Mid-size Utopia: a portrait and development strategy for Deventer

MID-SIZE UTOPIA A portrait and development strategy for Dutch mid-size city Deventer

1

ATLAS

Sebastien Reinink 4351878 November 2018

Summary The project ‘Mid-size utopia’ is about a portrait and development strategy for the Dutch mid-size city of Deventer. It uses a theoretical framework and spatial analytical, synthetical and conceptual visuals to explore the generic and specific elements of Deventer. Ultimately, incorporating trends and a vision of the future, it proposes a development strategy and two key projects for the city. Moreover, a new paradigm of mid-size utopia is conceived dealing with landscape, the idea of the open city, typo-morphology, networks and their relations. These ideas about the development of Dutch mid-size cities are more generic and proposes a broader vision of the topic. Conclusively a portrait is conceived which incorporates the idea of the city Deventer with its specific and generic elements.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Structure Summary

2

Theoretical framework

4

Regional context

6

Morphogenesis

8

Diagnosis

Typo-morphology

10

Socio-cultural reality

16

The landscape and greenery

18

The historic centre

22

The private and the public

24

Trends

26

Mid-size utopia

27

Regional strategy

28

Diagnosis, prescription and projects

30

Development strategy

32

Key projects

34

Reflection

36

Literature list

38

Prescription

Synthesis

Appendix

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Project

Old structures

City centre, harbour

History

Social identity

Zoning, buffers

Local factors

SPECIFIC

Landscape

Deventer

GENERIC

4

Location

Relations

1874

Expansion

Vestingwet

Expansion outside city walls, more spacious living

1902

Interbellum

Woningwet

Social housing, healthier living, walkable to city centre

1960

Modernism

1e en 2e nota RO

Car paradigm, bundled deconcentration, Deventer Dubbelstad

1976

Cauliflower

Verstedelijkingsnota

Groeikernen, low density in green environment, woonerf

1988

VINEX

4e nota extra

Building at the borders, inner-city development

2018+

Densification

Mid-size utopia

Million new houses by 2050. Trends in housing, mobility etc

Typo-morphology

Politics

National policies

Paradigms

Landscape

Open city

Networks

Relations

Objective: how?

Deventer is a mid-size city located on the borders of the river IJssel with a rich history, culture and tradition. With an inhabitant number nearing the 100.000 mark, the city plays an important role in the region. This theoretical framework aims to assess the genesis of Deventer in a specific theory-based manner. It sets the outlines of the project, essentially narrowing down the key image of the city Deventer and its place in broader theories.

The project is loosely guided by two theories that structure the research, narrative and portrait in a supporting way. They are used as a frame of reference and explicitly not as a leading theory. Conclusions in this project are dominantly formed by own analysis and assessment of spatial conditions in the city of Deventer.

The first theory that guides this project is the theory of the ‘mid-size utopia’. Explicitly formulated by Daan Zandbelt and Rogier van den Berg in 2011. ‘Mid-size utopia’ (Zandbelt, van den Berg, 2011) researches the relation between mobility and urbanisation. A specific emphasis is on the developing mid-size cities subregion surrounding the Randstad. Deventer is together with Apeldoorn and Zutphen part of the Stedendriehoek, one of these subregions.

This half circle is strategically positioned between three vital urban cores in Europe and the world: the Ruhr area, the Randstad and the Vlaamse Ruit. Within this circle pragmatic and dynamic urban regions are starting to form. Most cities in this area were once deemed as the ideal bundled deconcentrated cities of approximately 100.000 inhabitants (Lans et al., 2016).

However, these cities are now part of urbanised regions where they do not form the only core (Zandbelt, van den Berg, 2011: 2). Mid-size utopia states that there is an opportunity to let these regions make a jump in scale in order to structure new developments and comply to the upcoming densification, shift in households, energy transition and new paradigm of mid-size living (Zandbelt, van den Berg, 2011: 3).

In this project Deventer acts as a casestudy in this theory. How can Deventer deal with the current transitioning paradigms and what do these new paradigms encompass for the city of Deventer and also its

Deventer’s location in supranational context

Source: based on ‘mid-size utopia’ (Zandbelt, van den Berg, 2011)

regional development.

The second theory that helps contextualize the analysis and especially the historical context in housing of the last century is the ‘Canon volkshuisvesting’ from Lans et al (Lans et al., 2016). This book accurately describes the various paradigm shifts and its context in the last 125 years of explosive growth. Also the book ‘Town planning in the Netherlands since 1800: Responses to enlightenment ideas and geopolitical realities’ from Cor Wagenaar (Wagenaar, 2015) helps shape the theoretical basis of paradigm shifts. Using these theories the project tries to also make statements for the future paradigm shift.

By synthesizing these two structuring theories together with the analysis in the next pages, the scheme on the left was conceived. The growth or ‘genesis’ of Deventer is split up in two categories of influence. National policies, that were formed by politics and paradigms, and the local factors history and location. National policies lead to specific typo-morphological housing that were positioned in the city of Deventer by local factors.

Ultimately the project will give an answer to what the mid-size utopia in the Deven-

ter casestudy means. It will manage this by developing a development strategy that answers to the current challenges and paradigm shift. Taking into account the role of typo-morphology, landscape, open city, networks and the region. A diagnosis of these themes is synthesized by spatial analysis, trends and theory. From the conclusions of this analysis key themes are synthesized. These key themes are then used to make a prescription for Deventer in the future. Ultimately these prescriptions are translated to a spatialized development strategy map, including two designs of key projects. This method of diagnosis is also described by Michael (2008).

5

THE DUTCH METROPOLIS AND THE STEDENDRIEHOEK

N

SCALE: NATIONAL / REGIONAL The Dutch metropolis has a polycentric form. Urban environments are alternated by landscape environments. This configuration was caused by the policy of bundled deconcentration (Lans et al., 2016). Its motive was to be able to build low density in green environments, but to keep open landscape between these concentrations.

To accomplish this, so called ‘groeikernen’ were assigned related to the bigger cities.

These were cities that were allowed to grow rapidly. On top of that smaller rural cities were only allowed to grow 1% a year, just enough for their natural growth. This resulted in the open polycentric model seen in the Netherlands.

In the 1980’s negative effects from this pol-

icy like departure of high and middle incomes to groeikernen and developments in demographics like more singles and elderly, started affecting the big cities. On top of that, workplaces were still primarily located in the bigger cities, resulting in enormous commuting flows (Lans et al., 2016).

This resulted in a paradigm shift towards a more intensive use of space in the bigger cities. As a result, big neighbourhoods were planned on the borders of the cities in the Vierde Nota Extra of 1988. This also meant inner-city developments in old harbours and industrial zones (LAns et al., 2016).

Nowadays focus is shifting towards a more regional urban network approach. Housing is not as important anymore and other values like circular economy, affordability and new ways of living are new themes.

When looking at the living-working traffic (below) one can see that the Stedendriehoek forms a separate regional system in the Dutch network of cities. Zooming in (right page) a hierarchical network of local, regional and national roads is visible. Also a well connected train network is present.

The cities are highly interconnected and seem to have regional synergies.

6

Source: CBS, 2017 (rough extrapolation) | Mid-Size utopa, Zandbelt & van den Berg, 2011

0

20

40km

7

0

2

4km

Medieval city

Genesis: community, collective

Cauliflower

Genesis: walkability, health

Interbellum

Genesis: suburban living

Vinex

Genesis: car, light, air

Modernism

Development

Genesis: fortification walls

8

N

MORPHOGENESIS OF DEVENTER The morphogenesis of Deventer shows a steady growth of neighbourhoods along traditional access structures. When comparing the growth of the city to these lines, one can conclude that Deventer has known a very radial growth.

Starting in medieval times, the city of Deventer was founded on a junction of transport structures. The river IJssel played an important role in international trade at the time. The city grew a lot during these times, confined within fortification walls and the water. This meant a great bit of densification within the historic core.

With the creation of the railway station the orientation of the city shifted from the Brink to the station. Stimulating further developments on that side of the city centre (Rutte et al., 2014).

In 1874 the fortification law allowed Deventer to demolish the state-owned fortifications and start developing around the city centre along old roads. The Woningwet of 1902 stimulated developments further resulting in more spacious neighbourhoods and rapid growth.

Until the mid 19th century focus on the river where the most important trade activities took place.

9

With the first and second nota of spatial planning in 1960, modernism ideals reacted on cars, explosive demographics partly caused by guest labourers and optimism (Lans et al., 2016). The idea of doubling the size of Deventer to 250.000 inhabitants by crossing the IJssel and including a university is conceived. Eventually, modernism expands the city greatly on the north and east side, again along old structures.

With the verstedelijkingsnota of 1976 and the Vierde Nota Extra of 1988 the cauliflower and vinex neighbourhoods on the eastern side were conceived. Following the new ideals of more collective and suburban living close to the core.

Station turns the orientation of the city towards a more central development.

The development eventually mainly focused around the old entrance roads into Deventer.

N Source: Atlas van de stedelijke leefomgeving, 2012

GENERIC MORPHO-TYPOLOGICAL LANGUAGE

Apeldoorn

10

Zutphen

Deventer

SCALE: STREET Medieval

Interbellum expansion

Modernism

Motive: within fortifications

Motive: walkability, health

Motive: car, space, light

Cauliflower

Vinex

Motive: collectivity, identity, safety

Motive: mid-size living

The aforementioned national policies each brought about a specific morpho-typological language.

The woningwetten of 1902 and 1906 resulted in the typical interbellum expansion neighbourhoods. Here principles like walkability and health are prominent the typology is mostly low density rowhouses.

The first and second nota of spatial planning resulted in the modernist blocks seen in the second column. The typology is that of massive geometrical slabs in spacious green environments. The verstedelijkingsnota of 1976 resulted in a structured expansion of the groeikernen (Lans et al., 2016).

The cauliflower neighbourhoods were the result, with the archetypical ‘woonerf’ based on the farmer’s lawn as a new collective concept.

In 1988 the Vinex nota resulted in the typology of Vinex expansions. Being based on smooth transitions from public to semi-public to private.

Comparing the neighbourhoods that resulted from these policies in the three cities of the stedendriehoek, shows the seemingly generic morphology of the living environments.

Concluding, the neighbourhoods seem to be generic in morphology and typology on eye level. Only influenced by national policies and accompanying paradigms.

Do inhabitants living here feel a Deventer identity? Or could their house just as easily be exchanged with a house in the same paradigm in Zutphen?

Source: Google Streetview, Retrieved on 02-10-18

11

GENERIC MORPHO-TYPOLOGICAL CONFIGURATION SCALE: NEIGHBOURHOOD

1 MEDIEVAL FABRIC

2 INTERBELLUM EXPANSION

3 SPACIOUS GEOMETRICAL EXPANSIONS

Ca. 1500 Paradigm: fortification Adagium: safety, growth

Ca. 1920 Paradigm: second phase of liberalism Adagium: hygiene, space, walkability

Ca. 1960 Paradigm: Reconstruction and modernism Adagium: light, air, space car transportation

12

?

4 CAULIFLOWER NEIGHBOURHOODS

5 VINEX

6 MID SIZE UTOPIA

Ca. 1980 Paradigm: identity Adagium: human perspective, identity, suburban

Ca. 1995 Paradigm: neo-liberalism Adagium: accept inequalities, bottom-up

Ca. 2030 Paradigm: sharing and hedonism Adagium: enjoy mid-size living, collective

Source: Basisbestand BodemGebruik, CBS, 2012 | Panden, 2014

BUILDING YEAR <1890 1890 - 1945 1945 - 1975 1975 - 1995 1995 - 2018

When looking at the fabrics in Deventer of each paradigm, clear trends can be noticed. Starting in the medieval period, housing had to be contained within the city walls. City planning was rather spontaneous and organic. This resulted in a fabric with a high density and narrow roads. The height of the buildings is relatively high for Deventer standards. These narrow streets and limited space resulted in mixed use environments. Mixing working, recreation and living. However, also diseases and health were problematic due to the dense conditions.

After the fortification law these health hazards were abolished by developing housing outside of the city walls. These houses were more spacious and the streets have a wider profile. The housing laws of 1902 and 1906 sparked rapid expansion resulting in masterplanned blocks that in configuration were based on the underlying landscape.

Modernism focused on the car and left more space in between buildings. Bundled deconcentration policy also created low density housing with a private garden and good parking. Underlying landscape disappears as tabula rasa principles are applied.

Source: Basisbestand BodemGebruik, CBS, 2012 | Panden, 2014

BUILDING HEIGHT 0 - 4.80m 4.80 - 7.90m 7.90 - 11.80m 11.80 - 38.40m >38.40m

The cauliflower neighbourhoods put emphasis on creating collective areas where children can safely play. The so-called â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;woonervenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. This is visible in its fabric and composition.

The configuration of the Vinex in Deventer is based on its guiding principles of a smooth transition from public to private and a low density urban living environment on walking distance from services.

The vinex seems like a mix between numerous typologies throughout time. It has elements of the interbellum expansions but also from the cauliflower woonerf.

Source: Basisbestand BodemGebruik, CBS, 2012 | Panden, 2014

When incorporating current trends, it seems that collectivity and sharing are becoming more inportant in living. Also the enjoyment and character of a city now plays a big role in living preferences. The question is, what living environment fits and caters to these trends?

13

DYKES PLAY CRUCIAL ROLE IN ZONING-POLICY SCALE: DEVENTER

The Snipperlingsdijk was built in the 14th century, preventing houses to the north of this dyke from flooding.

14

Legend

0

= cultural

= commercial

= residential

= industrial

1

2km

= official dyke

N

Source: Basisbestand BodemGebruik, CBS, 2012 | Officiele dijken, Provincie Overijssel

Residential Commercial

Zoning policy in Deventer has initially concentrated, like most zoning policies, to separate polluting functions from residential functions. Buffers are found in the form of greenery, bundles of infrastructure and sports fields.

Industrial Socio-cultural Building site

A special solution was found in planning the main industrial area and harbours in the outer-dyke area. As such, dykes like the Snipperlingsdijk served as buffers, separating living environments from industry.

Zoning map of Deventer

To protect industry from flooding, new dykes were built. Thus creating an industrial zone enclosed by dykes. This zoning policy is seen in the map on the left.

Low density, open fabric Low density, built fabric

As a result, former wetlands belonging to the IJssel river were now in use as building ground. This eventually led to the river getting increasingly less space. With high tides, areas with lower dykes became at risk. Projects in the policy of â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Room for the Riverâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; battled these effects by making more space for the water in the outer-dyke area. Effectively dealing with higher tides.

High density, built fabric

15

Density

High

Typology map of Deventer

Low

When analysing the typologies in the city of Deventer, clear connections with zoning and paradigms can be seen. Residential neighbourhoods like the Cauliflower and the interbellum expansions have a high density on a open fabric, while neighbourhoods of modernism and in lesser form the Vinex neighbourhoods, have a very open fabric with low density housing. This correlates with the ruling paradigms of the time regarding hosing typology and the urban fabric related to that. Another striking conclusion is that there are no building typologies with a built fabric and a low density in Deventer. This implies that this typology is not seen as suitable in Dutch mid-size cities.

High density, open fabric

open

Fabric

built

Typology

Low

High

Source: PDOK, 2015

SOCIO-CULTURAL REALITY SCALE: DEVENTER Percentage of single-person households

Percentage of housing corporation Legend

Legend

= 0% - 22%

= 0% - 25%

= 22% - 35%

= 25% - 50%

= 35% - 54%

= 50% - 75%

= 54% - 100%

= 75% - 100%

Percentage of families with children

Percentage of rental housing Legend

16

Legend

= 0% - 25%

= 0% - 25%

= 25% - 38%

= 25% - 50%

= 38% - 50%

= 50% - 75%

= 50% - 95%

= 75% - 100%

Average income per person

Average house value (WOZ) Legend

Legend

= 0 - 20.500 euros/year

= 0 - 150.000

= 20.500 - 25.700 euros/year

= 150.000 - 250.000

= 25.700 - 34.800 euros/year

= 250.000 - 350.000

= 34.800 - 72.200 euros/year

= 350.000 - 550.000

Dutch average = 25.000 euros/year

= 550.000 - 1.838.000

SCALE: STEDENDRIEHOEK Average income per person Legend = 0 - 20.500 euros/year = 20.500 - 25.700 euros/year = 25.700 - 34.800 euros/year = 34.800 - 72.200 euros/year

Socio-cultural data often tells something about typology, morphology and how the city functions as a social structure. Higher incomes tend to live in neighbourhoods with an open fabric and a low density, while lower incomes mostly live in areas with an open fabric and a high density or a built fabric with a low density. Possible typologies for these lower incomes are rowhouses, modernist blocks and interbellum expansion houses.

Rental housing seems to correlate mostly with the modernism neighbourhoods. A specific housing block above the industrial zone has a high grade of housing corporation-owned dwellings. The vinex Neighbourhood â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Vijfhoekâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; is mostly privately owned housing. This is connected to the respective paradigms the neighbourhoods were built in.

Percentage of families with children Legend = 0% - 24% = 24% - 37% = 37% - 49% = 49% - 100%

Single person households are mostly found in the city centre and areas with a high grade of rental housing. The percentage of single person households is growing in mid-size cities. On the other hand, families with children tend to live in neighbourhoods further away from the city centre and that are newer. These houses are mostly more spacious and the living environment of these neighbourhoods caters to a safe childhood. Again, household-type concentrations seem to be connected to housing typology.

Regionally, Deventer has a relatively broad mix of incomes. Having both lower as higher income households living in the city. What does strike is the high percentage of families with children living in the city of Deventer. Especially in the newer neighbourhoods.

Source: CBS buurten en wijken, 2012

17

THE GREEN CORRIDOR

Greenery plays a big role in Deventer.

When walking through the city greenery is all around. When assessing the quality of the greenery, different typologies are visible.

SCALE: DEVENTER

The first typology is the public parks that are of a high quality. They are located all around the city and serve an important role in the green image of the city. However, when assessing the usage of parks they seem to be lacking functions and are not providing enough placemaking to cater to unintended encounters (Legeby, 2013: 36).

The second typology comprises sports grounds. These are typically located near infrastructure and often serve in zoning policy as a buffer.

The third typology can be found in the outer-dyke area being the river IJssel and its uiterwaarden/water buffers. This landscape is of distinct quality and offers great sightlines and dynamic nature. The city however lost its orientation to the river.

Often it does not become apparent that it is a city bordering a river.

18 0

1

2km

The fourth typology is the biggest source of greenery in Deventer. It comprises of the private gardens and greenery. Due to the big volume of private green, public and especially collective green are not as used or present. Comparing this to a city like Madrid with a lot of apartments, collective and public greenery seems to play a marginal role. In the chart below a rough interpretation of greenery ownership is given.

Private

0

1

2km

Collective

Greenery

Public

The last typology is that of the surrounding landscape consisting of agriculture and forests. Due to the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s configuration the surrounding landscape is always close. Moreover, a green structure is created that follows the railwaylines, as can be seen on the left.

GREEN-BLUE LANDSCAPES IN DEVENTER SCALE: DEVENTER

19

0

Legend = agriculture

= outer-dyke area

= water

= sports ground

= uiterwaarden

= official dyke

= luxury park

= river park

= (private) garden

= built area

1

2km

N

Source: Basisbestand BodemGebruik, CBS, 2012 | Officiele dijken, Provincie Overijssel

LANDSCAPE IN THE CITY SCALE: STEDENDRIEHOEK

20

N

21

This portrait shows how the landscape around Deventer is/can be connected to the inner-parks and green areas. As opposed to the green corridors in Apeldoorn and Zutphen, the green structure in Deventer follows for the most part the train infrastructure, creating a buffer between housing and the railway. Policy that aims to connect surrounding landscape with the inner-city seems to have realised this zone. An other reason could be found in the cheap grounds surrounding traintracks because of sound-bufferzones.

THE FUNCTION OF THE HISTORIC CORE SCALE: CITY CENTRE

22

0

Legend = semi-public function

= collective garden

= public space

= public function

= private function

= water

300

600m

N

Source: Basisbestand BodemGebruik, CBS, 2012 | Officiele dijken, Provincie Overijssel

THE OPEN CITY (NOLLI MAP)

In the nollimap accessible buildings are colored white, together with publicly accessible spaces. This constitutes in a map of the essence of the public realm in the historic city centre of Deventer. As can be seen in the map on the left page, there is a distinction between open buildings like libraries, shops and museums.

In a lighter red sem-open buildings are displayed. These are buildings that have a less public character, but do contribute to the public space. These can be conference centres, buildings with multiple uses and parking garages.

public private

The current building use of the city centre seems to gradually change. Due to ICT advances, physical shops are not as necessary anymore. This changes the outlook and function of the city centre. Nowadays Deventer has the third highest shop vacancy of mid-size cities in the Netherlands (Ruimtevolk, 2016), being only passed by Kerkrade and Alkmaar.

23

PUBLIC SPACE TYPOLOGIES Horeca

Shops

Residential

The rough current ratio is displayed in the chart above. It is expected that these ratios will gradually change over time. This will have consequences for the use and importance of public space in the city centre. If mid-size cities like Deventer want to keep its historic core alive, changes have to be made.

public realm main squares main routes (based on open GPS data)

When assessing the actual physical public space and layering GPS data on top of that, routes between the main squares become clear. Small streets with relatively low amounts of functions are becoming more and more used, while the bigger shopping street is decreasing in traffic. This implies a shift in use of public space in the historic centre. Being focused on shopping before, the experience now becomes more to the front.

THE PRIVATE AND THE PUBLIC OF PARADIGMS SCALE: NEIGHBOURHOOD Interbellum expansion

Modernism

During the paradigm of the interbellum expansions the main motivation was to create space and healthier living conditions. The medieval centres were crowded and a new sense of private/public was conceived.

Modernism introduced the car to the city.

Resulting in hierarchical street patterns and more transitional spaces.

24

The mainly low density, open fabric rowhouses have an abrupt transition from public space to private space. Private gardens are alternated by small collective alleyways. However, these collective alleyways are the only collective spaces.

This is also visible in the rowhouses. A front garden serves as a semi-private transition space from the public to the private. The houses are sequenced in a fixed pattern, which is exemplary for modernist configurations. This results in quiet streets with at the one side private gardens and at the other side front gardens.

Cauliflower

Vinex

25

The introduction of the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;woonerfâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; shifted the focus to more collective forms of living.

The erven served as safe playing spaces for children and meeting spots for adults.

This resulted in complex neighbourhoods with complex street hierarchies.

In this development smooth transitions were used to create a sense of community.

It was also the first standardized national policy to grow mid-size cities systemically.

Following-up on the notion of standardized growth for mid-size cities the Vierde Nota Extra (vinex) proposed a systematic growth for mid-size cities in the form of predefined neighbourhoods. Mostly close to the city centre and the national highway network.

In the vinex, transitions are even more smooth than in the woonerven typology.

Cars are sometimes completely removed from streets to create communal places.

The public space almost disappears. Only to live in semi-public spaces.

TRENDS AFFECTING DEVENTER SCALE: VARIOUS

Development of population growth 80

60

Promille

40 Netherlands 20

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC; Groeikernenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; 4 biggest cities

0

-20

-40 1960

1970

1980

1990

2000 Source: Canon van de Ruimtelijke Ordening, 2015

Highest shop vancancy in city centre of mid-size cities 18%

26 1st

2nd

3rd

Kerkrade

Alkmaar

Deventer Source: Ruimtevolk, 2016

Prognosis of population

Inhabitants

105.000

+10.000 +5000

100.000

0 95.000 -5000 2007

2017

2027

0-15 year 20-65 year 65+ year

Source: Bevolkingsprognose Deventer, Gemeente Deventer, 2017 | CBS Statline, 2018

Other trends

To synthesize what the mid-size utopia will be for mid-size cities generally and Deventer specifically, trends have to be considered. These trends can have a significant impact on the functioning of the city. Paradigm shifts mostly happen when new technologies are introduced. These innovations can have a spatial effect on the city.

The first important trend that is going to have an impact on the mid-size cities is the development of population growth. In the 20th century population growth was a given. Therefore big scale planning and building in green was unavoidable. Nowadays population growth is diminishing and most growth takes place in the four biggest cities.

However, population in Deventer seems to grow until at least 2040. From then on it will either stabilize or lightly go down.

Furthermore, households will change from mostly families between 0 - 65 years old to more elderly and single persons. For the development strategy of Deventer it is important to note that these trends can also be overturned when chosen for certain interventions. These interventions can stimulate other developments that may counter the current prediction.

In the historic centre there is a high grade of shops vacancy. This centre will have to change its function and its public space accordingly.

Also, trends in mobility and housing have a profound effect on the mid-size city.

New mobility will probably be less polluting and less noise-intensive. This mobility will also be shared making some parking spots obsolete. Diversification in housing will cater to the changing demographics in the Netherlands. Smaller houses can now fulfil wishes of inhabitants. A single person household does not necessarily need a 150 square meter family-house.

Lastly living and working will be mixed more. Trends show that living in an environment where something is happening is popular. Manufacturing and harbour functions are also increasingly flexible to housing.

New mobility

Diversification

Hybrid work/living forms Source: Ruimtevolk, 2016

SYNTHESIS: DEVENTER AS A FUTURE ‘MID-SIZE UTOPIA’ SCALE: DEVENTER

Agricultural land with value, forests

Expansion

Sightlines

Agricultural land with value

Open landscape

Highway

Densify Sightlines

Diagnosis

SPECIFIC

Industrial zone

Open landscape

City centre

Industrial zone

Diagnosis

Diagnosis

City centre

Private

The industrial zone of Deventer will be a mixed and vibrant area that is transformed to a living/working place for residents of Deventer.

Deventer keeps its positive workplace/inhabitants balance, investing in industries that are complementary to regional partner cities.

Role of historic centre dB

dB

CO2

dB

CO2

Collective

Greenery

Public

Greenery and the surrounding landscape are vital in the mid-size utopia.

The perfect mix between urban and landscape environments. Private gardens should be brought down in favor of collective gardens. This will increase social cohesion and use of qualitative green. The open landscape should be preserved.

Mobility CO2

Shops

Industrial zone

Highway

In the mid-size utopia the surrounding landscape is close and untouched. Deventer should therefore densify as much as possible.

However, if Deventer chooses to grow expansion to the northwest, including a highway, is the most suitable option.

Horeca

Greenery and landscape

Agricultural land with value, forests Agricultural land with value

Agriculture with value

City borders

Housing

Buffer Buffer

dB

Residential

dB CO2

dB dB

Balanced city centre however high shop vacancy (18%)

GENERIC

Diagnosis

Horeca

Shops

Residential

Strict zoning, low density, low diversity

Diagnosis

Diagnosis

Historic centre as a ‘knuffellandschap’ Atmosphere and services dominant

Historic centres in mid-size cities will be regarded as ‘knuffellandschap’. A landscape that is preserved and serves as a destination for meeting, living and leisure.

Shops will go down and leisure/ residential functions will emerge.

mixed zones, higher density, diverse types

Mobility will change to less polluting, shared and more silent. It therefore will significantly reduce the space needed for mobility in the form of parking and buffers. Entrance streets can therefor emerge functioning as modern city gates that are densified and a showcase of the specific mid-size city.

Housing in the mid-size utopia will be more diversified and densified.

This way preserving the landscape as much as possible while catering to the changing demographics.

This diversification will also make monofunctional neighbourhoods more future-proof and attractive for a more diverse inhabitant.

27

SYNTHESIS: REGIONAL VISION

N

SCALE: STEDENDRIEHOEK

28

Regional networks and relations

Regional synergies in inter-city matters

Complementary models

Roads, rails, offices, typologies

Energy-transition, nature, circular economy, sustainability

Complementary in typologies, living environments, production chains

Mid-size cities will have to look for pragmatic regional networks and relations.

This can help to form a stronger economic, environmental and social structure.

Regional synergies in the energy-transition, nature, circular economy and sustainability can help conquer the scalability issues of individual cities. Examples of synergies can be a regional solar-energy plant, a regional catalogue of building materials that are re-used and natural development combining recreation.

Complementary structures and relations between mid-size cities will produce synergies that solves bigger-than-city issues.

Especially complementary industries are interesting for the Stedendriehoek. Different parts of a production chain can happen in each of the three cities.

29

0

2

4km

SYNTHESIS: KEY STRATEGIES SCALE: DEVENTER KEY THEMES

SPECIFIC

City borders

Industrial zone

Greenery and landscape

Strategy: north-western expansion, densifying

Strategy: densifying, mixing, diversifying

Strategy: keep close, visibility, private vs collective

Forests and outer-dyke area

Agricultural land with value

Diagnosis

Agricultural land with value, forests

Room for the river

30

City centre

Industrial zone Private

Highway

Collective

Public

Collective

Public

Greenery

Expansion Sightlines

Densify

Open landscape

Project

Agricultural land with value

Prescription

Agricultural land with value, forests

Highway

City centre

Industrial zone Private

Greenery

KEY THEMES

GENERIC

Role of historic centre

Mobility

Housing

Strategy: transform to leisure, less shops, placemaking

Strategy: lower noise, redevelop entrance streets, shared cars

Strategy: densifying, mixed zoning, expanding, more collective

dB

CO2

Horeca

Shops

dB

CO2

dB

CO2

Buffer Buffer

dB

Residential

dB CO2

dB dB

Balanced city centre however high shop vacancy (18%)

Strict zoning, low density, low diversity

31

Horeca

Shops

Residential

Historic centre as a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;knuffellandschapâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Atmosphere and services dominant

mixed zones, higher density, diverse types

DEVELOPMENT MAP The development strategy of Deventer is a map with option. It proposes opportunities that react on different housing prognosis.

The strategy follows the principles of the prescription. Generic and specific prescriptions react on the diagnosis formed in the analysis. Zoning will be less fixed. There is space for mixing of living, working and functions. Entrance streets running from the highway to the city centre will be densified. Using the railway as a green corridor, the surrounding landscape can enter the city. By investing more in public and collective green, the quality can be enhanced and used to adapt and mitigate climate change.

The landscape stays close at all time with the river and short routes out of the city.

The historic centre will be transformed to a more leisure focused environment. Sightlines over the river towards the open landscape are safeguarded. Biking routes and improved slow traffic infrastructure will make Deventer even more attractive for biking and walking. Exisiting monofunctional neighbourhoods will be selectively densified and diversified. This will make these neighbourhoods more resilient to changes in households, demographics and growth. A hybrid of industry, harbour and living will transform the industrial zone to a more permeable, safe and friendly environment. Effectively densifying and connecting the city.

32

Legend = residential zone

= outer-dyke area

= commercial zone

= agriculture with value

= industrial zone

= greenery

= socio-cultural zone

= forest

= development site

= main entrance routes

= densify entrance routes

= national biking route

= hybrid industry/living

= open sightlines

= train station

= green structure

N 0

1

2km

VISIEKAART 33

P1

P2

PROJECT 1: ENTRANCE ROUTES SCALE: STREET

Concept

34

Entrance routes are the big roads leading from highway A1 to the city centre and beyond. It is the connection between the national, regional and local network of roads.

In the current situation these roads are very spacious and technical. This is needed for safety, health and sound buffers and the volume of traffic.

When accounting for mobility trends it is to be expected that these roads will transform from noisy, polluting borders towards

a more friendly image with electric and shared cars. Buffers will shrink and there is an opportunity to densify these roads.

At the same time, these roads function as a gate to Deventer. By orienting the new densified buildings towards the road, it can serve as an introduction to Deventer. Big companies like Witteveen-Bos can display the identity of the city and the street can transform towards a more attractive location in the city, providing attractive biking and walking routes through the city.

PROJECT 2: HYBRID INDUSTRY/LIVING SCALE: STREET

Concept

35

City centre

Industrial zone

mixed zones, higher density, diverse types

If Deventer wants to densify within the city boundaries, transforming the industrail zone towards a more hybrid form of industry, offices and living can make the city future-proof. The main focus should be on creating an attractive public space that is at the same time functional for industrial use. The harbour can be further redeveloped into an attractive living environment.

When transforming the industral zone,

new routes to the city centre will form.

This can encourage inhabitants to take the bike as the route will be shorter. This project also adds more diverse living environments to the housing stock of Deventer. Catering to new households like migrants and the upcoming single-household trend. Small manufacturing and offices can co-exist with this housing.

REFLECTION The project mid-size utopia takes various outspoken stances towards themes like densification, mobility, trends and a regional future. In order to reach its conclusions, the project makes use of a theoretical framework and (spatial) qualitative/ quantitative analysis. More specifically, the project poses a diagnosis and a prescription for the city.

This diagnosis approach of the existing city was first proposed by Jane Jacobs.

She proposed a kind of diagnostic approach, seeking to understand and treat the existing system, transforming it to a healthier state – almost as a medical professional would do (Michael, 2008).

36

‘Mid-size utopia’ uses this method to generate a conclusion from the analysis on which can be acted in the prescription.

However, diagnosis can be wrong and with dynamic cities it can also change over time. It can seem like a problem in spatial analysis, but eventually not be a problem in the real functioning of the city, or not regarded as such by inhabitants. This is why conclusions in mid-size utopia are also based on existing literature on the development of mid-size cities that sometimes even specifically mention the situation of Deventer. This tries to prevent a wrong diagnosis or at least minimize the damage of a wrong spatial diagnosis. However, one must be aware that this project also is a personal take on the future of the city, based on data but still with an own opinion on the development.

As such, the resulting development strategy should not be perceived as a roadmap or a masterplan. It is a proposal that selected researched options for developments in Deventer. It can therefore be adapted to the actual growth and development of the city in the future. If an expansion at the edge of the city is not necessary, densification can be sufficient. However, if the city is growing more than expected, the development strategy assigns the best possible place for expansion that is derived from the diagnosis.

Moreover, the key projects proposed in this booklet are not definitive plans. These are images that are aimed to provoke a debate on what densification along entrance streets and the mixing of industry and living can mean. This is in my opinion the role of an urbanist. Not a blueprint but a list of options that can provoke discussion and take a development process to the next step.

Concluding, the project ‘mid-size utopia’ seeks to understand and guide future developments for Deventer. If it transforms the city into a healthier state is for some part subjective, but it tries to base it on a diagnosis derived from the actual situation.

LITERATURE LIST Gemeente Deventer. (2017, July 20). Bevolkingsprognose Deventer 2017. Retrieved from https://kennisnet.deventer.nl/kennisbank/bestuur/bestuur-algemeen/bevolkingsprognose-deventer-2017 Lans, Pflug, M., Appelman, S., Beekers, W., & Cüsters, J. (2016). Canon volkshuisvesting. Amsterdam: Vereniging Canon Sociaal Werk.

Legeby, A. (2013). Patterns of co-presence : Spatial configuration and social segregation (PhD dissertation). Stockholm. Retrieved from http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-133678 Meier, S., & Martin, F. (2006). Tussen leefstijl en wijkgedachte: Moderne en postmoderne denkbeelden over wonen en de herstructurering van naoorlogse wijken.

Michael W. Mehaffy (2008) Generative methods in urban design: a progress assessment, Journal of Urbanism: International Research on Placemaking and Urban Sustainability, 1:1, 57-75, DOI: 10.1080/17549170801903678 Ruimtevolk. (2016). Midsize NL: het toekomstperspectief van de middelgrote stad. Retrieved from https://ruimtevolk.nl/wp-content/uploads/sites/115/2016/02/Midsize-NL_web_def.pdf Rutte, R., Abrahamse, J. E., Hamers, D., IJsselstijn, M., Mil, & Y. (2014). Atlas van de verstedelijking in Nederland: 1000 jaar ruimtelijke ontwikkeling.

Saris, J. (2011). Stedelijke regio’s: Over informele planning op een regionale schaal. Rotterdam: NAi Uitgevers.

Wagenaar, C. (2015). Town planning in the Netherlands since 1800: Responses to enlightenment ideas and geopolitical realities. Rotterdam: nai010 publishers.

Zandbelt, D., & Van den Berg, R. (2011). Mid-Size Utopia: Ontwerpconcept voor dynamische stedelijke regio’s. Retrieved from http://zaud.nl/portfolio/mid-size-utopia/

37