against each other for championship

Dwarka Sports Complex Proposed by DDA: DDA has planned an international sports complex in Dwarka Sub city on a 62 acre site in sector 19 International Standard football stadium with capacity of 18000 A stadium for athletic events A gymkhana club An outdoor sports complex 17

Site next to All India Footbal Federation AIFF which is 3 km from IGI airport Near to sector 9 and sector 10 metro stations The project was conceptualized in 2011 The complex will comprise of: Full practice field Four mini fields VIP and media facilities An eight lane artificial athletics track 4 badminton court Facilities for billiards Boxing and martial arts Fitness and yoga center Indoor and outdoor swimming pools Outdoor fields 12 tennis courts Basket ball court Volleyball court Skate parks Full and half hockey fields and parking area of capacity 700 Concept stage – yet to finalize cost and timeframe

Requirements of a FIFA compliant stadium: 50 MW of power – 253 temporary power plants = supply for 50,000 homes 2,750 hours of TV feed – In 214 countries HD production = at least 30 camera per match for world feed Large video screens Air conditioning in enclosed areas Average life span of a modern stadium falling to 30 years or even less Future – spectators may no longer be willing to sit outdoors in glare of the sun Prevent undue congestion near turnstiles Spectators leave the stadium at the same time Large site – adequate on-site parking, future development GREEN GOAL Sustainability - reduction in potable water - reduction of waste - efficient energy system - increase in use of public transport - establishment of a neutral climate - minimize green house gas emissions 18

Water – use of potable water for irrigation - storage of rainwater to support the water cycle - water saving technology Waste – removal, reuse, recycle Energy – Use of photovoltaic technologies Certification – LEED Carbon footprint measurement 1 Site selection – natural environment, social environment, transport networks 2 Water efficiency – rainwater harvesting 3 Energy – reduce greenhouse gas emissions and locally sourced materials 4 Materials and resources – sustainable building materials, materials with zero emissions and locally sourced materials 5 Green and healthy indoor environment, natural ventilation and day lighting Higher rating = higher cost of the stadium Green building = energy efficient, resource efficient and environmentally responsible 6 Huge traffic at event times nd no traffic at non event times Other uses of the stadiums - health and fitness - used by local community - library - shopping - extra green rooms SAFETY - Exits, doorways, escape routes, entrances - stadium should be divided into four separate sectors Each with separate: - access point - refreshment and toilet facilities - other essential services – spectators medical center, security systems, areas for stewards and marshals Clear gates leading - spectators area to playing area All exit gates from here must open outwards, away from the spectators - gates leading out of the stadium Structural safety Fire prevention Stadium operations room – with an overall view of the inside of the stadium Public address facilities, infotainment controls, video screen control

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Offenders (optional) - a police muster room - a change room - detention cells for male and female prisoners A second control room and emergency command center in a location convenient for arrival of emergency personnel and their vehicles Spectators medical center Exits and circulation space immediately after the exits to prevent crushing during a stampede Stadium’s complete evacuation time should be less Parking for spectators 30,000 capacity = 5000 cars, 250 buses Hospital parking – VIP cars and buses should preferably be parked inside the stadium Parking for teams, match officials and stadium staff Inside the stadium, immediately outside the dressing rooms: - 14 cars (at least 6 for each teams and 2 for match officials) - At least 4 buses Inside the stadium, immediately outside the dressing rooms - stadium staff – services, security and safety personnel - doormen, stewards and caterers 3 or 4 bays per team, & 2 to 3 for match officials – police escorts Parking for emergency vehicles in this area Referees and teams – access to dressing rooms from their drop off areas without crossing through VIP/ VVIP, media and public areas Parking for the media - specific media entrance at the stadium perimeter with a reception desk or room – area not more than 30 sq m - arrival with heavy camera equipment Emergency services and disabled spectators - immediately adjacent or inside the stadium - police vehicles, fire engines, ambulances - emergency services – vehicles for disabled spectators Playing Field – 105m * 68m Auxiliary - 125m * 85m Grass area – 115m * 78m - Substitute benches 20

- artificial turf drainage PLAYERS AND MATCH OFFICIALS Access to dressing room - Private protected area - Route between private entrance and dressing rooms – allow for stretcher and delivery of team kit - Route between various dressing rooms, emergency vehicle location and playing area – without obstructions like stairs changes in level, sudden bends or turns that would make the route difficult to navigate with a stretcher Dressing rooms, toilets and bathing areas - at least 2 but preferably 4 dressing rooms of equal size for events like double header football tournament Team areas (main stand) - at least 2 team areas - minimum size = 200 sq m - include the following spaces with private internal access: Dressing rooms = 80 sq m Bench seating for at least 25 people Clothes hanging and lockers for 25 people, refrigerator, demonstration board, telephone Players’ dressing room = Mounted TV Massage room = 40 sq m Separate from and immediately adjacent to the dressing space 3 massage tables, a desk, a utility table and an ice machine Immediately adjacent to player’s dressing room – an internal passage or door is ideal Toilets and sanitary facilities = 50 sq m - direct private access from dressing room In each room – minimum 11 showers, 5 washbasins with mirror, 1 footbasin, 1 drying off area with towel hooks, 1 sink for cleaning boots, 3 urinals, 3 toilets, 2 electric shaving points and 2 hair dryers Coaches offices 30 sq m adjacent to dressing rooms 1 shower, 4 lockers plus toilet and sink, 1 desk, 5 chairs, a whiteboard and a telephone Refrees’dressing 24 sq m (for both sexes) Clothes hanging for 4 people 4 chairs or bench 21

A table with 2 chairs A massage table, a fridge, demo board, telephone, TV Toilet and sanitary facilities: - 2 showers - 1 washbasin with mirror - 1 urinal, 1 toilet, 1 electric shaving point - 1 hair dryer and 1 sink for cleaning boots One area for 5 referees and another for 2 referees Team areas to playing field - either side of player’s tunnel - minimum 4 m wide and min 2.4 m high For FIFA – between 4.5 m and 6 m width Fire proof telescopic tunnel – to enter the playing area - At the half way line and on the same side of the VIP box, Media tribune and administrative offices - should extend into the playing area far enough to prevent the risk of injury - Close to the point where the dressing room corridor or tunnel opens into the playing area, there should be a small sanitary area - toilet, washbasin with mirror for those who use the playing area Warm-up area - Outdoor grass surface - Indoor – position – close to dressing rooms (minimum size 100 sq m) Each room should have it, should be surrounded by plain walls and no protrusions Players’medical room (50 sq m) Close to teams’ dressing rooms and the playing field Wide doors Easy access to the outside entrance directly to emergency vehicles Doping control (36 sq m) Waiting room + working room + washing facility Near teams’ and referees’ dressing rooms Event management offices (20 sq m) Near teams’ and referees’ dressing rooms Offices and meeting rooms required in excess of 33 excluding local organizing committee, stadium authority and other stakeholders Dressing rooms for ball kids (40 sq m for each sexes) Each room – 2 toilets, 2 washrooms and 2 showers A room near the service tunnel 22

SPECTATORS - cover - seating Min height of backrests = 0.3 m Width of seats = 0.5m Space between them = Space between seat rows = minimum 0.8 m from backrest to backrest Maximum number of seats between aisles = VIP VVIP seats = Minimum width = 0.6 m Advertising boards = 0.9- 1 m high At a distance of 5 m from the touch lines 5m behind the center of the goal lines Toilets and sanitary facilities Recommended minimum : 1000 Women (25%) : Toilets = 28 Sinks = 14 1000 Men (85%) : Urinals = 15 Sinks = 6 Toilets = 3 Private toilet facilities : Single toilet and sink Ratio = 1 per 5000 spectators = 6 numbers Food and beverage Permanent concessions (60 sq m) For every 250 seats – 1 permanent concession point (cash till) Temporary concessions outside the stadium (18 sq m) = 120 Mobile stands - Wheels (4 sq m) 1000 specs = 1 stand (with 1 point of sale – around 2 m in length Logistics, storage, facilities Central requirements Separate, dedicated entry Transportation elevators Receiving, handling and dispatching space for 80 pallets per 10,000 seats 23

Temperature controlled storage for 30 pallets per 10,000 Dry storage = 25 sq m Storage parking (vehicle, carts etc) Decentralised requirements Equipment or entire temperature concession storage or parking space external to stadium with storage containers Dressing room for female and male staff Around 120 staff per 10,000 seats Including: A uniform room (25 sq m) Money room (20 m) Staff and event accounting room of around 40 sq m Office and admin space = 40 sq m Payment Food payment in cash Security Spectator areas - at least 4 sectors each with its own access points, refreshment, toilet facilities and services such as spectators medical center, security stations, areas for stewards and marshalls Communication with public P.A. control center : in a position where the operator has a clear view of the stadium spectator areas Score boards and video screens: At least 2 screens – at 2 diagonally opposite corners or one behind each of the goals Control room – in a position that allows both screens to be seen directly Spectators with disabilities Dimensional diagram for seating Visually impaired – position the same side of the stadium as the commentators i.e. in the main stand - close to the pitch (for clearer view) Ticketing Ticket clearing points (TCP)- close to the turnstile Spectator Services 24

- Staff, volunteers, guides - Dedicated locations - Spectator info and guidance - Lost children – lost and found etc - Lost persons report room (15 sq m min) - Temporary storage container close to the security search area

HOSPITALITY Special guests VVIP and VIP guests Separate the 2 areas onto different levels of the stadium - Hospitality guests, media - VVIP and VIP guests Main stand – center of the grandstand Access – main entrance to the stadium Security vehicles and VVIP vehicles – driver under the main stand – directly to the vehicle circulation drop-off area

Toilets

Male 1/120

Urinals Wash basins

1/50 1/80 if more than 500

Female 1/25 for 250 1/30 for 250-300 1/35 for more than 500 1/toilet up to 500 1/50 if more than 500

VVIP seats - level above the VIPs (ideally) - Reception area President’s lounge - There should be an area in the VVIP lounge for FIFA president and one for the president of LOC - Private lounge 15 sq m Sanitary facilities - VVIP sanitary should be separate from VIP area VIP Area 25

Position- in the center of grandstand VIP area seating for at least 300 people 1,350 seats for the opening match and the final Reception area Location of hospitality areas – no further than 300 m from the stadium Minimum space requirement = 1 sq m guest VVIP/ VIP lounges Hospitality 8 % of total seats – opening and final match 5 % of total seats – other matches 1% of hospitality seats for disabled

MEDIA 1. Accreditation office A small area/ desk at the media entrance to the stadium 2. Media tribune and commentary positions Media tribune – central position in the main grandstand where media facilities are situated - Centrally located on the halfway line - Should not extend beyond the 16 m line towards the goals - Media areas – media center, mixed zone and press conference room - Permanent press seats - Television monitors one monitor per 4 seats A stadium should have at least 5 TV commentary positions and 5 radio commentary positions Commentary: - Central position in the main grandstand on the same side as the main camera position undercover rather than indoors - For final major match - 50 – 90 commentary positions - Minimum 2 commentary seats with desks for commentators with disabilities STADIUM MEDIA CENTRE (SMC) Capacity of SMC should be based on the capacity of the media tribune Eg. For 600 tribune press places – 200 working spaces in SMC - Toilet facilities for both sexes

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PRESS CONFERENCE ROOM Minimum area – 200 sq m Should provide approx. 100 seats for the media Mixed zone: Large, clear space - Between players drawing rooms and private exit door through the players must pass when leaving the stadium to their team buses – for interviews - Space for approx. 250 media personnel ( including cameramen and technicians) - For major matches, the mixed zone should split into 2 parts - Space required – at least 200 sq m A journalist – 2.5 sq m of space The area could be used for other purposes on non-match days Flash interview position Must be located between the drawing room area and playing field - Ideal location : adjacent to the tunnel in the technical area of the pitch or before the entrance to the tunnel from the players’ drawing room Photographers - extra parking spaces and drop off for equipment - large individual lockers - facilities for refreshments to prevent photographers having to use the media working room as this is often located on an upper level - toilets for both sexes Communication and other areas Electronic communication Eg. Clock system, fire system, building management system, roof controls, wifi data etc.

Communications room - telecom utility demarcation rooms - main communications room - computer equipment rooms - communications distribution rooms

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3.2

Case Studies

1. International BEIJING NATIONAL STADIUM Known universally as the “Bird’s Nest”, the 91 000-seat National Stadium was conceived and built as the primary venue for the XXIX Olympiad, held in Beijing in August 2008.

Figure 2

The site The National Stadium is located in the southern part of the Olympic Green, which was masterplanned by Sasaki Associates and covers an area of 1135ha on the north side of Beijing, close to the city’s central axis (Fig 1). The Stadium is the centrepiece venue of the Olympic Green, on an irregular quadrangle approximately 20.4ha in extent (Fig 2). The terrain is relatively flat, with ground elevations ranging from 42m to 47m, highest at the south-west corner and lowest at the north-east corner. The position was chosen so that there would be a gradual rise in level from the city roads in the north-east, forming a gentle slope up to the Stadium plinth, about 5.3m higher.

The plinth connects to the main concourse, level 1 of the Stadium.

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Figure 3

Figure 4

The architectural design concept: The bowl: The architects’ ambition was to create not only an instantly recognisable symbol of China’s cultural, sporting, and economic renaissance, but also the most exciting stadium in Olympic history Like most modern stadia, the “Bird’s Nest” was designed inside out, beginning with the bowl – the competitive field and the seating stands around it (Fig 4). This is because the form of the bowl and the distribution of seating types largely determine all other aspects of a stadium, including the shape and structure of the roof, the levels and locations of the concourses and premium facilities, and the amount of natural light and ventilation reaching the playing area.

It is an inimitable design that would reflect both China’s rich cultural heritage and its 21st century technological prowess. The distinctive roof structure does just that. Its appearance, inspired by local crackle-glazed pottery and veined scholar stones, defies structural logic.

It is an amazing display of architectural, engineering and construction innovation.

Local people affectionately nicknamed the Stadium the “Bird’s Nest” while the initial competition entries were on display in Beijing.

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Figure 5

The roof structure spans a 313m x 266m space, closely enveloping the bowl and concourses to form both façade and roof. The façade incorporates the Stadium’s main staircases. The result is a compact and sinuous external form uninterrupted by masts, arches, or stair cores. While the façade is open, a roof covering made of single-layer ETFE membranes stretched between the steelwork sections protects the spectators from wind and rain

Figure 6

Figure 7

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The roof comprises two membrane layers. The outer is a single-layer transparent ETFE (ethyltetrafluoroethylene) stretching membrane system (Fig 2), which functions as weatherproof protection to the spectator stands. The inner and ceiling membrane is a single-layer translucent PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) membrane system (Fig 3), which serves as the acoustic ceiling and provides shade for the spectators.

The separation between the membranes is approximately 13m

Figure 8

Building services design Heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning The primary source for space heating and sanitary hot water is the high-temperature supply from Beijing’s municipal heating networks Natural ventilation was adopted in the Stadium bowl, based on fluid dynamics and thermodynamic analysis. Air intake vents were located at the lower parts of the Stadium Plumbing and drainage design In view of the huge water consumption estimated for irrigation, cleaning the car park and running tracks, cooling tower make-up, and toilet flushing, from the outset the design team formulated a water conservation strategy. A massive stormwater recapture system, including six stormwater collection and retention tanks - five 2700m³ and one 1000m³ - was designed to be buried underground at the north and south sides of the Stadium.

A combined soil and waste drainage system was designed to collect foul water and discharge to the grey water return main, which in turn drains back to the city sewage 31

treatment and grey water processing plant. he stormwater drainage system design for the Stadium roof combines gravity and siphonic drainage, tailored to fit the roof’s unique shape. Automatically rising, water-saving sprinkler irrigation equipment was installed for daily maintenance of the field of play and the warm-up field.

2. National SALT LAKE STADIUM – KOLKATA

Figure 9

The largest sports stadium in India and the second largest in the world, Salt Lake Stadium in Kolkata is undoubtedly the most majestic landmark around the city of joy.

As the name suggests, Salt Lake Stadium is situated in Salt Lake City, which lies at a distance of approximately 10 kilometres away from Kolkata city, towards the east.

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Figure 10

Figure 11

Opened to the public in the year 1984, this stadium was formerly known as Yuva Bharati Kridangan, and is owned by the Indian Football Association. Salt Lake Stadium was designed as a joint effort by Ballardie Thomson & Mathews Private Limited and H.K. Sen & Associates, both of which are renowned architecture firms which have made significant contributions to the development of property in Kolkata.

The structure of Salt Lake Stadium was constructed using a solid mix of concrete, metal and aluminium. It has a sturdy assembly, which is very much evident in its imposing stance. Inside the oval stadium there is a huge football ground and a jogging track with a total seating capacity of 120000 people, and the stands surrounding the ground have been divided into three tiers.

Figure 12

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Salt Lake Stadium features an Astroturf (artificial turf) surface, and it is spread out over an expansive area of more than 76 acres, with a field measuring 107*70 metres in size. It is readily equipped with flood lights across the field in order to ensure proper lighting conditions for matches that are held during the night. There are more than 600 lights that brighten up the Salt Lake Stadium in Kolkata. It also features electronically illuminated scoreboards with more than 36000 bulbs, air-conditioned VIP boxes, commentary boxes, restrooms and dressing rooms for players, a dormitory, practice grounds and power backup facility.

3. Local JAWAHARLAL NEHRU STADIUM – DELHI The Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium was constructed by the Government of India to host the 9th Asian Games in 1982, following which it hosted the 1989 Asian Championships in Athletics and the 2010 Commonwealth Games. In preparation for the 2010 Commonwealth Games, the stadium reduced its capacity from 78,000 to 60,254 spectators.

Figure 13

in Delhi, India, is a multipurpose sports arena hosting football and other sporting events, as well as large-scale entertainment events. It is named after the first Prime Minister of India.

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The all-seater facility seats 60,254 spectators, and up to 100,000 for concerts. In terms of seating capacity, it is the fourth largest multipurpose stadium in India and the 51st largest in the world. The stadium complex also houses the headquarters of the Sports Authority of India (SAI), the field arm of the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, Government of India, and Indian Olympic Association (IOA).

Figure 14

It is situated near the Central Government offices (CGO) complex, New Delhi.

It is an all purpose sports sports complex and has hosted many sports events.

It was renovated Commonwealth Games 2010 and hosted events like athletics, lawn bowls and weight lifting and also the opening and closing ceremonies.

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Figure 15

Figure 16

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The Roof: Area – 45,000 sq m Roof depth – 70 m Length – 350 m Width – 290 m Height – 45 m

Compression ring – A steel compression ring that weighs more than 8,500 tonnes and extends 71 m into the stands, supports the tensile roof’s cable net system.

Tensile membrane – The gaps between the cable net system is filled with PTFE sheer fill panels without any perpendicular support from inside the stadium.

The cable net system features 443 tonnes of pre stretched cables with a length of 2,220 km in varying diameters from 40mm to 95mm.

Outer Structure – The two outer basket-like supporting colonnade structures carrying not only the compression rings but also the complete ramp system for access and evacuation.

Figure 17

Figure 18

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The stadium was given a new roof, improved seating and other facilities to meet international standards as it hosted the athletic events and the opening and closing ceremonies of the 2010 Commonwealth games. The 53,800 m2 Teflon coated roof, designed by Schlaich Bergermann and Partner.

Figure 19

Figure 20

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Figure 21

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4. Requirements and site analysis 4.1

Interpretation of design brief ZONES Zone

Area

Details

Zone 1

Field

Zone 2

Competition area

Zone 3

Public area

Zone 4

Operations-related areas (offices)

Zone 5

ViP area

Zone 6

Media stands

Written press seats Radio and TV commentators’ and observers’ seats Photographer seats under observer seats Mixed zone Press conference room

Zone 7

Media centre

Media working area Media catering area – Photographers’ room – Facilities and services for media

Zone 8

Broadcast area

TV compound TV and radio studios Camera platform

Zone 9

Hospitality area

Official sponsor and supplier village Hospitality village Hospitality lounges Skyboxes

Pitch area Substitutes’ benches Fourth official’s bench Photographers’ area Pitch access and tunnel Dressing rooms, players Dressing rooms, referees Players medical room FiFa delegation offices loC venue manager’s office Doping control Corridors (with access to dressing rooms) and offices General public entrance and areas Public toilet facilities Public points of sale Spectator medical centre Commercial and host cities’ display FiFa offices (it room, radio control room, screen sound room) loC offices FiFa storage rooms loC storage rooms ViP reception room FiFa banquet area

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FIFA requirements :

Figure 22

Figure 23

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Figure 24

Diagram Spectators’ 1g: from the field of distance play 19m 0

9m 0

Maximal distance optimal distance Spectator areas

Ide al

Figure 25

42

Figure 26

Figure 27

43

Figure 28

Figure 29

Figure 30

44

Figure 31

45

Penalty area and goal area

18 .3 2

m m 40 .3 2

m

5.

5 7.

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11m

7.5m 5.5m

R9.15m m m ax .

m

R 9.

15 m

Diagram 4b: Playing field details

Centre mark

0.

12

Optional mark m

Corner arc 1.5m min.

0.

15

9.15m R1m

16.5m

m

0.

05

0.12m max.

Figure 32

Figure 33

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Figure 34

Figure 35

47

Figure 36

Figure 37

5

Diagram 5f: Doping control 2

total area – 36m 1 Waiting

4 1

2 3 4 3

5

6

6 7 7 2

area Fridg e televisi on Show er toile tdraw table doping control table Security steward Waste paper bin

Figure 38

48

6

5

1

Diagram 5d: Referees’ dressing room 2 total area – 24m 1 Massage 2 3 4 5 6

7

7

2

table locke rs ben ch Showe rs toile tFridg e televisio n

4 3

Figure 39

Figure 40

49

Figure 41

Figure 42

50

Figure 43

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Diagram 7a: VVIP / VIP flow diagram Playing area

President lounges

VVIP seats

VIP seats

VVIP hospitality lounge

VIP hospitality lounge

Kitchens

Protocol offices

VVIP reception

VIP medical room

VIP reception

VIP interview VVIP entry

VVIP parking

VIP entry

Security/driver room Inner perimeter VIP drop-off/ pick-up

VVIP precinct entrance

VIP precinct entrance

Outer perimeter Security VIP parking

Figure 44

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Figure 45

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Diagram 7c: Hospitality flow diagram

Playing area Hospitality seats Hospitality seats Hospitality seats Caterin g

Hospitality suites/skyboxes

Caterin g

Hospitality business lounge

Hospitality stadium entry turnstiles

Inner perimeter

Hospitality villag e Caterin g Hospitality village entranc e Hospitality precinct entrance

Outer perimeter

Security Mag and bag Hospitality parkin g

Figure 46

54

Figure 47

Figure 48

55

Figure 49

56

Figure 50

Figure 51

57

Figure 52

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Diagram 8g: Media and broadcast flow diagram

Playing area

Flash interview

Field access tunnel

Field camera positions

VIP interview Mixed zone Presentation studios

Media tribune

TV studios

Press conference room

CC R Camera positions Media stadium entry

Inner perimeter

IT compound

Broadcast compound

Stadium media centre Media precinct entrance

Security/mag and bag

Outer perimeter Accreditation

Media/broadcast parking/drop-off

Figure 53

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4.2

Site selection criteria, Site selection and analysis The Site

Figure 54

Figure 55

SITE Dwarka Sector 19, Delhi -AIFF Building is adjacent to the site -A football stadium has been proposed by DDA -The site is well connected to all transport modes and the IGI Airport is near by -Masterplan suggests recreational development on the land -A New Diplomatic enclave is to come up close to the site -It is surrounded by a large residential neighbourhood -It is also surrounded by many educational, sports and recreational areas (Golf course and proposed amusement park) -Sports complexes in sector 8,11 & 17 -A FIFA compliant football stadium has been proposed by DDA in Dwarka Sector 19, Delhi and that is the main reason for choosing this site for the thesis topic. Dwarka being situated in the capital city of India, has a fast growing infrastructure and is quiet wellequipped with basic facilities.

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Figure 56

Other reasons for choosing the site are: -It is well connected to all transport modes. IGI airport, ISBT, Railway Station, Metro Stations, Bus Stops, and the major roads are all very close to the site.

-The site has the All India Football Federation (AIFF) Building just next to it.

-Dwarka comes under zone K-2 whose Zonal plans are under preparation and this zone has a tremendous potential for further development.

-The burden on the heart of the city needs to be lowered and shifted to the edges of the city.

-The masterplan of Delhi and the zonal plan of zone K-2 suggest recreational development on the land.

-The Indira Gandhi International Airport is just 3 km from the site.

-A New Diplomatic Enclave other than Chanakya Puri is proposed in sector 24 which is very close to the site.

-Dwarka is a large residential neighbourhood and is referred to as a “sub-city�.

-It is Connected to the mnc region Gurgaon.

-Dwarka sector 19 also has a Golf course and an Amusement park site very close to it.

-The site is adjacent to the Dwarka Water Supply.

-Dwarka is an emerging Cultural Hub and also the Dwarka Sub-City is one of the proposed smart cities in Delhi.

-There is supposed to be a Financial Hub in sector 10 and a Socio-Cultural Hub in sector 11.

-The site has several, schools, colleges and hospitals near it.

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Location Map

Figure 57

Site photographs

Figure 58

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Time Line (2001-2015)

Figure 59

63

Social Infrastructure Figure 60

Physical Infrastrucutre Figure 61

Figure 62

Open Built Relationship

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Site Plan and Section

Figure 63

65

Figure 64

Figure 65

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5. Design Proposal 5.1

Design Concept Conceptual Impression

Figure 66

The concpet here is ‘Togetherness’ . The Two giagantic arches represent two sidesod the game i.e the players and the spectators. Everyone comes together and in cheering up for their, respective teams, people end up having interactions that they may cherish for life. That is the objective of a stadium – Two teams, two sets of supporters joining hands and representing a kind of brotherhood that would inspire the entire world.

Model

Figure 67

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5.2 The design Site Plan

Figure 68

The Stadium has been design according to the fifa standards with 30,000 capacity.

The design involves thorough site planning and there have been provided separate entries for every set of visitors. The spectator’s side is opposite to that of the players in order to avoid contact and provide them with privacy.

The Stadium’s roof is supported by two giant arches which give the whole stadium clear span without any hinderance.

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Figure 69

Figure 70

69

Figure 71

Figure 72

70

Isometric View

Figure 73

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6. Avenues for further research in future A good sports infrastructure will hence take football and all other sports a long way and a country like ours, with a majority of youth population, can have so many advantages from sports.

Now, at the beginning of the 21st Century, a new potential has emerged; the ability of stadia to shape new cities and to regenerate decaying areas of old cities. The stadium typology can provide all the elements required to achieve a critical mass capable of sustaining city life: a critical mass containing the residential, commercial, retail, leisure and transport components which encourage cities to thrive.

Today, major sporting facilities are a mainstay of urban regeneration and their potential has been recognized. However, a stadium alone will not transform a blighted area; it must be part of an overall plan to attract commercial, retail and recreational activities; and, most importantly, people. The stadium must integrate with a neighborhood, a district or a city. Fifth Generation stadia are not 'stand-alone' buildings; they should be seen as dynamic cells implanted into the urban fabric of a city, stimulating growth and inspiring regeneration. A cha11enge to stadium designers is to improve urban design in the vicinity of stadia, and to implement the new generation of stadia which must function as living parts of their cities. (Sheard et al. 2005) Support facilities will increasingly provide amenities for all the family to enjoy as well as other entertainment areas for those not committed to the game.

They will eventually include every type of function from business centers to bowling alleys, similar to the range of facilities often found in international airports or shopping malls. Attractions will be designed to encourage spectators to arrive early and stay on afterwards – perhaps even sleeping overnight in the Stadium Hotel.(John et al. 2007)

Architects with proper research and design, can come up with one of the best stadia and sports complexes. If this thesis is able to provide even the slightest of help and encouragement to go on and explore the world of sports architecture, the purposeis solved!

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7. References and Bibliography 1. Football stadiums – Technical recommendations and requirements (FIFA) 5th edition 2011 2. ARUP Journal 1/2009 3. FIFA ( http://www.usyouthsoccer.org/assets/1/3/History_of_the_Game_by_FIFA.pdf ) 4. VTECHWORKS (https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/bitstream/handle/10919/35260/stadium.pdf?sequ ence=2 ) 5. PIFA ( http://pifa.co.in/academy/learning/indian-football-history/ ) 6. SHODH (http://shodh.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/216/2/02_introductionj.pdf ) 7. Thesis: Rethinking architecture of stadium typology – Gireesh Gangolli 8. Master Plan Delhi – 2021 9. Delhi Development Authority officially website (http://www.dda.org.in/)

List Of Figures Figure 1: Artistic impression Figure 2 – 8 : Beijing National Stadium - China Figure 9 – 12 : Salt Lake stadium - Kolkata Figure 13 – 21 : Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium - Kolkata Figure 22 – 53 : FIFA requirements Figure 54 – 65 : The Site - Dwarka Figure 66 – 73 : The Design

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