Business Research Methods International Edition 9th Edition by William G. Zikmund – Test Bank

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Description Business Research Methods International Edition 9th Edition by William G. Zikmund – Test Bank Instant Download With Answers

Sample Question

Chapter 3—Theory Building

TRUE/FALSE

1.

A theory is an abstract, untestable explanation of some events.

ANS: F A theory is testable.

PTS: 1

DIF:

Moderate

REF: p. 38

OBJ: LO: 03-01

NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Comprehension

2.

Knowledge and confirmation are the two purposes of theory.

ANS: F Understanding and predicting are the two purposes of theory.

PTS: 1

DIF:

Moderate

REF: p. 38

OBJ: LO: 03-02

NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Comprehension

3.

Theories allow researchers to build on previous knowledge.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

DIF:

Easy

REF: p. 39

OBJ: LO: 03-02 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Comprehension

4.

A concept is a generalized idea about a class of objects, attributes, or occurrences.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

DIF:

Easy

REF: p. 39

OBJ: LO: 03-03 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Knowledge

5.

Risk aversion is an example of a construct.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

DIF:

Hard

REF: p. 39

OBJ: LO: 03-03 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Application

6.

The hierarchy of theory organizes concepts in sequence from the most concrete and individual to the most general.

ANS: F This is the ladder of abstraction.

PTS: 1

DIF:

Moderate

REF: p. 40

OBJ: LO: 03-03

NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Comprehension

7.

As concepts become more abstract, the easier it is to measure them.

ANS: F As concepts become more abstract, they are less amenable to measurement.

PTS: 1

DIF:

Easy

REF: p. 40

OBJ: LO: 03-03

NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Comprehension

8.

The empirical level of the ladder of abstraction is the level of knowledge that is verifiable by experience or observation.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

DIF:

Moderate

REF: p. 40

OBJ: LO: 03-03 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Knowledge

9.

The basic or scientific business researcher operates at two levels: on the abstract level of concepts (and hypotheses) and on the empirical level of variables ( and propositions).

ANS: F The abstract level is represented by propositions, and the empirical level represents hypotheses.

PTS: 1

DIF:

Hard

REF: p. 40

OBJ: LO: 03-03

NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Comprehension

10.

The term inherent construct refers to a concept that is not directly observable or measurable.

ANS: F This is a latent construct.

PTS: 1

DIF:

Moderate

REF: p. 40

OBJ: LO: 03-03

NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Comprehension

11.

In its simplest form, a research hypothesis is a “guess” about the outcome of a research study.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

DIF:

Moderate

REF: p. 41

OBJ: LO: 03-03 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Comprehension

12.

Empirical testing means that something has been examined against reality using data.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

DIF:

Moderate

REF: p. 41

OBJ: LO: 03-03 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Knowledge

13.

A concept is a formal statement explaining some outcome.

ANS: F This is a hypothesis.

PTS: 1

DIF:

Moderate

REF: p. 41

OBJ: LO: 03-03

NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Knowledge

14.

Statistics can be used to prove that a research hypothesis is true.

ANS: F Statistics cannot prove a hypothesis is true. Because our results are based on statistics, there is always the possibility that our conclusion is wrong.

PTS: 1

DIF:

Hard

REF: p. 42

OBJ: LO: 03-03

NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Comprehension

15.

The process of identifying the actual measurement scales to asses the variables of interest is known as operationalizing.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

DIF:

Moderate

REF: p. 42

OBJ: LO: 03-03 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Knowledge

16.

In most scientific situations there is typically only one theory to explain certain phenomena.

ANS: F In most scientific situations there are alternative theories to explain certain phenomena.

PTS: 1

DIF:

Moderate

REF: p. 43

OBJ: LO: 03-04

NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Comprehension

17.

Theories are derived from deductive reasoning and selective reasoning.

ANS: F Theories are derived from deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning.

PTS: 1

DIF:

Moderate

REF: p. 43

OBJ: LO: 03-04

NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Comprehension

18.

Deductive reasoning derives a conclusion about a general knowledge based on specific instances.

ANS: F

This is more descriptive of inductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning derives a conclusion about a specific instance based on general knowledge.

PTS: 1

DIF:

Moderate

REF: p. 43

OBJ: LO: 03-04

NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Knowledge

19.

The scientific method is a set of prescribed procedures for establishing and connecting theoretical statements about events, for analyzing empirical evidence, and for predicting events yet unknown.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

DIF:

Easy

REF: p. 44

OBJ: LO: 03-05 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Knowledge

20.

The first step in the scientific method is to formulate concepts and propositions.

ANS: F This is the second step. The first step is the assessment of relevant existing knowledge of a phenomenon.

PTS: 1

DIF:

Hard

REF: p. 44

OBJ: LO: 03-05

NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Comprehension

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1.

A formal, logical explanation of some events that includes descriptions of how things relate to one another is called a(n) _____.

a.

hypothesis

b.

theory

c.

causal statement

d.

empirical study

ANS: B

PTS: 1

DIF:

Moderate

REF: p. 38

OBJ: LO: 03-01 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Knowledge

2.

Psychologists explain that humans’ better recall of information that is presented visually compared to information presented verbally is due to the fact that the information is stored both visually and verbally. Because it is stored using this dualcoding process, it is easier to retrieve from memory. This formal logical explanation of this phenomenon is an example of a(n) _____. a.

theory

b.

construct

c.

operationalization

d.

abstraction

ANS: A

PTS: 1

DIF:

Hard

REF: p. 38

OBJ: LO: 03-01 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Application

3.

What are the two goals of theory? a.

speculating and confirming

b.

understanding and predicting

c.

deducting and inducting

d.

abstracting and concretizing

ANS: B

PTS: 1

DIF:

Moderate

REF: p. 38

OBJ: LO: 03-02 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Comprehension

4.

A(n) ____ is a generalized idea about a class of objects that has been given a name. a.

variable

b.

theory

c.

node

d.

construct

ANS: D

PTS: 1

DIF:

Moderate

REF: p. 39

OBJ: LO: 03-03 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Knowledge

5.

Which of the following is considered the basic unit for theory development? a.

concept

b.

proposition

c.

hypothesis

d.

variable

ANS: A

PTS: 1

DIF:

Moderate

REF: p. 39

OBJ: LO: 03-03 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Comprehension

6.

Self-efficacy, which is a generalized idea about how humans perceive their own abilities, is an example of a(n) _____. a.

hypothesis

b.

proposition

c.

concept

d.

abstraction

ANS: C

PTS: 1

DIF:

Hard

REF: p. 39

OBJ: LO: 03-03 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Application

7.

The organization of concepts in sequence from the most concrete and individual to the most general is called the _____. a.

conceptual hierarchy

b.

ladder of abstraction

c.

conceptual progression

d.

operationalization of constructs

ANS: B

PTS: 1

DIF:

Moderate

REF: p. 40

OBJ: LO: 03-03 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Knowledge

8.

In theory development, which of the following is the level of knowledge expressing a concept that exists only as an idea or a quality apart from an object? a.

empirical level

b.

primary level

c.

conceptual level

d.

abstract level

ANS: D

PTS: 1

DIF:

Moderate

REF: p. 40

OBJ: LO: 03-03 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Knowledge

9.

At what level do we “experience” reality? a.

empirical level

b.

abstract level

c.

primary level

d.

secondary level

ANS: A

PTS: 1

DIF:

Hard

REF: p. 40

OBJ: LO: 03-03 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Comprehension

10.

A concept that is not directly observable or measurable but can be estimated through proxy measures is called a(n) _____.

a.

indirect construct

b.

secondary construct

c.

higher order construct

d.

latent construct

ANS: D

PTS: 1

DIF:

Moderate

REF: p. 40

OBJ: LO: 03-03 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Knowledge

11.

Empathy is a concept that is not directly observable or measurable but is measured through other measures, such as an individual’s thoughts and behaviors toward others. This is an example of a(n) _____.

a.

latent construct

b.

empirical construct

c.

secondary construct

d.

higher order construct

ANS: A

PTS: 1

DIF:

Hard

REF: p. 40

OBJ: LO: 03-03 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Application

12.

Which of the following is a statement explaining the logical linkage among certain concepts by asserting a universal connection between concepts?

a.

hypothesis

b.

proposition

c.

construct

d.

theory

ANS: B OBJ: LO: 03-03

PTS: 1

DIF:

Moderate

REF: p. 41

NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Knowledge

13.

“Employees dressed professionally will perform better than those dressed casually” is an example of a _____.

a.

theory

b.

proposition

c.

hypothesis

d.

variation

ANS: C

PTS: 1

DIF:

Hard

REF: p. 41

OBJ: LO: 03-03 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Application

14.

Which of the following means that something has been examined against reality using data?

a.

causality

b.

manipulation

c.

empirical testing

d.

spurious association

ANS: C OBJ: LO: 03-03

PTS: 1

DIF:

Moderate

REF: p. 41

NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Knowledge

15.

When a researcher collects data to test the hypothesis that consumers will be more satisfied if a business offers compensation after the consumer complains, we say that _____ testing is being conducted.

a.

validation

b.

confirmation

c.

observational

d.

empirical

ANS: D

PTS: 1

DIF:

Hard

REF: p. 41

OBJ: LO: 03-03 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Application

16.

Anything that may assume different numerical values is considered a(n) _____.

a.

variable

b.

construct

c.

item

d.

data point

ANS: A OBJ: LO: 03-03

PTS: 1

DIF:

Moderate

REF: p. 42

NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Knowledge

17.

Which of the following is an empirical assessment of a concept?

a.

hypothesis

b.

variable

c.

construct

d.

item

ANS: B

PTS: 1

DIF:

Moderate

REF: p. 42

OBJ: LO: 03-03 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Comprehension

18.

When the data from an empirical study are consistent with a research hypothesis, we say that the hypothesis is _____.

a.

confirmed

b.

conclusive

c.

supported

d.

true

ANS: C OBJ: LO: 03-03

PTS: 1

DIF:

Moderate

REF: p. 42

NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Comprehension

19.

The process of identifying the actual measurement scales to assess the variables of interest is called _____.

a.

operationalizing

b.

synthesizing

c.

verifying

d.

conceptualizing

ANS: A

PTS: 1

DIF:

Moderate

REF: p. 42

OBJ: LO: 03-03 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Knowledge

20.

_____ is the logical process of deriving a conclusion about a specific instance based on a known general premise or something known to be true.

a.

Deductive reasoning

b.

Inductive reasoning

c.

Latent reasoning

d.

Abstract reasoning

ANS: A OBJ: LO: 03-04

PTS: 1

DIF:

Moderate

REF: p. 43

NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Knowledge

21.

The logical process of establishing a general proposition on the basis of observation of particular facts is known as _____.

a.

deductive reasoning

b.

generalized reasoning

c.

inductive reasoning

d.

conceptual reasoning

ANS: C

PTS: 1

DIF:

Moderate

REF: p. 44

OBJ: LO: 03-04 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Knowledge

22.

If all the trees a person has seen in his life have been green and therefore he concludes that all trees are green, which type of reasoning is he using?

a.

deductive reasoning

b.

inductive reasoning

c.

generalized reasoning

d.

conceptual reasoning

ANS: B OBJ: LO: 03-04

PTS: 1

DIF:

Hard

REF: p. 44

NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Application

23.

A researcher is testing the hypothesis stating a positive relationship between business owners’ level of risk tolerance and the insurance coverage for the business.

To test this, the researcher uses a set of prescribed procedures for establishing and connecting theoretical statements about these two constructs, for analyzing empirical evidence gathered through surveys, and for predicting future behavior.

This researcher is following the _____.

a.

hypothetical method

b.

scientific method

c.

deductive method

d.

inductive method

ANS: B

PTS: 1

DIF:

Hard

REF: p. 44

OBJ: LO: 03-05 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Application

24.

Which of the following is a step involved in the application of the scientific method?

a.

statement of hypotheses

b.

formulation of concepts and propositions

c.

analysis and evaluation of data

d.

all of these choices

ANS: D

PTS: 1

DIF:

Easy

REF: p. 44

OBJ: LO: 03-05 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Comprehension

25.

What is the LAST step in the application of the scientific method?

a.

assessment of relevant existing knowledge of a phenomenon

b.

proposal of an explanation of the phenomenon and statement of new problems raised by the

c.

design of research to test the hypothesis

d.

acquisition of meaningful empirical data

ANS: B

PTS: 1

DIF:

Hard

REF: p. 44

OBJ: LO: 03-05 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Comprehension

COMPLETION

1.

A formal, logical explanation of some events that includes predictions of how things relate to one another is known as a(n) _____.

ANS: theory

PTS: 1

DIF:

Moderate

REF: p. 38

OBJ: LO: 03-01

NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Knowledge

2.

The two purpose of theory are understanding and _____.

ANS: predicting

PTS: 1

DIF:

Moderate

REF: p. 38

OBJ: LO: 03-02

NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Comprehension

3.

_____ are the building blocks of theory.

ANS: Concepts

PTS: 1

DIF:

Moderate

REF: p. 39

OBJ: LO: 03-03

NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Comprehension

4.

The organization of concepts in sequence from the most concrete and individual to the most general is called the _____.

ANS: ladder of abstraction

PTS: 1

DIF:

Moderate

REF: p. 40

OBJ: LO: 03-03

NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Knowledge

5.

In theory development, the level of knowledge expressing a concept that exists only as an idea or a quality apart from an object is the ____ level.

ANS: abstract

PTS: 1

DIF:

Moderate

REF: p. 40

OBJ: LO: 03-03

NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Knowledge

6.

A concept that is not directly observable or measurable, but can be estimated through a proxy measure is known as a(n) _____ construct.

ANS: latent

PTS: 1

DIF:

Moderate

REF: p. 40

OBJ: LO: 03-03

NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Knowledge

7.

Statements explaining the logical linkage among certain concepts by asserting a universal connection between concepts are called _____.

ANS: propositions

PTS: 1

DIF:

Moderate

REF: p. 41

OBJ: LO: 03-03

NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Knowledge

8.

A(n) _____ is a formal statement explaining some outcome and is testable.

ANS: hypothesis

PTS: 1

DIF:

Moderate

REF: p. 41

OBJ: LO: 03-03

NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Knowledge

9.

_____ involves applying statistics to data to test hypotheses.

ANS: Empirical testing

PTS: 1

DIF:

Moderate

REF: p. 41

OBJ: LO: 03-03

NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Knowledge

10.

When the data are inconsistent with a hypothesis, we say the hypothesis is _____,

ANS: not supported

PTS: 1

DIF:

Moderate

REF: p. 42

OBJ: LO: 03-03

NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Comprehension

11.

If it is hypothesized that higher levels of compensation will positively influence workers’ intention to stay with a company, level of compensation measured in dollars and intentions to stay using a scale are examples of _____.

ANS: variables

PTS: 1

DIF:

Hard

REF: p. 42

OBJ: LO: 03-03

NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Application

12.

A researcher is using income, education, and zip code as an indication of social class. This process of identifying the actual measurement scales to assess social class is called _____.

ANS: operationalizing

PTS: 1

DIF:

Hard

REF: p. 42

OBJ: LO: 03-03

NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Application

13.

Going from the general to the specific is done in _____ reasoning.

ANS: deductive

PTS: 1

DIF:

Moderate

REF: p. 43

OBJ: LO: 03-04

NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Comprehension

14.

_____ reasoning establishes a general proposition on the basis of observation of particular facts.

ANS: Inductive

PTS: 1

DIF:

Moderate

REF: p. 44

OBJ: LO: 03-04

NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Knowledge

15.

A set of prescribed procedures for establishing and connecting theoretical statements about events, for analyzing empirical evidence, and for predicting events yet unknown is called the _____.

ANS: scientific method

PTS: 1

DIF:

Moderate

REF: p. 44

OBJ: LO: 03-05

NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Knowledge

ESSAY

1.

What is a theory and a hypothesis, and what role do they play in marketing research?

ANS: A theory is a formal, logical explanation of some events that includes predictions of how things relate to one another. The two purposes of theory are understanding and predicting. Accomplishing the first goal allows the theorist to gain an understanding of the relationship among various phenomena. Thus a theory enables us to predict the behavior or characteristics of one phenomenon from the knowledge of another phenomenon.

A hypothesis is a formal statement explaining some outcome. Hypotheses must be testable and should be written as propositions. We often apply statistics to data to empirically test hypotheses.

When the data are consistent with a hypothesis, we say the hypothesis is supported. When the data are inconsistent with the hypothesis, we say the hypothesis is not supported. Because our results are based on statistics, there is always the possibility that our conclusion is wrong, so from an absolute perspective, statistics cannot prove a hypothesis is true.

PTS: 1

DIF:

Moderate

REF: p. 38| p. 41

OBJ: LO: 03-01| LO: 03-03

NAT: AACSB Communication| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Comprehension

2.

Explain the difference between a concept and a variable and give an example of each.

ANS: A concept (or construct) is a generalized idea about a class of objects, attributes, occurrences, or processes that has been given a name. Supervisory behavior or risk aversion are examples of concepts. A variable is anything that may assume different numerical values and is the empirical assessment of a concept. For example, supervisory behavior may be assessed through variables such as amount of time spent training employees, number of employees supervised, and degree to which employees are involved in decision-making.

PTS: 1

DIF:

Moderate

REF: p. 39| p. 42

OBJ: LO: 03-03

NAT: AACSB Communication| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Comprehension

3.

How does a hypothesis differ from a proposition? Give an example of each.

ANS: Propositions are statements explaining the logical linkage among certain concepts by asserting a universal connection between concepts. An example of a proposition might be: Changes in tax law will influence individuals’ charitable giving. A hypothesis is a formal statement of an unproven proposition that is empirically testable. An example of a hypothesis might be: Tax laws limiting the deductibility of charitable contributions will decrease charitable giving.

PTS: 1

DIF:

Moderate

REF: p. 41

OBJ: LO: 03-03

NAT: AACSB Communication| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Comprehension

4.

Discuss the types of reasoning researchers use to build theories.

ANS: At the abstract, conceptual level, a theory may be developed with deductive reasoning by going from a general statement to a specific assertion. Deductive reasoning is the logical process of deriving a conclusion about a specific instance, based on a known general premise or something known to be true. At the empirical level, a theory may be developed with inductive reasoning, which is the logical process of establishing a general proposition on the basis of observation of particular facts.

PTS: 1

DIF:

Moderate

REF: p. 43

OBJ: LO: 03-04

NAT: AACSB Communication| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Comprehension

5.

List the steps a researcher will likely follow when applying the scientific method to develop and test theories

ANS: 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Assessment of relevant existing knowledge of a phenomenon Formulation of concepts and propositions Statement of hypotheses Design of research to test the hypotheses Acquisition of meaningful empirical data Analysis and evaluation of data

7.

Proposal of an explanation of the phenomenon and statement of new problems raised by the research

PTS: 1

DIF:

Moderate

REF: p. 44

OBJ: LO: 03-05

NAT: AACSB Communication| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Knowledge