Green Infrastructure in the Lower East Side

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III Green Infrastructure

Green Infrastructure III

Table of Contents Goal ................................................................................................................................................2 džŝƐƟŶŐ ŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ϯ KďũĞĐƟǀĞ ϭ͗ DŝƟŐĂƚĞ ^ƚƌĞƐƐ ŽŶ ^ĞǁĞƌ ^LJƐƚĞŵ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ϰ

ZĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĂƟŽŶ ϭ͘ϭ͗ ĚǀŽĐĂƚĞ ƚŽ /ŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚ ĂŶ /ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚ 'ƌĞĞŶǁĂLJ ^LJƐƚĞŵ ZĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĂƟŽŶ ϭ͘Ϯ͗ WƌŽŵŽƚĞ ůƵĞ ĂŶĚ 'ƌĞĞŶ ZŽŽĨƐ ĨŽƌ ϯ ZĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĂƟŽŶ ϭ͘ϯ͗ WƌŽŵŽƚĞ ƚŚĞ /ŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ 'ƌĞLJǁĂƚĞƌ ^LJƐƚĞŵƐ ŝŶ ϯ ZĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĂƟŽŶ ϭ͘ϰ͗ WƌŽŵŽƚĞ DĂƌŬĞƚ 'ĂƌĚĞŶƐ

KďũĞĐƟǀĞ Ϯ͗ ZĂƚ ďĂƚĞŵĞŶƚ dŚƌŽƵŐŚ tĂƐƚĞ ZĞĚƵĐƟŽŶ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ϭϬ

ZĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĂƟŽŶ Ϯ͘ϭ͗ ^ƚĂƌƚ Ă ŽŵƉŽƐƟŶŐ WƌŽŐƌĂŵ

KďũĞĐƟǀĞ ϯ͗ /ŶĐƌĞĂƐĞ WƵďůŝĐ ĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ŝƟnjĞŶ WĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶ ĨŽƌ Ŷ /ŵƉƌŽǀĞĚ 'ƌĞĞŶ /ŶĨƌĂ-­‐ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ŝŶ ϯ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ϭϮ ZĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĂƟŽŶ ϯ͘ϭ͗ hƟůŝnjĞ ϯϭϭ ƚŽ ƩƌĂĐƚ ƩĞŶƟŽŶ ƚŽ ϯ ZĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĂƟŽŶ ϯ͘Ϯ͗ ŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ DĂƉƉŝŶŐ с ŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ WŽǁĞƌ ZĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĂƟŽŶ ϯ͘ϯ͗ /ŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚ Ă ^K DŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐ ^LJƐƚĞŵ ZĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĂƟŽŶ ϯ͘ϰ͗ džƉĂŶĚ WƵďůŝĐ KƵƚƌĞĂĐŚ WƌŽŐƌĂŵ

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III Green  Infrastructure Goal The goal of this report is to identify recommendations and strategies to address public health issues in the Lower East Side and Chinatown through Green Infrastructure solutions. More importantly, the recommendations in this report are designed to enhance the quality of life of WKH SHRSOH LQ WKH /RZHU (DVW 6LGH DQG &KLQDWRZQ E\ VSHFLĂ€FDOO\ DGGUHVVLQJ WKH LVVXHV EURXJKW WR RXU DWWHQWLRQ by Damaris Reyes, the Executive Director of Good Old Lower East Side (GOLES). In a meeting between 3UDWW VWXGHQWV DQG *2/(6 UHSUHVHQWDWLYHV RQ 6HSWHPEHU Ă€UVW KDQG DFFRXQWV RI H[SHULHQFHV with rodent and sewage problems highlighted a major health hazard in the area that needs to be addressed. From this meeting, there are three main strategies our report considers: sewer stress mitigation through What is a Sewershed? A sewershed is a designated area that collects sewage from buildings to be treated at one of New York City’s Wastewater Treatment Facility (WWTF). What is Wastewater? Wastewater is produced every time someone washes their hands, Ă XVKHV WKH WRLOHW GRHV ODXQGU\ ZDVKHV GLVKHV EDWKHV HWF 7KH wastewater produced goes down the drain and into the pipes of a building and makes its way down into New York City’s sewer system. Once in the sewer system, the wastewater travels to a wastewater treatment plant to be sanitized and released into a body of water. In the case of Lower East Side and Chinatown, the wastewater of the area travels to the 13th street pump station where it is then pumped to Newtown Creek Wastewater Plant in Greenpoint, Brooklyn to be sanitized and released into the East River. What is Stormwater Runoff ? Every time it rains, the water that accumulates on rooftops and on the ground is known as stormwater runoff. Stormwater runoff needs to be treated because the level of pollution and smog in New York City’s air accumulates in rainfall. In addition, the bacteria, oil, and other harmful DJHQWV SUHVHQW RQ URRIWRSV DQG RQ WKH JURXQG LQĂ€OWUDWH WKH ZDWHU

Sources: DEP, New York City’s Wastewater Treatment System, 2011 www.nyc.gov/html/dep/pdf/wwsystem.pdf

a number of innovative technologies;͞ rodent abatement through composting (waste reduction);͞ public education and citizen participation through community mapping, CSO monitoring, 311 reporting, and reminding residents of the proper way of discarding cooking oils as a means of preventing oil residue from building up and clogging the sewer system. This report looks to assess the condition and logistics of the city’s sewer system in order to improve the situation for affected residents. In order to address these issues, it is essential to identify the conditions and potential problems of the sewer system that contributes to the sewage problems in the Lower East Side and Chinatown. First, we will examine how the current sewer system functions and identify how the existing conditions of the sewer system contribute to the sewage problems in the area. Our

RYHUDOO VWUDWHJ\ LV WR Ă€QG ZD\V RI PLWLJDWLQJ WKH VWUHVV DQG KLJK OHYHO RI GHPDQG RQ 1HZ <RUN &LW\¡V VHZHU infrastructure. Second, we will seek to address the high rodent population through a food composing program that would involve the collaboration of both the residents and businesses in the area. Lastly, we will identify methods in which GOLES can advocate and build partnerships to implement the recommendations in this report.

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Green  Infrastructure III džĹ?Ć?Ć&#x;ĹśĹ? ŽŜÄšĹ?Ć&#x;ŽŜĆ? New York City’s Sewer Infrastructure is a Combined Sewer System New York City’s sewer system is a rigid system of pipes and tunnels that functions as a combined sewer sys tem, accepting both wastewater and stormwater runoff. The Lower East Side is part of a larger sewershed WKDW HQFRPSDVVHV WKH 8SSHU (DVW 6LGH WKH Ă€QDQFLDO GLVWULFW DV ZHOO DV SDUWV RI %URRNO\Q DQG 4XHHQV 7KH sewershed is connected to Newtown Creek Wastewater Treatment Facility (WWTF) in Brooklyn, where the sewershed’s wastewater and stormwater is treated and released into the East River. &RPELQHG 6HZHU 6\VWHP 2YHUĂ RZ &62 5HOHDVH 3RLQWV 7KH /RZHU (DVW 6LGH DQG &KLQDWRZQ KDV WZHQW\ FRPELQHG VHZHU RYHUĂ RZ UHOHDVH SRLQWV ORFDWHG WKURXJKRXW the East River Costal Line (refer to Environment and Infrastructure Report in the Appendix). New York &LW\¡V 'HSDUWPHQW RI (QYLURQPHQWDO 3URWHFWLRQ '(3 FODVVLĂ€HV HDFK KLJK UHOHDVLQJ &62 SRLQWV DV HLWKHU Tier 1, 2, or 3. Tier 1 CSO release points can release around 500 million gallons of raw sewage per year, tier 2 &62 UHOHDVH SRLQWV FDQ UHOHDVH PLOOLRQ JDOORQV RI UDZ VHZDJH SHU \HDU DQG 7LHU &62 UHOHDVH SRLQWV can release between 50 million to 250 million gallons of raw sewage per year. One of the twenty CSO release SRLQWV LQ WKH /RZHU (DVW 6LGH LV FODVVLĂ€HG DV D WLHU &62 UHOHDVH SRLQW UHOHDVLQJ PLOOLRQ JDOORQV RI UDZ sewage into the East River per year . This tier 3 CSO release point is located adjacent to Houston Street and can contribute to the sewage and odor problems in the area. Â

What Happens When the Sewer System is at full capacity?

During heavy rains, the sewer system is at capac ity due to high levels of wastewater and storm water entering the system simultaneously. In order to prevent failures of the sewer system, safety regu &RPELQHG 6HZHU 2YHUà RZ (YHQW 6RXUFH 86 (3$ lators are automatically activated. This results in a &RPELQHG 6HZHU 2YHUà RZ &62 HYHQW $ &62 LV D FRPELQDWLRQ RI ZDVWHZDWHU DQG VWRUPZDWHU UXQRII WKDW is released into a water body without being treated by a wastewater treatment plant. In the case of the Lower East Side and Chinatown, CSOs are released into the East River through the twenty CSOs release points lo cated throughout the East River Coastal line. Existing Conditions of the Combined Sewer System Infrastructure ‡ 7KH SLSHV RI H[LVWLQJ EXLOGLQJV DUH XQGHUVL]HG DQG DV D UHVXOW DUH QRW DEOH WR KDQGOH WKH KLJK YROXPH of wastewater. As neighborhood density increases and commercial and residential developments grow larger, existing building’s pipes are not properly sized to handle increased levels of water and sewer needs. ‡ 7KH SLSHV RI WKH VHZHU V\VWHP DUH FUDFNHG RU GDPDJHG IURP ODWHUDO PRYHPHQW FRPSDFWLRQ H[SDQ ϯ

III Green  Infrastructure VLRQV DQG FRQWUDFWLRQ UXVWLQJ DQG URGHQW GDPDJH UHVXOWLQJ LQ FORJJLQJ RU LQĂ€OWUDWLRQ RI JURXQGZDWHU ‡ 7KH FDWFKPHQW EDVLQV ZKHUH VWRUPZDWHU UXQRII FROOHFWV DW VWUHHW OHYHO DQG GUDLQHG LQWR WKH VHZHU system, can often clog with garbage and street debris that can then enter the sewer system pipes and cause further clogging of the system ‡ %XLOGLQJ DQG VHZHU SLSHV FDQ EHFRPH FORJJHG IURP RLO UHVLGXH EXLOGXS DV D UHVXOW RI )DWV 2LOV and Grease (FOG) found in foods being poured down the drain and into the sewer system by residents and businesses. ‡ 7KH /RZHU (DVW 6LGH LV KLVWRULFDOO\ D ZHWODQG V\VWHP WKDW KDV EHHQ Ă€OOHG LQ IRU ODQG GHYHORSPHQW $OWKRXJK WKH VLWH ZDV LQ Ă€OOHG LW LV YHU\ SRVVLEOH WKDW WKH ULVLQJ DQG IDOOLQJ ZDWHU WDEOH VWLOO H[LVWV DQG FDQ EH WKH VRXUFH RI ZDWHU LQĂ€OWUDWLRQ LQWR WKH FLW\¡V VHZHU SLSHV ‡ 7LGDO *DWHV DUH ORFDWHG DW HDFK &62 UHOHDVH SRLQW WR SUHYHQW VHDZDWHU IURP HQWHULQJ WKH VHZHU V\V tem, especially during high tide in the East River. When seawater enters the system, deterioration of pipes and sewage backup can occur due to seawater entering the system. In the Lower East Side and Chinatown, WKHUH DUH Ă€YH &62 SRLQWV OLVWHG DV KDYLQJ DQ DIĂ€OLDWHG WLGDO JDWH 7KH UHVW RI WKH DUHD¡V &62 UHOHDVH SRLQWV have either damaged or missing tidal gates . 7KH RYHUDOO JRDO RI WKH UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV LQ WKLV UHSRUW LV WR SURYLGH RSSRUWXQLWLHV WKDW VLJQLĂ€FDQWO\ limit the amount of stormwater and wastewater from entering New York City’s combined sewer system. *UHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH PD[LPL]HV QDWXUH¡V QDWXUDO Ă€OWUDWLRQ PHFKDQLVP WKURXJK WKH XVH RI JUHHQZD\V JUHHQ blue roofs, bioswales, and enhanced tree pits to capture and absorb large amounts of stormwater. By limiting the amount of stormwater from entering the combined sewer system, the system is less stressed DQG DEOH WR SHUIRUP LWV GXWLHV PRUH HIĂ€FLHQWO\ UHVXOWLQJ LQ IHZHU VHZHU SUREOHPV ,Q DGGLWLRQ WR JUHHQ infrastructure, the report includes recommendations of installing grey water systems in apartment buildings in order to limit the amount of wastewater from entering the sewer system. Greywater systems reduce the amount of wastewater produced by apartment buildings by holding, treating and recycling wastewater to perform other functions of the building or units (e.g. the water that is used in the bathroom sink is VDYHG DQG UHXVHG WR Ă XVK WKH WRLOHW ,Q RUGHU WR FRPEDW WKH URGHQW SRSXODWLRQ WKH UHSRUW UHFRPPHQGV D composting program that seeks to limit the amount of food scraps and other solid wastes in the area that attracts and sustains high rodent population. A secondary goal of the composting program is to provide an opportunity for the community to reinforce relationships among the residents and small businesses in the area. The collaborative effort of the composting program will generate a sense of place for the residents DQG EXVLQHVVHV WKDW KDYH VXIIHUHG WKH FRQVHTXHQFHV RI GLVSODFHPHQW FDXVHG E\ WKH UDSLG JHQWULĂ€FDWLRQ occurring in the area. We will conclude the report by recommending methods in which GOLES can use both new and existing channels to build awareness and partnerships needed to implement several of the recommendations in this report.

KÄ?ĹŠÄžÄ?Ć&#x;ǀĞ Ď­Í— DĹ?Ć&#x;Ĺ?ĂƚĞ ^ĆšĆŒÄžĆ?Ć? ŽŜ ^ÄžÇ ÄžĆŒ ^LJĆ?ƚĞž Rainwater in New York City has traditionally been treated as a waste product. Streets and sidewalks make up nearly 1/3 of the city’s impervious area. The high area of impermeable surfaces of paved streets DQG VLGHZDONV PDNHV LW GLIĂ€FXOW IRU DQ\ RI WKLV ZDWHU WR EH DEVRUEHG QDWXUDOO\ 7KH UDLQZDWHU WUDYHOV DFURVV SDYHG VXUIDFHV SLFNLQJ XS SROOXWDQWV IURP WKH URDG DORQJ WKH ZD\ FROOHFWLQJ LQ XQLQWHQGHG DUHDV RU Ă RZ ing directly into the sewer grates. The problem with rainwater combining with the sewers is that a relatively VPDOO DPRXQW RI UDLQ FDQ RYHUORDG WKH V\VWHP UHVXOWLQJ LQ &RPELQHG 6HZHU 2YHUĂ RZ &62 HYHQWV LQ WKH (DVW 5LYHU $OORZLQJ IRU UDZ VHZDJH WR Ă RZ LQWR WKH ULYHU FDXVHV FRQWDPLQDWLRQ LQ WKH HQYLURQPHQW DQG UH Ď°

Green  Infrastructure III sults in public health issues for the surrounding community. However, there are several alterna tive options for how to mitigate CSO occur rences. In fact, rather than treating stormwater as waste, there are ways to collect and use this rainwater as a resource. Based on our commu nication with GOLES community group, we would like to offer several recommendations for innovative rainwater absorption, collection, and use in building functions and for irrigation of urban agriculture.

Case Study: Bronx River Housing Green Infrastructure Pilot Project NYCHA and DEP completed a 1 million dollar investment in a green infrastructure pilot program. The goal of the project is to reduce pollution, beatify the residential complex, and to slow down or divert storm water from causing CSO events. x Residents were involved in the planning and design process. x 32,000 gallon storm water capacity per rainfall x Integrated approach by utilizing roofs, rain gardens, perforated pipe system located under paved areas. x 0LQLPL]H ORFDO VHZHU EDFNXSV DQG VWUHHW Ă RRGLQJ Source: Department of Environmental Protection, DEP November KWWS ZZZ Q\F JRY KWPO GHS KWPO SUHVVBUHOHDVHV 101pr.shtml

ZÄžÄ?ŽžžÄžĹśÄšÄ‚Ć&#x;ŽŜ Ď­Í˜Ď­Í— ĚǀŽÄ?ĂƚĞ ĨŽĆŒ Ä‚Ĺś /ŜƚĞĹ?ĆŒÄ‚ĆšÄžÄš 'ĆŒÄžÄžĹśÇ Ä‚Ç‡ ^LJĆ?ƚĞž Recognizing that mitigating sewer stress may mean large, expensive, long term project planning, we begin by recommending GOLES continue to form alliances with environmental justice organizations, citizen scientists, and anyone interested in how the built environment affects the health of its inhabitants and the balance of the natural environment. We recommend GOLES to advocate to implement an integrated Greenway system, similar work is being accomplished by the Brooklyn Greenway Initiative. We recommend working with NYC’s Department of Transportation, Department of Environmental Protection, Department of Parks and Recreation, and WKH (FRQRPLF 'HYHORSPHQW &RUSRUDWLRQ DOO KDYH FROODERUDWHG IXQGV DQG HIIRUWV WR VXSSRUW WKH %URRNO\Q Greenway Initiative (“Brooklyn Waterfront Greenwayâ€?, 1). An Integrated Greenway System is a compilation of several forms of green infrastructure that work function synergistically as a stormwater management system aimed at buffering New York City’s combined sewer system. 3RURXV SDYLQJ RI H[LVWLQJ VLGHZDONV DQG VWUHHWV ZRXOG DOORZ IRU UDLQZDWHU WR SHUFRODWH DQG LQĂ€OWUDWH to areas that would typically be impervious to the soils below. Many porous paving materials may appear nearly indistinguishable from nonporous materials but the environmental effects are quite different. If UDLQZDWHU LV DOORZHG WR Ă RZ WKURXJK WKHVH SHUPHDEOH VXUIDFHV DQG LQWR WKH VRLO EHORZ WKHUH LV OHVV ZDWHU

Layers  of  Permeable  Pavement ^ŽƾĆŒÄ?Ğ͗ dĞŜĆ?Ä‚ĆŒ /ĹśĆšÄžĆŒĹśÄ‚Ć&#x;ŽŜÄ‚ĹŻ

^ÄžÄ?Ć&#x;ŽŜ ŽĨ ŜŚĂŜÄ?ĞĚ dĆŒÄžÄž WĹ?ƚ͏^ŽƾĆŒÄ?Ğ͗ Ez WÍ• ĎŽĎŹĎ­Ď­

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III Green  Infrastructure Ă RZLQJ LQWR WKH VHZHUV DQG SXWWLQJ VWUHVV RQ WKH V\VWHP Enhanced tree pits collect runoff from the streets where specially engineered soils and native plant VSHFLHV DUH XVHG WR DEVRUE ZDWHU DQG Ă€OWHU DVVRFLDWHG SROOXWDQWV ,Q VRPH HQKDQFHG WUHH SLWV VWRUDJH FKDPEHUV hold additional runoff, available for absorption by plants or groundwater recharge. Enhanced tree pits can treat one inch of stormwater runoff from a 1,530 square foot area of the street and sidewalk amounting to 954 gallons (NYCDEP, 2011). Curb cuts and slight slopes in street design allow water to be routed into this enhanced tree pits and thereby reduce the CSO effect. An example of this type of project can be found at Autumn and Stanley Avenues, East New York, Brooklyn, through a partnership between NYC Department of Transportation (DOT) and Department of Environmental Protection (DEP). The Brooklyn Greenway Project is another exemplary example that implements similar strategies. As a 2011 winner of the NYC Green Infrastructure Grant Program through DEP, the project was awarded for $462,259 (Sklerov & Saucier, 2011).

Interesting Fact: One inch of rainfall on the street and sidewalk of a typical city block can produce 6,500 gallons of stormwater runoff. Sources: DEP, http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/stormwater/ green_pilot_project_jbay_treeswale.shtml

WĆŒĹ˝Ć‰Ĺ˝Ć?ĞĚ ^ÄžÄ?Ć&#x;ŽŜ ŽĨ /ŜƚĞĹ?ĆŒÄ‚ĆšÄžÄš 'ĆŒÄžÄžÇ Ä‚Ç‡ Ä‚Ćš Ä‚ĆŒĆľÄ?Ĺš ,ŽƾĆ?ÄžĆ? ĂŜĚ & ZÍŹ Ä‚Ć?Ćš ZĹ?Ç€ÄžĆŒ WÄ‚ĆŒĹŹ

Bioswales are another form of rainwater collection in which runoff from the street is diverted by curb cuts and routed into the swale, where specially engineered soils and native plant species are used to absorb the ZDWHU DQG ÀOWHU DVVRFLDWHG SROOXWDQWV 7KLV WHFKQLTXH has been implemented by the New York Department of Environmental Protection (DEP). An example of this technique can be found on 99th Avenue IURP 6WUHHW WR 3ODFH 4XHHQV DV SDUW RI WKH Jamaica Bay Watershed Protection Plan and Mayor Bloomberg’s PlaNYC initiative. 6

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Green  Infrastructure III

Case Studies: New York City In 2010, DEP awarded $2.6 million for stormwater capture to the following projects: ‡ &ROXPELD 8QLYHUVLW\ ZDV DZDUGHG IRU D *UHHQVWUHHWV LQ 5HJR 3DUN WKDW ZLOO UHSODFH QHDUO\ VT IW of impervious surface with permeable pavers and vegetation to capture stormwater runoff from a three acre watershed. ‡ 7KH 5HJLRQDO 3ODQ $VVRFLDWLRQ ZDV DZDUGHG IRU 6SRQJH 3DUNŒ ELR UHWHQWLRQ EDVLQV XQGHU WKH /RQJ ,VODQG ([SUHVVZD\ DQG QHDU WKH 9DQ :\FN ([SUHVVZD\ D FRPELQHG FDSDFLW\ WR VWRUH JDOORQV IURP D WZR LQFK rain event. ‡ 7KH *RZDQXV &DQDO &RQVHUYDQF\ ZDV DZDUGHG IRU WKH WK 6WUHHW *UHHQ &RUULGRU 3URMHFW VHYHQ curbside swales that will capture approximately 40% of the runoff generated by over 45,000 sq. ft. of street and sidewalk surfaces. ‡ 8QLVSKHUH ,QF ZDV JLYHQ URXJKO\ IRU WUHDWPHQW ZHWODQGV DQG UDLQ JDUGHQV WKDW ZLOO FDSWXUH RYHU JDOORQV RI UXQRII IRU HDFK LQFK UDLQ HYHQW Source: NYC Department of Environmental Protection, September 2010, http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/pdf/green_ infrastructure/NYCGreenInfrastructurePlan_HighRes.pdf

ZÄžÄ?ŽžžÄžĹśÄšÄ‚Ć&#x;ŽŜ Ď­Í˜ĎŽÍ— WĆŒŽžŽĆšÄž ůƾĞ ĂŜĚ 'ĆŒÄžÄžĹś ZŽŽĨĆ? 5RRIWRSV FRPSULVH DOPRVW RQH WKLUG RI 1HZ <RUN &LW\¡V WRWDO LPSHUYLRXV VXUIDFH DUHD DQG PD[LPL]LQJ WKH XVH RI WKLV DUHD FRXOG KDYH D VLJQLĂ€FDQW LPSDFW RQ &62 UHGXFWLRQ ,QVWDOOLQJ %OXH DQG *UHHQ URRIV RQ existing building rooftops is another strategy that has been utilized by DEP to reduce stormwater runoff IURP HQWHULQJ WKH VHZHUV %OXH URRIV DUH QRQ YHJHWDWHG V\VWHPV WKDW UHWDLQ VWRUPZDWHU WKURXJK FDWFKPHQW SRROV DQG UDLQ EDUUHOV &RXSOHG ZLWK OLJKW FRORUHG URRĂ€QJ PDWHULDO WKH\ FDQ DOVR SURYLGH EHQHĂ€WV WKURXJK rooftop cooling, reducing heat island effect in the summer.3 Green roofs consist of a vegetative layer that JURZV LQ D VSHFLDOO\ GHVLJQHG VRLO ZKLFK VLWV RQ WRS RI D GUDLQDJH OD\HU *UHHQ URRIV DUH W\SLFDOO\ PRUH costly than blue roofs but they are capable of absorbing and retaining larger amounts of stormwater. Green URRIV SURYLGH DGGLWLRQDO EHQHĂ€WV VXFK DV DEVRUELQJ DLU DQG QRLVH SROOXWLRQ URRIWRS FRROLQJ E\ UHGXFLQJ 89 radiation absorption. The City provides a Green Roof Tax Abatement from City property taxes of $4.50 per square foot of green roof, up to $100,000 that can help to cover the cost of these improvements. Blue and green roofs can EH IRXQG RQ 36 LQ 4XHHQV DV D UHVXOW RI D SDUWQHUVKLS EHWZHHQ '(3 DQG 'HSDUWPHQW RI (GXFDWLRQ Taking the unique attributes of the study area, we would recommend that GOLES advocate for a similar green and blue roof initiative on schools and NYCHA buildings, considering that these rooftops account for a large proportion of the regions surface area. The NYC School Construction Authority’s (NYCSCA) Green Schools Program could be a valuable partnership to build opportunities for implementation of similar projects.

ZÄžÄ?ŽžžÄžĹśÄšÄ‚Ć&#x;ŽŜ Ď­Í˜ĎŻÍ— WĆŒŽžŽĆšÄž ƚŚĞ /žƉůĞžĞŜƚĂĆ&#x;ŽŜ ŽĨ 'ĆŒÄžÇ‡Ç Ä‚ĆšÄžĆŒ ^LJĆ?ƚĞžĆ? Greywater reuse is positioned as a long term strategy in the wastewater infrastructure transformation on the Lower East Side. This is because the implementation of greywater systems in existing buildings is often challenging, requiring adequate structural integrity and separate plumbing systems for greywater and toilet water. However, the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation

What is Greywater? *UH\ZDWHU DV GHĂ€QHG LQ WKH 1HZ <RUN 6WDWH :DWHU (IĂ€FLHQF\ DQG 5HXVH /DZ LQFOXGHV DOO water from bathtubs, showers, washing machines, dishwashers and sinks, but excludes discharges from toilets, urinals, and all industrial sources. (NYSDEC 2010) 7

III Green  Infrastructure (NYSDEC) provides funding for greywater systems WKURXJK LWV *UHHQ %XLOGLQJ 7D[ &UHGLW 3DUW Green Buidling Tax Credit). The implementation RI JUH\ZDWHU Ă€OWHULQJ DQG UHF\FOLQJ QHXWUDOL]HV and removes biosolids from the water stream and GHFUHDVHV WKH WRWDO Ă RZ RI ZDVWHZDWHU LQWR WKH VHZHU system. Nationally, greywater currently contributes RI WRWDO ZDVWHZDWHU Ă RZ WR GRPHVWLF VHZHUV (Flowers 2004). Filtered greywater can be used Interesting Fact: Approximately 26 billion gallons of water are used every day in the United States alone. According to the United States Geological Survey, the average American uses EHWZHHQ DQG JDOORQV RI ZDWHU GDLO\ )ORZHUV

There are eight million grey water systems in the US with 22 million users. (Greywater 2011).

IRU QRQ SRWDEOH DSSOLFDWLRQV LQFOXGLQJ LUULJDWLRQ RI QRQ HGLEOH SODQW OLIH DQG Ă XVKLQJ WRLOHWV /DUJH VFDOH LQVWDOODWLRQ RI JUH\ZDWHU Ă€OWUDWLRQ V\VWHPV FDQ KDYH D VLJQLĂ€FDQW LPSDFW RQ UHGXFLQJ WKH volume of water released into the sewage system infrastructure. Water from bathtubs, showers, WĆŒĹ˝Ć‰Ĺ˝Ć?ĞĚ ƉůĂŜ ŽĨ /ŜƚĞĹ?ĆŒÄ‚ĆšÄžÄš 'ĆŒÄžÄžÇ Ä‚Ç‡ Ä‚Ćš Ez , ,ŽƾĆ?ÄžĆ? ĂŜĚ & ZÍŹ washing machines, dishwashers, and sinks may be Ä‚Ć?Ćš ZĹ?Ç€ÄžĆŒ WÄ‚ĆŒĹŹ Ç Ĺ?ƚŚ 'ĆŒÄžÄžĹśĆŒŽŽĨĆ? ĂŜĚ Ĺ?ĆŒÄžÇ‡Ç Ä‚ĆšÄžĆŒ ĹŻĹ˝Ä?Ä‚Ć&#x;ŽŜĆ? Ă€OWHUHG DQG XVHG IRU RWKHU IXQFWLRQV OLNH Ă XVKLQJ toilets and irrigating agriculture (Greywater 2011). 3UHVHQWO\ MXULVGLFWLRQ RYHU LQ EXLOGLQJ DQG VPDOO KRXVHKROG ZDVWHZDWHU GHVLJQ UHVLGHV ZLWK '61< IRU WKH EXLOGLQJ DQG SOXPELQJ FRGHV DQG '2+ IRU RQ VLWH ZDVWH WUHDWPHQW DQG GLVSRVDO VWDQGDUGV 1<6'(& ,Q WKH VKRUW WHUP DOWHUQDWLYH ZDWHU UHGXFWLRQ GHVLJQV FDQ EH LPSOHPHQWHG VXFK DV ORZ Ă RZ DQG GXDO Ă XVK WRLOHWV XULQDOV ORZ Ă RZ VKRZHU KHDGV UDLQZDWHU EDUUHO RU FLVWHUQ FROOHFWRUV DQG EOXH URRIV DV discussed in previous section). A plumbing workforce development program could help implement these systems accurately and uniformly, creating green jobs for the community. Greywater systems can be installed in new construction projects;Íž building audits are performed to identify existing buildings with renovation

6RXUFH KLJKULVHV FRP 8

Green  Infrastructure III potential. In the longer term, greywater systems can be integrated on green roofs in the form of rooftop UDLQZDWHU FROOHFWLRQ 5DLQZDWHU FDQ EH Ă€OWHUHG WKURXJK JUHHQ URRIV DQG SURYLGHV FOHDQ QRQ SRUWDEOH WRLOHW ZDWHU *UH\ZDWHU FDQ EH Ă€OWHUHG DQG GLYHUWHG IURP ZDVWHZDWHU VWUHDP LQWR JUHHQZD\V DQG UHF\FOHG IRU XVH in cooling systems and toilet water. We would recommend that GOLES form partnerships with the New York State Department of Environ mental Conservation (NYSDEC), New York City Department of Environmental Protection (NYCDEP), New York City Department of Buildings (NYCDOB), New York City Department of Sanitation (DSNY), and the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (NYCDOHMH) to advocate for these types of greywater systems to be implemented. The Solaire project, located in Battery Park City, is an applicable case study. The Solaire uses 50% less potable water than buildings of comparable size (Wilson 2009). NYU has crafted a grant program which provides funding for a greywater recycling system. Students in one dorm have volunteered to test run the V\VWHP IRU WKH SXUSRVH RI HYHQWXDOO\ H[SDQGLQJ LW FDPSXV ZLGH %UHVFKHU 6KHD '(& SURYLGHV WD[ FUHGLWV IRU JUH\ZDWHU V\VWHPV +RZHYHU Ă€QDQFLDO HVWLPDWHV IRU WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI JUH\ZDWHU V\VWHPV DUH GLIĂ€FXOW EHFDXVH HDFK V\VWHP LV LGLRV\QFUDWLF 1HZ LQVWDOODWLRQV DUH OHVV H[SHQVLYH EHFDXVH UHDGLO\ DYDLODEOH SDUWV FDQ EH XWLOL]HG 5HWURĂ€WWLQJ ROG EXLOGLQJV LV FKDOOHQJLQJ DQG VRPHWLPHV QRW SRVVLEOH

ZÄžÄ?ŽžžÄžĹśÄšÄ‚Ć&#x;ŽŜ Ď­Í˜Ď°Í— WĆŒŽžŽĆšÄž DÄ‚ĆŒĹŹÄžĆš 'Ä‚ĆŒÄšÄžĹśĆ? Our last recommendation to mitigate stress on the sewer system is to implement urban agricultural PDUNHW JDUGHQV RU WKH ´VPDOO VFDOH SURGXFWLRQ RI IUXLWV YHJHWDEOHV DQG Ă RZHUV DV FDVK FURSV VROG GLUHFWO\ WR consumers and restaurants (wiki)â€? through short, mid, and long term strategies. Urban agriculture increases the ability of a surface to retain stormwater and therefore has the potential to reduce the amount of rainwater entering the combined sewer system. While not certain of the exact quantity of stormwater urban agriculture is able to divert from the combined sewer system, citizen scientists Tyler Caruso and Erik Facteau are cur rently hard at work to determine the potential in NYC (Leahy, 2011). Meanwhile, in 2011 the DEP’s Green Infrastructure grants awarded $920k to projects aimed at urban agriculture as stormwater capture (Sklerov & Saucier, 2011). During an interview with Green NYCHA Manhattan garden coordinator Robert Bennaton, he explained that the opportunity to garden on NYCHA property has not been adequately explored. We strongly feel that this Case Study: NYC Urban Agriculture ‡ '(3 DZDUG¡V N WR 8UEDQ $JULFXOWXUH projects as stormwater capture in the 2011 Green Infrastructure Grant Program. Source: NYC Department of Environmental Protection, June 2011, http://www.nyc.gov/html/ GHS KWPO SUHVVBUHOHDVHV SU VKWPO Case Study: Market Gardens ‡ 6HDWWOH 0DUNHW *DUGHQV HVWDEOLVK HFRQRPLF opportunity through CSA and farm stands in low income communities Source: Seattle Department of Neighborhoods, 2011, http://www.seattle.gov/neighborhoods/ppatch/ marketgardens/

What Can GOLES DO? These types of environmental infrastructure work in cohesion with the enhanced tree pits and porous paving to mitigate the stormwater runoff effect. Our recommendation is for GOLES to advocate for these types of projects by developing partnerships with other local organizations such as Department of Transportation and Department of Environmental Protection to implement these ‘green street’ projects ZLWK WKH RYHUDOO JRDO RI UHGXFLQJ VWRUPZDWHU LQĂ€OWUDWLRQ into the sewer system. Other partnerships could include local schools to engage youth in planting programs and education on the importance and value of stormwater issues. 9

III Green  Infrastructure FRXOG EH DQ RSSRUWXQLW\ IRU *2/(6 WR ORRN LQWR WKH EHQHĂ€WV RI UDLQZDWHU FROOHFWLRQ IRRG SURGXFWLRQ YLD urban agriculture, as well as the opportunity for economic development in the form of revenue from selling ORFDOO\ JURZQ Ă RZHUV KHUEV DQG IRRG FURSV )XUWKHUPRUH '(3 KDV SURYLGHG JUDQW RSSRUWXQLWLHV LQ WKH SDVW for these types of projects (See case study). $V D VKRUW WHUP UHFRPPHQGDWLRQ VWUDWHJ\ ZH UHFRPPHQG WKDW *2/(6 FRQQHFW ZLWK 5REHUW %HQQDWRQ WR get involved in the GreenNYCHA gardening program. GreenNYCHA supports gardening in the form of building material and technical assistance, free seeds in the spring and bulbs in the fall, a forty dollar subsidy per registered garden, and compost or wood chips as available from property management. $ PLG WHUP UHFRPPHQGDWLRQ VWUDWHJ\ LV WR HVWDEOLVK PDUNHW JDUGHQV VXFK DV WKRVH LQ HVWDEOLVKHG ZLWK 6HDWWOH Housing Authority (Seattle Market Gardens), through Green NYCHA. Market gardeners could vend at H[LVWLQJ *UHHQPDUNHWV RU FRQVXOW WKH FRPPXQLW\ ERDUG WR Ă€QG ORFDWLRQV IRU 0DUNHW *DUGHQ YHQGLQJ FDUWV As a long term recommendation strategy, we suggest that market gardens create vending partnerships with area bars and restaurants interested in local herbs and produce. In future explorations, we would suggest that PDUNHW JDUGHQV HVWDEOLVK UHYHQXH JHQHUDWLQJ HGXFDWLRQDO ZRUNVKRSV RU FXUULFXOXP DV D Ă€HOG WULS GHVWLQDWLRQ

KÄ?ĹŠÄžÄ?Ć&#x;ǀĞ ĎŽÍ— ZÄ‚Ćš Ä?ĂƚĞžĞŜƚ dĹšĆŒŽƾĹ?Ĺš tÄ‚Ć?ƚĞ ZĞĚƾÄ?Ć&#x;ŽŜ Rodents of Community District 3 have WRQV RI ZDVWH WR UXPPDJH WKURXJK GDLO\ The Lower East Side Ecology Center reports 1500 households contribute 60 tons of organic waste to compost annually. With a population of 69,333 households in Community District WKH GLVWULFW SURGXFHV DURXQG WRQV RU SRXQGV RI RUJDQLF ZDVWH LQ RQH \HDU (Census 2010, LESEC interview).

Case Studies: New York City and Beyond ‡ 1HZ<RUN&RPSRVW FROOHFWV UHVLGHQWLDO IRRG VFUDSV E\ tricycle Source: New York Compost, www.newyorkcompost.com ‡ 9DQFRXYHU %& %LRF\FOH SURMHFWV HQJDJHV \RXWK LQ ELF\FOH pick up of business food waste that they then bring to composting sites Source: Vancouver Foundation, http://projects. YDQFRXYHUIRXQGDWLRQDZDUGV FD ELRF\FOH

ZÄžÄ?ŽžžÄžĹśÄšÄ‚Ć&#x;ŽŜ ĎŽÍ˜Ď­Í— /žƉůĞžĞŜƚ Ä‚ ŽžĆ‰Ĺ˝Ć?Ć&#x;ĹśĹ? ŽĂůĹ?Ć&#x;ŽŜ Composting requires diverting food scraps from garbage so organic waste can break down into nutrients for soil. The act of composting is the strongest defense against rodents, if we can steal their food source they will have nothing to survive! In theory, if there is less organic waste (i.e. food scraps) sitting on the street in trash bags there will be fewer food options for rodents. Further, the fewer bags of trash ripped open by rats the fewer pieces of trash there will be to clog sewer drains and pipes. Keeping sewer drains and pipes clean is integral to a healthy combined sewer system. It is important to keep in mind that there are reports of compost attracting rats and there are reports of compost not attracting rats. In an interview with %DUXFK &RPSRVW 3URJUDP 6RXUFH *UHHQ1<&+$ LESEC, we not only learned they compost 60tons of food scraps a year but that they accomplish this without any rodent issues. The LESEC uses a closed composting system as illustrated in the image to the right. These containers can DFWXDOO\ EH UHGHHPHG LQ &KLQDWRZQ DQG KDYH SUHYLRXVO\ XVH DV Ă€VK VKLSSLQJ FRQWDLQHUV 7KH /(6(& FDQ EH Ď­ĎŹ

Green  Infrastructure III contacted about how to set up a closed composting system such as the one they utilize. If done correctly, the act of composting is the strongest defense against rodents, if we can steal their food source they will have nothing to survive! The Resident Green Committee at Baruch +RXVHV UHFHQWO\ ODXQFKHG DQ RQ VLWH UHVLGHQWLDO FRPSRVWLQJ program, engaging residents in separating their everyday /(6(& (QFORVHG &RPSRVW 9HVVHO 3KRWR /LQGVD\ IRRG ZDVWH IURP RWKHU IRUPV RI ZDVWH PDWHULDOV DQG QRQ 'RQQHOORQ recyclables (Urban Transformers, 2011). You might be asking, who wants to sort through trash? You don’t have to. Instead of tossing that banana peel in with your household trashcan, the program provides white composting pails with clamping lids (Image below). 7KLV HQFORVHG ZKLWH SDLO LV ZKHUH \RX HQG XS SXWWLQJ IRRG VFUDSV PLQXV RLOV PHDW DQG Ă€VK DQG SUHYHQWV IUXLW Ă LHV 7KH FODPSLQJ OLG DOVR ZDUGV RII DQ\ VPHOOV WKDW DWWUDFW UDWV DQG RWKHU URGHQWV &RPSRVWLQJ FDQ DOVR EH VWRUHG LQ WKH IUHH]HU DQRWKHU PHWKRG RI ZDUGLQJ RII IUXLW Ă LHV DQG URGHQWV 7HPSHUDWXUHV below 32 degrees Fahrenheit present an antifungal environment where organisms and odors have no chance of surviving (EcoCycle, 2011). Then just as one brings the garbage out, the compost gets brought outside to one of three black tumbler composting vessels on site at Baruch Houses. In the short term, ZH UHFRPPHQG WKH FUHDWLRQ RI D *2/(6 VXE FRPPLWWHHÂłWKH &RPSRVW &RDOLWLRQ PXFK OLNH WKH Morningside Heights/Harlem Sanitation Coalition, that could organize around waste reduction in an effort to reduce rat and sewage issues in the Lower East Side as well as provide opportunities for community engagement, education, and outreach. The Compost Coalition could work with existing composting organizations, such as the Baruch House Resident Green Committee and the Lower East Side Ecology Center, in an effort to encourage residents to divert food scraps from trash via composting. Residents RI &RPPXQLW\ 'LVWULFW KDYH WKH FKRLFH RI EULQJLQJ WKHLU IRRG ZDVWH WR FRPPXQLW\ JDUGHQV ZLWK composting capacity (See Map in Appendix), the Lower East Side Ecology &HQWHU FROOHFWLRQ VLWHV ² /(6(& JDUGHQ RQ (DVW WK DQG WKH 8QLRQ 6TXDUH Greenmarket (lesecologycenter.org), or residents can compost at home with assistance offered by the LESEC. To assist those residents not interested in composting at home, the Compost Coalition could partner with Local Spokes, schools, New York Compost and LESEC in creating a program where youth earn gym credit to collect and transport residential food scraps to one of the community composting sites in the Lower East Side. These efforts will keep cars and trucks off the street and utilize the bicycle infrastructure already in place throughout the area. BioCycle in Vancouver, BC is an exemplary model of this idea. 7KHUH DUH D VLJQLĂ€FDQW QXPEHU RI EDUV DQG UHVWDXUDQWV LQ WKH UHJLRQ ZKHUH ZDVWH DFFXPXODWHV TXLFNO\ especially on weekends;Íž however, there is a major barrier to hauling commercial waste. NYC mandates that all commercial waste haulers have a BIC license, which complicates efforts towards putting a lid on commercial organic waste. However, there are alternatives. In the long term, the aforementioned Compost Coalition could organize Waste Reduction Districts. Waste Reduction Districts would be blocks where tenant bars and restaurants partner to create a composting system in the shared space behind buildings. A study done by Cornell measured restaurants willingness to compost and found opportunity to implement composting programs (Segelken, 1999). The Compost Coalition could charge the Waste Reduction Districts to hire a composting consultant to manage the block’s waste reducing compost system, a program to haul the compost product by bicycle to gardens or redistribution sites where the Ď­Ď­

III Green  Infrastructure

WĆŒĹ˝Ć‰Ĺ˝Ć?ĞĚ tÄ‚Ć?ƚĞ ZĞĚƾÄ?Ć&#x;ŽŜ Ĺ?Ć?ĆšĆŒĹ?Ä?Ćš Ä‚Ćš Ć?Ć?Ğdž ^ĆšĆŒÄžÄžĆš DÄ‚ĆŒĹŹÄžĆš Ç Ĺ?ƚŚ dĆŒĹ?Ä?LJÄ?ĹŻÄž ĆŒŽƾƚĞ

compost product could be bagged for sale, and eventually selling the product for the Compost Coalition. There are various sources of funding for composting programs, including;Íž Manhattan Borough President Scott Strong compost grant, Citizens Committee for NYC (3 types of grants), GreenNYCHA, NY Dept. of Environmental Conservation, and Kickstarter as used by NewYorkCompost.

KÄ?ĹŠÄžÄ?Ć&#x;ǀĞ ĎŻÍ— /ĹśÄ?ĆŒÄžÄ‚Ć?Äž WĆľÄ?ĹŻĹ?Ä? ĚƾÄ?Ä‚Ć&#x;ŽŜ ĂŜĚ Ĺ?Ć&#x;ÇŒÄžĹś WÄ‚ĆŒĆ&#x;Ä?Ĺ?ƉĂĆ&#x;ŽŜ &Ĺ˝ĆŒ Ĺś /ĹľĆ‰ĆŒĹ˝Ç€ÄžÄš 'ĆŒÄžÄžĹś /ŜĨĆŒÄ‚Ć?ĆšĆŒĆľÄ?ĆšĆľĆŒÄž Ĺ?Ĺś ĎŻ We conclude by looking at a number of ways to address the sewer infrastructure and rodent issues through community participation. We believe that by providing local residents with the proper tools to gather data about the issues in their area, the community may become empowered by this information ownership and strengthen the community ties. Citizens have the right to address the issues affecting their neighborhood and EULQJ WKH DZDUHQHVV RI SXEOLF RIĂ€FLDOV WR WKHVH SUREOHPV WR HVWDEOLVK RSHQ FRPPXQLFDWLRQ WKHLU ULJKWV RI equality and representation and to a healthy and safe sense of place. One of the methods communities groups can bring awareness to the issues affecting the area is through New York City’s 311 service. The City of New York has created a centralized agency known as 311 to serve as a singular point of contact for residents in the city to report problems to the government. This has created a wealth of new data which city managers use to PDNH GLIĂ€FXOW GHFLVLRQV DERXW ZKHUH WR VSHQG VFDUFH UHVRXUFHV LW KDV DOVR FUHDWHG D WUDQVSDUHQW DFFRXQWDELOLW\ system to hold responsible those agencies that do not respond to problems. Furthermore, there are several mapping tools have been developed to help communities organize and establish ownership of that information. This has allowed many groups to conduct more detailed and focused surveys to better identify the needs of their constituents, and enabled those groups to provide a stronger foundation for their arguments.

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Green  Infrastructure III ZÄžÄ?ŽžžÄžĹśÄšÄ‚Ć&#x;ŽŜ ĎŻÍ˜Ď­Í— hĆ&#x;ĹŻĹ?njĞ ĎŻĎ­Ď­ ƚŽ ĆŠĆŒÄ‚Ä?Ćš ƊĞŜĆ&#x;ŽŜ ƚŽ ĎŻ We recommend that GOLES promote the use of 311 throughout Community District 3 to bring attention to sewer infrastructure problems, including sewer breaks, sewer odors, and sewer backups and rodent issues. Infrastructure maintenance is expensive, underfunded, and there is a need for it in every neighborhood LQ WKH FLW\ LW LV D SUREOHP YHU\ UHVLVWDQW WR HQJDJHPHQW 7KH VDPH JRHV IRU WKH URGHQW SUREOHP SDVW HVWLPDWHV KDYH HVWLPDWHG 1HZ <RUN &LW\¡V UDW SRSXODWLRQ DW RQH SHU KXPDQ ZLWK KLJKHU QXPEHUV HVWLPDWHG IRU PLFH 7KH VLJQLĂ€FDQW SRLQW LV WKDW WDFNOLQJ WKHVH SUREOHPV UHTXLUHV VWURQJ FRPPXQLW\ RUJDQL]DWLRQ DQG XOWLPDWHO\ partnership with neighboring communities and the City of New York. The basic premise of 311 is that it SURYLGHV FLW\ UHVLGHQWV DFFHVV WR QRQ HPHUJHQF\ PXQLFLSDO VHUYLFHV ,W DOORZV FLW\ UHVLGHQWV WR FRPPXQLFDWH with the multitude of agencies and departments that perform vital services by phone;Íž they began taking online submissions in early 2011 and have also developed an app for the iPhone for those who do not want to speak to an operator or be put on hold. Previously if a city resident needed to make a complaint, they had to spend KRXUV Ă LSSLQJ WKURXJK WKH %OXH %RRN ZKLFK KDG D VHSDUDWH QXPEHU IRU HDFK DJHQF\ DQG VRPHWLPHV QXPEHUV IRU HDFK GHSDUWPHQW ZLWKLQ DQ DJHQF\ DV ZHOO DV D OLVW RI SKRQH QXPEHUV IRU UHVLGHQWV WR FDOO WR Ă€JXUH RXW where to direct their question. Beyond enhancing customer service for city residents, 311 also serves city agencies with information DERXW SUREOHPV WKDW IDOO XQGHU WKHLU MXULVGLFWLRQ HYHU\ FLW\ DJHQF\ XVHV GDWD IRU IRUHFDVWLQJ VWDIĂ€QJ DQG planning purposes. Furthermore, 311 data is used in the citywide Performance Reporting System, which holds New York City agencies responsible for their performance. However, due to the critical nature of 311 data in the operations of city agencies, it is equally critical to call 311 every time a sewer problem occurs. In RI DOO VHZHU RGRU FRPSODLQWV UHFHLYHG E\ FDPH IURP &RPPXQLW\ 'LVWULFW 7KLV QXPEHU GURSSHG HYHU\ \HDU VLQFH LQ LQ DQG LQ EHIRUH ULVLQJ WR LQ Coordinating calls to 311 whenever a sewer problem is observed will increase the visibility of Community District 3 by drawing the attention of city departments. In light of this, GOLES might seek to begin an education campaign to ensure residents call 311 whenever they see a problem. 311 is the number to call if you notice a sewer smell within or near NYCHA developments as well, because a sewer smell is more indicative of an infrastructure issue, rather than a building issue, it is more apt to call 311 rather than NYCHA’s Centralized Call Center. The CCC should still be called when sewer smells are detected within NYCHA buildings.

ZÄžÄ?ŽžžÄžĹśÄšÄ‚Ć&#x;ŽŜ ĎŻÍ˜ĎŽÍ— ŽžžƾŜĹ?ƚLJ DĂƉƉĹ?ĹśĹ? Ń Ĺ˝ĹľĹľĆľĹśĹ?ƚLJ WĹ˝Ç ÄžĆŒ We recommend that GOLES utilize other forms of data collection and mapping to establish a data EDVH RI LQIRUPDWLRQ WR SURPRWH WKH DWWHQWLRQ RI FLW\ RIĂ€FLDOV WR DGGUHVV WKH SUREOHPV RI VHZDJH ZDVWH DQG rats. In the past decade, literally dozens of options have been created allowing groups to coordinate data col OHFWLRQ DQG PDSSLQJ WHFKQLTXHV 7KHUH DUH D QXPEHU RI EHQHĂ€WV WR VWDUWLQJ VXFK DQ LQLWLDWLYH )LUVW PDSSLQJ SUREOHPV PDNHV LW HDVLHU WR DSSURDFK DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ RIĂ€FLDOV ZKHQ ORRNLQJ IRU VROXWLRQV :KHQ DUJXLQJ IRU increased funding to make needed repairs and upgrades, having a map of issues that have gone unreported WR FDQ EH D IRUFHIXO DUJXPHQW 7KH DQVZHUV WR TXHVWLRQV DUH LPSRVVLEOH WR Ă€QG ZLWKRXW WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ necessitated by the questions. 7KHUH DUH WZR PRUH EHQHĂ€WV WR FRPPXQLW\ PDSSLQJ %\ WDNLQJ FRQWURO RI WKH SURFHVV WKH FRPPXQLW\ can change the perspective on the issues that face them by altering the dialogue between the city and the FRPPXQLW\ ,QVWHDG RI EHJLQQLQJ D QHJRWLDWLRQ SURFHVV ZLWK D FLW\ DJHQF\ E\ GHĂ€QLQJ ZKDW WKH FRPPXQLW\ needs, the process can begin with an understanding of community strengths. With their local contacts, community groups can gather a host of information that government agencies typically will not collect. Ď­ĎŻ

III Green  Infrastructure 7KLV UDQJHV IURP LQIRUPDWLRQ RQ ORFDO FDSDFLWLHV VNLOOV DQG WDOHQWV ORFDOO\ RZQHG EXVLQHVVHV DQG KRPH based enterprises, to organizational assets, such as citizens associations, community banks or credit unions, and religious and cultural organizations. Entering negotiations with explicit evidence of the strength of the community and lists of partners who care about the community will oblige a change in the bureaucracy of viewing a community in need as dependent to understanding the community as a vital part of the city. )XUWKHUPRUH PDSV RI KRPH EDVHG HQWHUSULVHV DQG LQIRUPDO HFRQRPLF QHWZRUNV HQDEOH FRPPXQLW\ JURXSV WR DVN EHWWHU TXHVWLRQV DERXW WKH Ă€QDQFLDO DQG WHFKQLFDO DVVLVWDQFH WKDW FRXOG EH EURXJKW LQWR WKH FRPPXQLW\ to help these networks and organizations. This information is often impossible for the government to raise SUHFLVHO\ EHFDXVH RI LWV FRQĂ€GHQWLDO QDWXUH 7KH FULWLFDO QDWXUH RI PDLQWDLQLQJ FRQĂ€GHQWLDOLW\ ZKLOH DW Ă€UVW seeming like a great barrier for a community pursuing a project like this, actually strengthens the hand of the FRPPXQLW\ JURXS DQG LV WKH Ă€QDO EHQHĂ€W GLVFXVVHG KHUH 6LQFH WKH SDUWLFLSDQWV LQ WKHVH VXUYH\V ZRQ¡W GLVFXVV their activities with the government, the community group can go into negotiation with any city agency NQRZLQJ LW NQRZV PRUH WKDQ WKDW DJHQF\ DQG PRUH LPSRUWDQWO\ LW FDQ DOVR FKRRVH WR VKDUH RU QRW VKDUH LWV hard earned information with anyone.

ZÄžÄ?ŽžžÄžĹśÄšÄ‚Ć&#x;ŽŜ ĎŻÍ˜ĎŻÍ— /žƉůĞžĞŜƚ Ä‚ ^K DŽŜĹ?ĆšĹ˝ĆŒĹ?ĹśĹ? ^LJĆ?ƚĞž Finally, stormwater infrastructure has become a focus of DEP;Íž they are looking to a distributed stormwater management system, and this vision will seek community participation and support. After weighing the pros and cons of utilizing 311 to raise awareness of community issues and draw city response to the community, and using community mapping to take control of information not documented through 311, GOLES could consider assessing the feasibility of active participation in CSO monitoring and the agency partners involved in that process. Coordinating these actions may cause a phase change in the process of infrastructure and public health management in New York City, by pushing the city to consult the community before it begins the planning process rather than after. the feasibility of active participation in CSO monitoring and the agency partners involved in that process. Coordinating these actions may cause a phase change in the process of infrastructure and public health management in New York City, by pushing the city to consult the community before it begins the planning process rather than after. CSO Monitoring Recommendations: 3URYLGH '(3 UHJXODWRU Ă RZ PHWHU GDWD IURP WKH WLHU &62 LQ WKH /(6 DQG VXUURXQGLQJ ZDWHU %RGLHV WR *2/(6 DQG 1<&+$ 7KLV GHYLFH LV XVHIXO LQ PHDVXULQJ &62 RXWĂ RZ KRZHYHU ZLWKRXW WLGH JDWHV WKH VHZHU LQIUDVWUXFWXUH IUHTXHQWO\ EHFRPHV Ă RRGHG DQG WKH &62 PRQLWRUV DUH PDGH REVROHWH VR WLGH JDWHV are a preliminary and necessary step to utilizing this form of technology. Despite, this setback in awaiting LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ *2/(6 PD\ VWLOO XVH WKHVH &62 RXWĂ RZ PRQLWRULQJ GHYLFHV WR GLVSOD\ OLYH IHHG LQIRUPDWLRQ regarding the state of the CSO points in real time. 2) Connect with NYC Dept. of Health;Íž they have a monitoring system, integrated with the City’s 311 and HPDLO QRWLĂ€FDWLRQ V\VWHP 3) DEP and the DEC are looking to partner with local community organizations to provide data and assistance on how to analyze 4) Monitoring of rainwater capture and mitigation is also a crucial element to information ownership and data collection to better understanding how the system functions. Ď­Ď°

Green  Infrastructure III ZÄžÄ?ŽžžÄžĹśÄšÄ‚Ć&#x;ŽŜ ĎŻÍ˜Ď°Í— džƉĂŜĚ WĆľÄ?ĹŻĹ?Ä? KĆľĆšĆŒÄžÄ‚Ä?Ĺš WĆŒĹ˝Ĺ?ĆŒÄ‚Ĺľ Through an outreach program, residents and businesses may reduce the occurrence of sewer back ups by properly disposing of fats, oil, and grease (FOGs). When FOGs found in foods such as meat, cooking oil, shortening, butter, margarine baked goods, and dairy products are poured down the drain, it can build up in WKH VHZHU V\VWHP FRQVWULFWLQJ ZDVWHZDWHU DQG VWRUPZDWHU Ă RZ %XVLQHVVHV GLVSRVLQJ RLOV LPSURSHUO\ DUH LQ YLRODWLRQ RI 1HZ <RUN &LW\¡V 6HZHU 8VH 5HJXODWLRQV DQG IDFH D Ă€QH 7KHUH LV FXUUHQWO\ QR Ă€QH IRU residents that pour cooking oil down the drain, therefore we recommend GOLES to remind residents of the hazards of pouring cooking oil down the drain while informing them of the proper way to discard their cook LQJ RLO 7KH EORFNDJH RI ZDVWHZDWHU DQG VWRUPZDWHU Ă RZ UHVXOWV LQ VHZHU EDFN XSV GLUHFWO\ LQWR KRPHV DQG FDXVHV RYHUĂ RZ GLVFKDUJH RQWR WKH VWUHHWV 6HZHU EDFN XSV LQ KRPHV FUHDWH PDQ\ KHDOWK KD]DUGV DQG FDXVHV unpleasant messes that cost hundreds and thousands of dollars to clean up. )2*V LQ WKH VHZHU V\VWHP W\SLFDOO\ FORJ WKH V\VWHP EXW PD\ DOVR Ă RZ GLUHFWO\ LQWR ZDWHU ERGLHV DQG RQWR beaches affecting both the environment and public health. In addition to pouring FOGs down the drain, events such as car washing, water runoff from sprinklers, and shop keepers washing down the sidewalks with bleach all contribute to the clogging of the sewer system. Education and outreach programs that inform lo cal residents of their impacts on sewer related problems can help reduce the occurrence of sewer back ups. Reminding residents of the proper way to discharge FOGs will result in less FOG built up and a healthier sewer system. Do Not Pour Oil Down The Drain Campaign ‡ 5HPLQG UHVLGHQWV WR QRW GXPS FRRNLQJ RLO SRXOWU\ IDWV DQG JUHDVH LQWR WKHLU NLWFKHQ VLQNV RU WRLOHW ERZOV ‡ 'R XVH KRW ZDWHU DQG VRDS WR ZDVK JUHDVH GRZQ WKH GUDLQ EHFDXVH LW ZLOO FDXVH WKH JUHDVH WR KDUGHQ LQVLGH the sewer pipes of the buildings and sewer system causing further clogging. How to Properly Discard Your Oil ‡ 5HVLGHQWV VKRXOG SRXU WKHLU RLOV LQWR D VHDOHG QRQ UHF\FODEOH FRQWDLQHU DQG GLVFDUG WKH FRQWDLQHU ZLWK WKHLU regular trash. ‡ 5HVLGHQWV VKRXOG ZLSH WKH JUHDVH RII WKHLU GLVKHV SRWV DQG SDQV ZLWK D SDSHU WRZHO Ă€UVW EHIRUH ZDVKLQJ them. ‡ 0RWRULVWV VKRXOG SRXU WKHLU PRWRU RLO LQWR DQ HPSW\ JDOORQ FRQWDLQHU DQG WDNH LW WR D ORFDO VHUYLFH VWDWLRQ instead of pouring it down catch basins and sewer drains. Changes like these will go a long way towards reducing the amount of FOGs in the city’s sewer system and resulting in less sewer related issues.

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III Green Infrastructure ƵƚŚŽƌƐ ĂŶĚ ŽŶƚĂĐƚ /ŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ DŝĐŚĂĞů ĂƚĂůĂŶŽ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ŵĂƐĐĂƚϭϬϬϬΛŐŵĂŝů͘ĐŽŵ 'ƌĂŚĂŵ ĂǀĂŶĂŐŚ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ŐůĐĂǀĂŶĂŐŚΛŐŵĂŝů͘ĐŽŵ >ŝŶĚƐĂLJ ŽŶŶĞůůŽŶ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ůĚŽŶŶĞůůŽŶΛŐŵĂŝů͘ĐŽŵ ZĂĐŚĞů 'ŝůďĞƌƚ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ƌĂĐŚŐŝůďĞƌƚΛŐŵĂŝů͘ĐŽŵ DĂƩ :ƵůŝĂŶĂ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ͘​͘​͘ŵĂƩũƵůŝĂŶĂΛŐŵĂŝů͘ĐŽŵ ,ƵŵďĞƌƚŽ DĂƌƟŶĞnj͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ŚŵďƚŽϭϮΛŐŵĂŝů͘ĐŽŵ

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